Transcript

Decommissioning of Nuclear

Power Plants –

what are the challenges?

Magnus Oskarsson

BU Nuclear Decommissioning

2016-02-04

SNEC

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Outline

• Nuclear Operations within Vattenfall

• Nuclear Decommissioning in Sweden:

• Decommissioning planning

• Ringhals 1 & 2

• Strategy

• Challenges

RinghalsForsmark

Nuclear Operations within Vattenfall

Nuclear operation within Vattenfall

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BA Generation

BU HydroBU Hydro Power Plants Germany

BU Services Nordic

BU Nuclear Generation

BU SKBBU Nuclear

DecommissioningBU Nuclear Fuel BU KSU

BU Projects & Services

Human Resources Fleet Development

Business Control

Forsmark

Ringhals

Decommissioning Sweden

SVAFO

Decommissioning Germany

SKB

Vattenfall – Nuclear Operations in Sweden

Vattenfall is the majority owner of:

• Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB

• Ringhals AB

• SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co)

- the final repository for operational waste (SFR)

- the interim storage for spent fuel (CLAB)

• SVAFO

- nuclear license for the R2/R2-0 research reactor

- applied to take over the nuclear license for

Ågesta former NPP (PHWR)

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BWR

PWR

Other Forsmark

Ringhals

Barsebäck

Oskarshamn

SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING

Managing operational waste

[SFR]

SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING

Managing decommissioning waste

Free release

Landfill at NPP for

VLLW (optional)

NPP

Conventional

waste, ~ 95%

On site backfilling,

1m below ground

Interim storage and

Encapsulation plant

for spent fuel (Clink) Final repository for

spent fuel

SFL, Final

repository for

long-lived waste

SFR, Final repository short-lived waste

Interim storage long-lived waste

External

treatment

of LILW

e.g. Studsvik

Nuclear Decommissioning in Sweden

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20302020 2040 20452015 2025 2035

Planned end of operation - start of decommissioning

SVAFO

R2/R2-0

Ringhals 2

Ringhals 1

Ågesta

Barsebäck 1 & 2 Forsmark 1

Forsmark 2

Ringhals 3

Ringhals 4

Forsmark 3

Oskarshamn 3

Oskarshamn 1

Oskarshamn 2

Facilities at SVAFO

Legacy waste handling

Nuclear decommissioning in Sweden

• According to the Act on Nuclear Activities, the licensee is responsible for the

decommissioning of nuclear facilities, such as

- Establish a decommissioning plan

- Estimate the decommissioning cost (sv. Plankalkyl)

based on the Site studies

• SKB have long experience of radioactive waste management, interim storage of

spent fuel and of final disposal of operational waste in Sweden

- An application for extension of the final repository for low and intermediate

level waste (decommissioning waste) has been handed in

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Decommissioning planning within Vattenfall

Separate decommissioning from operation

- operation prioritised before decommissioning

-> separation to keep focus on decommissioning.

- Decommissioning should be viewed as an industrial process with adjusted

authority demands.

Decommissioning knowledge and skills concentrated in a

decommissioning organisation.

- The organisation will be an ”intelligent client”.

- The competence built within a decommissioning organisation will be of use for

the whole Vattenfall group.

Vattenfall is developing decommissioning knowledge and experiences,

both through actual decommissioning projects (SVAFO) and through

further studies and international benchmark.

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Decommissioning of

Ringhals 1 & 2

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Ringhals – Decommissioning of R1 and R2

Planning

Operation of R1 and R2

R1 Shutdown

20202019 2021 2022201820172016

R2 shutdown

PlanningAnalysis

Decommissioning project

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RAB holds the nuclear licensee

Fuel removed

Vattenfall decommissioning

company holds the nuclear

licensee

Decommissioning R2

Decommissioning R1

Estimated time scale

Separation of R1/R2 from R3/R4

Project organisation – Decommissioning Ringhals 1 & 2

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Project manager

Engineering

Project Scope

Reference concept

RadWaste

Transport

Logistics

CAD

Communication

External

Internal

Legal

Safety & Radiation protection

Physical protection

Radiological characterisation

Reference groupAdministration

Controller

Planning

Risk management

Procurement

Planning – phases in the project (example)

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20202019 2021 2022201820172016 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

Phase I

Phase II

Phase

III

Planning

Contract

Closing

Contract

Closing

Planning

Planning

Planning

Closing

Contract

Contract

ClosingClosing

Estimated cost for decommissioning of Ringhals 1 & 2

- Ringhals site study 2013 estimated the cost for

decommissioning of R1/R2 to 4-5 Billion SEK

• Site studies are done every third years, by the Nuclear licensees

- an assessment of the decommissioning cost

- Based on the estimated decommissioning cost (“Plankalkyl”) the

authority (SSM) propose the fee to be paid to the Nuclear Waste Fund

• Current fee 4 öre/kWh

• proposed to increase due to different reasons, such as earlier

decommissioning start

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Strategy

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Strategy

• Safe

• Cost effective Decommissioning

• Optimised

• Use well known methods and techniques for the

decommissioning and demolition

ALARA BAT Cost

Strategic issues

• Final repository for decommissioning waste (expanded SFR 2028)

• Temporary storage and waste conditioning facilities;

- final repository for long-lived waste planned to be in operation in the

2040s

• Develop an industry guideline for free release of decommissioning waste

• Changing and developing regulatory framework

• Logistics (O1/O2, B1/2, R1/R2 and Ågesta <-> 1 ship “Sigrid” and limited

number of transport casks etc)

• Luck of competence and experienced staff (retirements)

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Challenges

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A typical Nuclear Power Plant:

• 1500 rooms in 20-30 isolated structures/buildings

• Tall buildings with multiple basement floors, demands both vertical and

horizontal material movement and people flow.

• Constructed of 200 000 m3 reinforced concrete.

• More than 100 km pipes and tubes, and >100 000 components

• Building area of about 500 000 to 1 000 000 m2

• The access to the site is restricted, the buildings are divided into subs

without physical interconnection

• The Decommissioning & Demolition should take place while electricity

production is ongoing on the site.

• How to get optimised logistics?

Challenge: Optimised Logistics

Challange: Radwaste handling

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Where and when should the radwaste be handled and

temporarily stored/buffered?

New waste management culture.

• Long- and short-lived waste could be stored temporarily on site

• Short-lived waste could be end-conditioned on site

• Where long-lived waste is end-conditioned determined later

Argument for handling and temporarily stored/buffered at Ringhals:

• Non-conditioned waste is bulky to transport

• Space for buffering are available at Ringhals

• Experience and capacity to manage waste at Ringhals

Challenge: Large components

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What strategic aspects is the choice between

segmenting or directly deposited Reactor

Pressure Vessels (RPV)?

• The ability to deposit these components are

strategically important for an effective resolution:

• Reactor pressure vessel including internal

parts (BWRs and PWRs), Steam generators

(BWRs)

Arguments for direct depositing of RPV:

• Higher flexibility

• Segmentation is time consuming

• Simplified management provides significantly

lower dose

Segmented or whole RPV deposited?

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Concreate and steel that are free released can be recycled and used for

other application.

(i.e material with zero or very low radioactivity)

• Public acceptance

• Acceptance by the community

• Acceptance by companies (such as recycling of metals)

Example: Use the concrete as filling material in road constructions

How should acceptance by the stakeholders be achieved?

Challenge: Deposition of free released material

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• There is a need to build-up competence/resources within the

decommissioning area (sub-contractors with high competence)

• Nordic experience from decommissioning is related to small facilities.

However at the NPP’s we have experience removing everything except

RPV

• Internationally, experience exist

Commercial NPPs have been taken out of operation and have partly, or

completely, been dismantled.

Goal

To gather national, as well as international, experiences and lessons learned in

an understandable way, which takes the specific preconditions on the Nordic

market into consideration.

How to collect and document experiences from upcoming

decommissioning in an effective and flexible manner?

Challenge: Lessons Learned

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20302020 2040 20452015 2025 2035

Decommissioning: an area with many challenges

• 100% certainty that the projects will be implemented

• The area is multidisciplinary

• everything from Bq to SEK

• Competence is needed now and for the next 30-40 years!

Thank you for your attention!

[email protected]

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