Download pdf - First WG2 Meeting Hygro-mechanical properties · improving qualification of young researchers Secondary objectives. Action FP0802 1stWG2meeting–Vienna,May13,2009 Improvement of

Action FP0802

First WG2 Meeting Hygro-mechanical properties

Michaela Eder – Olivier Arnould

Action FP0802

Outline

• Reminder of the objectives of the WG2• Presentations: who’s who?Break

• Discussion about joined action, organisation, etc.

Action FP0802

1st�WG2�meeting�– Vienna,�May�13,�2009

Main/ primary objectives

To increase the understanding of the wood micro-structure and micromechanics by exploring and evaluating emergingtechniques in the fields of physics, chemistry, materials and computer science in order to provide a strong basis for the development of innovative wood-based products in the future and for enhancing the use of the natural resource wood.

� Bringing together experimental and computational methods for a better understanding and higher predictability of wood properties!

Action FP0802


Secondary objectives� Improvement of knowledge base by

� deepening understanding of microstructural origin of mechanical behaviour� formulating physically motivated material models� identifying hygro-mechanical properties of wood and its ultrastructural

components

Action FP0802


� Improvement of knowledge base

� Establishment of consolidated basis for future research activities and structuring of the research area by

� identifying and promoting new promising measuring and assessmenttechniques� defining goals and coordinating new national and (extra?)European research activities� establishing an active communication network and strengthening cooperation� stimulating new research projects at the European level� spreading knowledge of experimental techniques� improving qualification of young researchers

Secondary objectives

Action FP0802


� Improvement of knowledge base

� Establishment of consolidated basis for future researchactivities and structuring of the research area

� Providing the scientific foundation for a knowledge-basedforest product industry capable of meeting future demands for innovative products

Secondary objectives

Action FP0802


WG1 – Wood microstructureTopics: molecular structure of cell wall (incl. bonds), molecular origin of time and moisture dependence of mechanical behaviour

Methods: microscopic and spectroscopic methods, X-ray techniques, wood modification and mechanical treatment

Deliverables: deepened understanding of microstructural(molecular) origin of mechanical behaviour, explanatory models

Molecular structure of cellulose (Chaplin ´07)

Bleached spruce fibre (Daniel et al.´07) Distribution of wood polymers

(Fahlen & Salmén ´05)

cellulose

lignin hemicellulose

Action FP0802


WG2 – Hygro-mechanical propertiesTopics: (micro)structure-function relationships, hygro-thermo-mechanical properties of cell wall and its components, in-situ tests

Methods: micro-tensile testing, DMA, nano-indentation, SAM, NMR, Dynamic Vapour Sorption, AFM

Deliverables: hygro-thermo-mechanical properties of wood across several length scales under different environmental conditions

Micro-tensile testing stage and fibre fracture zone

(Eder´et al. 07) Nano-indents in wood cell wall (Jäger´06) NMR images of moisture

distribution (Almeida et al.´08)

initial state beforepressure application

270minutes of drainage

Action FP0802


WG3 – Modelling of the material behaviourTopics: multiscale approaches, hygro-thermo-mechanical couplings, inverse parameter identification, virtual testing

Methods: finite elements, homogenisation techniques, composite micromechanics, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulations

Deliverables: predictive integrated computer models for hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour

Molecular dynamics simulation of simul-taneous drying and shearing (Navi´et al. 02)

Deformation at compressive loading in R-direction (Ransgri

et al.´04)Simulation of axially loaded wood

fibre (Wilhelmsoonet al. ´06)

Action FP0802


WG interactions � iterative process

AIM: improved knowledge and better (quantitative) models

WG1: investigation of the wood structure at the sub-micrometre and molecular scale

Wood cell structure (Sehlstedt´06)WG2: determination of

hygro-thermo-mechanicalproperties of wood and its components Stress-strain curve

fibre (Burgert ´04)WG3: modelling thehygro-thermo-mechanical

behaviour of wood FE simulation of

knot (Kaliske ´05)

Materialproperties

Back-calculation, reverse identification

Structural organisation, sample modification

Structural features

identification

Action FP0802


Micro-characterisation techniques

• fast development of experimental and computational techniques in fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, computer science

• enormous potential to boost state-of-knowledge in wood mechanics

� introduction of new techniques into wood sector(e.g. Scanning Acoustic Microscope – SAM, AFM)

� combination of well-established techniques(e.g. micro-mechanical testing and spectroscopic methods)

� use of modified wood samples (e.g. enzymatic modification)

� better control of environmental conditions (e.g. high-precision humidifiers)

Action FP0802


� Efficient use of the emerging techniques, provisionfor risks (misuse of equipment, misinterpretation of results, etc.) requires:

Rapid and very broad development, continuous technological modernisation, increasing costs of equipment, increasing need of specialication.

� close interlinking of researchers

� joint research activities

� coordination of research endeavours

Micro-characterisation techniques

Action FP0802


Example of methods and instruments�mechanical testing [(micro)mechanical testing devices, ultrasonic test equipment,

nanoindentation, AFM, (Moisture Scanning) DMA, ESPI, Video Image Correlation for 2-D strain field measurement, Video Extensometry, SAM, etc.]

�microscopic methods [Transmission and Reflected Light Microscopy, ESEM, SEM, Imaging Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Microscopy, AFM, etc.]

� spectroscopic methods [IR, NIR, (dynamic) FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy; (Low Field) NMR, Ultrasonic Force Modulation Spectroscopy, Micro-Spectroscopy, etc.]

� biochemical analysis methods [TGA, HPCL, molecular biological methods, etc.]

� X-ray scanning techniques [SAXS, WAXS, (Micro)CT, Neutron Radiography/ Tomography, Synchrotron-Tomography]

�moisture-related equipment [state-of-the-art moisture measurement equipment, DVS, hygro-thermal cells for mechano-sorptive characterisation, device for measurement of swelling stresses, etc.]

� computational methods [FEM, homogenisation techniques (Unit Cell Method, Continuum Micromechanics, etc.), composite micromechanics, Molecular Dynamics, Computational Molecular Kinetics, Monte Carlo simulations, etc.]

Action FP0802

PresentationsWho’s who!

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Science, ViennaDepartment of Material Sciences and Process Engineering

Institute of Wood Science and Technology I Johannes Konnerth

Institute of Wood Scienceand Technology

Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering

BOKU University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences – Vienna

Johannes Konnerth

06.11.2009 2



Scales in Wood-Adhesive bonds

50 mm

5 mm

50 μm

5 μm

06.11.2009 3



Research interests

� Mechanic characterization techniquesfrom macro to micro scalee.g. ESPI, Nanoindentation� Wood� Wood adhesive bonds� Wood based materials

06.11.2009 4



Equipment

� Mechanical Testing2 Universal testing machines Range: from single fiber to macroscopic wood specimens

� Strain measurementMechanical Extensometer 1DVideo Extensometer 2DDigital image analyze 2DElectronic laser speckle pattern interferometry 3D

� Hysitron Triboindenter (Access together with TU) � Light Microscopy Lab

UV-MicroscopyFluorescence Microscopy

06.11.2009 5



Equipment� Specimen preparation

Wood workshopSeveral MicrotomesUltramicrotom (for sections from100-2000nm)

� X-ray Densitometry� Chemistry Lab

FTIR-spectroscopy incl. ATRHPLC

� Several drying kilnsConventionalHFVacuum

� Autoclave (up to 300°C, 0-30 bar)� Hot press

Industrial PhD-candidate

SupervisorsStaffan SvenssonTechnical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering

Lisbeth G. ThygesenUniversity of Copenhagen, Center for Forest & Landscape

Niels MorsingDanish Technological Institute, Center for Wood & Textile

Emil Tang Engelund

Emil

Ongoing research

Water in WoodLinking molecular level mechanisms to macroscopic wood behaviour

Reason for participating in COST Action FP0802Networking with PhD-students and other experienced

researchers

Linking micro- and macro-mechanics in relation to moisture to the behaviour of the polymeric constituents

Emil Tang Engelund

EquipmentTwo university laboratories equipped with ATR-FTIR, LF-NMR, ESEM

Industry equipment includesDVS Advantage, ESEM

Emil Tang Engelund

Dep

artm

ent

of C

ivil

Engin

eeri

ng

Sta

ffan

Sve

nss

on

DTU

BYG

Div. Constr. Materials, Civ. Eng. @ DTU, Denmark

Research interest

� Sorption� Moisture, vapor, liquid and heat transfer in wood � Hygro-mechanics of wood (NOT 1-D)� Static fatigue

Staffan Svensson

Dep

artm

ent

of C

ivil

Engin

eeri

ng

Sta

ffan

Sve

nss

on

DTU

BYG

Div. Constr. Materials, Civ. Eng. @ DTU, Denmark

Experimental toys in the laboratory

� DVS, VVS, PPT and various other moisture equip.� Calorimeter� (E)SEM� CCD-Aramis by GOM systems� Large range of INSTRON rigs

Staffan Svensson

Wood Technology at the Department of Forest Products Technology

Wood TechnologyDepartment of Forest Products

Technology, Helsinki University of Technology


Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)

• Soon to become the Aalto University following merger with Helsinki School of business and Economics and the School of art and Design

• Department of Forest Products Technology is part of the Faculty of chemistry and Materials Sciences (one of the four faculties at TKK)


Overview

Wood Technology consists of two groups (both were formerly combined as one laboratory):

• Wood Materials Technology– Mark Hughes

• Wood Products Technology– Matti Kairi

• Shared facilities


Personnel• 2 x professors

– Matti Kairi– Mark Hughes

• Docent– Pertti Viitaniemi

• 11 x researchers/doctoral students– Wood Products Technology (x 4)– Wood Materials Science (x 6)– Docent (x 1)

• Professors, docent and researchers all involved in teaching

• Technical/support staff


Research themes

• Wood Materials Technology group:– Wood materials Science– Wood Modification– Wood-based composites– Fibre-reinforced composites

• Wood Products Technology group:– Development of production processes and the

production environment– Wood in building and interior products


Key research areas

1. Wood materials science 2. Wood bonding3. Wood-based and fibre-reinforced

composites4. Wood modification 5. Development of production processes

and the production environment6. Wood in building and interior products


Wood material science

• Developing basic understanding of how raw material and process factors influence material properties and product performance– Failure modes and strength of wood– Physics of the peeling process– Surface properties of veneer


1. Failure modes and strength of wood• Funded by the Academy of Finland• Researcher: Pekka Tukiainen, MSc• Aim: to further the understanding of failure in

wood– Real time observation of the fracture process in wood

specimens at the microscopic level using optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy

– Crack-tip deformation using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques

– Crack path and behaviour– FEM and fracture mechanics – Spruce and birch (green and conditioned to 12% MC)


Wood fracture

• CT-specimens loaded on micro-tensile stage under an optical microscope. Images captured by CCD, digitised and used to perform DIC

• Smaller CT-specimens loaded in an ESEM chamber, images captured and analysed by DIC


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

CMOD [mm]

LO

AD

[N]

G6 Micrograph Micrograph (analyzed)

CT-specimen testing


Key techniques• Raw material preparation

– Log conditioning and veneer peeling– Sawn wood production– Drying of solid wood and veneer

• Raw material characterisation– Non-destructive veneer testing– Microscopy– Small/large scale mechanical testing

• Material/product production– Gluing/blending– Hot pressing

• Testing– Conditioned environments (temperature and relative humidity)– Mechanical testing


Equipment• Veneer peeling and measurement:

– Industrial-sized lathe– Machine vision for defect identification– Radio frequency NDT for moisture and density and with ultrasound

modulus of elasticity measurement• Glue spreading and blending equipment for panel production:• Hot pressing equipment for panel production:

– Hydraulically operated hot-press (50 cm x 50 cm panels)• Material testing:

– Screw-driven universal testing equipment 1-100 kN capacity– Micro-tensile testing up to 5000 N with optical microscope and image

capture facilities

– Dual lead screw micro-tensile testing up to 2000 N • Microscopy:

– Reflectance and transmission light microscopy with image capture and analysis software. Microtome for specimen preparation

• Moisture:– Drying ovens for solid wood and veneer – Climate chambers with controlled humidity/temperature


Equipment / Wood ChemistryChromatography•Gas chromatography•Column chromatography

Mass SpectrometrySpectrometry•FT-IR spectrometer•Raman spectrometer•UV Resonance Raman spectrometer•WITec alpha 300 combined confocal Raman microscope and atomic force microscope

UV spectroscopy•ESCA spectrometer for surface analysis


Future research• Develop existing research

– Wood material science• Processing• Fracture in wood, wood-based composite and

interfaces• Durability issues (including bond durability)

• Wood modification• New materials based on wood

– Fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) and wood plastic composite (WPCs)

– Cellulose nanocomposites

A L I M E N T A T I O NA G R I C U L T U R E

E N V I R O N N E M E N TUniversité de ReimsChampagne Ardenne

� Paris� Reims

� Lille

FARE research unit(Fractionnement des Agro-Ressources et Environnement)

(Fractionnation of lignocellulosic ressourcesand Environment)

Head Bernard KUREK

UMR FARE 614



Our object of interest: the lignocellulosic cell wall

Multiscale studies of the cell wall cohesiveness and accessibilityLocking point for destructuration (enzymatic, mechanical, ...) to delineate key points to better understand processes

• ethanol bioconversion• new biobased materials• biodegradation in soils

• depend on cell wall biosynthesisand interactions between polymers, with deconstruction andreconstruction processes

UMR FARE 614



How are we working: 4 teamsStructure and Accessibilityof secondary plant cell wall

Kno

wle

dge

prod

uctio

nIn

tegr

atio

n

Physical and chemicaltransformations

Biological transformationsin complex media

Biotransformation in soil litters

New fibrous materials Enzyme reactionsand fermentations C and N cycles

about 55 people (incl. 35 permanent staff)

COSTFP0802

B. ChabbertV. Aguié

B. KurekJ. BeaugrandP. Dole

UMR FARE 614



Structure and properties of fibers cell wallsStrategy: system modulation construction / enzymatic deconstructionconstruction / enzymatic deconstruction (lignocelluloses and biomimeticsystems)three transformation typesthree transformation types ( fiber isolation; compounding; pressing)

Cell wall investigation: multidisciplinary approachesChemistry – (immuno)cytochemistry - microspectroscopyPolymer isolation and assembly (lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose) Physicochemistry (thermal analysis, water sorption,…) mechanical properties Probing polymer interactions (AFM,…) – Molecular probes design

EquipmentsHPLC, GC, GC-mass spectrometry, SEC Optical microscope, confocal scanning microscope, microspectroscopy (UV, FTIR)AFM, TEM, SEM (at University)Langmuir-blodgett, spin coating, casting , spectroscopic ellipsometryDMA, DEA, Dielectric spectroscopy, DSC, sorption balanceMono/Twin screw extruders and molding injection – Laser granulometer

2 μm 2 μm

UMR FARE 614



� On plant systems

-- geneticgenetic andand environmentalenvironmental factorsfactors(in collaboration)

-- variousvarious lignocelluloseslignocelluloses::flax, hemp,wood (poplar)grass (wheat, maize, miscanthus)

Locking points for destructuration(enzymatic, mechanical,, ...)

Agrocomposites

(nanoindentation, SThM,…)

Mechanical properties

« soft »

« hard »

Fiber(cellulose)

Resin

Interface(lignin)

Topography

At micro/nanoscales

Col. Col. UnivUniv. Reims. Reims

Ex: Hemp fibres Poplar wood

UMR FARE 614



At micro/nanoscales

Nanocristals

2 μm 2 μm

-- ligninlignin--hemicellulosehemicellulose complexcomplex (TEM)(TEM)

� On biomimetic assemblies of plant cell walls(macromolecular assemblies)

Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cristauxde celHRGPPectineHRGPMcrocrsta Micro-cris tauxde celluloseHRGPPec tineH RGPMcrocrstauxde cellulose

Monolayer Multilayers(cellulose) (cellulose-hemicelluloses

lignins-proteins)

-- cellulose surfaces (AFM)cellulose surfaces (AFM)

-Polymer interactionsmorphologyorganization

Col. LMEN, Col. LMEN, UnivUniv Reims, M. Reims, M. MolinariMolinari

-Adhesion or cohesive forces, interactions forces

- Local properties (mechanical, optical, spectroscopic …)





http://www.lille.inra.fr

Plant systems and Macromolecular Assemblies : [email protected]@reims.inra.fr

Physical and chemical transformations of lignocelluloses (fibers and composites): [email protected]@[email protected]

AFM: [email protected]

UMR FARE 614

Contacts:

Collaborations:Univ..Reims, Univ. Lille, INRA teams (Orleans, Nantes, Nancy)

CNRS Grenoble-Cermav, CNRS Montpellier, ENS Paris, Univ. Erevan, Univ. Kyoto, STFI Stockholm

Non academic: FiberResearch Development, (FRD) AgroResearch Development (ARD), France

Action FP0802

Wood and Tree Mechanics TeamLaboratory of Mechanics and Civil Engineering

CNRS/University of Montpellier 2France

Olivier Arnould (Deputy leader WG2, MC), Bruno Clair (WG2),Tancrède Alméras (WG3), Joseph Gril (WG3, MC)

Karl Bytebier (WG2), Cédric Montero (WG1-2), Julien Colmars (WG2-3)

Action FP0802

• 7 Research teams:� Design in innovative structures � Mathematical modelling in mechanics� Thermomechanics of materials� Coupling in heterogeneous media� Wood and tree mechanics� Welded joints� Multi-contacts systems

• 2 transversal axes:� Granular solids� Mechanics of the living

Laboratory of Mechanics and Civil Engineeringwww.lmgc.univ-montp2.fr

Action FP0802

Testing facilities in the laboratory• Microtome (Sledge GSL 1) and Ultratome (Leica RM2235) + glass and diamond knife• Optical microscope with polarized light (Leica DMLP 18885)• DMA (BOSE ELF 3230) 20-450N/static-200Hz, tension/bending• Hunt’s creep devices in tension or bending• Strain gages and data logger

Action FP0802

Testing facilities in the laboratory• Ultrasound velocity measurements (Sofranel 5800 pulser/receiver and transducers: compressive wave 500kHz and 1MHz/shear wave 500kHz)• Free/forced beam vibration for viscoelastic measurements (100-1000Hz)• Classical tensile test machines with CCD (image correlation) and IR camera• Thermally regulated bath, precision weighing devices, oven, cold storage room• Wood and metal machining shop

Action FP0802

Testing facilities at the University• AFM (Veeco E-Scope with Nanoscope IV, MultiMode, Dimension with Nanoscope V)• X-Ray diffraction• Confocal Raman spectroscopy• …

Action FP0802

conductive sample holder

piezoelectric scanner

laser

feedback close-loop control

topography

photodiode

sinusoidal electrostatic

excitation

sample

Lock-in amplifier

acquisition frequency sweep

frequency spectra

� 0 elect

elect 0

+ × sin(�t)<<

F F FF F

conductive sample holder

piezoelectric scanner

laser

feedback close-loop control

topography

photodiodephotodiode


excitation


excitation

sample

Lock-in amplifierLock-in

amplifier

acquisition frequency sweep

frequency spectrafrequency spectra

� 0 elect

elect 0

+ × sin(�t)<<

F F FF F

Measurements by UC-AFM

� � 1/ 32adh6Nk E R P P� ��

21

1

11 1

tan ?E E M

�

�

�

Action FP0802

X (μm)

15

10

5

00 5 10 15

Y (μ

m)

<tan

��>

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

M L (GPa) <tan �>L

Resin 4.1 0.015CML 5.5 0.014S2 12.6 0.009G 15.9 0.009

X (μm)

15

10

5

00 5 10 15

Y (μ

m)

M(G

Pa)

40

30

20

10

0

GS2

CML

Resin

Topo

grap

hy(n

m)

X (μm)

15

10

5

00 5 10 15

Y (μ

m)

200

100

0

-100

-200

Action FP0802

Drawbacks• Valid visco-elastic anisotropic contact mechanic models at these scales + Require to know as most as possible ultrastructure parameters

• Measurement of viscosity at too high frequencies

• Calibrations and tip wear and optimal shape

• Environmental conditions

Interests in this COST action• “Reference materials” � modified wood from WG1?

• Comparing results between AFM/Nanoindentation/Single fiber tests/…� common sample with given environmental conditions + use of multi-scale approach of WG3 and characterisation of WG1

• Comparing results with other AFM technique(s) � STSM

• Combination with other techniques?

Action FP0802

Workshop “Experimental and computational methods in wood micromechanics” May 11-13, 2009

Regis�POMMIERteacher�in�the�academy�of�wood�

science�and�technologyNantes�and�Bordeaux

researcher�in�the�Unity�of�Wood�science�and�biopolymer�University�

Bordeux1

Action FP0802

Research�topic• Gluing�on�green�wood

• mechanisms�of�adhesion�on�a�wet�material

• plastic�deformation�of�wood�during�pressure

• plastic�deformation�of�during�drying

• stress�and�tension�during�drying�glued�veneers�to�obtain�very�rigid�material�– “EVP®” project�is�submitted�on�the�National�research�agency�around�these�topics,

®: from Pierre MORLIER

Action FP0802

Interest�in�COST�action

• Know�and�use�micro�mechanical�material�for�– helping�interpretation�

– performance�attestation�for�new�standards.

4 GROUPS

Dynamics and Control of Structures

Damage and Solid Mechanics

Mechanical Systems and Contacts

Tribology and Interface Mechanics

http://lamcos.insa-lyon.fr

2

Tools�and�expertise

Mechanical�testing�machinesOptical�observation�techniques

Digital�image�correlationStereo�correlationMicroscopy

Numerical�toolsX�FEM�approach�(cracks�propagation)Multigrid�multimodel�approach�(multi�scale�simulation)

3

WOOD�at�LaMCoS

Since�20033�Ph�D�Thesis1�Ph�D�in�progress

Topics�3D�Modelisation�thermo�hydro�mechanics�(long�term�failure,�drying�distorsions)Modelisation�of�the�transverse�mechanical�behavior�from�cell�scale�to�timber�scale�(Stiffness�and�fracture)

Department of Biomaterials

COST FP0802

Ingo Burgert & Michaela Eder

Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesDepartment of Biomaterials

Plant Biomechanics and Biomimetics


The research group Plant Biomechanics and Biomimetics investigates structure-function-relationships of plants at the micro-and nanoscale as well as their transfer into bio-inspired materials


EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

structure experimental micromechanicsMicroscopy: SAM, (E)SEM, light microscopySpectroscopy: Raman, FTIRX-rays: WAXD, SAXS, synchrotron research

Microtensile tester for different sample geometriesNanoindentation

combined methods

Research in „Wood microstructure“ and „(Hygro)-mechanical behaviour“ of wood

at the Institute of Wood and Paper Technology (IHP) of TU Dresden

Dipl.-Ing. Mario Zauer Dr.-Ing. Alexander Pfriem

Wien, 2009-05-13

Faculty of mechanical engineering Institute of Wood and Paper Technology

Pore structure – Research at IHP

• Gas pycnometry• Mercury intrusion porosimetry 1)

• Capillary tension measurement• Steady state and unsteady state water

vapor transport mechanisms• Gas adsorption (BET-Analyses) 1)

• RAMAN Spectroscopy 1)

Gas in

Sample chamber VK

Pressure transducer (pA, pE)

Vent

Additional chamber VZ

Valve1Valve2

Valve3

Samples VF

Gas in

Sample chamber VK

Pressure transducer (pA, pE)

Vent

Additional chamber VZ

Valve1Valve2

Valve3

Samples VF

1) in cooperation

Principle of gas pycnometry Experimental rig for unsteady state sorption

Principle of mercury intrusion porosimetry

Our interests and „wishes“

Requested collaborations:• Determination of pore structure by:

– Micro and/or Synchrotron Computer tomography– Low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

• Computational modelling of 3-D-images• Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) especially for determination

of inner surfaces

Partner to establish new research projects in• Wood Physics• Wood Modification

Dr. Antanas BaltrušaitisKaunas University of Technology

(Lithuania)Department of Mechanical Wood Technology

COST Action FP0802 Workshop May 11-13, 2009 Vienna, Austria

INSTITUTION• Kaunas University of Technology, KTU, www.ktu.lt• KTU is the largest technical university in the Baltic States, the second largest

institution of higher education of Lithuania. It contains 13 faculties with 75 departments, 28 centers, 5 faculty institutes and 17 research laboratories; 11 institutes with 5 centres and 9 research laboratories; 4 centers with 4 research laboratories and 10 administration and service subdivisions. More than 18.5 thousand undergraduate (B.S.) and 550 graduate (Ph.D.) students are enrolled in KTU.

Department of Mechanical Wood TechnologyResearch Scope Modification and processing of wood raw material into

innovative wood productsSpecific areas:

• Physical and mechanical behavior of wood and wood materials• Wood-based materials and engineered wood products • Efficient wood cutting processes• Advanced technologies for primary wood processing• CAD and simulation performance of furniture and timber structures• Eco-and material efficient surface finishing processes

Department of mechanical wood technologyExperimental facilities

• SEM; Machines for testing wood and wood based materials (static-dynamic MOE/MOR and similar), nondestructive diagnostics of structural properties (amplitude-resonant, vibrant-acoustic, e.g. MTG Timber Grader, ultrasonic Lamb waves strength tester-KTU), power/forces and surface formation testing equipment of machining processes, diagnostics instruments for tools and equipment.

• In addition various combinations of human and instrumental resources are available in KTU for interdisciplinary researches.

PersonalAntanas Baltrušaitis

Education/Professional Career

1986: Ph.D. at Minsk University of Technology; Thesis title “Investigation of the chipping of small size trees by means of conical screw devices”. Theoretical and experimental aspects of chip formation mechanics when producing forest chips (whole tree chipping approach)

2007 onwards: Head of Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Kaunas University of Technology

Field of interest: integration of advanced wood technologies for industrial applications and using engineering to develop high performance wood-based materials. Expertise in quality control and testing of wood, wood products and wood fuels. Member of the technical committees CEN TC 112, TC 124 and TC 175.

Ongoing Projects:

COST E55 ”Modelling of the Performance of Timber Structures”; MC and WG 2 member. Presentation on 25-26 September, 2008 COST E55, Zagreb: “The effects of naturally varying climate on timber moisture content”

National:

1. Influence of Wood Biological Species and Climatic Conditions on Wood Hygroscopic and Mechanical Properties. Ongoing since early sixties project with the main objectives to ascertain the effects of different factors on wood mechano-sorptive properties.

2. Creation and Investigation of Methods for Estimation of Wood Viscous Elastic Properties. Viscous elastic characteristics of wood are investigated using resonance vibrations and ultrasound methods.

3. Strength Grading of the Structural Timber. Data and statistics about log-vs.-lumber stress/strain/strength relations, grades, strength classes within and between wood species and quality populations.

Wood Characterization by Scanning Millimeter Wave Beam

Albertas Laurinavi�ius¹, Antanas Baltrušaitis², VilijaPranskevi�ien�² and Kristina Ukvalbergien�²

¹Semiconductor Physics Institute, Goštauto str. 11, Vilnius, Lithuania

[email protected]

²Department of Wood Technology, Kaunas University of Technology,

Student� str. 56, Kaunas, [email protected]

Electromagnetic spectrum

Water electromagnetic absorption spectrum

Schematic diagram of the measurement technique:1 is millimeter wave oscillator, 2 is reference signal channel, 3 is transmitted signal channel, 4 is reflected signal channel, 5 is frequency converter, 6 are directional couplers, 7 are mixers, 8 are antennas, and 9 is the sample under test.

Photo of the measurement technique

Photo of the scanning mechanism with rotating table

Photo of the magnitude (left) and phase (right) homogeneity images of the wood plate having branch on the monitor screen.

Photo of the scanning mechanism with rotating table and Si wafer placed on it

An example of the millimeter wave Si wafers homogeneity images. Si wafers were produced using different crystal growing methods.

2D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate having a branch


X (mm) Y (mm)

Y (mm) X (mm)

Mag

nitu

de (%

)

Phas

e(d

eg.)


3D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate having a branchX (mm)

Y (mm)

Mag

nitu

de (%

)

X(mm)

Y (mm)

Phas

e(d

eg.)

2D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of moisture distribution in the pine plate having a branch

3D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of moisture distribution in the pine plate having a branch

2D millimeter wave amplitude (top) and phase (bottom) images of dry pine plate having a branch

Mag

nitu

de (%

)

Phas

e(d

eg.)

X (mm)

X (mm)Y (mm)

Y (mm)

2D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate having a branch (woodanisotropy demonstration)

3D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate having a branch (wood anisotropy demonstration)X (mm)

X(m

m)Y

(mm

)

Y (mm)

Mag

nitu

de (%

)

Phas

e(d

eg.)

2D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate cut perpendicular to the annual rings

3D millimeter wave amplitude (left) and phase (right) images of the pine plate cut perpendicular to the annual rings

Mag

nitu

de (%

)

Phas

e(d

eg.)

X (mm)X (mm)

Y (mm)

Y (mm)

Specification of the measurement technique

Operation frequency band 118 – 149 GHz

Spatial resolution ~ 0.5 mm²

Max. scanning diameter 90 mm

Scanning and mapping time ~ 1 min

Thickness of the wood plate < 8 mm

WiesWies��awaw OLEKOLEKFaculty of Wood Technology, Faculty of Wood Technology, PoznaPozna�� University of Life Sciences,University of Life Sciences,

PoznaPozna��, P, POLANDOLAND

Faculty of Wood TechnologyFaculty of Wood Technology((PoznaPozna�� University of Life Sciences)University of Life Sciences)

�� undergraduate and graduate courses in 4 specialtiesundergraduate and graduate courses in 4 specialtieswithin wood technology,within wood technology,

�� 940 students,940 students,�� 81 university teachers (incl. 19 professors, 46 doctors), 81 university teachers (incl. 19 professors, 46 doctors),

Research infrastructure (relevant to the Action):Research infrastructure (relevant to the Action):�� system for sorption processes analysis,system for sorption processes analysis,�� setset--up for transient heat transfer,up for transient heat transfer,�� package software for solving direct and inverse problems,package software for solving direct and inverse problems,�� universal testing machines (incl. universal testing machines (incl. ZwickZwick ZO50TH),ZO50TH),�� experimental devices for creep testing,experimental devices for creep testing,�� systems for acoustic emission analysis,systems for acoustic emission analysis,�� ultrasound ultrasound defectoscopedefectoscope,,�� image analyzer,image analyzer,�� computer controlled kiln dryers.computer controlled kiln dryers.

WiesWies��aw Olekaw Olek

Research interestsResearch interests:�� woodwood--water system,water system,�� identification of transport properties (incl. diffusionidentification of transport properties (incl. diffusion

coefficient, thermal properties of wood and woodcoefficient, thermal properties of wood and wood--basedbasedpanels),panels),

�� heat and mass transfer modeling,heat and mass transfer modeling,�� wood wood ultrastructureultrastructure..

COST FP0802: Experimental and computational micro characterization techniques in wood mechanics

Laboratory of NanotechnologyNanotechnology & Materials

Almadén, SPAIN

LNN

Teresa Cuberes

WG2: Hygro-mechanical properties

http://www.uclm.es/organos/vic_investigacion/gruposweb/nanotecnologia/

[email protected]

�

ALMADEN

http://www.uclm.es

The University of Castilla-La Mancha

ALMADEN

From mercury mines to nanotech SMEs?

Escuela UniversitariaPolitécnica:

IngenierIngenieríía Ta Téécnica de Minascnica de Minas

IngenierIngenieríía Ta Téécnica Industrialcnica Industrial

Laboratorio de Nanotécnicas:

LNN

LABORATORIO DE NANOTÉCNICAS

NANOTEC AFM (www.nanotec.es)

OMICRON UHV AFM/STM

-Contact and non-contact AFM/LFM-Air, liquid and controlled humidity-Ultrasonic AFM modes

-UHV chamber prep. and meas.-AFM and STM in UHV-Ultrasonic AFM modes-Future: BEEM, STM spectroscopy

Future: complementary measurementsPhotoemission with Synchrotron Radiation

� Expectations related to COST FP0820

- Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopies.- Nanomechanics, nanotribology and nanomanipulation.- Future: Molecular electronics / nanoelectronics.

� Research lines under development in the LNN:

- Evaluate our techniques with other approaches - Applications of our techniques to wood

LABORATORIO DE NANOTÉCNICAS

We have a new name! STFI-Packforsk is now

INNVENTIA

�Single fibre moisture scanning

�Mechanosorptiv creep

�Single fibre creep

�Moist transitions

Moisture scanning DMA

1. Moisture scanning DMA 2. Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy 3. FTIR microscopy

Lennart SalménCOST Action FP0802 – WG2, May 13, 2009

�Chemical variations along fibres

�Orientation of fibre polymers

�Surface fibre characterisation

FTIR microscopy

�Molecular interactions

�Viscoelasticity, moist cond.

�Orientation of fibre polymers

Sinusoidal strainSinusoidal strain

Dynamic absorbance

Sample

Detector

IR-source

Polarizer

Sample

Detector

IR-source

Polarizer

Dynamic FTIR spectroscopy

IR radiation

Sample

TRANSMISSION

IR radiation

Sample

TRANSMISSION

- 6.25 �m IMAGING

IR radiation

Sample

ATR (attenuated total reflectance)

Ge crystal

IR radiation

Sample

ATR (attenuated total reflectance)

Ge crystal

- 1.65 �m

May 13, 2009 D. Keunecke ([email protected]) 1

�Education,�Research�Projects

�Publications

�Institute�– Research

�Institute�– Partners

�Institute�– Infrastructure�

�Expectations

Daniel�Keunecke,�WG�2

Education

2004Master’s�degree�in�Wood�Science�and�Technology�(University�of�Hamburg, Germany)

2008Ph.D.�at�ETH Zurich, Switzerland�(Institute�for�Building�Materials�–Wood�Physics)

since�2008Post�doctoral�position�at�the�ETH Zurich, Switzerland�(Institute�for�Building�Materials�– Wood�Physics)

Research�Projects�(relevant�to�Action)

Measurements�of�elasto�mechanical,�fracture�mechanical�and�structural�properties�of�softwoods�on�different�hierarchical�levels�using�micro�testing�equipment,�microscopic�methods�and�digital�image�correlation�techniques.

May 13, 2009 D. Keunecke ([email protected])


�Publications




�Expectations

2

Publications

Keunecke�D,�Evans�R,�Niemz�P�(2009)�Microstructural�properties�of�common�yew�and� Norway� spruce� determined� with� SilviScan.� IAWA� Journal� 30(2):165�178� (in�press).�

Keunecke� D,� Eder�M,� Burgert� I,� Niemz� P� (2008)�Micromechanical� properties� of�common� yew� (Taxus� baccata� L.)� and� Norway� spruce� (Picea� abies� [L.]� Karst.)�transition�wood�fibres�subjected�to�longitudinal�tension.�Journal�of�Wood�Science�54(5):420�422.�

Keunecke� D,� Hering� S,� Niemz� P� (2008)� Three�dimensional� elastic� behaviour� of�common�yew�and�Norway�spruce.�Wood�Science�and�Technology�42(8):633�647.

Keunecke�D,�Niemz�P�(2008)�Axial�stiffness�and�selected�structural�properties�of�yew�and�spruce�microtensile�specimens.�Wood�Research�53(1):1�14.�

Keunecke�D,� Stanzl�Tschegg� S,�Niemz�P� (2007)� Fracture� characterisation�of� yew�(Taxus�baccata�L.)�and�spruce�(Picea�abies�[L.]�Karst.)�in�the�radial�tangential�and�tangential�radial� crack� propagation� system� by� a� micro� wedge� splitting� test.Holzforschung�61(5):582�588.�

Trtik�P,�Dual� J,�Keunecke�D,�Mannes�D,�Niemz�P,� Stahli� P,� Kaestner�A,�Groso�A,�Stampanoni�M� (2007)�3D� imaging�of�microstructure�of� spruce�wood. Journal� of�Structural�Biology�159(1):46�55.�

Keunecke�D,�Sonderegger�W,�Pereteanu�K,�Luthi�T,�Niemz�P�(2007)�Determination�of� Young's� and� shear�moduli� of� common�yew�and�Norway� spruce� by�means� of�ultrasonic�waves.�Wood�Science�and�Technology�41(4):309�327.�

Keunecke� D,�Marki� C,� Niemz� P� (2007)� Structural� and� mechanical� properties� of�Yew�wood.�Wood�Research�52(2):23�38.




�Publications




�Expectations

3

Research�Institute�� Research

ETH�Zurich,�Institute�for�Building�Materials�(Wood�Physics)

•macro� and�micromechanics�of�wood,�wood�composites�(e.g.�solid�wood�panels)�and�adhesive�joints

•experimental�examination�and�modelling�

•non�destructive�testing:�ultrasound,�eigenfrequency,�acoustic�emission

•effects�of�moisture�and�heat�on�and�their�transport�in�wood�and�wooden�materials�(sorption,�diffusion,�thermal�conduction),�simulating�the�transport�behaviour,�tests�on�real�and�prototype�buildings

•bonding�of�wood:�mechanics�of�adhesive�joints,�creep,�temperature�influence,�delamination�processes,�optimising�the�structure�of�adhesives

•structural�investigation:�scanning�electron�microscopy,�neutron�radiography,�micro�tomography,�synchrotron�radiation.




�Publications




�Expectations

4

Research�Institute�� Collaboration/Partners

In�most�of�the�projects,�our�own�lab�equipment�is�used.�In�special�cases,�we�benefit�from�our�project�partners�in�

•Switzerland�(Paul�Scherrer�Institute,�Empa�– Materials�Science�and�Technology,�Berner�Fachhochschule),�

•Germany�(Technische�Universität�München,�Dresden�Technical�University,�Max�Planck�Institute,�Fraunhofer�Institutes),�

•Austria�(University�of Natural�Resources�and�Applied�Life�Sciences,�Vienna�University�of�Technology),�

•Sweden�(Lund�University)�and�

•Australia�(Ensis/CSIRO�Melbourne).�

Our�educational�tasks�include�courses�for�the�ETH�bachelor�and�master�programs�in�“civil�engineering” and�“environmental�sciences” and�supervising�bachelor�and�master�theses.




�Publications




�Expectations

5

Research�Institute�� Infrastructure

•Comprehensive�basic�equipment�to�determine�mechanical�and�physical�properties��(standard�mechanical�testing�machines,�micro�stage,�video�image�correlation�system,�devices�to�measure�swelling/creep/heat�conductivity/surface�roughness,�data�loggers,�…),�equipment�for�non�destructive�testing

•Diverse�climatic�chambers

•Microscopy�(ESEM,�stereo�microcope,�…)

•Mechanical�and�electronical�workshops�(to�build�customised�equipment)




�Publications




�Expectations

6

Expectations�related�to�the�COST�action

•Knowledge�enlargement,�being�up�to�date

•Networking

•Intensifying�the�exchange�between�us�(experimentally�working)�and�modelling experts

•Maybe�STSM

•…


Wood divisionsWood technology (Pr. Anders Grönlund)

Wood physics (Pr. Tom Morén)

Manufacturing and design of wood and bio-nanocomposites (Pr. Kristiina Oksman)

Timber Engineering (Pr. Lars Stehn)

Contact: Pr. Tom MorénE-mail: [email protected]

PhD Jonas DanvindE-mail: [email protected]

Wood physicsExperimental equipment

Medical Siemens X-ray CTClimate chambersPilot drying kilnsMicrowave drying kilnPilot heat treatment kilnPilot oil heat treatmentMechanical testing machine

Biopolymer based nanocomposites

• Nanowhiskers and -fibrils are used as nano reinforcements (cellulose, collagen)

• Biopolymers as matrix• Processing of nanocomposites

– Production of whiskers/fibrils– Extrusion, compression and injection molding

• Study of nanocomposite structures and properties

Manufacturing and design of wood and bio-nanocomposites

Contact: PhD Fredrik Forsberg

Email: [email protected]

Experimental mechanicsExperimental equipment

Micro-CT systemDigital camerasPhase-modifying SLMLaser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV)Nd:YAG LaserPulsed Nd:YAG laser systemRuby laserSchlieren-equipmentStereo-scopic speckle correlation equipmentTV holography systemInfrared camera FLIR SC 4000

• PI: Dr. Siqun Wang, Associate ProfessorTennessee Forest Products Center, University of Tennessee, United States

• Composite products with enhanced moisture resistance and dimensional stability

• Composite material processing and characterization

University of Tennessee…

Wang UT TFPC, 2009

• Research target: biomass-based high value advanced materials and new application development

• Nanostructural composites with cellulose nanocrystals• Sustainable, biodegradable and renewable composites• Partners: ORNL, UT-Chem, UT-MatSci…

Advanced materials…< 50 nanometers

Wang UT TFPC, 2009

• Hysitron Triboindenter• PSIA XE 100 AFM/SThM • Dynamic mechanical analyzer • Perkin Elmer Diamond differential scanning calorimeter • Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with Diamond ATR and Perkin

Elmer Spotlight microscope • HAAKE Minilab• Instron 30kN Universal testing machine• Varian 400MR 400 mHz NMR - Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer

Advanced Instruments…

Wang UT TFPC, 2009

� Nanoindentation to measure modulus, hardness and creep behaviourLoblolly pine across tree ring (Tze et. al. 2007. Composites A, 38(3))

Lyocell fibers (Lee et. al. 2007. Holzforschung, 61(3))Polymer blend (Lee et. al. 2007. Journal of Polymer Science B 45: 1114)Interphase in FRC (Lee et. al. 2007. Composites A, 38(6))Ten hardwood species (Wu et. al. Wood and Fiber Sci. 2009) Straw and other non-wood materialsCell wall influenced by refining condition (Xing et al. 2008. Holzforschung, 62(2))

� Conduct the nano-scale three-point bending testing to measure elastic moduli of individual cellulose fibril (Composites A, 2008, 38(3) and 2009, 40)

� Unaxial compression on wood macro-pillars to measure compression strength, fracture behaviour

� CR-FM modulus mapping of fiber-reinforced composites

Nano-mechanics…

Wang UT TFPC, 2009

Action FP0802

Outline

• Reminder of the objectives of the WG2• Presentations: who’s who?Break

• Discussion about joined action, organisation, etc.

Action FP0802


• Combination/Comparison�of�techniques:Database�of�what,�where,�who�� Google�docs�� Website

Standardize�μmechanical�testing�techniques?

Establish�a�pool�of�structural�and�mechanical�data�for�validation�of�techniques?�

Database�of�input�data�(literature�database)�� where�lack�of�data�information�is�and�how�to�get�access�to�them?

• Set�of�samples:�Species?�Kind�of�tissue(s)�(NMW,�dimensions…)�?�Experimental�conditions…

• Exchange�with�other�WG:Modified�wood�(what�kind?)

Combining�testing�and�modelling�(back�and�forth�approach)�to�reach�the�molecular�level�and�its�transfer�to�higher�scale�by�using�data�from�numerical�modelling�and�ultrastructure measurements

Action FP0802


• STSMParticipants�(especially�young�scientists)�participating�in�the�COST�Action�are�encouraged�to�apply�for�a�Short�Term�Scientific�Mission�(STSM)�for�going�to�an�institution�or�laboratory�in�another�COST�Country�to�foster�collaboration,�to�learn�new�techniques�or�to�take�measurements�using�instruments�and/or�methods�not�available�in�their�own�institution/laboratory.�Short�Term�Scientific�Mission�should�last�at�a�minimum�one�week�(5�working�days)�and�at�a�maximum�three�months.�

• Next�Training�schools�at�Max�Planck�Institute�in�Potsdam�(Michaela�Eder,�spring�2010)�and�probably�at�KTH�in�Stockholm�(Kristofer Gamstedt,�2011)

• Next�workshop�in�2010�organised by�Mike�Jarvis?�Eastern�countries?

• Next�WG�meeting:�Stockholm�� single�fiber�testing�workshop�(Petri�Mäkelä,�November�4�5,�2009)�� invited�speakers�from�the�action?�Poster�presentations�from�WG�members?