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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp. 587–595, Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_057

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

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DURABILITY STUDIES ON CONCRETE WITH

FLY ASH, RICE HUSK ASH AND QUARRY

SAND

A. R. Narde

Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department,

Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College, Nagpur, India

Dr A. R. Gajbhiye

Professor, Civil Engineering Department,

Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College, Nagpur, India

ABSTRACT

The durability of concrete is defined as its ability to with stand weathering action,

chemical action, chemical attack or any progressive deterioration. A durable concrete

requires little or no maintenance and retains its original form, quality and

serviceability when exposed to its environmental expect harsh or aggressive

environments.

In this research the attempt have been made to examine the suitability of replacing

cement by rice husk ash and fly ash and natural sand by with various percentage of

quarry sand for M25 grade concrete and examine characteristic such as compressive

strength and critical mix was determined and compared with the conventional

concrete(controlled mix)and durability characteristic such as acid attack test for 30

days 60days, 90 days ,120days were analyzed also effect of carbonation was studied

and micro structural analysis was carried by XRF Analysis. The controlled mix with

100% Natural sand and 100% cement and critical mixes with 22.5% fly ash, 7.5 %

Rice husk ash and 30% quarry sand with replacement cement and natural sand

respectively and mix was examined for durability. The use rice husk ash and fly ash in

concrete has been found to improve the resistance of concrete sulphuric acid and

hydrochloric acid attack because of reduced presence of calcium hydroxide which is

more vulnerable to acid attack. The use of fly ash and rice husk ash as partial

replacement of ordinary Portland cement was found to more effective in reduction of

acid attack. And it has been observed that carbonation not effect of compressive

strength of concrete.

Keywords: Quarry sand(QS), fly ash (FA), Natural sand (NS), rice husk ash (RHA),

Coarse aggregate (CA). XRF analysis

A. R. Narde and Dr A. R. Gajbhiye


Cite this Article: A. R. Narde and Dr A. R. Gajbhiye, Durability Studies on Concrete

with Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Quarry Sand, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp. 587–595.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil Engineering industry because

of its high structural strength, stability The controlled concrete is produced by using Natural

sand from river bed as fine aggregate. Dwindling sand resources poses the environmental

problem and hence government restriction on sand quarrying resulted in scarcity and

significant increase in it cost and The concrete industry is constantly looking for

supplementary cementations material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal

problem of Fly Ash and Rice husk ash and cost savings can result when industrial by-products

are used as partial replacements for the energy - intensive Portland cement. Thus an

increasing demand for cement and concrete can be met by partially replacing cement with Fly

ash and Rice husk ash and natural sand with Quarry sand. This investigation was carried to

study the feasibility of using locally available rice husk ash, Fly ash and Quarry sand as

partial replacements for cement and sand in concrete.

In present investigation cement was replaced by rice husk ash and Fly ash by weight of

the cement as ingredient in concrete and Quarry sand was used as an alternative fine

aggregate material to it which is obtained during quarrying process. This paper describes the

effects of atmosphere on the concrete mixes.

2. MATERIALS

2.1. Coarse Aggregate

The specific gravity and water absorption are 2.67 and 0.8% respectively. The tests were

conducted as per IS: 383 – 1970.

2.2. Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 43-grade was used in this study conforming to IS: 12269-1987.

The physical properties are: Specific gravity is 3.15gm/cc Normal consistency is 28.3%

2.3. Rice husk ash

RHA was obtained from YASH AGRO, Chimur, Chandrapur. Sieving was carried out by

passing it through 90 micron sieve and then it is use for research purpose. RHA was

considered in the present study as a replacement of cement. The specific gravity of RHA used

is 2.1gm/cc

2.4. Fly ash

Fly ash used was obtained from Koradi Power Plant Nagpur. The fly ash, also known as

pulverized fuel ash, It is produced from burning pulverized coal in electric power generating

plants. Specific gravity of fly ash is 2.29gm/cc.

2.5. Quarry sand

Quarry Sand was obtained from Sidheshwar quarry, Pachgaon. Plant: 360, Surgaon, Nagpur.

The cheapest and the easiest way of getting substitute for natural sand is by crushing natural

stone to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which would be free from all impurities is

known as Quarry Sand. Specific gravity of quarry sand is 3.09gm/cc.

Durability Studies on Concrete with Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Quarry Sand


2.6. Chemical admixture

In this project, super-plasticizer is used as high range water reducer.AC-PLAST-BV

430.Apple Chemie India Private Limited Company, Nagpur as a high range water reducing

admixture for obtaining a workability

3. MIX DESIGN

The concrete mix M25 were designed in accordance with IS 10262-2009. The Three mixes of

three different grades of M25 have been selected for the investigation of durability tests like

acid attack, carbonation, permeability. It is indicated in Table 1.

Table 1 Durability Test on Selected Samples of Concrete

Mix Cement

%

Fly ash

%

Rice

husk ash

%

Natural

Sand %

Quarry

sand %

Coarse

aggregate

%

Mix 1(controlled mix)

M25-A 100 00 00 100 00 100

Mix 2

M25-A4 100 22.5 7.5 100 00 100

Mix3(critical mix)

M25-B6 70 22.5 7.5 70 30 100

4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1. Testing

Tests on hardened concrete carried out includes compressive test on concrete cube for size

150mm X 150mm X 150mm (IS: 516–1959). Acid resistance test for hydrochloric acid (HCl)

and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were carried out as per ACTM C-267 and Rapid chloride

permeability test in accordance with ASTM C1202. The chemical composition of cement

concrete is determined using XRF analysis, before and after immersion in acidic water

solution.

4.2. Acid attack testing of concrete

The initial mass and compressive strength of the cubic specimens of 150x150x150 mm was

determined after 28 days of curing before immersing into the acid solutions. Sulphuric and

hydrochloric acid solutions with initial concentrations of 2% by volume were prepared in

acid-resistant tanks. The 2% H2SO4 water solution (98.5% concentration-11.2 ml/liter water)

and 2% HCl water solution (36.46% concentration-48.8 ml/liter water) were prepared. The

Replicates of specimens from each mixture were kept continuously immersed in the sulphuric

and hydrochloric acid solutions for 30, 60, 90 & 120 days as recommended by ASTM C 267.

During the test period, the cubic specimens were removed after 30, 60, 90 & 120 days from

solutions, rinsed with tap water and left to dry for 30 min before weighing and visual

inspection. The solution was replaced at regular intervals to maintain pH 6 constant

throughout. After 30, 60, 90 & 120 days, the specimens were tested for compressive strength

based on the original cross-sectional area. The percentage of strength change were calculated,

percentage weight loss were calculated.



4.3. Chemical analysis of acid affected concrete

The chemical composition of an inorganic material was determined by X–Ray Fluorescence

Analysis (XRF). It provides highly accurate information about elemental mineral composition

4.4. Rapid Chloride Ion Permeability Test

The rapid chloride ion permeability test (RCPT) is performed as per provisions of ASTM

C1202. This standard specifies the rating of chloride permeability of concrete based on the

charge passed through the specimen during six hours of testing period. RCPT has been used

to evaluate the chloride permeability of hardened cement concretes. The Rapid chloride

permeability test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that

passes through a sample 50 mm thick by 100 mm in diameter in 6 hours this sample is

typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. A voltage of 60V DC is maintained across the

ends of the sample throughout the test. One lead is immersed in a 3.0% salt (NaCl) solution

and the other in a 0.3 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Based on the charge that passes

through the sample, a qualitative rating is made of the concrete’s permeability. RCPT has

been used to evaluate the chloride permeability of hardened concrete. It is indicated in

figure 1

Figure 1 Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) Testing

4.5. Carbonation of concrete

The carbonation chamber apparatus consists of a chamber as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

The chamber is the environmental supply chamber where air is conditioned to a CO2 content

of 5%, as per European standard EN 13295-2004 and relative humidity of 60% to 70% and

temperature of 27°C to 30 °C. The chambers are easily constructed using aluminium sheet

and Gaskets and sealing clamps can be used to make an air tight system. Relative humidity

was controlled with multiple pans of saturate salt solution composed of lime, NaCl and water.

The cover for steel reinforcement for beam sample was 5 mm. Periodic checks need to be

made to make sure the solution is not under-saturated or dried out. The CO2 gas atmosphere

was inducted using compressed CO2 gas regulator. The humidity and temperature was

measured by hygrometer. In this experiment a 5% CO2 and 95% oxygen atmosphere was

chosen to shorten the test period to suit project requirements. An industrial gas mixture of

5%CO2 in air was tried. The gas regulator was useful in keeping the flow rate and gas pressure

15 to 20 kg /cm2.

It is indicated in Figure 2 and Figure 3.



Figure 2 Carbonation chamber Figure 3 Schematic diagram for Carbonation process

Table 2 Effect of 2% H2SO4 on compressive strength of M 25 grade concrete.

Mix

Proportions

MIX 1

(M25A)

MIX 2

(M25-A4)

MIX 3

(M25-B6)

No. of Days C1

N/mm2

C2

N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

C1

N/mm2

C2 N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

C1

N/mm2

C2 N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

30 32.74 30.93 5.5 27.9 26.78 4.0 35,8 34.54 3.5

60 32.74 30.28 7.4 27.9 26.10 6.5 35.8 34.08 4.8

90 32.74 30.25 7.6 27.9 26.10 6.7 35.8 34.08 4.8

120 32.74 30.25 7.6 27.90 26.00 6.7 35.8 34,10 4.95

Table 3 Effect of 2% HCl on compressive strength of M 25 grade concrete

Mix

proportions MIX 1(M25-A) MIX 2 (M25-A4) MIX 3 (M25-B6)

No. of Days C1

N/mm2

C2

N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

C1

N/mm2

C2

N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

C1

N/mm2

C2 N/mm2

% C.S.

Loss

30 32.74 27.40 3.25 27.90 27.0 3.25 35.8 34.76 3.0

60 32.74 27.00 4.6 27.90 26.64 4.5 35.8 34.40 4.0

90 32.74 27.00 4.6 27.90 26.61 4.6 35.8 34.33 4.2

120 32.74 27.0 4.6 27.90 26.61 4.6 35.8 34.33 4.2

Abbreviations- C1- compressive strength of concrete before immersion in acidic water

solution (28 days curing), C2-compressive strength of concrete after immersion in acidic

Water solution C.S- % compressive strength loss

Figure 4 Strength loss in M25grade concrete after immersion in H2SO4solution

0

2

4

6

8

30 60 90 120

% S

tren

gth

loss

No. of days immerssion in 2%H2SO4 solution

Percentage Strength Loss in M25 grade concrete after

immerssion in 2%H2SO4Solution

M25-A4 M25-A M25-B6



Figure 5 Strength loss in M25 grade concrete after immersion in HCl solution

Table 4 Variation of compressive strength (C.S.) on of concrete after 120 days carbonation

Mix

Proportions MIX ( controlled mix) MIX (critical mix)

Grade of

concrete

C1

N/mm2

C2

N/mm2

%

variation

of C.S.

C.D.

mm

C1

N/mm2

C2

N/mm2

%

variation

of C.S.

C. D.

mm

M25 32.74 34.64 5.82 2.0 35.80 37.75 5.45 1.0

Abbreviations

C1 - compressive strength of concrete before carbonation(after 28 days curing)

C2 - compressive strength of concrete after carbonation

C.S - % compressive strength increases Or decreases (variation of strength)

C.D - carbonation depth

Table 5 Chemical Composition of M25 Concrete by XRF analysis

Concrete M25- A(controlled mix) M25 (critical mix) 22.5%FA+7.5%

RHA+30%QS

Un

affected

H2SO4

affected-

120 days

HCl

affected-

120days

carbonated-

120 days

Un

affected

H2SO4

affected-

120 days

HCl

affected-

120days

Carbonated-

120 days

Minerals % by

mass

% by

mass

% by

mass % by mass

% by

mass

% by

mass

% by

mass % by mass

Na2 O Sodium

oxide 2.28 1.040 0.900 0.728 3.27 0.962 1.198 0.897

MgO

Magnesium

oxide

2.54 2.343 2.23 2.48 3.37 2.439 2.956 2.243

SiO2 Silicon

dioxide 50.10 49.96 49.31 40.79 50.29 45.98 43.36 44.05

Al2O3

Aluminum

trioxide

11.13 8.489 8.048 7.621 12.67 9.904 10.70 9.758

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

30 60 90 120%

Str

ength

lo

ss

No. of days immerssion in2% HCL

Percentage Steength Loss in M25 concrete after

immerssion in 2% HCL solution

M25-A4 M25-A M25-B6



Concrete M25- A(controlled mix) M25 (critical mix) 22.5%FA+7.5%

RHA+30%QS

Fe O3 Iron

trioxide 6.36 6.481 6.188 6.068 10.05 7.355 8.692 7.049

TiO2 Titanium

oxide 0.90 0.814 0.738 0.750 1.38 1.057 1.179 1.015

CaO Calcium

oxide 16.79 17.51 19.04 24.91 17.41 15.70 14.66 19.64

K2O Potassium

oxide 1.20 1.417 1.588 1.264 0.56 1.105 1.122 1.156

Table 6 Result of Rapid chloride penetration test ( RCPT test)

Mix Charge passed Charge passed

(Coulombs) (28 Days) (Coulombs) (90Days)

M25-A 1285 1195

M25-A4 1260 1152

M25-B6 1164 1100

5. OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. Acid resistance of concrete

It has been observed that controlled mix is more affected by action of hydrochloric acid and

Sulfuric acid. The resistances against acid get reduce due to presence of more amount internal

voids and this draw back can be rectified by use of fly ash, and rice husk ash which fill up

voids and it will increases resistance against acid. It has been that is observed that percentage

compressive strength loss in case of H2SO4 attack is significantly more than HCl attack as

indicated Table 2 and Table 3 and Fig.4 and Fig 5. It is also observed that action of acid is

more at initial stage and once reaction between acid and concrete takes place it results into

maximum deterioration of concrete and there after deterioration of concrete will not be

significant though concentration of acidic water solution maintained at same as that of initial

stage.

5.2. Hydrochloric Acid Attack (HCl)

During the test, it is observed that the colour of the external surface of the sample is yellow

whereas the colour of their inner surface is brown, and more damage occurred controlled

concrete as compare to concrete composed of fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand and it has

been observed that fly ash, rice husk ash concrete has better resistance to acid medium.

The Ca(OH2) calcium hydroxide react with HCl hydrochloric acid and produce CaCl2.

Calcium chloride and concrete loses strength and increases porosity. So acid penetration

becomes easy and hydrochloric acid penetrates inwards the concrete by interval of porosity.

The concrete mixture with fly ash and rice husk ash reduces capillary pores and increases the

resistance.

5.3. Sulphuric Acid Attack (H2SO4)

The sulfuric acid reacts with calcium hydroxide of cement hydrates to produce calcium sulfate

salt. (White powder).These salts are expanding salts and the pressure that is created during

their production which develops cracks and collapse the concrete. The fly ash and rice husk

ash in concrete has been found to improve the resistance to sulfuric acid because of less



presence of calcium hydroxide which is most vulnerable to acid attack. It is observed that due

to sulfuric acid attack calcium sulfate (white powder) is formed and edges of aggregates get

damaged.

5.5. Carbonation test on concrete

Carbonation of concrete is a process by which carbon dioxide from the air penetrates into

concrete through pores and reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonates.

Carbonation leads to a reduction in porosity of the exposed concrete surface because the

volume of the reaction product (CaCO3) exceeds that of the original reactants. It is observed

that compressive strength of carbonated concrete is slightly increases and it is due to CaCO3

occupies a greater volume than Ca(OH)2.Carbonation improve surface hardness, strength due

pore refinement of cement concrete. It is indicated in table 4 Carbonation can be helpful in

non-reinforced cement based products but as pH of carbonated cement paste reduces due to

carbonation, reinforcing steel loses its passivity and becomes vulnerable to corrosion. When

pH value of pore water in concrete reduces below 10 then carbonation gets started. The pH

value of pore water in unaffected hardened concrete was 12.5 to 13.5 It has been observed

that the use of fly ash and rice husk ash refine pore structure and reduces size of pores and

reduces porosity of concrete and that reduces carbonation in case of critical mix concrete.

During hydration process of concrete more amount of calcium hydroxide get consumed by

higher percentage of silica present rice husk ash and balance calcium hydroxide is very less to

react with carbon di oxide during carbonation. And micro fines present quarry sand reduces

pores Therefore effect of carbonation is very less on critical concrete containing rice husk ash

and quarry sand which prevent penetration of carbon dioxide into concrete.

5.6. Microscopic structural analysis observations (XRF Analysis)

XRF analysis showed that chemical composition phases of controlled mix and critical mix it

is found that critical mix contain high percentage of silicon di oxide and iron di oxide because

of that concrete containing RHA and quarry sand gives more strength.

X RF Analysis observed that due action of HCl, H2SO4 Acid and carbonation the

controlled concrete get affected and altered the chemical composition, that observed from

changes in percentage of mass of chemical compounds whereas critical concrete the get less

affected by H2SO4, HCl acid and carbonation. The silicon dioxide gets reduced due to acid

attack in case controlled mix and critical mix. It is indicated in Table 5.

5.7. Rapid chloride permeability test

The Rapid chloride permeability test shows that Critical mix prevents the penetration. It has

Lesser voids and lesser permeability. The more Charge passes through the controlled mix

concrete, shows less penetration resistance as compare to critical mix. The concrete mix with

fly ash and rice husk ash lowers the passage of charge which increases the penetration

resistance. Quarry sand has micro fine particles and incorporation of quarry sand in concrete

reduces the permeability of concrete in larger extend as compare only due to that of fly ash

and rice husk ash and it is indicated in Table 6

6. CONCLUSION

1. The aggressiveness of 2% sulphuric acid medium and 2% hydrochloric acid medium

is different and deterioration is different. The loss of strength is lower in the

hydrochloric acid solutions. The concretes have more strength loss in the sulphuric

acid than in the hydrochloric acid solutions. The degradation mechanisms due to

H2SO4attack and HCl attack are different. Sulphuric acid leached the layers of the



paste in exposed surface, while hydrochloric acid penetrates inwards the concrete by

the interval of porosity.

2. Controlled mix shows the least durability in acidic solution and mix with combination

with rice husk ash, fly ash and quarry sand shows highest resistance to acid attack i.e.

highest durability in H2SO4 solution and HCl solution. The effect of HCl and H2SO4 is

more on controlled concrete.

3. The concrete mix with fly ash and rice husk ash lowers the passage of charge which

increases the penetration resistance. Quarry sand has micro fine particles and

incorporation of quarry sand in concrete reduces the permeability of concrete in larger

extend. XRF Analysis shows that critical concrete the get less affected by H2SO4, HCl

acid and carbonation.

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