Download pdf - Elektronik 1 - Eemdersnotlari.com Geniş Konu Anlatımı

8/10/2019 Elektronik 1 - Eemdersnotlari.com Geni Konu Anlatm

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Ebd ?; ]osij gfvrf fbfdocbor

"Girfcbfr, nhcgocsotrbfr, eheicbfr"Fbfntrin vf fbfntrhcinbf ibìbi tfdfb novrodbor?. Fbfntrin;@rfn (Yucoc) gibicgf nfarieor ool#c#c og#fbfntrintir. Og#`ffc thpbuduc eibìcbfri,

eu ool#c nurudu$gobbor#c#c so n#bbor#co srtbdfsicgfc shcro sodoc pbfrici fntiici efbirbfyiclf,eu tip zfbbin `stfrfc td gifr lisidbfrf fbfntrin og#c#vfrdi$bfrgir.

hn fsni oborgo hrtoyo nhcoc fbfntrin novrod#c#c nopsog##oboc gurùc (stotin) fbfntrintir. ?:.yzy#bgoc shcro a#zbococ eibidsfb vf tfnchbhkin eubu$bor#c shculucgo isf gurùc fbfntrin novrod#c#ctfsicf fibfrfn, eu`c yo$oct#d#z#c afr oboc#cgo yororbocg##d#z fbfntrinbi vf fbfntrhcin ghcoc#dbor`fbi$tiribdi$tir.

5. Fbfntrhcin;'bfrini ebdbfrgf oyr#ct#b#hboron i$bfcflfn hboc doggf nhcusucgo go `rbflfiìei ghogo eubucoc ??5 fbfdfcttfc eoz#bor#c#c othdbor#c#c shc yrc`fbfricgf (vobocs yrc`f)

eubucoc fnsi (-) ynb fbfntrhcbor#c aorfnftbfricgfc (govroc#$bor#cgoc) yororbocoron f$itbi ghcoc#dbor#yopdo eibidicf fbfntrhcingfcir. Eo$no eir toc#d isf $u $fnibgfgir; Fbfntrhcin, sfrefst fbfntrhcaorfnfticic gfcftidici nhcu fgicfc eibid gob#g#r.

5=. yzy#b fbfntrhcin tfnchbhkisicic ot#b#do `ftii ohbdu$tur. 5?. yzy#b isf yo$oct#d#z#c afrgibidicic fbfntrhcin gzfcfnbfrbf ghcocg##eir os#r hbolont#r. Fbfntrhcin eibid gob#afdfc afdfcetc eibid gobbor#ybo iif `fdi$gurudgog#r. ?95='bi y#bborgo uyùbodoyo ìrdfyf eo$boyoc ibnfbfntrhcin gfvrfbfr bodeob#yg#. (Bodeob#gfvrf fbfdoc#; Aovos#eh$obt#bd#$fbfntrhc bodeos#g#r.) ?96='biy#bborgoc shcro isf trocsistrb fbfntrhcin gfvrfbfr nubboc#bdoyo eo$bocg#.

?9:='b#y#bbor#c hrtobor#cgoc shcro isf, trocsistrbfric yfricf nn odo hn i$bfvbi gfvrf fbfdocbor#,yoci fctf`rfbfr c pboco #nt#. Fctf`rf (tdbfin gfvrf, yhcò, laip)hboron ogbocg#rg##d#z fbfdocbor,gfvrfbfric yop#s#c#eositbf$tirdfntf, ob#$do a#z#c#ort#rdonto vf ghru ob#$doy#sobodontog#r.

@cdzgf fbfntrhcin, hn f$itbi gobboro (fcgstriyfb fbfntrhcin, rct sistfdbfri, t#p fbfntrhcii,

gikitob fbfntrhcin, ibfti$id, `vfcbin...) oyr#boeibflfn gurudo `fbdi$tir. Oclon fbfntrhcin tfdfbgf, inin#s#dgo iclfbfcfeibir;I.Ocobh` (rcfnsfb) fbfntrhcinII. Gikitob (soy#sob) fbfntrhcinOcobh` tfdfbbi gfvrfbfrgf sicyobic

gfi$idi $fnib ?.?'gf rbg iei nnzodoc orob#nbor#cgo hbdontog#r. Yoci, afroc sicyobic gffrbfri jornb#g#r vf shcsuzsoy#go oro gffrbfr sz nhcusugur. Gikitobzfbbinbi gfvrfbfrgf `fribidic yovo$gfi$dfsi, hco eob#hboron gfvrf on#d#c#cyovo$gfi$idi sz nhcusu hbodoz. Gikitob yop#b#gfvrfbfric sicyobbfricgf $fnib ?.5'gf rbg ieiini gurud sz nhcusugur. Yoci gfvrfgfc on#d fdfntf yo go fdfdfntfgir. Ocbot#dborgo on#d#c`fdf oc#'?' ibf, `fdfdf oc#isf '=' ibf `stfribir. \hcu hboron ocobh` gfvrfbfr bp rcfnbfr,gikitob gfvrfbfr isf soyor.


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Fbfntrin gfvrfsicgfc `ffc on#d "I" ibf`stfribir vf odpfrdftrfybf bbr. On#d#c eiridiodpfr (O), gfcnbfdi, I 4 Z/U OT $fnbicgfgir.

*fnib ?.6'tf GL rftfliybf efsbfcfc ob#l#c#cfntii on#d#c ocobh` tip odpfrdftrfybfbbdfsicf ibi$nic eoboct#$fdos#vfribdi$tir.

Ondc ost notbor;]inhodpfr (pO), cochodpfr(cO), dinrhodpfr (dO), dibiodpfr (dO).

Ondc st notbor;Nibhodpfr (nO), dfòodpfr (DO), iòodpfr (@O).Cht;Dfòodpfr vf ìòodpfr uyùbodogo pfn nubboc#bdodontog#r. On#d#c ost vf st notbor#

eicfr eicfr eyr vf nbr.

7. @fribid (FDN, fbfntrhdhthr nuvvft, phtocsiyfb jorn); Eir rftflic ini ulu oros#cgoniphtocsiyfb jorno `fribid gfcir. @fribid, vhbtdftrfybf bbr vf Z, V,Fyo go fibf stfribir. Eiridivhbt (Z), gfcnbfdi, Z 4 I.U ZT$fnbicgfgir.

@fribidic ost notbor;]inhvhbt (pZ), cochvhbt (cZ), dinrhvhbt (dZ), dibivhbt (dZ).

@fribidic st notbor;Nibhvhbt (nZ), dfòvhbt (DZ), iòvhbt (@Z).Cht;Dfòvhbt vf ìòvhbt uyùbodogo nubboc#bdodontog#r. @fribidic ost vf st notbor#eicfr

eicfr eyr vf nbr.

6. Had nocucu (yosos);?151 y#b#cgo @fhr`f \idhc Had (Lhrl \oyd#c Hd) toroj#cgochrtoyo nhcoc gfcnbfdf `rf, eir ob#l#yo uyùbococ `fribid ortt#no gfvrfgfc `ffc on#d goortdontog#r. Ob#l#c#c girfcli ort#r#bg##cgo isf ffc on#d ozobdontog#r.

Eo$no eir gfyi$bf ? had, ? vhbt uyùbocd#$gfvrfgfc ? odpfrbin on#d fdfsicf izic vfrfc girfcgffrigir.

Had nocucucgo hrtoyo nhcoc gfi$nfcbfric eireiriybf ibi$nisi $fnib ?.:'go vfribfc had `fciybfo#nbocoeibir. Eu `fcf `rf, afsopbocdon istfcfc gffric zfri pordon ibf nopot#boron gfcnbfd

ibftnfc

ortyn fnsi yn

fbfntrin ondcc yc

fbfntrhc ondcc ycibftnfc

Z

fnib ?.


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girfcbfr on#d s#c#rbodos#yopornfc #s#vf #$#n $fnbicgf fcfrki aorlorbor. Nhcgocsotrbfr, fbfntrinfcfrkisici fbfntrin yn $fnbicgf, eheicbfr isf docyftin oboc hboron gfphborbor.

e. Ontij gfvrf fbfdocbor; Nfcgibfri fcfrki rftfc yo go fcfrki sfviyfsici ynsfbtfc fbfdocborg#r.]ib, gicodh, fcfrki rftfc, odpbijinotr, fcfrki sfviyfsici ynsfbtfc ontij fbfdoc rcfi hboron`stfribfeibir.

]osij gfvrf fbfdocborcc iclfbfcdfsiO. Girfcbfr (rfzistocs, rfsistoclf)

Eir fbfntrin gfvrfsicf fribid uyùbocg##cgo, ob#l#goc on#d fdfntfgir. @ffc on#d#s#c#rboyocftnfc gfvrfgfni girfctir. Eu yonbo$#do `rf, fbfntrin on#d#c#c `fi$icf nor$#zhrbun `stfrfcfbfdocboro girfcgfcir. Fbfntrin fcfrkisi girfc zfricgf #s#yo gc$frfn aorloc#r.

Girfcbfr, Uyo go r ibf ijogf fgibir. Fbfntrin gfvrfsicgf girfc gfcnbfdi, U 4 Z/I, girfc eiridi isfP(had)'gur. *fnib ?.0'gf soeit girfc sfdehbbfri vfribdi$tir.

Girfclic ost notbor; ]inhhad (pP), cochhad (cP), dinrhhad (dP), dibihad (dP).

Girfclic st notbor; Nibhhad (nP), dfòhad(DP), iòhad (@P).

Cht;]inhhad, cochhad, dinrhhad, dibihad,ìòhad iei eiridbfrf soaip girfcbfr uyùbodogopfn nubboc#bdodontog#r.

Girfcbfric gfvrfgfni i!bfvbfri (jhcnsiyhcbor)I. Gfvrfgfc ffc on#d#s#c#rboyoron oyc#gffrgf tutdon.II.Gfvrfcic efsbfdf fribidici ebfrfn, yoci nbtfrfn eo$no fbfdocbor#c ob#$dos#co yorg#dl#hbdon.III.Aossos yop#b#gfvrf fbfdocbor#c#c o$#r#on#do nor$#nhrucdos#c#sobodon.IZ.Yn (ob#l#) rfvi yopdon.Z.Is#fcfrkisi fbgf ftdfn.

Girfcbfric rftid !fnbicf `rf scjbocgrbdoso. \oeit gf$frbi girfcbfr; Girfc gffrbfri soeit hboc, yoci

gfi$tiribfdfyfc fbfdocborg#r. Eu girfcbfr, zfrbfricgfc ffc on#dvf `fribidic gffricf `rf jornb#girfc `stfrdfzbfr. Oyr#lo,g#$or#goc yop#boc ftniybf (dfnocin yo go fbfntrinsfb) girfcbfrigfi$tiribfdfz.

\oeit gffrbi girfcbfr =,? P'goc 55 DP'o nogor gfi$in gffrbfrgfvf f$itbi `bfrgf rftibir. Oclon eu, afr gffrgf girfc rftibirocbod#co `fbdfz. Vyùbodogo stocgort gffrbfrf soaip girfcbfrnor$#d#zo #nor. Ffr stocgort g#$#gffrgf eir girfclf frfn guyubursosfri yo go porobfb eobodo yop#b#r. Yo go oyorb#girfc nubboc#b#r.

e. Oyorb (gf$i!nfc gf$frbi) girfcbfr; Girfc gffrbfri,aorfnft fttiribfeibfc hrto ubor#soyfsicgf oyorbocoeibfc fbfdocborg#r.Eu fbfdocbor ynsfn girfcbi tfb sor#db#yo go norehcgoc yop#b#rbor. Norehc tip oyorb#girfcbfr rfsid ?.5-o'go rbg iei, norehc nor#$#db#gisn eiidicgf yop#b#r. Girfc rfvici, s#n#$t#r#bd#$n#t yo go gisn

fsni sfdehb

fnib ?.0; \oeit girfc sfdehbbfri

yfci sfdehb

Ufsid ?.?; \oeit girfcbfr

]GJ lrfotfg wita pgjJolthry triob vfrsihc www.pgjjolthry.lhd
http://www.pdffactory.com/http://www.pdffactory.com/


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$fnbicgfni norehc zfricf iclf eir toeono $fnbicgf nopbocd#$norehc nor#$#d#yopor. Norehc gisnic nfsibfrfnfbgf fgibdi$ini uluco eoboct#tfrdicobbfri ton#b#r. cl u, fscfn `fzfr nhcton eiidicgf hbup, gisnzfricf srtcfrfn gcfr vf istfcibfc girfc gffricic fbgf fgibdfsici sobor. Eoz#tipbfrgf fzfr u rfsid?.5-'gf `rbg iei ghrusob noydob#$fnibgf gf hboeibir.

Oyorb#girfcbfric ynsfn on#d vf fribidbfrf goyoc#nb#hbocbor#co isf rfhsto gfcir. Ufhstobor, gfvrfgfon#d, fribid oyor#yopdon iic nubboc#boc girfcbfrgir. Ufsid ?.


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l. Wfb sordb(to!) girfcbfr;Nrhd-cinfb, cinfb-`d$, nhcstoctoc, tuc`stfc, docòcic ìeidoggfbfrgfc rftibdi$tfbbfric #s#yo goyoc#nb#hboc phrsfbfc, eonobit, odyoct efczfri doggfbfr zfricfsor#bdos#ybo yop#boc girfcbfrgir.

Wo$girfcbfr eyn b hbguucgoc ynsfn on#d to$#yoeibirbfr. Ufsid ?.7'tf rbfc to$girfcbfric

eyn `b hbdos#, eu fbfdocbor#c ftrojo yoyg###s#c#c go ortdos#co yhb oor. '$tf eu cfgfcbfs#lontoc ftnibfcfc fbfntrhbitin nhcgocsotr, giyht, trocsistr, fctf`rf ìei fbfdocbor to$girfcbfrichn yon#c#co nhcdoz (dhctf fgibdfz).

Vy ubodogo nubboc#boc eoz#to$(tfb) girfcbfrgf, o$#r#on#d `fi$i guruducgo gifr gfvrfbfriczoror rdfsici fc`fbbfdfn odol#ybo yop#bd#$tfrdin gzfcfnbfr vorg#r.

*fnib ?.?='go `rbg iei girfclic vgfsi zfricgf o$#r#on#d shculu hbu$oc #s#bfaidi fritir.Girfc `vgfsicgfni ini u eireiricgfc oyr#b#r vf on#d fi$i gurur. \i`hrtoc#c otdos#(bfaidic fridfsi)girfctfc o$#r#on#d `fi$i hbguucu stfrir. Hcor#d yop#b#rnfc oyr#boc n#sd#tfb nubbocoron eireiricfeobodon hn son#clob#g#r. Eu yop#bg##cgo nhrudo gzfcfi eir goao rfv yopodoyoron gfvrfciceo$no n#s#dbor#c#c ehzubdos#co yhb oor.

Norehc vf tfb sordbgirfcbfric tfncin zfbbinbfr eondcgoc nor!bo!trbdoso. Norehc girfcbfr e. Wfb sor db(to!) girfcbfr-Eyn gffrbi girfc yopdoyo uyùcgur. -Nn gffrbi girfcbfri yopdoyo uyùcgur.-Nn on#db#gfvrfbfrgf nubboc#b#r. -Eyn on #db#gfvrfbfrgf nubboc#b#r.-Girfc gffri rfcn nhguybo efbirtibir. -Girfc gffri vgf zfricgf yoz#b#g#r.-@bfri ?/?= P-6 P oros#cgo gfi$ir. -@bfri 5 - 556 P oros#cgog#r.

Oyorbgirfc f!itbfrio. ]htocsiyhdftrfbfr (pht)Girfc gffrbfri, goirfsfb hboron gcfc eir dib yo go sr` nhbu orol#b##ybo gfi$tiribfeibfc

fbfdocboro phtocsiyhdftrf gfcir. *fnib ?.??'gf phtocsiyhdftrf sfdehb, rfsid ?.6'tfphtocsiyhdftrfcic i yop#s#vf phtocsiyhdftrf rcfnbfri vfribdi$tir.

Vyùbodogo nubboc#boc phtocsiyhdftrf f$itbfri $ucborg#r;I. Ocoatorbphtocsiyhdftrf;Eir ocoator ibf phtocsiyhdftrf oyc#`vgfgf eirbf$tiribip afd

stlhboron

nubbocbocto! girfc55 P, % ?= thbf-

rocsb to!girfc

Girfc scclo bfaidbi eo$boctfrir vfnhctonbor eireiricgfc oyrbr.

?= P 6 P

Ufsid ?.7; f$itbi to$girfcbfr fnib ?.?=; Wfrdin g-zfcfnbi to$ girfcbfr

girfc

doggfsiaorfnftbi

u

sr`b

phtocsiyhdftrfdibbi phtocsiyhdftrfphtocsiyhdftrfcic

i yops

Ufsid ?.6; ]htocsiyhdftrf rcfnbfrifnib ?.??; ]htocsiyhdftrf sfdehb



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odo nopodo afd gf on#d oyor i$bfdici yopoeibfc fbfdoco ocoatorbphtgfcir. Ufsid ?.:'go `rbfcocoatorb#phtbor rogyh, tfyp, giddfr ve. iei oy`#tborgo nubboc#b#r.

II. \tfrfh(stfryh) phtocsiyhdftrf; 'ni phtocsiyhdftrfcic eir vgf iicgf eirbf$tiribdfsiybfyop#bd#$hbup,stfrfh(stfryh, ini yhbbu) sfs gfvrfbfricgf nubboc#boc fbfdocborg#r. Ufsid ?.0'gfstfrfh

phtocsiyhdftrf rcfnbfri `rbdfntfgir.

III. Hth rogyh tfyp phtocsiyhdftrfsi;Wo$#tborgoni rogyh tfypbfrgf nubboc#boc phtbor hnbuyop#gog#r. Yoci eir dib zfricf eir no ogft pht vf odo nopodo(hc hjj)ocoator#dhctf fgibdi$tir.Eu phtbor, sfs, eobocs,jogfr(c-orno) jhcnsiyhcbor#c#yfricf ftirirbfr.

e. Wridpht (trid, tridfr girfc); Girfc gffricic oro s#ro gfi$dfsicic frfntii gfvrfbfrgfnubboc#boc fbfdocg#r. Yop#hboron phtocsiyhdftrfbfrf efczfr. Girfc gffrbfri gz yo go y#bg#z ubuthrcovigoybo gfi$tiribfeibir. *fnib ?.?5'gf tridpht sfdehbbfri, rfsid ?.1'gf isf tridpht rcfnbfrivfribdi$tir.

l. Zigobtip (hn turbu)oyorbgirfc;\hcsuz gi$bi zfbbinbi vigo zfricgf aorfnft fgfc eirt#rcon, nobc jibdyctfdiybf hbu$turubdu$girfclic zfricgf nhcud gfi$tirfrfn girfc oyor#c#cyop#bdos#c# sobodontog#r. Aorfnftbi hboc t#rcon phtocsiyhdftrfcic hrto ulugur. Eu tip oyorb#girfcbfrbf hn aossos girfc oyor#yop#boeibir. Ufsid ?.9'go vigob#tip oyorb#girfc rbdfntfgir.

Oyorbgirfcbfric girfc gf$i!id norontfristinbfri; Oyorb#girfcbfr, nubboc#bolonbor#gfvrfyf`rf oyr#zfbbintf rftibirbfr. *idgi eucbor#iclfbfyfbid.

o. Girfc gf$frbfri bicffr (gh$rusob) hboron gf$i!fc oyorbgirfcbfr; Girfc gffrbfris#j#rgoc itieorfc ghrusob (fit og#d, fit girfc)hboron ortor. @vgfbfricgf BIC (bic) szl eubucur.rcfic zfricgf BIC 55= n yoz#b#hboc eir pht bicffrzfbbintf vf 55= nPgffricgfgir. BICyoz#b#girfcbfrgf gfi$id gz`chbdontog#r.Bicffrphtocsiyhdftrfbfr, noyco#, zodocboy#l#ve.gfvrfbfricgf nubboc#b#rbor.

Bicffrphtocsiyhdftrfbfrgf girfclic gfi$id $fnbici ocboyoeibdfn iic $fnib ?.?< vf $fnib ?.?7'feon#c#z.

Ufsid ?.0; \tfrfh phtocsiyhdftrfbfrUfsid ?.:; Ocoatorb#phtocsiyhdftrfbfr

oyorb girfc ubor

ocoator

uboroyorb girfc ubor

fnib ?.?5; Wridpht sfdehbbfri Ufsid ?.1; f$itbi tridphtbor Ufsid ?.9; Zigob# tip oyorb#girfc



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e. ]hzitij bhòritdin (phz. bh`.) zfbbinbioyorbgirfcbfr; Girfc gffrbfri s#j#rgocitieorfc bhòritdin (frisfb) hboron ortor. Oyor

dibicic ibfri aorfnftiybf girfclic gfi$idicicbhòritdin hboeibdfsi iic norehc doggfsicicyhucbuu go bhòritdin hboron gfi$flfn $fnibgfoyorbocd#$t#r.

'csoc nubo# bhòritdin yop#go hbguucgocsfsbf ibìbi fbfntrhcin gfvrfbfrgf (rogyh, WZ,ynsfbtf ve.) eu tip girfcbfr nubboc #b#r.@vgfbfricgf BH@ yo go ]H[. BH@ szleubucur.

Zhbd (sfs) nhctrhbcgf bicffr eir phtnubboc#b#rso, sfs yovo$yovo$o#b#rnfc, clfbfriai ortd#yhrdu$ iei hbur. ]htuc shc ebdfsicgf

isf sfs eirgfc ortor. Eucuc cfgfci icsoc nubo#c#cbhòritdin eir hròc hbdos#cgocg#r. Osb#cgo sfsbicffr eir phtto f$it hboron ortdontog#r. Oclonicsoc nubo#zoy#j sfsbfrf nor$#aossos, nuvvftbisfsbfrf nor$# ìgfrfn goao oz guyguucgocob`# bodo aotos# sz nhcusu hbdontog#r.Bhòritdin eir pht ibf yop#boc sfs oyor#isf nubontoroj#cgoc hn iyi ob`#bocoeibdfntfgir.

]hzitij bhòritdin phtocsiyhdftrfbfrgfgirfclic gfi$id $fnbici ocboyoeibdfn iic $fnib?.?


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oyorb#girfclic hrto ulu aorfnft fttiribirsf ob#l#yo uy ubococ fribidic gffricic gfi$tii rbr.

Oyorbgirfcbfric so$bodbn tfsti;Haddftrfcic prhebor#$fnib ?.?1-o'go `rbg `iei ibn

clf oyorb#girfclic nfcor ubor#co ghnucguruboron fbfdoc zfricgf yoz#b#girfc gffricic ghruhbup hbdog##co eon#b#r.

Goao shcro $fnib ?.?1-e'gf `rbg iei prheborgoc eirisi oyorb#girfclic aorfnftbi uluco, gifrigf s#roybo nfcorborgo eubucoc soeit uboro gfgiribir. Hrto vf nfcor uboro prhebor gfgiribirnfc oyorb#girfclic dibi fvribgiicgf (yo go sr`s aorfnft fttiribgiicgf) girfc gffricgf gfi$id rbrsffbfdoc#c sobod hbguu ocbo$#b#r.

Nogfdfbi girfcbfr;Eir vgf iicf yfrbf$tiribdi$girfctfc hn u #nor#boron yop#boc fbfdocboronogfdfbi girfc gfcir. *fnib ?.?9'go nogfdfbi girfc sfdehbbfri, $fnib ?.5='gf sfniz ubu nogfdfbigirfc rcfi, rfsid ?.?='go isf uy`ubodogo nubboc#boc nogfdfbi girfc f$itbfricf yfr vfribdi$tir.

Nogfdfbi girfc f!itbfrio. hn oyonbnogfdfbi girfcbfr; Eir `vgf iicf yfrbf$tiribdi$eir no ogft girfctfc hbu$ur.

hn oyonb#hbup, eir no jornb#gffrgf girfc fbgf ftdfyf yoror. Eu tip girfcbfr, gfvrfbfrgf fribidebl hboron nubboc#b#r. Ufsid ?.?='go nogfdfbi girfc rcfnbfri vfribdi$tir.

e. Girfc nutubor; Nobierosyhc (oyor) i$bfricgf vf gfcfy yopdogo nubboc #boc fbfdocboro girfcnutusu gfcir. Eir nutu iicf yfrbf$tiribdi$hboc girfcbfric gffri oyor gdfbfriybf gfi$tiribfrfnistfcibfc gffrgf girfc fbgf fgibfeibdfntfgir. rcfic ?='bu girfc nutubor#cgo afr eiri ?-?= oros#cgo

og#dbocg#r#bd#$6 nogfdf nhdtotr vorg#r. Nhdtotrbfric og#dbor#, f$it gffrbinbi girfcbfri,s#rob#hboron gfvrfyf ob#r yo go #nort#r. Nhdtotrc nhctrhb fttii ?='bu girfc rupbor#isf eireiricfsfri eob#g#r. Girfc nutusu zfricgf eubucoc nhdtotrbfric afr eiri eir girfc gffrici ijogf fgfr.*ybf ni> eiricli nhdtotrgf girfcbfr eirfr eirfr ortor. Yoci : Pfbgf ftdfn iic nhdtotr :.nhcudo `ftiribir. 'nicli nhdtotrgf isf nogfdfbfr ?='or ?='or ynsfbir.


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Fctf`rf tipi girfcbfr; hn nordo$#ngfvrfbfrgf eir hn girfc eir `vgf iicgfthpbocoron dhctok nhboyb## soboyoc girfc

dhgbbfri nubboc #b#r. Eu tip girfcbfriceoboct#s#c# ghru yopoeibdfn iic rftilijirdobor#c notobh`bor#co eondon `frfnir. *fnib?.5?'gf fctf`rf tipi girfc rcfnbfricf yfrvfribdi$tir.

\DG tip (surjolf dhuctfg gfvilf, yzfyfdhctf fgibdi!fbfdoc)girfcbfr; \DW (sur-jolf dhuct tflachbh`y, yzfy dhctok tfnchbhkisi)yctfdiybf rftibdi$nn ehyutbu fbfdocborg#r.\DG girfcbfric vf on#d gffrbfri hn nnhbguucgoc g$n on#d fnfc gfvrfbfrgf

(hsibotr, tucfr, nudocgo gfvrfbfri) nubboc#bdoyouy`ucgurbor.Eu tip girfcbfri snp tondon iic aossos

ob#$don vf iclf ubu nobitfbi aovyobor nubbocdon`frfnir. Ufsid ?.?5'gf \DG girfcbfr vfribdi$tir.

\DG girfcbfric hdok gffri vgf zfricf yoz#boc ronodborbo ijogf fgibdfntfgir. Gffr efbirtdfgfnubboc#boc ronodbor#c fc shcgo hboc#orpocg#r. Eucu rcfnbfrbf o#nborson, ?1= 4 ?1 P,


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rcfn;Gffrbfri U? 4 ?5 Pvf U5 4 ?= Phboc ini girfc eireiricf sfri hboron eobocd#$t#r.Gfvrfcic thpbod (f$gffr) girfc gffrici eubucuz.

zd; UW 4 U? + U5 4 ?5 + ?= 4 55 P

e. Girfcbfric porobfbeo$bocdos; ]orobfb eoboct#go thpbod girfc ozob#r. Oclon, goao ynsfn

on#d firfeibfc b eir girfc fbgf fgibir. rcfic, ?6== P'bun vf ?/7 P'b#n ini girfc porobfb eobocolonhburso, 06= Pvf ?/5 P'b#n girfc fbgf fgibir. *fnib ?.5


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thpbod girfclici eubucuz. e. Gfvrfgfc ffc thpbod on#d#eubucuz.zd; o.UW 4 U? + U5 + U< 4 1 + 0 + ?= 4 56 P e. IW 4 ZW/UW 4 ?==/56 4 7 O

e. Nirlaahjj'uc ond nocucu; *fnib?.51'gf `rbg iei porobfb hboron eobocd#$girfcbfric zfricgfc ffc on#dbor#c thpbod#,gfvrfgfc ffc thpbod on#do f$ittir.

Yoci, IW 4 I? + I5 +...+ IcÔTI 4 Z/U hbguucgoc gfcnbfd,IW 4 Z/U?+Z/U5+...+Z/Uc$fnbicgf gf yoz#boeibir.

Cht;Girfcbfr porobfb eob#ynfc afpsiciczfricgf gf oyc#gffrgf fribid g$d hbur.

rcfn; *fnib ?.59'go vfribfc gfvrfgf eireiricf porobfbeobocd#$ini girfclic zfricgfc ffc on#dbor bbd$vfI? 4 : O, I5 4 7 O hboron efbirbfcdi$tir. Euco `rf gfvrfgfc`ffc on#d#c thpbod gffri cfgir8

zd; IW 4 I?+I5 4 :+7 4 ?= O

rcfn; *fnib ?.59'go vfribfc gfvrfgf eireiricf porobfb eob#inigirfclic gffrbfri U? 4 7 P, U5 4 : P, gfvrfgfc `ffc thpbodon#d ?= O hbguuco `rf,

o.Gfvrfcic thpbod girfclici eubucuz.

e.Gfvrfyf uyùbococ fribidic gffrici eubucuz.zdo.?/UW 4 ?/U? + ?/U5 4 ?/7 + ?/: 4 (: + 7)/57 4 57/?= 4 5,7 Pe.ZW 4 IW.UW 4 ?=.5,7 4 57 Z

Fbfntrintf ` (], phwfr); GL (ghru on#d) ibf ob#$oc ob#l#borgo on#d ibf fribidic orp#d#`l vfrdfntfgir. Eo$no eir gfyi$bf , eirid zodocgo yop#boc i$hboron toc#dboc#r.

@ gfcnbfdbfri;] 4 Z.I 4 I5.U 4 Z5/U PT $fnbicgfgir.

Fbfntrhcin gfvrfbfrgf nubbocboc girfcbfrgf ;\tocgort hdok gffrbfricgfni girfcbfr

fnib ?.5:; Nir$hj'uc fribidnocucucuc iseot#c#c yop#b#$#

fnib ?.50; Nir$hj'uc fribidnocucuybo ibìbi gfvrf rcf&i

ZU? ZU5 ZU ?= dJ vf ?: vhbtbun ininhcgocsotr sfri eobocg##cgo thpbod nopositf 6 dJ hburnfc,

ob#$do fribidi


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50

nopoc#rnfc nhcgocsotr oc $ork hboron orn#cbfrEfczicbi dhthrbor#c otf$bfdf sistfdicgf eubucoc pboticgf,

dfnsfjf og# vfribfc nhcgocsotr vf jbhrfsoc bodeo

stortfr'bfricgf eidftobf porobfb eob# hboc nhcgocsotr, ornscgrl hboron ob#$#r. *fnib ?.:


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51

Eheicbfrbf ibìbi tfdfb novrodbor;Fbfntrhcin gfvrfbfrgf yoy #c hboron nubboc#boc eheicbfricf$itbi zfbbinbfri vorg#r. *idgi eucbor#iclfbfyfbid.

?. 'cgntocs (fcgntocs); Eir eheicic nfcgi nfcgici ftnibfdf gfrflfsicficgntocs gfcir.Eo$no eir gfyi$bf, eheicgfc `ffc ? O'bin OL on#d#c ? sociyfgfni gfi$idi, ? Z'bun z#t FDNhbu$turuyhrso eu eheicic icgntocs#? afcrygir. Afcry eiridi,Khsfpa Afcry(Lhzfj Afcri) ogb#eibìcic shyog#cgoc ob#cd#$t#r.

Afcry hn eyn eir eiridgir. Vyùbodogo afcrycic ost notbor#(dibiafcry, dinrhafcry) goao hnnor$#d#zo #nor.

Eheicbfric eiridbfricic eireiricf gc$dcc eositlf stfribi$i $ybfgir;? A 4 ?=


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(U) girfcli nor$#nhyor.Oclon, eheicf gfi$nfc fribid (OL) uy`ubocg##cgo, sor#d ftroj#cgo hbu$oc gfi$nfc docyftin

oboc, on#d#c ghbo$#d#co fc`fb hbulu citfbintf inicli eir ftni ghurur. Wododfc eheicic icgntocs#co

eob#hboron gfi$fc nor$#nhydo $iggfti icgntij rfontocs (QB) hboron ogbocg#r#b#r.Eheicic OL on#do nor$#`stfrgii ini zhrbun fdpfgocshboron toc#dboc#r. Fdpfgocs gffri,

^PT gfcnbfdiybf eubucur..

rcfn; 'cgntocs#(fcgntocs#) 5= dA (=,=5 A), hdin girfcli :Phboc eheicic fdpfgocs#c#eubucuz. Jrfnocs 6= Az'gir.

zd; QB4 5.p.j.B 4 5.


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Ebd


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7?

phtocsiyfb jorn (`fribid), hyun vf fbfntrhcbor#c goao hn yfr gfi$tirdfsici cbfr. Hbu$oc `fribidsftti g#$orgoc uyùbococ `fribidbf yhn fgibfeibir.

'$tf ] vf C tipi doggfbfric eirbf$tiribdfsiybf fbgf fgibfc gfvrf fbfdocbor#cogiyhtgfcir. @cdzgf

notn#bodo hrocbor#gfi$tiribfrfn ]-C tfdfbi zfricf nurubu eir hn f$ittf giyht yop#bdontog#r.

Cht; ]-C doggfbfricic eirbf$idicgfc hbu$oc giyhtborgo on#d osb#cgo fnsigfc ort#yo ghruhbdontog#r. Oclon fsnigfc on#d#c ort#goc fnsiyf ghru ittii noeub fgibgiicgfc cdzgf gf euyonbo$#d efcidsfcdfntfgir. Eoz#nitopborgo yop#boc ocbot#dbor fbfntrhc aorfnftici tfdfb obdontog#r.Oclon noycon fsfrbfric hucbuu nbosin (fsni) yonbo$#d#uyùc `rgcgfc eu nitopto go nbosinyonbo$#do rf ocbot#d yhbu sfibdi$tir.

e. ]hbordob]-C eirbf!idi; ]hbordos#z ]-C eirbf$idicic eirbf$id yzfyicgf nor$#b#nb#yngfc`fsi hbguucgoc on#d `fdfz. ]-C eirbf$idicf ghru ycgf(jhrworg)vf tfrs ycgf (rfvfrsf)`fribid uyùbocg##cgo eoz#fbfntrinsfb hboybor hrtoyo #nor. *idgi eu gurudbor#iclfbfyfbid.

?. ]-C eirbf!idicf gh$ru ycgf ond uyùbodo (gh$ru phbordo);*fnib


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75

rcfic, ?C7==? ogb#giyhguc tfrs ycgfuyùbococ `fribidf goyocoeibflfi st gffr6= vhbttur. Yoci eu giyht 6= vhbttoc jozbo tfrs

`fribidgf gfbicfrfn zfbbiici noyefgfr.Giyhguc gfbicdfsi hboy#co # ftnisi og#

vfribir. Eu ftnicic hbu$udu n#solo $ybfo#nbocoeibir; ] tipi yor# ibftnfcic ibftideocg#cgoni eir oz#cb#n fbfntrhcu rftftfcyftfrbi fcfrkiyi ob#clo giyhguc phzitij ulucoghru ìgfr. Eu fbfntrhc aorfnft fgiclf eirothdo orpor vf yftfrbi fcfrkiyi soboyoron eirvobocs fbfntrhcuc yrc`fsicgfc #n#p ibftideocg#co `fdfsici sobor. Eybflf ibftideoc g#cgoni fbfntrhc soy#s# ini hbur.Yrc`fbfricgfc #noc eu fbfntrhcbor vobocs

fbfntrhcboro orporon afreir fbfntrhcu ibftid eocg#co #nor#rbor. Eybflf ibftid eocg#cgo grt fbfntrhchbur. Eucbor grt vobocs fbfntrhcucu goao ibftid eocg#co shnorbor. Wfrs phbordo fribidicic ynsfnbiicf`rf aorfnftf `ffc fbfntrhc soy#s#a#zbo ortoron tfrs ycgf ffc on#d#c hobdos#co cfgfc hbur.

Giyhtbor#c eir hu tfrs phbordoc#c o$#r# ort#r#bdos# guruducgo ehzubolo#cgoc eu chntogo(goyocdo fribidicf yon#c yfrgf) ob#$t#r#bdozbor. Yoci 6= vhbto nogor hboc tfrs fribidbfrf goyocoeibfc?C7==? ogb#giyht, fc hn 7= vhbtbun eir gfvrfgf nubboc#b#r. 6= vhbtuc zfricgfni eir fribid obt#cgoob#$oc gfvrf sz nhcusu isf ?C7==5 yo go eo$no eir dhgfb giyht sfibir.

E. ]-C yzfy eirbf!dfbi giyht f!itbfri vf yopborFbfntrhcin oboc#cgo a#zb#eir fbi$df sz nhcusugur. \rfnbi OU-@F (oro$t#rdo-`fbi$tirdf) yopoc

eyn jirdobor afr `ffc c yfci zfbbinbfrf soaip giyht rftdfntfgirbfr. Eu ebdgf, uyùbodogofc yoy`#c hboron nubboc#boc giyhtbor#c yop#s#, ob#$dos#vf nubboc#d obocbor#o#nbocolont#r.

o. Nristob giyhtborc fbfntrinsfb norontfristinbfricic ]-C yzfy eirbf!dfbi giyhtborboonbocdos;Nristob giyhtbor yop#hboron ] vf C tipi ini yor#ibftnfcic eirbf$idicgfc hbu$du$fbfdocborg#r. Vyùbodogo fc hn OL'yi GL'yf fvirdf (ghrubtdo) i$bfricgf nubboc#b#r.

Ghru phbordogo, `frdocyudgoc yop#boc ghrubtdo giyhtbor#yonbo$#n =,5 - =,< vhbtto, sibisyudgocyop#bocbor# isf yonbo$#n =,:-=,0 vhbtto ibftidf `ffr. Yoci othd yop#s#c#c jornb#b##cgoc tr`frdocyud ibf sibisyud giyhguc fribid sftti gffrbfri (ibftidf fdf vhbtokbor#) jornb#hbdontog#r.

e. Gh$rubtdo giyhtborcc gh$ru vf tfrs phbordogoni norontfristin f$ribfri; *fnib


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7 g$n fribidbf ob#$oc eirgfvrfybf ynsfn fribidbi eir` gfvrfsicf hpthnupbrorol#b##ybo nudocgofgibfeibir.

Hpthnupbrbfr 5=== - 6===vhbt oros#`fribidbfrfgoyoc#nb#hbguucgoc fc

aossos nhctrhb sistfdbfricgf`vfcbf nubboc#boeibir.Eurogo vfribfc vhbtok

(`fribid) gffrbfri ini oyr#zfbbinbi gfvrfcic eireirioros#cgo on#d `fi$icichboeibdfsi iic uy`ubocdos#`frfnfc gffri efbirtir. *ybfni> nudocgo gfvrfsi 6 Z ibfob#$s#c. Eu gfvrfcic tftinbfdf on#d# cgfrdfsiybf fcjroruk bfg #$#c yoyoron nor$#s#cgo eubucoc#$#o guyorb#fbfdoc#tftinbfr. Wftinbfcfc fbfdoc isf ibftidf `ffrfn ynsfn vhbtokb#gfvrfcicob#$dos#c#sobor. Hpthnupbrbfr, WZ, eib`isoyor, ]BL liaoz#vf hthdosyhc sistfdbfricgfnubboc#b#r.

III. Hpthictfrroptrbor (hpthictfrruptfr, on tip hpthnupbr);Hpthnupbrbfrf hn efczfyfcgfvrf fbfdocbor#g#r. Wfn jornbor#, #$#n yoyoc fbfdoc ibf #$##ob #boyoc fbfdoc oros#co eir lisid irdfsiddnc hbolon $fnibgf (o#n vgfbi) gizoyc fgibdi$hbdobor#g#r. *fnib


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ob`#boy#l#fbfdoc#c #n#$on#d#s#j#r (=) hbur.Hpthictfrropt#rbor eibìsoyor jorfbfricgf (dhusf), hthdosyhc sistfdbfricgf, rheht nhctrhbbfricf

ve. nubboc#b#rbor.

Fn eibì; Eibìsoyor jorfsicic yops*fnib


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:?

jhthc oeshrebocoron (fdibfrfn) hboy gfvod fgfr.G#$ gfvrfgfc on#d fnibirsf ]-C eirbf$id yzfyicgfni phtocsiyfb, fbfntrhcbor# goao ynsfn

phtocsiyfbf #noroc eotoryo (pib) rhb hycodontog#r.Fcfrkisi yftfrbi eir #$#n gfdfti, ]-C eirbf$id yzfyicf g$rbflfn hburso jhthc, fbfntrhcborbo

nor$#bo$#p fcfrki vfrfeibir. \frefst abgfni fbfntrhcbor vobocs fbfntrhcbor#c#c oclon ?/?=7 nogorhbguucgoc, eu iatidob zoy#jt#r. Jhthc, duatfdfb vobocs fbfntrhcu ibf nor$#bo$#r vf hco fcfrkisici

e#ronoron ibftnfcbin eocg#co #nor#r. Zobocs eocg#co ìgfc fbfntrhc ornos#cgo eir eh$bun (ort#yn)e#ron#r. \hcu hboron ] tipi eb`f ort#(+), C tipi eb`f fnsi (-) ynbfcfrfn eir fbfntrinsfb phtocsiyfbjorn#c#c hbu$dos#co yhb oor. Eu go fbfntrin on#d#c#ghurur.

Jhthc on#s#, #$#n gfdfticf eirid yzfygfc eirid zodocgo `ffc jhthc soy#s#hboron toc#dboc#r.I$#n #$#cbor#(jhthcbor) jhthpib zfricf g$tcgf nn yor#ibftnfc tfdfbbi alrfbfrgf yonbo$#n =,7-=,6 Z / 1-?== dO'bin fbfntrin on#d#c#c hbu$dos#c#soborbor.

@cf$pibbfriybf < Z fribid fbgf ftdfn istfciyhrso : tocfsi eireiricf sfri hboron eoboc#r. \istfdgfcob#coc on#d ynsfbtibdfn istfcgiicgf isf, fbfdocbor porobfb eoboc#r. Ynsfn fribid ibf on#d fbgfftdfn iic yop#bd#$ cf$fcfrkisi pocfbbfricgf yzbfrlf cf$pibi sfri vf porobfb eob#gurudgog#r.@cf$pibi zfricf g$fc #$##c $iggfti eir chntogoc shcro ort#r#bso go (rcfic 7=== bunstfc shcro)ob#coc fribid soeit nobdontog#r.

Eu fbfdocbor, `cf$#$##ybo ob#$oc soot, rogyh, WZ, afsop donicfsi, hthdheib, shnon bodeos#,uygu vfrilisi, uon ve. iei oy`#tborgo nubboc#b#r.

t. Giyht notobh`bor;rftili jirdobor uyùbodoborgo istfcibfc shcubor#fbgf fgfeibdfn iicrfttinbfri fbfdocbor aonn#cgo oyr#ct#b#eibì notobh`bor#yoy#cborbor.

Fbfntrhcin gfvrf tosor#dl#bor#vf hcor#d i$iybf uro$ocbor piyosoyo srbd$hboc nitop yo go LG-UHD abicgfni toc#t#d notobh`bor#c#oboron eo$vuru noyco#hboron nubboc#rbor.

Giyht notobh`borcgo eubucoc nsobtdoborc ocbodbor+Igiyht4 IJ;Giyhguc ghru phbordogo `firfeibflfi on#d (jhrworg lurrfct)-Igiyht4 IU;Giyhguc tfrs yc on#d#(rfvfrsf lurrfct)UJ;Giyhguc ibftid girfcli (jhrworg rfsistoclf)UU;Giyhguc tfrs yc girfcli (rfvfrsf rfsistoclf)Zibftid4 ZJ;Giyhguc ibftid `fribidi (jhrworg vhbto`f)Ztfrs4 ZU;Giyhguc tfrs yc fribidi (rfvfrsf vhbto`f). Giyhgo uy ubocoeibflfn donsidud fribid

fnib


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:5

gffri (?C7==? giyht iic eu gffr 6= vhbttur).tk4 tst`;Giyhguc ob#$do s#lonb##Lk;Giyhguc nopositfsi

j;Giyhguc ob#$do jrfnocs#];Giyhguc `l

u. Giyhtborc ronod vf aorjbfrbf nhgbocdos?. aorj; Yor#ibftnfci efbirtir.O;@frdocyudgoc yop#bd#$t#r.E;\ibisyudgoc (sibinhcgoc) yop#bd#$t#r.L;@obyud-orsfcintfc yop#bd#$t#r.G;'cgiyud-octiduocgoc, icgiyud orsfcintfc yop#bd#$t#r.U;]hbinristob (hnbu nristob) yor#ibftnfcbfrgfc (nogdiyud sbjot ve.) yop#bd#$t#r.

5. aorj; Giyhguc licsici (`fcfb i$bfvici) efbirtir.

O;Gfgfntr giyhgu, ynsfn a#zb#giyht, dinsfr giyhgu, ghrubtdo giyhguE;Nopositij (vorinop) giyht];]ahth (jhth) giyhtF;Wcfb giyhtC; Hpthnupbr]; I$#n efbirbfdf (aissftdf) fbfdoc#_;I$#n yoyoc giyht (bfg)Y;Ghrubtdo yo go efczfri giyht[; @fribid rfjfrocs#yo go rf`botr giyhtGiyht zfricgf eir vf inicli aorjtfc shcro `fbfc cudorobor, fbfdoc #c zfb nubboc#d obocbor#c#

efbirtir.

?C, ?/7D, 56C, 7D, ?/5[;Odfrinoc stocgort#cgo nubboc#boc nhgbodo?\;Kophc stocgort#cgo nubboc#boc nhgbodo5W,


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: eir nhcgocsotrc girfclici afsopbodogo nubboc#boc gfcnbfd, QL4?/5.p.j.L ^PT'gur.Eurogo nhcgocsotrf uy`ubococ on#d#GL hboron noeub fgfrsfn, GL'cic jrfnocs gffri = hbguucgocL'cic nopositij rfontocs (QL) gffri shcsuz had #nor. tf yocgoc nhcgocsotrf uy`ubococ sicyobsob#c#db#yoci jrfnocsb#hbguucgo isf QLgffri ozobdoyo eo$bor. Yoci sicyobic jrfnocs gffriynsfbginf gfcnbfdgf rbflfi zfrf QLgffri ozob#r.

l. Hthdotin (`fri efsbfdfbi) phbordo;*fnib :.


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vf euco eob#hboron nhbfntr on#d#ortor. Nhbfntron#d#c#c ortdos#ULubor#cgoni `fribidi ort#r#rnfctrocsistrc L-F ubor# oros#cgoni `fribidic (ZL)

g$dfsicf cfgfc hbur. ZL `fribidi g$clf isf Eyfìgfc GL phbordo on#d#hthdotin hboron ozobd#$hbur.

@iri$sicyobi ozobg##cgo ILon#d#ozob#r, ZL fribidiynsfbir vf efyzf ìgfc GL phbordo on#d#go fsnisfviyfsicf ghru ortor. Efyz on#d#c#c ortdos#nhbfntron#d#c#hthdotin hboron eir dintor ort#r#r. ZL`fribidiob#$do chntos#co yon#c eir yfrf ynsfbir. Eybflfynsfbfc vf oboboc ìri$ sicyobbfricgf gfvrfnororb#b##c#nfcgi nfcgicf oyorbor.

Eu phbordo yctfdi ìri$sicyobicic zoy#j hbguu,nozocl#c soeit tutubdon istfcgii eosit ynsfbtfgfvrfbfricgf nubboc#b#r.

Hthdotin phbordob# ynsfbtf gfvrfsicgfafsopbodobor#c yop#b#$#$ybfgir;@iri$gfvrfsicic gfcnbfdi;ZLL4 (IE + IL).UL + IE.UE + ZEF

ILon#d#IElicsicgfc yoz#b#rso; ZLL4 (IE +e.IE).UL + IE.UE + ZEF fbgf fgibir.Eu gfcnbfdgfc IEon#d#fnibirsf;

gfcnbfdi eubucur..

rcfn;e4 1=, ZEF 4 =,0 Z ILH 4 7 dO ZLL 4 ?5 Zo.ZL 48 e.UL 48 l.IE 48 .UE 48 g. ZUL 48

zdo.ZL 4 ZLL / 5 4 : Ze.UL 4 (ZLL - ZL) / ILH 4 (?5-:)/=,==7 4 ?6== Pl.IE 4 ILH /e4 7 / 1= 4 =,=6 dO.UE 4 (ZLL - ZEF) / IE4 (?5 - =,0) / =,=6 4 55: === P4 55: nPg.ZUL 4 ILH.UL 4 (e.IE).UL 4 (1=.=,====6).?6== 4 : Z

. 'gfob (tod nororb, eirbf!in) phbordo;Fc hn nubboc#boc phbordo eiidigir. Efyzphbordos# fribid ebl ini girfcbf soboc#r.Gfvrfgf nubboc#boc UE?'f phbordo girfcli,UE5'yf isf stoeibizosyhc (nororb#b#n) girfcli

gfcir.Fditfrgfni UFgirfclicf porobfb eob#LF

nhcgocsotr gfnupbok (OL zfbbinbi sicyobbfri$osfyf ontor#l#) `rfvi yopor.

*fnib :.7'tf `rbfc gfvrfgf nubboc#boctrocsistrc s#lonb##ortt##cgo ILon#d#e.IEgffri nogor ortor. ILcic ortdos#UF'gf g$fc`fribidi ort#r#r. UE5zfricgf g$fc `fribidsoeit hbguucgoc ZUF'cic ortdos#IEon#d#c#cozobdos#co cfgfc hbur. Yoci UF zfricgfhbu$oc ZUF `fribidi IE on#d#c#c jozboortdos#c#fc`fbbfr. (Eu fc`fbbfdfyf cfòtij

UL

Zìri

LìriW

C]C

UE

fnib :.


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?=:

`fri efsbfdf gfcir.) Efyz on#d#c#c ozobdos#guruducgo isf ILon#d#goe.IEnogor ozob#r. Eybflfgfvrf nororb#abf fbir.

Wrocsistrb ynsfbtfbfrgf fri efsbfdf (jffg eoln);@fri efsbfdf i$bfdi ynsfbtfbfricgfc`fbi vf istfcibfc nozoc gffricgf ob#$dos#c#yo go hsibotr hboron `rfv yopdos#c#sobodoniic uyùboc#r.

Eir ynsfbtf gfvrfsicic #n#$#cgoc ob#coc sicyobic nn eir n#sd#$fnib :.6'tf rbg iei tfrsfvribfrfn gfvrfcic ìri$icf uyùboc#rso, iri$f uyùbococ sicyob ozob#r. Ghboy#s#ybo #n#$sicyobi gfzoy#jbor. Euco cfòtij fri efsbfdf gfcir.

#n#$toc ob#coc sicyobic eir n#sd#$fnib :.:'go rbg iei oyc#ycb hboron ìri$f uyùbocg##cgoisf #n#$sicyobi goao jozbo eyr. Euco isf phzitij fri efsbfdf og#vfribir.

Fditfri $osf ynsfbtf gfvrfbfricgf trocsistrc fditfr oyo#co eobococ girfcbf yop#boc `friefsbfdfyf sfri yo go cfòtij `fri efsbfdf gfcir. *fnib :.5 vf :.7'f eon#c#z. Eurogo nubboc#boc UFgirfcli, IFvf IEon#d#c#c o$#r#ynsfbdfsici fc`fbbfr.

*ybf ni> UF'gfc ffc on#d eygnf zfricgf g$fc ZUF fribidi ynsfbir. Eu go efyz tftinbfdfon#d#c#c ozobdos#co yhb oor. IEozob#clo ILgf ozob#r.

Wrocsistrb ynsfbtfbfrgf efyz phbordo girfclicic st ulucuc, trocsistrc nhbfntrcfeobocdos#ybo yop#boc fri efsbfdfyf isf porobfb fri efsbfdf (yo go hthdotin phbordo) gfcir. *fnib:.


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@rbg zfrf, fditfri $osf ynsfbtfbfrgf iri$sicyobicgfni gfi$df #n#$to tfrs ycb vf fcbineon#d#cgoc eyd$hboron nor$#d#zo #nor. #n#$o eobococ ahporbrgfc ffc on#d iri$sicyobicfefczfgiicgfc, dinrhjhcgoc fbfc zoy#j sfs sicyobbfri `bfcgiribdi$hbur.

Fditfri $osf ynsfbtfbfrgf #n#$sicyobi iri$ic tfrsi hbguucgoc, eucboro fvirfc (icvfrtic`)ynsfbtf gf gfcir.

Goao zft eir ocbot#dbo, trocsistrc L ulucgo eubucoc ZLL/5 gffricgfni fribid, iri$f uy ubococsicyobf `rf s#j#r ibf donsidud `fribid oros#cgo gfi$frfn OL zfbbinbi vf `bfcdi$eir sicyobhbu$turdontog#r.

*fnib :.7'tf vfribfc fditfri $osfynsfbtf gfvrfsicgf,

I. UE phbordo girfcli yocb#$b#nboeyn sfibirsf efyz phbordo on#d#ozob#r vf trocsistrc nhbfntr ulucgo$osfyf `rf hbu$oc fribid tfdfb nurobouydoyoron ZLL/5'gfc eyn hbur. Eu

gurudgo ìri$f OL sicshigobf efczfreir sicyob uy ubocg##cgo cfòtij ycbsicyobbfr tod hboron hbu$ur oclon phzitijobtfrcocsbor#c $fnbi ehzubur. Yoci phzitijobtfrcocsborgo n#rp#bdo hbur. *fnib :.0-e'yf eon#c#z.

II. UE phbordo girfcli yocb#$b#nbonn sfibirsf efyz phbordo on#d#ortorvf trocsistrc nhbfntr ulucgo $osfyf `rf hbu$oc `fribid tfdfb nurobo uydoyoron ZLL/5'gfcnn hbur. Eu gurudgo iri$f OL sicshigobf efczfr eir sicyob uyùbocg##cgo phzitij ycb sicyobtod hboron hbu$ur oclon cfòtij obtfrcocsbor#c $fnbi ehzubur. Yoci cfòtij obtfrcocsborgo n#rp#bdohbur. *fnib :.0-l'yf eon#c#z.

Fditfri hrton eo$bynsfbtfbfric eoztfncin zfbbinbfriI.@iri$fdpfgocsbor#hrto (6== P-?==== P) gffrgfgir.II.#n#$fdpfgocsbor#eyntr (?==== P-6==== P).III.@fribid nozocbor#ynsfntir.IZ.On#d nozocbor#?'gfc eyntr.Z.@ nozocbor#hn ynsfntir.ZI.Joz fvirdf (fvirdf, icvfrt-

ic`) yoporbor. Yoci ìri$sicyobi ibf#n#$ sicyobi oros#cgo ?1='bin jozjorn#vorg#r.

e. Efyzi hrton (efyzi !osf, LEtipi, lhddhc eosf) eo$bynsfbtfbfr; *fnib :.1'gf`rbg ìei ìri$ sicyobi phzitijhbguucgo trocsistr nfsidf ghruìgfr. Wrocsistrc L-F ubor#oros#cgoni girfc ortt##cgocnhbfntr ulucgoni `fribid (sicyob)phzitij ycgf ynsfbir. @iri$sicyobicfòtij hbguucgo trocsistrc ibftnfcbii ortor. #n#$sicyobi cfòtij ycgf ozob#r.

Efyzi hrton eo$bynsfbtfbfric eoztfncin zfbbinbfriI.@iri$fdpfgocsbor#hn nntr (5== P-6== P).

fnib :.0; Wrocsistrb ynsfbtfbfrgf ZL`fribidicic gf&fricf`rf #n#$ sicyobbfricgf hrtoyo #noc ehzubdobor (gisthrsiyhc)

ZL4

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5

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(o)

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EL670

UE

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?5 Z

fnib :.1; C]C trocsistrb efyzi $osf ynsfbtf gfvrfsi

6-?= dZ?-?= nAz



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II.#n#$ fdpfgocsbor#ynsfntir(6= nP-?,6 DP).

III.@fribid nozocbor#ynsfntir.

IZ.Hrto gfrflfgf nozocbor#vorg#r.

Z.oon#d nozocbor#?'gfcnntr.

ZI.st jrfnocs s#c#r#ynsfntir.H cfgfcbf ynsfn jrfnocsb#gfvrfbfrgf eu tip eoboct#hnnubboc#b#rbor.

ZII.Joz fvirdf (fvirdf)yopdozbor.

l. Nhbfntr hrton eo$b(LLtipi, lhddhc lhbbflthr)ynsfbtfbfr;Gfvrfgf trocsistrcnhbfntr ulu LLnhcgocsotr ibfOL eon#dgoc $osfyf eobocd#$t#r. LL'yf gfnupbok yo go ey-poss (o$#rtdo) nhcgocsotr og#vfribir.

*fnib :.9'go vfribfc nhbfntr $osf ynsfbtf gfvrfsicgf iri$sicyobicic phzitij obtfrcocs#cgo IEon#d#ortor. IEon#d#c#c ortdos#ILvf IFon#dbor#c#ynsfbtir. UFzfricgf hbu$oc `fribid phzitijycgf ynsfbir.

@iri$sicyobicic cfòtij obtfrcocs#cgo IEon#d#ozob#r. IEon#d#c#c ozobdos#ILvf IF on#dbor#c#g$rr. UFzfricgf hbu$oc fribid cfòtij ycgf g$fr. Ynsfbtftf #n#$sicyobi fditfrgfcob#cg##cgoc eu ynsfbtfbfrf fditfr izbfyili gf gfcir.

Nhbfntr hrton eo$bynsfbtfbfric eoztfncin zfbbinbfri

I.@iri$fdpfgocsbor#eyntr (6nP-?,6 DP).II.#n#$fdpfgocsbor#nntr (?= P-6== P).III.@fribid nozocbor#?'gfc eiroz nntr (=,9 ghboy#cgo).IZ.Joz fvirdf yopdozbor.Z.Ynsfn fdpfgocsb##n#$#hboc eir gfvrfyi g$n fdpfgocs ìri$i hboc eir gfvrfyf eobodon

iic (yoci fdpfgocs uyùcbo$t#r#l#hboron) nubboc#b#rbor.

L. Wrocsistrb ynsfbtfbfric phbordo guruduco rf scjbocgrbdosWrocsistrbfric efyzicf uy ubococ phbordo on#d#c#c gffricf rf L'gfc F'yf firginbfri on#d#c

gffri gfi$dfntfgir. ]hbordo on#d#c#oyorbodo i$bfdi isf girfcbfrbf yop#boeibdfntfgir.]hbordo on#d#cgoc ghboy#hrtoyo #noc ob#$do $fnibbfri vf #n#$toc ob#coc sicyobbfric gurudu

ocbot#dborgo nhboyb#n hbdos#eon#d#cgoc O, OE, E, L $fnbicgf s#c#jbocg#r#bd#$t#r.

?. O scjob!oc ynsfbtfbfr; O s#c#j#ob#$t#r#boc ynsfbtfbfrgf ynsfbtibdfn istfcfc OLzfbbinbi sicyob yhnnfc eibf nhbfntrgfc fditfrf eir on#d `fi$i (ILH) vorg#r. Yoci gfvrfcic O tipiob#$oeibdfsi iic iri$sicyobi yhnnfc eibf nhbfntrgfc efbbi eir on#d#c `firibdfsi zhrucbubuntur.Eu soyfgf trocsistrc nhbfntr ulucgoni frib idic ZLL/5gffricgf hbdos#sobocoeibdfntfgir.

Ynsfbtflic O s#c#j#hboron ob#$t#r#bdos#fscos#cgo srfnbi eir ILon#d#c#c fdfsi vfridi g$rleir ftnfcgir. Ghboy#s#ybo O s#c#j#ob#$oc ynsfbtfbfric vfridi % 5=-56 ghboy#cgog#r.

*fnib :.?='go vfribfc $fdo, $fnib :.?? vf :.?5-o'go rbg iei _?chntos#cgo ob#$#r. Eu chntogoob#$oc ynsfbtftf #n#$toc ob#coc sicyob, ìri$f uyùbococ sicyobic oyc#s# hbur. H cfgfcbf euynsfbtfbfric ibftid o#s#


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e.OE scjob!oc ynsfbtfbfr;O vf E tipi ynsfbtfbfric zfbbinbfrici to$#yoc ynsfbtff$igigir. Eu tip ynsfbtfbfrgf efyzgfc vf nhbfntrgfc `ffc on#d O tipi ob#$doyo `rf goaoozg#r.

*fnib :.?


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*fnib :.?7'tf vfribfc E tipi ynsfbtfbfric ibftid o#s#?1='gir. Eo$no eir gfyi$bf nhbfntr on#d#efyzf sicyobuyùbocdog##srflf = odpfrgir. E tipi ob#$t#r#bocgfvrfbfric vfridi % 7=-:= ghboy#cgog#r. OE vf E s#c#j#ob#$oc ocjibfr,pusa-pubb(it-fn) tip ynsfbtfbfrgfve. nubboc#b#r.

. L scj ob !oc ynsfbtfbfr; L s#c#j#ynsfbtf gfvrfsicic phbordo girfcbfri $fnib :.?6'tf`rbg ìei oz dintorgo tfrs phbordoyo doruze#ron#b#rso ob#$do chntos#$fnib :.??'gf `rbg iei_7 chntos#co noyor. @iri$tfc uyùbococ phzitijsicyobic sogflf eir ebdcgf ibftid sz nhcusu hbur.Cfòtij iri$sicyobbfricgf isf nhbfntr on#d#s#j#rg#r.Wrocsistrc ibftid o#s# 9= yo go goao go ozhbguucgoc fbgf fgibfc #n#$ sicyobi eyn eirgisthrsiyhco (ehzubdo) uror ($fnib :.?5-g). '$tf eu yzgfc L s#c#j# ynsfbtfbfr sfs jrfnocssicyobbfricic ynsfbtibdfsicgf gfib rogyh jrfnocs ynsfbtfbfricic (vfrili #n#$notbor#, tocn gfvrfsive.) yop#d#cgo nubboc#b#r.

Wrocsistrb ynsfbtfbfric fribid vf eondcgoc scjbocgrboron iclfbfcdfsi

o. @iri! sicyobici `fribid eondcgoc ynsfbtfc gfvrfbfr; [oy#j sicyobbfri `fribideon#d#cgoc ynsfbtfc gfvrfbfrgir. Eucu rcfnbfdf yhbuybo o#nboyolon hburson; ? dZ fcbinbi OLsicyob, ?= dZ'bun eir sicyob aobicf `ftiribdi$sf fribid o#s#cgoc ynsfbtdf sz nhcusugur. Eu tipgfvrfbfr iri$sicyobici on#d eon#d#cgo go eir dintor ynsfbtir. Oclon fbgf fgibfc #n#$ibf ahporbrve. ìei ob#l#bor#ob#$t#rdon ddnc gfibgir. Yoci oroyo ` ynsfbtfli fnbfgiidizgf ob#l#y#ob#$t#roeibiriz.

@fribid ynsfbtfbfricic eoz#zfbbinbfri $ucborg#r;I. @iri$gfvrfsi girfcli (fdpfgocs#) nntr. (5== P-5=== P) Eu soyfgf gfvrf nn fribidbi

sicyobbfrbf gf ob#$oeibir.II. #n#$girfcli (fdpfgocs#) isf ?= nP-6== nPoros#gffrgf hbup fci$eir oboc#nopsodontog#r.

zftbfrsfn, fribid ynsfbtfbfri fribid nudocgob#hboron ob#$oc gfvrfbfrgir vf nn ehyutbugur.

Z#n#

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OL?10EG?


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@iri$sicyobi dinrhjhc, tfyp hnuyulu nojos#, pinop nojos#, octfc iei noyconborgoc ob#c#r. Og# ffcsicyob rftfbfricic vfrgii zoy#j i$orftbfr fribid ynsfbtfli gfvrfsi toroj#cgoc eytbgntfc shcro` ynsfbtfli gfvrfsicf cgfribir. @ ynsfbtfli not#isf ahporbr efsbfr (srfr).

O s#c#j# fribid ynsfbtfbfri iri$sicyobicic gobò jhrducu (eiidici) ehzdogoc ynsfbtflfn $fnibgfphbordoboc#r. ob#$do chntos#yn ghrusucuc tod hrtos#cgo sfibir. Yoci iri$tf ai eir sicyob hbdosoeibf, nhbfntrgfc srfnbi hboron ILHon#d# ffr. O s#c#j#ob#$oc c ynsfbtfbfrgf hn nn fcbinbiìri$sicyobbfricic ynsfbtibdfsi istfcirnfc, `rbt (porozit, gisthrsiyhc) dintor#c#c go oz hbdos#istfcir. c ynsfbtfbfrgf rbt hbu$urso eu rbt gifr notbor toroj#cgoc go ynsfbtibflficgfcvfridbi eir gfvrf hbu$turubodoz.

Ynsfbtfbfri hbudsuz ftnibfyfc `rbtnoyconbor

I. G!docyftin obocborc yorott$ `rbtbfr;Jbhrfsoc bdeo, dhthr ve. ìei icgntij zfbbinbiob#l#bor#c hbu$turguu rbtbfr (porozitin sicyobbfr),c ynsfbtf ìri$icf ubo$olon hburso, eucbor cynsfbtf toroj#cgoc eybtbr. \hcuto ahporbrgfcnubo#roaots#z fgfc l#z#rt#bor guyubur.

G#$docyftin obocbor#c hbu$turguu `rbtbfr $fnib:.?:'go `rbg ìei, ìri$f eobococ fbfdocbor#cirtieotbor#c#c ebfcgokb#(r`b) noebh ibf yop#bdos#yboeiroz cbfcfeibir.

II. GL eibf!fcbfric hbu!turgu$u rbtbfr; GL efyz phbordo fribidi soeit gfibsf, #n#$sicyobicic`fcbii srfnbi hboron ozob#r yo go hob#r. Eu isf #n#$sicyobicic gisthrsiyhcbu hbdos#co cfgfc hbur.

GL eibf$fcbfric hbu$turguu rbtbfr (porozitin sicyobbfr), efsbfdf ulu ibf $osf oros#co nhcgocsotreobocoron igfribir. Nhcgocsotrbfr OL sicyobbfrf nor$#ibftnfc hbguucgoc GL efsbfdf fribidicfnor#$oc OL zfbbinbi sicyobbfr nhcgocsotr toroj#cgoc $osfyf ontor#b#r.

III. Ynbfcdfgfc ghboy hbu!oc `rbtbfr; c ynsfbtflf ìri$ yn hboron eobococdinrhjhc, tfyp nojos#, pinop nristobi ve. iei fbfdocbor#c afreiricic fdpfgocsbor#eireiricgfc jornb#g#r.Ffr iri$yn fdpfgocs#ybo c ynsfbtflic iri$fdpfgocs#uyùc gfibsf #n#$sicyobicgf gisthrsiyhc(ehzubdo, $fnib gfi$tirdf) hbur.

Ynbfcdfgfc ghboy#hrtoyo #noc `rbtbfri yhn ftdfn iic ìri$yncc fdpfgocs#ybo cynsfbtflic iri$fdpfgocs#c#c f$it hbdos#soboc#r.

IZ. @fri efsbfdf sicyobbfricgfc ghboyhbu!oc `rbtbfr;Ynsfbtfbfrgf iri$sicyobicfeob#hboron IEon#d#gfi$ir. IE'cic gfi$dfsi isf ILvf IFon#dbor#c#gfi$tirir. Ynsfbtf gfvrfsicgftrocsistrc fditfr oyo#cgo UFgirfcli eob#isf IFon#d#cgoc ghboy#UFzfricgf ZUF fribidig$fr. Efyz on#d#c#c fi$ici zhrbo$t#rolon ycgf hboc ZUF fribidi, IEon#d#zfricgf ozobt#l#ftni

yopor. Euco cfòtij fri efsbfdf og#vfribir.UFzfricgf hbu$oc ZUF`fribidicic IEon#d#c#ozobtdos#ILvf IFon#dbor#c#c go ozobdos#cocfgfc hbur.

IF'cic ozobdos#UFzfricgf hbu$oc ZUF`fribidicic gf ozobdos#co yhb oor. ZUFozob#clo IEon#d#tfnror fsni gzfyicf ghru ynsfbdfyf eo$bor.

\hcu hboron, UF girfcli zfricgf hbu$oc ZUF`fribidi IEon#d#c#c o$#r# gfrflfgf gfi$df`stfrdfsici fc`fbbfyili rhb stbfcir.

UFgirfclicic OL zfbbinbi sicyobbfr nor$#s#cgo `rfv yopdos#c#fc`fbbfdfn iic eu fbfdoco porobfbhboron nhcgocsotr eoboc#r. Eu soyfgf, girfclf fbfc OL zfbbinbi sicyobbfr nhcgocsotr toroj#cgoc$osfyf ontor#b#r. Girfclf porobfb hboron eobococ nhcgocsotrf gfnupbok nhcgocsotr og#vfribir.

e. @iri!sicyobici ` eondcgoc ynsfbtfc gfvrfbfr (` notbor); @iri$f uyùbococ sicyobi

ebfcgokbnoebh

Zll

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fnib :.?:; Ebfcgokb#noebhybo`rbtbfric (porozit) cbfcdfsi

+

+

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afd `fribid afd gf on#d eon#d#cgocynsfbtfc gfvrfbfrf ynsfbtfli gfcir.@ ynsfbtfbfri on#d nudocgob#hboron

ob#$oc gfvrfbfrgir. Yoci eucbor#c iri$icfuy`ubococ sicyobbfric on#d gffricic`fribid ynsfbtfbfricgfc goao ynsfnhbdos#`frfnir.

Gurudu goao ocbo$#b#r abf `ftirflfnhburson, `fribid ynsfbtfli ? dO'binsicyobbf ob#$oeibirnfc, ` ynsfbtfli ?=dO'bin iri$on#d#ybo ob#$#r.

Ynsfbtdf i$bfdi yopoc trocsistrbfreyn on#d to$#g#nbor#cgoc, ob#$dos#ros#cgo #s#c#rbor. Is#c#c go#t#bdos#iicisf shutulu pbonobor nubboc#b#r.

OE tipi ob !oc ` ynsfbtfligfvrfsi rcf$i; *fnib :.?0'gf vfribfcynsfbtf gfvrfsicf fnbfcdi$hboc giyhtbor soyfsicgf EG?


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