FOSS & OER
Prof. dr. Frederik Questier - Vrije Universiteit BrusselFOSS workshop @ Moi University, Kenya, 5-6 feb 2015
This presentation can be found athttp://questier.com
http://www.slideshare.net/Frederik_Questier
Werken met portfolio's04/10/05 | pag. 4
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FLOSS user since 90's / FLOSS-only since 2003Co-founder, former Research & Innovation Director of Chamilo
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My contributionsto this workshop
I. FOSS: what and why?
II. FOSS experiences worldwide
FOSS tools for Academics
III. Strategies for effective use of FOSS in academic environments
IV. Open Content, Open Courseware
V. FOSS and OER, the way forward for Moi University
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PART I
Free Open Source Software:What & Why?
Early software days
➢ In the 1950s and into the 1960s almost all software was produced by computer science academics and corporate researchers working in collaboration.
➢ Source code was generally distributed with the software
➢ IBM “SHARE” user group➢ Digital Equipment Computer Users' Society
(DECUS)
Source code: if encrypt(password) == encryptedpassword, then login=1, end
Compiled code: 00100101110101001100110000111101100011000111000110101
Open Letter to Hobbyists:
“Your sharing is stealing”
Bill Gates, 1976
Monopoly abuse
US justice department 1999:
“Microsoft is a monopolist and
it engaged in massive
anticompetitive practices
that harmed innovation
and limited consumer choice”
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"The most fundamental way of helping other
people,is to teach people
how to do things betteror how to better their
lives.
For peoplewho use computers,this means sharing
the recipesyou use on your
computer,in other words
the programs you run."
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1980's: Stallman defined“Free Software”
The freedom to
➢ use
➢ study
➢ distribute
➢ improve
the program
Free Software Licenses
➢ The freedoms are guaranteed and enforced by licenses, e.g.
➢ GNU GPL (General Public License)➢ The 4 freedoms + copyleft (share alike)➢ if binary offered, source code must be offered too
➢ (on request, at low cost)➢ must stay GPL.
➢ BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)➢ Attribution➢ No copyleft requirements for distribution➢ BSD code often in closed source software (MS, Mac, ...)
➢ Apple Public Source License v2
1998: “Open Source” sounds better than “Free Software”?
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The software Freedomsrequire access to the source code
→ “Open Source Software” (OSS)
Free Open Source Software (FOSS)Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS)
Source code: if encrypt(password) == encryptedpassword, then login=1, end
Compiled code: 001001011101010011001100001111011000110001110001101
Different kinds of software➢ Without software Freedoms – without source code
➢ Proprietary software (closed source – 'commercial')➢ $$$
➢ Shareware➢ trial versions: x days for free, afterwards $
➢ Adware➢ for free, with ads
➢ Freeware➢ for free (mostly small projects and often spyware!)
➢ With software freedoms – with source code
➢ Free Software / Open Source Software➢ Free as in Freedom, not as in free beer
1991 comp sci student
Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp.os.minix.":
“I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.”
6117 persons, 659 companieshave contributed to Linux kernel
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Linus Torvalds
“Making Linux GPL'dwas definitelythe best thing I ever did.”
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“Open Source ... it's just a superior way of working together and generating code.”
“Like science, Open Source allows people to build on a solid base of previous knowledge, without some silly hiding.”
“you can obviously never do as well in a closed environment as you can with open scientific methods.”
Linus Torvalds (2007-03-19). The Torvalds Transcript: Why I 'Absolutely Love' GPL Version 2.
"Congratulations, you're on the winning team.Linux has crossed the chasm to mainstream adoption."
➢ Jeffrey Hammond, principal analyst at Forrester Research, LinuxCon, 2010
“Linux has come to dominate almost every category of computing, with the exception of the desktop”
➢ Jim Zemlin, Linux Foundation Executive Director, 2011
“Linux is the benchmark of Quality”➢ Coverity Report 2012
Linux powers 92% of the top 500 Super Computers
Android, a mobile version of Linux,has overall largest market share
Android
Top 20 of 301 Linux Distributions tracked by distrowatch.com
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Browser wars
FLOSS browsers dominate!
Most used web browser by countryJune 2013, according to Statcounter
Most used web browser by countryJune 2014, according to Statcounter
➢ Compatible with MS Office
➢ Cross-platform (Win, Linux, Mac, ...)
➢ Open document Format (ODF)
➢ XML based, OASIS & ISO standard➢ PDF & Flash export
➢ Bibliographic manager
OpenOffice history and forks
Werken met portfolio's04/10/05 | pag. 39
Build and Manage
a Community?
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DevelopmentLinus Torvalds' style
Release early and often
Delegate everything you can
Be open to the point of promiscuity
Linus' Law"given enough eyeballs,all bugs are shallow."
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Book published underOpen Publication License
19 lessons for open source development
Commercial development= Cathedral style
Open Source development= Bazaar style
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The Cathedral and the Bazaarabout developers
1. Every good work of softwarestarts by scratching a developer's personal itch.
2. Good programmers know what to write.Great ones know what to rewrite (and reuse).
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The Cathedral and the Bazaarabout users
6. Treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle route to rapid code improvement and effective debugging.
7. Release early. Release often. And listen to your customers.
8. Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base,almost every problem will be characterized quicklyand the fix obvious to someone.
11. The next best thing to having good ideas is recognizing good ideas from your users. Sometimes the latter is better.
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The Cathedral and the Bazaarabout development
17. A security system is only as secure as its secret.Beware of pseudo-secrets.
18. To solve an interesting problem,start by finding a problem that is interesting to you.
19. Provided the development coordinatorhas a medium at least as good as the Internet,and knows how to lead without coercion,many heads are inevitably better than one.
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What does the competition say?
➢ Microsoft:
➢ “Linux is a cancer” (Steve Ballmer, CEO)➢ “Windows (Total Cost of Ownership) is cheaper than Linux”➢ “Linux violates at least 228 patents”➢ “GPL is viral”
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What does the competition REALLY think?
➢ We get a good idea about what they really think from their “Halloween documents”, which comprise a series of confidential Microsoft memoranda on potential strategies relating to free software, open-source software, and to Linux in particular.
“Halloween Document I” (1998)Microsoft confidential memo:
➢ “OSS poses a direct, short-term revenue and platform threat to Microsoft, particularly in server space.”
➢ “Additionally, the intrinsic parallelism and free idea exchange in OSS has benefits that are not replicable with our current licensing model and therefore present a long term developer mindshare threat.”
➢ FUD tactics can not be used to combat it.
“Halloween Document I” (1998)Microsoft confidential memo:
➢ “Recent case studies (the Internet) provide very dramatic evidence ... that commercial quality can be achieved / exceeded by OSS projects.”
➢ “Linux and other OSS advocates are making a progressively more credible argument that OSS software is at least as robust -- if not more -- than commercial alternatives. The Internet provides an ideal, high-visibility showcase for the OSS world.”
➢ “OSS is long-term credible”
“Halloween Document II” (1998)Microsoft confidential memo:
➢ “Linux represents a best-of-breed UNIX, that is trusted in mission critical applications, and - due to it's open source code - has a long term credibility which exceeds many other competitive OS's.”
➢ “Most of the primary apps that people require when they move to Linux are already available for free. This includes web servers, POP clients, mail servers, text editors, etc”
➢ “Consumers Love It.”➢ “The effect of patents and copyright in combatting
Linux remains to be investigated.”
“Halloween Document VII” (2002)Microsoft confidential survey results:
➢ 81% were at least 'somewhat' familiar with OSS
➢ 78% of those had a favorable impression of OSS
➢ 77% were at least 'somewhat' familiar with Linux
➢ 86% of those had a favorable impression of Linux
➢ most compelling reasons to support OSS:➢ 40%: “Low total cost of ownership”➢ 34%: “Alternative to Microsoft”
“Halloween Document VIII” (2002)Microsoft confidential memo:
➢ Microsoft tries to develop an emergency-response team to cope with Linux conversion announcements
“Halloween Document X” (2004)Microsoft confidential memo:
➢ Shows how Microsoft gave money under the table to SCO to attack Linux with copyright claims.
➢ 2007 & 2010: court ruled that Novell, not SCO, is the rightful owner of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system.
➢ Novell announced "We don't believe there is Unix in Linux"
Werken met portfolio's04/10/05 | pag. 55
Why use FLOSS?
Assignment
➢ Why would you use FLOSS?➢ As an individual?➢ As an institution?
Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 40
2
4
6
8
10
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Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Our social responsibility:how open is the future?
➢ "Africa can bridge the digital divide
➢ by adopting open source➢ thus narrowing the effect of techno-colonialism"
➢ “Need for technology
➢ that is controlled by local communities➢ and not by foreign companies,
➢ that is public property➢ and empowers people to be self-reliant”
Stay in control!
If you don't control the program,the program controls you!
Why?
Would you accepttools with these rules?
➢ You are forbidden to
➢ modify this paper-clip
➢ let other people use your hammer➢ use this hammer for removing nails
➢ tell others what is written in this book
Why do you accept such rules for software tools?
➢ You are forbidden to
➢ copy➢ reverse engineer➢ modify➢ use in certain circumstances➢ use in certain countries➢ ...
Stay secure!
You can't trust softwareif its source code is hidden
Why?
➢ From the European Parliament investigation into the Echelon system (05/18/2001):
“If security is to be taken seriously, only those operating systems should be used whose source code has been published and checked, since only then can it be determined with certainty what happens to the data.”
➢ Cryptographer, computer security expert Bruce Schneier:
“Secrecy and security aren't the same, even though it may seem that way. Only bad security relies on secrecy; good security works even if all the details of it are public."
“If researchers don’t go public, things don’t get fixed. Companies don't see it as a security problem; they see it as a PR problem.”
“Demand open source code for anything related to security”
The Borland Interbase example
➢ 1992-1994: Borland inserted intentional back door into Interbase (closed source database server) allowing local or remote users root access to the machine
➢ 07/2000: Borland releases source code (→ Firebird)
➢ 12/2000: Back door is discovered
Avoid:data lock in
vendor lock in
Improve interoperability
Why?
Secret data formatsSecret protocols
➢ Vendor and data lock-in
➢ (changes) force us/others to buy (and buy again)➢ → viral➢ vendors don't want us to talk together or to share data➢ vendors want us to use buy their products➢ no free competition➢ no guarantee eternal access
The (Unix) philosophy ofconnectable and reusable
modular components
→ best modules are most reused→ get most feedback
→ survival of the fittest→ quality
Why?
Modularity and lightweight solutionsallow to use small or old devices
Why?
Easy localization and customization
Why?
FLOSS tools aremost often cross-platform
Why?
FLOSS tools aremost often cross-platform
CPU architectures supported by
➢ Microsoft Windows➢ x86, ARM
➢ Linux➢ Alpha, Blackfin, ARM, Atmel AVR32, Axis Communications' ETRAX
CRIS, Texas Instruments TMS320, 68k, Fujitsu FR-V, Qualcomm Hexagon, HP PA-RISC, H8, IBM System/390, IBM Z/Architecture, IA-64, x86, M32R from Mitsubishi, Microblaze from Xilinx, MIPS, MN103 from Panasonic Corporation, OpenRISC, Power Architecture, SPARC, UltraSPARC, SuperH, Synopsys DesignWare ARC cores, S+core, Tilera, Xtensa from Tensilica, UniCore32, ColdFire
Why?
FLOSS tools aremost often cross-platform
Operating systems supported by
➢ Microsoft Internet Explorer➢ Windows
➢ Mozilla Firefox➢ Linux, Android, Firefox OS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD,
(Maemo/Meego), OpenIndiana, OpenSolaris, webOS, Darwin, Solaris, webOS, HP-UX, Risc OS, SkyOS, AmigaOS 4, OS X, Windows, (iOS)
Why?
Fun
Learning
Why?
Study on the Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006, R.A. Ghosh, UNU-MERIT, NL. et al., 287 pp.
Study on the Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU, 2006, R.A. Ghosh, UNU-MERIT, NL. et al., 287 pp.
Possibility to involve students
Why?
Reduce costs
Why?
Free license = eternal !
Avoid:
License management burdenLicense compliance issues
“Piracy”
Why?
Save energy!
Don't use personal operating systemsin multi-user environments
Why?
Esperenza Computer Classroom with software sponsored by Microsoft
1 computer per user?
One (library catalog) computer per user?
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Free yourselfFree yourselffrom dogmas!from dogmas!
(K12)LTSPLinux Terminal Server Project
Networked classroomsFat server
runs the applicationsThin clients
visualize the applicationsneed no hard diskcan be 15 years old PC's
Business opportunities
Why?
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"Seven open source business strategies for competitive advantage”John Koenig, IT Manager's Journal, 2004
“Companies continue to waste their development dollars on software functionality that is otherwise free and available through Open Source. They persist in buying third-party proprietary platforms or creating their own proprietary development platforms that deliver marginal product differentiation and limited value to customers”
Picture reproduced with permission
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Success in FLOSS requires you to serve➢ those who spend time to save money➢ those who spend money to save time -- Mårten Mickos, CEO MySQL
Software freedom allows you to tap into innovation power and network effects
otherwise not availableMårten Mickos, CEO MySQL
Better supportSupport is often core
of the FOSS business model+ fair competition of service providers
Easier troubleshootingBecause of transparency
Why?
Assignments
In your institution...➢ how much money is spent yearly on software
licensing?➢ how much effort (FTE) is put into license
management?➢ how much unlicensed software is in use?➢ which proprietary software is still in use?
What is the FLOSS policy of your country, institution, …?
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PART II
FOSS experiences worldwide FOSS tools for Academics
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>430000 FLOSS projectson one development site
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ServersInternet / Institution
➢ Operating systems: Linux, BSD, OpenSolaris, ...
➢ Domain Name Resolving: BIND
➢ Web server: Apache
➢ Mail: Sendmail, Postfix, Cyrus, Exim
➢ CMS: Drupal, Joomla, Wordpress
➢ E-learning: Moodle, Chamilo, Dokeos, Chisimba
➢ Helpdesk: Open Ticket Request System, RT
➢ ERP: Compière, SugarCRM, (Chisimba)
➢ Library: ABCD, Greenstone, Koha, Evergreen
➢ Institutional repository: Greenstone, Dspace, Eprints, Fedora
➢ ...
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Belgium
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➢ Free software in education.
➢ Published by Flemish ministry of education, under a free license.
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My personal experience
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1998: how it started
➢ In a Belgian University➢ many people were frustrated
by the inflexible, non-free elearning systems
they had to use
➢ Prof. dr. Thomas Depraetere➢ starts the Claroline e-learning platform➢ publishes it as Free Software➢ got grants for it
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2004: fork 1original author wants to break free➢ Growing number of users
➢ outside the university➢ requesting professional services
➢ Prof. dr. Thomas Depraetere➢ starts a company, Dokeos➢ can't call it Claroline, cause university has trademark➢ can reuse software code, as it is Free !!!
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2010: fork 2the community wants to break free
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Automated Chamilo analysisby Ohloh.net
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Drupal meetingAntwerp 2005
Drupalcon DC 2009
DrupalContent Management Platform
➢ Powers 2% of websites➢ USA White House, MTV UK, Sony Music, Al Jazeera, ...
➢ >2000 themes➢ >30000 modules➢ >37000 developers➢ >1.2M registered users on drupal.org➢ 2M/month unique visitors on drupal.org
➢ Commercial Open Source company
➢ Founded 2007
➢ $118.5 million venture capital
➢ 3800 enterprise customers
➢ 500 employees
➢ Fastest Growing Private Technology Company in North America, 2013
Belgian FLOSS repository
VUB/ULB HydraHigh Performance Compute Server
➢ ~1200 CPU cores, 8960 GB RAM
➢ Linux
➢ Open MPI
➢ Perl, Python, Ruby, GCC, Java, Fortran, Erlang
➢ R, PETSc, AUTO
➢ NWChem, Octupus, AIMPAC, NCI Plot
➢ NCBI Blast, PyNAST, FastTree, RDP Classifier, cdhit, GATK, NAMD, Garli, mothur, Genovo, NAMD, SAMtools
➢ GMT, CDO, Ferret, OpenFOAM, Geant
➢ Gnuplot, Pbrt, pfstools, Texlive
➢ ...
➢ 28 question types
➢ Roles: admin, researchers, respondents
➢ Anonymous or with a token
➢ Simple analysis or export
➢ Opportunity: survey.mu.ac.ke
➢ Service for researchers and thesis students➢ Avoid predatory commercial offerings!
Regional example: Extremadura➢ poorly developed region → economic revival
➢ based on FLOSS (customized GNU/LinEx)➢ computer access for every student
➢ saved >18M € on initial 80,000 school computers➢ total software cost: 1.08 Euro/PC/year
➢ bigger project➢ stimuli for companies, centres for citizens
➢ economic revival -> European regional innovation award
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PART III
Strategies for effective use of FOSSin academic environments
Reports on assignments
In your institution...➢ how much money is spent yearly on software
licensing?➢ how much effort (FTE) is put into license
management?➢ how much unlicensed software is in use?➢ which proprietary software is still in use?
What is the FLOSS policy of your country, institution, …?
Why are you not using(only) FLOSS?
Perceived barriers?
➢ Following the herd?
Perceived barriers?
pre-installation of non-free software
Perceived barriers?
➢ Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt about➢ features?➢ quality?➢ sustainability?➢ support?➢ requirement to participate in
the community?
Perceived barriers?
➢ anti-competitive behaviour➢ monopoly abuse➢ secret formats➢ secret protocols➢ data and vendor lock-ins
Perceived barriers?
➢ transition costs➢ limited in house expertise➢ plethora of choice?
When people can't judge the quality of something,they look at the price,
because they expect price and quality to be correlated
Perceived barriers?
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What is infuencing
FLOSS useby school staf?
Context
➢ Belgian education is organized by communities
➢ Flanders: Flemish community / ministry of education
➢ Schools & teachers select software
➢ Government supports
➢ ICT coordinators
➢ FLOSS guide book
➢ Few FLOSS trainings
➢ Microsoft contract
Research methodology
➢ Interviews
➢ Model conceptualization
➢ Pilot survey
➢ Web based survey
➢ Model validation
Basis for conceptual model
➢ Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology ➢ Theory of Reasoned Action➢ Technology Acceptance Model➢ Motivational Model➢ Theory of Planned Behaviour➢ Combined TAM & TPB➢ Model of PC Utilization➢ Innovation Diffusion Theory➢ Social Cognitive Theory
➢ Innovation diffusion Model
innovation diffusion model
➢ Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th edition). New York, NY: Free Press
UTAUT model
Our conceptual model
Validated acceptance model for Free Software in (Flemish) schools
Do you think it is desirableto use FLOSS in education?
Which free softwaredo you use at school?
Which free/non-free softwaredo you use at school?
What is your motivationto use Free Software?
What is holding back theadoption of FLOSS in your school?
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Conclusionsof the study
➢ FLOSS is being used, but not as a routine➢ Lack of knowledge➢ Misconceptions➢ (Perceived) barriers➢ Support needed!
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Recommendationsof the study
➢ For (teacher education) schools➢ Develop FLOSS vision, plan, expertise➢ Teach students how to share
➢ For government and managing structures ➢ Give central role to ICT-coordinators➢ Create an expertise network➢ Improve FLOSS information➢ Define a FLOSS policy
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Strategies for migration
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0. Allow innovators &early adopters to use FLOSS
➢ Replace any institutional software incompatible with FLOSS.
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1. Organize yourself
➢ Institutional FLOSS expertise center?➢ Interuniversity FLOSS expertise center?➢ FLOSS user group?➢ ...
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2. Create awareness
➢ Involve all stakeholders➢ Including
➢ highest management➢ teachers➢ students
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3. Expertise & capacity building
➢ Resources for experimentation & innovation
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4. Provide support & sustainability
➢ Offer➢ FLOSS repository➢ local downloads of recommended FLOSS?
➢ Caveat: updates➢ documentation➢ training
→ certification
5. Establish institutionalFLOSS policies
➢ Purchasing policies➢ FLOSS, except if no good alternative➢ Ask
➢ argumentation➢ which alternatives considered
➢ Build or buy?➢ Open standards➢ Open courseware➢ Free & Open Licenses
My proposal of VLIR-UOS software policy(not approved yet)
➢ VLIR-UOS wants to encourage the use of Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) in the South partner institutions.
➢ VLIR-UOS will only support the implementation and training of FLOSS, unless proprietary software is demonstrated to be significantly superior and necessary for the required tasks. Whenever VLIR-UOS funds are used for proprietary software, reasons must be provided (including a list of FLOSS alternatives considered) and approved by [the ICT/OLL expert group or the VLIR-UOS FLOSS Advisory Board].
My proposal of VLIR-UOS software policy(not approved yet)
➢ In the case VLIR-UOS funded hardware for South partner institutions comes with proprietary software pre-installed, it must be demonstrated that the maximum is done to convince the manufacturer or supplier to only deliver FLOSS. Suppliers that are willing to provide hardware with FLOSS are to be preferred above those that don't.
➢ Software developed with VLIR-UOS funds must be published under a FLOSS license, where possible, in order to maximize its usefulness for other developing countries.
➢ VLIR-UOS advises new IUC programmes to include a work package around FLOSS awareness creation, expertise building, policy definition, training, support and implementation.
How to handlethe plethora of choice?
➢ define requirements
➢ indicators of high quality & sustainability
➢ mature, stable software?➢ active community?➢ recent releases?➢ availability of support & documentation?
➢ need / possibility to change the code?
➢ need / possibility to participate in the community?
When to migrate?
➢ Time transitions➢ at the end of existing contracts➢ at hardware / software upgrade times
➢ Consider migrating in phases
1. servers
2. desktop applications
→ multi-platform
→ web-based
3. desktop OS
Key success factorsfor migration & implementation
➢ Resources to experiment
➢ An evidence-based choice
➢ Involvement of both technical and non-technical users in the selection process
➢ Choice for a new system which is in all aspects at least as good and easy as the previous one
➢ Reporting detailed migration plan to management and get their approval and support
➢ In-house expertise with open source software and communities
➢ Contact with the developers and users community
➢ Constant communication with all stakeholders
Advantages of being acontributing community member
➢ Co-decide the direction of development
➢ Create extensions
➢ user requested➢ research driven innovation
➢ More contacts with other educational institutions
➢ Programming projects for students
➢ Better knowledge of the system
➢ Better trouble solving
➢ Possibilities for grants
The open way
➢ avoid local customization without➢ contributing back➢ participating in the community
➢ establish an 'open source culture' of re-use, collaboration and sharing➢ Provide FLOSS repositories / CDs
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PART IV
Open ContentOpen Courseware
Open educational resources (OER)
digitised materialsoffered freely and openly
for educators, students and self-learnersto use and reuse
for teaching, learning and research
Believing that OER can
widen access to quality education,
particularly when shared by many countries
and higher education institutions,
UNESCO champions OER
as a means of promoting access, equity and quality
in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Creative Commons
➢ www.creativecommons.org
➢ 6 combinations of➢ Commercial – no commercial use allowed➢ Modifications – no modifications allowed➢ Sharealike – not sharealike
Share what you want,keep what you want
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These generic repositories in Chamilo 2.0 are nice
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Specialized learning object repositories are nicer!
S. Ternier et al., Interoperability for Searching Learning Object Repositories: The ProLearn Query Language, D-Lib Magazine, 2008, Volume 14 Number 1/2, doi:10.1045/january2008-ceri
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Let's avoid the empty box
feeling!
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Content is King ?
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How can wemake the bestof our content?
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Content must be
Searchable
Accessible
Interoperable
Durable
Reusable
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How?
Interoperability through standards
Searchable through metadata
Stored inLearning Object Repositories (LOR)
OER Barriers?➢ Barriers for usage
➢ Lack of awareness➢ Bandwith in developing countries➢ Not enough OER yet➢ Hard to localize
➢ Barriers for production
➢ Teachers attitude➢ Skills➢ Copyright➢ Limitations of LMS? (limited licenses fields, access control)➢ Funding➢ Institutional copyright policy
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PART V
FOSS and OER,the way forward for Moi University
Nominal group techniqueWhat should MU do about FLOSS & OER?
1.Silent generation of ideas
2.Sharing ideas
3.Discussion
for clarification of ideas if needed
4.Voting (1, 2, 3)
5.Ranking
Results for Moi UniversityVotes Ideas
54 Increase awareness & trainings on FLOSS & OER
30 Develop FLOSS & OER & OA policies
19 Create a FLOSS community/taskforce/incubation center
10 Get support/funding from management for FLOSS adoption & implementation
9 Engage (staff & students of all departments & schools) in FLOSS projects
9 Establish a data center
8 Acquire & install FLOSS & OER
7 FLOSS repository on intranet
6 Motivate scholars & teachers to publish as Open Access or OER
5 Annual FLOSS & OER events
5 Review of the curriculum in comp sci
4 Perform FLOSS survey & promote FLOSS research
2 Incentives for MU FLOSS & OER champions
0 Strengthen the (comp sci) student club
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Frederik AT Questier.com
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www.diigo.com/user/frederikquestier
www.slideshare.net/Frederik_Questier
Credits➢ Photo Linus Torvalds: GFDL. Permission of Martin Streicher, Editor-in-Chief,
LINUXMAG.com
➢ Picture (open source business strategies) from IT Manager's Journal, may 2004, with personal permission from John Koenig
➢ Screenshot http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/
➢ Cartoon Open Source Fish by openssoft
➢ T-Shirt “Best things are life are free” by http://zazzle.com
➢ Drupalcon DC 2009 copyright by “Chris” (Flickr)
➢ Screenshot Acquia
➢ Internet map by The Opte Project, CC-by
➢ Open arrow, CC-by-nd by ChuckCoker
➢ Share matches CC-by-nc-nd by Josh Harper
➢ Question mark CC-by by Stefan Baudy
➢ Social Icons by Iconshock http://www.iconshock.com/social-icons/
➢
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minimal size: 100px width
select an area covering the marks to export the 100px bitmap
For larger sizes export the page and scale it appropriately.
The background consists of a white rectangle with opacity=0. If you want to select it, switch to layer "Background" and use [TAB] until you get the object you want to select.
The trademark symbol is part of a dedicated layer. Turn it visible/invisible depending on your needs.
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