Transcript
Page 1: Fisheries and aquaculture around the Baltic Sea

Fisheries and aquaculturearound the Baltic Sea

2015

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LATVIAJanuary-June 2015

ITALYJuly-December 2014

GREECEJanuary-June 2014

LITHUANIAJuly-December 2013

THE EU PRESIDENCY

LUXEMBOURGJuly-December 2015

NETHERLANDSJanuary-June 2016

SLOVAKIAJuly-December 2016

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Expanding opportunities in the Baltic Sea region The Baltic Sea region is an important and thriving part of the European Union. The fi sheries sector is an integral part of the countries bordering the Baltic Sea, contributing substantially to national economies and forming the backbone of the region’s cultural heritage. Concentrated in coastal areas, the fi shing and processing industry is vital to local economies. In past decades, fl uctuations in major fi sh stocks have aff ected the economies of Baltic fi sheries and fl eets negatively. However, improved fi sheries management, including management plans, the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) model, discard bans, and precautionary approach when setting quotas are showing positive trends in improvement of stock status.

Local fi sh landings are essential to the development of the processing industry and to the availability of local products on domestic markets. However, following the global trend of a declining supply of raw material, the region’s processing industry is increasingly dependent on imports.

The EU has established a framework for environmentally sound and sustainable aquaculture, which aims to increase aquaculture production substantially. Each Member State will determine the extent to which this can be achieved through Multiannual National Strategic Plans, in the period 2014–2020.

As the currect holder of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Latvia encourages the Baltic Sea region to utilise opportunities to boost development and create jobs in coastal and inland areas, and expand economic, environmental, and socially sustainable growth. Promoting fi sh as a healthy and nutritious food product and cultivating consumer demand will strengthen regional economies, and increase the fi shery sector’s standing and growth.

Jānis Dūklavs, the Minister of Agriculture

of the Republic of Latvia

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OVERVIEW

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The Baltic coastline is densely populated and its ecosystems are intensively used. The Baltic Sea is open to the North Sea through the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits. It includes a signifi cant number of islands, especially off the coasts of Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. It forms two large gulfs – the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia – and in the south and southeast, it forms two small gulfs – the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Gulf of Riga.

Low salinity and stratifi cation create special features in Baltic Sea ecosystems. The composition of fi sh species – a mixture of marine and freshwater species adapted to the brackish water conditions – changes from south to north as salinity and temperatures diminish. Cod, herring, and sprat are the main commercially valuable marine fi sh species. They are managed and assessed internationally. Flatfi sh species such as fl ounder and plaice are also fi shed, particularly in the north.

All the countries around the Baltic Sea, except the Russian Federation, are members of the European Union and have their fi shing activities regulated by the EU Common Fisheries Policy. In 2009, the European Union and the Russian Federation reached a bilateral agreement governing fi sheries in the Baltic Sea.

Specifi c to the Baltic Sea region is a strong tradition of cooperation through various key organisations involved in the management of Baltic Sea fi sheries. These include the Baltic Sea Advisory Council (BSAC), Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM), and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Sustainable development in the region is being promoted by the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, approved by the Council of the European Union in October 2009. The strategy led to the establishment of the cooperation forum BALTFISH with the aim to strengthen cooperation of fi sheries administrations, as well as various stakeholders relevant for the Baltic Sea fi sheries.

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Denmark is situated at the entrance to the Baltic Sea and is one of the world’s largest traders of fi sh and seafood. It depends less on domestic fi sh landings than other countries in the region. The country has an important industrial fi sheries which supplies the local fi shmeal and fi sh oil industry. The salmon-processing industry is the most important segment processing fi sh for human consumption.

The Danish aquaculture industry produces mainly rainbow trout, which makes up approximately 90% of total production, followed by European eel and blue mussel. Since 2008, Danish marine aquaculture production volume has increased sevenfold. Danish aquaculture is strictly regulated by environmental rules.

Estonia is located in the northeastern part of the Baltic Sea. Its has a 3,794 km long coastline thanks to some 1,500 islands.

Most catches in its Baltic Sea fi sheries comprise sprat and herring, but smaller volumes of cod, smelt, perch, and fl ounder are also caught. Estonian coastal and inland fi shing provides reasonably large volumes of freshwater fi sh, such as perch, pikeperch, and pike. The Estonian fi sh-processing industry exports more than 70% of its fi sh products. The aquaculture sector is constrained to its current level of approximately 700 tonnes by climatic conditions typical of the northern latitudes. Rainbow trout is the main species, representing approximately 90% of production. Common carp, sturgeon, and eel are cultured in limited quantities.

Estonia

Denmark

Countries

NB: This overview only refers to EU Member States.

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Countries

The main Finnish fi shing zones are the gulfs of Finland and Bothnia. Finland has the biggest fi shing quotas in the Baltic Sea in total and the biggest catches of Baltic herring and salmon. The signifi cance of inland fi shing equals that of marine coastal fi shing and vendace dominates the catches. Aquaculture is more widespread in Finland than in other Baltic coastal countries and production is growing with the help of innovations. Rainbow trout is the main species produced, followed by European whitefi sh, but also other products have gained ground: sturgeon, black caviar, pike perch and nelma are the most promising newcomers at the moment. The rapid growth of the fi sh processing industry is based mainly on imported raw material, chiefl y salmon from Norway.

The Baltic Sea borders the northern Bundesländer Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Although German fi sh consumption is not high, Germany has one of the largest fi sh-processing industries in Europe, dominated by large companies, and is one of the largest markets for fi sh and seafood in Europe. Most seafood is imported, with Alaska pollock, salmon, herring, tuna, and trout as the most important species, causing an increasingly negative trade balance. Aquaculture is carried out mostly in southern Germany. Rainbow trout, common carp, and blue mussel are the principal species.

Germany

Finland

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Countries

Latvia is situated on the east coast of the Baltic Sea and is bound by the Gulf of Riga to the north. Fish resources and their utilisation have traditionally played a signifi cant role in the Latvian economy. Baltic Sea catches make up half of all Latvian catches. Historically, the fi sheries sector is export-oriented and has maintained a positive external trade balance since the early 1990s. The processing sector relies largely on local raw material. Although, the aquaculture sector is relatively small, it plays a noticeable role in regional development. Common carp is the main species produced, although small amounts of sturgeon, trout, pike, and crayfi sh are also farmed.

Lithuania is situated on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea and has the shortest coastline (90,6 km) of all the countries around the Baltic Sea. Few local species are used as raw material by the large Lithuanian fi sh-processing industry, which depends chiefl y (95%) on imported raw material. It is the largest producer and exporter of surimi products in the region. The fi sheries sector is export-oriented, and EU countries are the main markets. Over the past decade, aquaculture production has increased 45%, with a focus on organic farming. Common carp is the main product, with smaller quantities of rainbow trout, sturgeon, African catfi sh, and European eel.

Lithuania

Latvia

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Countries

Located on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, Poland is one of the largest Baltic coastal countries. The 528 km shoreline forms 15% of its border.

The Polish fi sh-processing industry is one the largest fi sh-processing industries in Europe. Approximately 13% of all EU employees working in the fi sh-processing sector are employed in Poland. Most raw material is imported. The country is one of the largest European producers of farmed common carp and rainbow trout. A few land-based farms produce North African and wels catfi sh. Sturgeon, tilapia, and barramundi are produced in recirculation aquaculture systems.

The east coast of Sweden borders the Baltic, and the archipelago contains tens of thousands of islands. Sweden has established a large number of marine protected areas around its coasts. Although the Swedish fi shing fl eet operates within an area stretching from the Northeast Atlantic to the northern Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea is by far the most important fi shing area. The fi shery and fi sh-processing sector is heterogeneous, ranging from small family businesses to large-scale enterprises. Most raw material is imported. Over the past decade, aquaculture production has increased steadily and is dispersed widely across the country, often in rural areas. Since the 1980s, rainbow trout has been the dominant species, followed by Arctic char and blue mussel.

Sweden

Poland

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TACs and QUOTAS

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In the Baltic Sea, management of the commercially most important species (cod, herring, sprat, salmon, and plaice) is based on total allowable catches (TACs) and the quota system (sharing TACs between EU countries), and employs other effort limiting procedures, such as technical conservation measures, management plans, and effort regulation. Other species, caught in coastal waters, are managed nationally.

In general, quotas for various herring stocks in all fishing areas have fluctuated widely since 2010, but quotas increased in 2013 and 2015, over previous years.

Since 2010, quotas for sprat and salmon have fallen continuously.

In general, quotas for both the Eastern and Western cod stocks have fluctuated since 2010, mainly as the result of declining cod stocks. Quotas for plaice, which fluctuated slightly up to 2012, have remained stable since 2013.

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Herring

Sprat

Cod

tonn

esto

nnes

tonn

es

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

DE DK EE FI LV LT PL SE

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

DE DK EE FI LV LT PL SE

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

DE DK EE FI LV LT PL SE

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CATCHES

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In the Baltic Sea, cod, herring, and sprat make up approximately 90% of total catches. Fishing is most intense in the southern part of the Baltic. The most common species, targeted by small-scale coastal fisheries, are cod, various flatfish species, smelt, perch, pike-perch, pike, and roach.

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DK24%

DE8%

LV5%LT

4%

PL40%

FI1%

Codcatches(Volume, 2013)

EE1%

SE17% DK

2%

DE5%

LV7%

LT1%

PL8%

FI42%

Herringcatches(Volume, 2013)

EE8%

SE27%

DK11%

DE4%

LV13%

LT2%

FI5%PL

32%

Spratcatches(Volume, 2013)

EE12%

SE21%

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AQUACULTURE

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Baltic aquaculture accounts for a signifi cant share of the total European aquaculture output of fi nfi sh species. However, in the period 2009–2013, the aquaculture industry slowed down. The sector makes the most of its technological developments, innovation, and synergies with other sectors, such as tourism, traditional fi sheries, and co-location with off shore wind farms. Recently, recirculating aquaculture systems have become more common, encouraging concentration on more valuable species.

DK33%

DE19%

LV0,6%

LT3,6%FI

8%

PL25%

Totalaquacultureproduction

(Volume, 2012)EE

0,2%

SE11%

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Freshwater aquaculture production is more developed than marine aquaculture. Poland and Denmark are the largest producing countries, followed by Germany, Sweden, and Finland. Marine production is relatively low. Denmark and Finland are the region’s major marine producers. Shellfi sh production is led by Germany and followed by Sweden and Denmark.

The main species, rainbow trout, has a 71% share of the region’s total aquaculture production followed by common carp with 20%. The remainder is made up of European eel, sturgeon, pike-perch, pike, tench, and others.

Rainbow troutProduction of rainbow trout is divided into marine trout (43%) and freshwater trout (57%).

Only Finland, Denmark, and Sweden have hydrological conditions suitable for sea cage systems producing marine trout. Production in Sweden has increased strongly, whereas other countries have maintained stable production levels. Marine trout production has increased because of rising prices for large trout produced in cages, which is driven by globally rising salmon prices.

Production of freshwater trout slowed between 2009 and 2013. Denmark is the largest producer of freshwater trout (21,400 tonnes), followed by Poland (15,500 tonnes) and Germany (9,000 tonnes).

DK28%

DE18%

LV0,6%

LT3,6%

FI6%

PL31%

Freshwateraquacultureproduction

(Volume, 2012)

EE0,2%

SE13%

0

5

10

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20

25

30

35

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0

20

40

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100

120

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DK EE, LV, LT FI DE PL SE

Total value Total volume

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euro

thou

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tonn

es

Total aquaculture production, 2012

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Common carp Various carp species are produced in the region, using mostly extensive technologies. Common carp is the second largest farmed species after rainbow trout. Overall production of common carp in the region decreased between 2009 and 2013. Poland is the main producing country (18,000 tonnes), followed by Germany (5,000 tonnes).

European eelAlthough European eel is produced in limited quantities in every country in the region, Denmark

leads in the production of European eel, using land-based recirculation systems. The recovery plan for European eel stocks, adopted in 2007, requires Member States to define an eel management

plan, which oversees among other aspects, reducing fishing mortality, restocking glass eel, and improving conditions for eel migration.

Blue musselBlue mussel farming is a small, recently-developed segment, both in volume and value. Like seaweed

farming, mussel farming is seen as a potential means to reduce the environmental impact of marine farming. Germany and Denmark are the main producers of blue mussel.

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The countries around the Baltic have a well-developed tradition of fish processing. There is high demand on both domestic and export markets for the sector’s products. The overall gross value added to the output of the region’s processing industry amounts to approximately EUR 1.1 billion. Denmark, Germany, and Poland are the leaders in production value. The sector consists of over 1,100 companies employing approximately 38,000 persons. The main product categories are prepared and preserved fish, frozen fish (whole marine fish and fish fillets), and smoked fish.

Frozen whole marine fishFrozen whole fish is produced by all the countries in the region. Whitefish and pelagics are the main frozen species. Sprat and herring are the most important species in Estonia, with an output of 35,000 tonnes in 2013. In Latvia frozen production of herring, mackerel, and sprat totalled 23,000 tonnes.

PROCESSING

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Frozen fish filletsGermany produces the most frozen fish fillets in the region – 46,000 tonnes in 2013, followed by Poland with 26,300 tonnes. Frozen whitefish fillets (Alaska pollock, cod, etc.) are significant for the fish processing sector in the Baltic Sea region. They are used for products such as fish fingers.

Smoked fishTraditionally, smoked fish is produced in all countries of the Baltic Sea region. In recent years, Poland has become one of the major producers of smoked fish (88,000 tonnes), based primarily on imported Norwegian salmon. Smoked fish output in Germany, Denmark and Lithuania ranges from 17,000 to 22,000 tonnes. Typical products include hot-smoked mackerel, smoked sprat, and hot- and cold-smoked herring.

Prepared and preserved fishGermany has by far the largest fish processing industry in the region. German output of prepared and preserved fish amounted to 337,000 tonnes in 2013. In Poland production of prepared and preserved fish amounted to 190,000 tonnes; herring is the main species. Latvian production of prepared and preserved fish reached 65,000 tonnes of which canned sprats, in particular, “Riga sprats”, are considered one of the country’s specialities. Lithuania is a major producer of surimi products.

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TRADE

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Trade in the Baltic Sea region is characterised by the import of fish as raw materials for further processing, mostly from third countries (extra-EU), and the export of value-added products to EU Member States (intra-EU). In 2014, the total trade flow (extra-EU imports and exports, and intra-EU exports) amounted to about EUR 19 billion and 6 million tonnes. Both trade flows, imports and exports, grew over the period 2009-2014.

Imports from third countries contributed most to the overall growth in trade, increasing 43% in value and 9% in volume, to reach EUR 8 billion and 2.5 million tonnes, respectively, in 2014. Salmon imports increased the most. Other important third-country species include cod, Alaska pollock, and herring.

Baltic Sea countries trade flow, 2014bi

llion

eur

o

0

2

4

6

8

10

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Intra-EU exports Extra-EU importsExtra-EU exports

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CodMost cod products in the region are traded in frozen form, and most originate in third countries (Norway, Russia, etc.). Extra-EU imports of cod to the Baltic Sea countries amounted to EUR 785 million and 221,000 tonnes in 2014 with a clear increasing trend in volume since 2009. The main importers were Sweden, Denmark, and Germany.

Because most cod products are consumed within the EU, extra-EU exports of cod products are negligible. Both value and volume of cod exports from the Baltic Sea countries to other EU Member States increased since 2009. Denmark, Sweden and Germany are the main exporters of cod products.

HerringHistorically herring is one of the most traded species in the Baltic Sea region. The past five years have seen a smaller supply of herring from third countries. Following changing global prices for herring, its import value has decreased 3% since 2009, reaching EUR 176 million in 2014. The main importers were Poland, Denmark, and Germany.

The value of herring exports from Baltic coastal countries to third countries has fluctuated for the past six years, registering an 8% increase over 2009. The leading exporting countries were Estonia and Germany, followed by Latvia and Poland.

Within the EU, the species is supplied chiefly to other European countries as raw material for further processing, and as prepared products for consumption. The intra-EU export value of herring has increased 30% since 2009, reaching EUR 455 million in 2014. Poland was the major exporting country, followed by Denmark and Germany.

Trade highlights by species

mill

ion

euro

Total cod trade, 2014

mill

ion

euro

Total herring trade, 2014

050

100150200250300350400

Extra-EU imports Intra-EU exports

DE DK EE, FI, LV, LT PL SE

020406080

100120140

Extra-EUexports

Extra-EUimports

Intra- EUexports

DE DK EE, FI, LV, LT PL SE

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MackerelMackerel is an important raw material for the processing industry in the Baltic Sea region. Extra-EU imports of mackerel have increased steadily over the past six years. In 2014, mackerel import value doubled from 2009, reaching EUR 50 million.

The value of mackerel exports to third countries also increased, reaching EUR 22 million (up 72% from 2009). Germany is the major exporter (32%), followed by Lithuania.

Intra-EU exports of mackerel grew over 70% from 2009 to 2014, reaching EUR 187 million. Denmark and Germany are the leading exporters.

SalmonFarmed Atlantic salmon from Norway dominates the fish trade in the Baltic Sea region. It is the most imported species from third countries, at 714,000 tonnes and EUR 3.8 billion (2014). Leading importing countries were Sweden and Denmark, which represent the main transit routes for further export of salmon to the EU and other countries. Poland was the fastest growing import market for Norwegian salmon due to the increasing capacity of its processing industry and growing demand for salmon products. The export of salmon products to third countries has doubled in the past six years, and in value terms salmon was the species most exported outside the EU. The main exporting country was Poland, followed by Germany and Denmark.

Salmon is also the most exported species within the EU. In the period 2009-2014, the export value doubled from EUR 2.2 billion to EUR 4.6 billion, and volume increased from 500,000 tonnes to 740,000 tonnes. Sweden is the leading exporter (EUR 2.3 billion), followed by Denmark and Poland.

mill

ion

euro

Total mackerel trade, 2014

mill

ion

euro

Total salmon trade, 2014

0

20

40

60

80

100

Extra-EUexports

Extra-EUimports

Intra-EUexports

DE DK EE, FI, LT, SE LV PL

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Extra-EU imports Intra-EU exports

DE DK EE, FI, LV, LT PL SE

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SpratDuring the past six years, decreasing sprat catches in the Baltic Sea have been reflected in lower sprat exports. In 2014, the extra-EU export value of sprat was EUR 18 million, down 44% compared with 2009. Estonia was the leading sprat-exporting country, accounting for 58% of the export value, followed by Latvia (22%).

Sprat accounts for a large share of intra-EU exports (110,000 tonnes), with Sweden as the major exporter. Germany, Poland and Latvia are other main exporters of sprat products. The value of exports increased 19% in 2014, compared with 2009.

The trade in prepared and preserved sprat is historically significant for countries in the Baltic Sea region. In 2014, the total export value of prepared and preserved sprat products amounted to EUR 92 million, of which over half was attributed to exports by Latvia. Nearly 70% of the prepared and preserved sprat products were exported to extra-EU countries, among which Russia was the largest market.

mill

ion

euro

Prepared and preserved sprat, 2014

05

1015202530354045

Extra-EU exports Intra-EU exports Extra-EU imports

DK, FI, LT, SE DE EE LV PL

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Data sources: EUROSTAT, DG Mare, EUMOFA, STECF

Latvian Presidency of the Council of the European Union

Latvian Ministry of Agriculture

www.zm.gov.lvwww.eurofish.dk www.EU2015.lv


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