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FRENCH &

INDIAN WAR

FRENCH & INDIAN WARKING WILLIAM’S WAR, 1689-1697

QUEEN ANNE’S WAR, 1702-1713

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

RESULTS BRITAIN GAINS

NOVA SCOTIA

NEWFOUNDLAND

HUDSON’S BAY

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

BACKGROUND

RIVALRY BETWEEN ENGLAND & FRANCE

FRENCH & INDIAN WARENGLISH ADVANTAGES

ENGLISH COLONISTS OUTNUMBER FRENCH 20-1

ENGLAND CONTROLS THE SEAS

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

OUTBREAK MAJOR GEORGE WASHINGTON ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE, 1754

George Washington

by Peale

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

OUTBREAK WASHINGTON IS DEFEATED & CAPTURED

FRENCH & INDIAN WARESCALATION BRITISH GENERAL BRADDOCK ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE, 1755

1,500 BRITISH AND COLONIAL TROOPS ARE DEFEATED BY 850 FRENCH AND INDIANS BRADDOCK IS DEFEATED & KILLED

“Braddock’s Defeat” by Alonzo Chappel

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

WAR IS DECLARED, 1756

BRITISH ARMY CONTINUES TO LOSE

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR WILLIAM PITT BECOMES WAR MINISTER IN 1758 & TURNS THE TIDE

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR KEY BATTLE

LOUISBURG IS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH, 1758

FORT DUQUESNE IS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH, 1758

“Washington raises the British flag at Fort Duquesne.”

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR DECISIVE BATTLE

BRITISH GENERAL WOLFE DEFEATS FRENCH UNDER GENERAL MONTCALM AT QUEBEC, 1759

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR TREATY OF PARIS, 1763

END OF FRENCH EMPIRE IN NORTH AMERICA

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY


PROCLAMATION OF 1763

THE INDIAN LEADER PONTIAC LEADS A REBELLION AGAINST THE BRITISH COLONISTS IN 1763



THE BRITISH DEFEAT THE REBELLION, BUT DO NOT WANT TO FIGHT ANOTHER WAR



TO AVOID CONTACT BETWEEN THE COLONISTS & THE INDIANS, THE BRITISH ORDER AN END TO ALL SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYPROCLAMATION OF 1763 THE COLONISTS PROTEST

THE PROCLAMATION DEPRIVES AMERICANS OF LAND

INTERFERES WITH CHARTER RIGHTS

LAND SPECULATORS


STRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE LAWS SELECTION OF GEORGE GRENVILLE AS MINISTER OF FINANCE

REQUIRED CUSTOMS OFFICERS TO GO TO AMERICA


STRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE LAWS ISSUED WRITS OF ASSISTANCE

TRIALS HELD IN ADMIRALTY COURTS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES THE SUGAR ACT, 1764

LOWER RATES THAN THE MOLASSES ACT, 1733

STRICTER ENFORCEMENT

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES THE STAMP ACT, 1765

DIRECT TAX

FROM ONE CENT TO TEN DOLLARS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES THE STAMP ACT, 1765

PROTESTBOYCOTT

NONIMPORTATION AGREEMENTS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHREATS TO COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

10,000 REDCOATS SENT TO AMERICA FOR OUR “PROTECTION”

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY REDCOATS

POSTED IN TOWNS, NOT ON FRONTIER

STRENGTHENED COLONIAL GOVERNORS

FRIGHTENED LEGISLATURES

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHREATS TO COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

ROYAL GOVERNORS & OTHER OFFICIALS TO BE PAID BY THE BRITISH, NOT BY THE LEGISLATURES

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYDISOBEDIENCE OF BRITISH LAWS REVENUE LAWS DISOBEYED; SMUGGLING CONTINUED

QUARTERING ACT, 1765, DISOBEYED

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 DISOBEYED

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYQUESTION OF REPRESENTATION

PATRICK HENRY, VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES, 1765, “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”

PatrickHenry

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYQUESTION OF REPRESENTATION VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION: HOUSE OF COMMONS WAS PLEDGED TO REPRESENT EVERY PERSON IN THE EMPIRE

AMERICANS BELIEVED IN DIRECT REPRESENTATION

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHE STAMP ACT CONGRESS DELEGATES FROM NINE COLONIES SENT DELEGATES TO NEW YORK, 1765

OTHERS SENT MESSAGES OF SUPPORT

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHE STAMP ACT CONGRESS

ORGANIZED A BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS

Patriots burn

stamps in Boston.

“A Tory stamp

agent is strung up

by the seat of his

pants.”

“Boston’s Sons of Liberty . . . Ransack the house of Thomas Hutchinson.”


Sons of Liberty After assault on Hutchinson’s

mansion Sons of Liberty formed to prevent violence on that level.

Late 1765 stamp distributors had resigned or fled


Elites moved to take over Sons of Liberty groupsElites feared the situation was getting out of handBoycott continues / previously colonies had purchased 40% of all British goods

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYRockingham succeeded Grenville as Prime MinisterMember of the House of Commons William Pitt supported the repeal of the Stamp ActStamp Act Repealed March 1766


Declaratory Act Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”Interpreted as in reference to Ireland (1719) in which Ireland was exempt from all British Taxes.Stamp Act ended in fundamental disagreement.


Colonists question imperial relationshipThe educated turn to philosophers, historians and political writers. (Locke)Educated and uneducated turn to religion

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYLocke – “Natural Rights”, life, liberty,

and property-”social contract” – government

protects individual rights- If government breaks contract

people have right to overturn government

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY“Republicans” – admired a sense of

civic duty-free people had to avoid moral and

political corruption and practice disinterested “public virtue”

-elected leaders would command obedience “more by the virtue of the people, than by the terror of his power.

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY“oppositionists” – English political writers

including: John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon

- Since 1720 prime ministers had exploited the treasury’s vast resources to provide pensions, contracts, and profitable offices to politicians or buy voters

- Most members of Parliament no longer represented the true interests of their constituents

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYProtestant clergymen preached

sermons to gain support for the cause “..stand up for God and liberty.”

-Clergy men had an enormous influence on the people

-Far more people heard sermons than read the paper

-Community leader proclaimed days of fasting and public humiliation


August 1767 – George III dismissed Rockingham and placed William Pitt as Prime Minister.Pitt was against taxing the colonies, but was in poor healthLeadership passed to Chancellor of the Exchequer (treasurer) Charles Townshend


1765 Conflict in New York Quartering Act requires payment of some

of the needs of British soldiers by local colonists

Candles, window panes, mattress straw, polish, and small liquor ration

Reinforced the presence of the British Army

Seen as tyranny George III threatened to nullify all colonial

laws in NY if they did not comply (pay)


NEW TAXESHouse of Commons (landed gentry) cut own taxes 25%Townshend proposes laws to increase colonial revenueUse oversight in their arguments against the Stamp Act (no internal taxes)

THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, 1767IMPORT DUTIES ON TEA, PAPER, GLASS, & PAINT


NEW TAXESTownshend did not heed Greenville’s warningColonists opposed taxes because they taxed only to gain revenue

Not to regulate trade


NEW TAXESTownshend’s 2nd motiveProduce revenue to pay royal governors

Freeing governors from colonial legislative control

The Revenue Act would tip the balance of power to royal control


NEW TAXESReaction to Townhend ActWeak until Dickenson publishes“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”Legality of an external tax depends on its intent (arguments similar to Stamp Act and Revenue Act)


NEW TAXESReaction to Townhend Act & Revenue Act Samuel Adams drafts a “circular letter”Condemning both taxation w/out representation and the threat to self-governance posed by Parliament’s making governors and other royal officials financially independent of colonial legislature.


NEW TAXESReaction to Townhend Act & Revenue Act Samuel Adams’ letters were perceived by the British as rebellion

Hillsborough demanded the letters be disowned

“Save your money and Save your country!”


THE BOSTON MASSACRE MARCH 5, 1770

The Boston Massacr

e

by

Paul Revere

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES ALL THE TOWNSHEND ACT TAXES REPEALED IN APRIL 1770, ONE MONTH AFTER THE BOSTON MASSACRE, EXCEPT THE TEA TAX

THE PRIME MINISTER, LORD NORTH, KEPT THE TAX ON TEA TO DEMONSTRATE PARLIAMENT’S “RIGHT TO GOVERN THE COLONIES”

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Non-importation agreement movement

collapses – July 1770 Colonists continue boycott of British

tea Revenue from tea limited to 1/6 the

level originally expected Far to little revenue to pay Royal

Governors Smuggling charges against Hancock

were finally dropped

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Committees of Correspondence, 1772-

1773Intention of North to free Royal Governors of

legislative domination as a fundamental threat to representative government

Samuel Adams persuades every Mass. Community to appoint persons to be responsible for exchanging information and coordinating measures to defend colonial rights

260 towns

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Committees of Correspondence, 1772-1773March 1773 Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Richard Henry Lee (Virginia)

1774 a communication web linked colonial leaders for the first time since 1766

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Backcountry Tensions

Proclamation of 1763Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)Lord Dunmore’s WarBattle of Alamance Creek May 16, 1771

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Tea Act of 1773

1773 tons of British East India Co. tea rotting in warehouses

Bankruptcy near – Lord North tries to save co.

Tea Act removed all remaining import duties on tea entering England

Tea could be sold directly to consumers (not through wholesalers)

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXES Tea Act of 1773

Colonists saw the Act as a threat to liberty

The money from the tea would pay Royal Governors

Tried to pressure the co. agents to refuse acceptance of the tea or by interfering with the ships at sea

No landing- “Committee for Tarring and Feathering” gave warnings to ships

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHE BOSTON TEA PARTY DECEMBER 16, 1773

The Boston Tea Party

Toward IndependenceJames Somerset -1772 –court decision in England Mass. Slave taken to England by master

sued for freedom and won Lord Chief Justice William Mansfield ruled

that Parliament had never explicitly established slavery

1775 – Virginia’s governor, Lord Dunmore, Freedom to any slave enlisted for England

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS


PARLIAMENT PASSES THE COERCIVE ACTS

INTENDED TO PUNISH MASSACHUSETTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY


PARLIAMENT PASSES THE COERCIVE ACTS Boston Port Bill – April 1, 1774

Close port unless tea is paid for Mass. Gov’t Act – reconstructed the gov’t to make it less democratic

Murder Act Quartering Act


PARLIAMENT PASSES THE COERCIVE ACTS Quebec Act – intended to cement

loyalty to Britain among conquered French –Canadian Catholics

Established Roman Catholicism As official religion in Quebec

Disputes settled in French law – no juries

Land in the Ohio River and west to Mississippi


COERCIVE ACTS

GIVE THE 13 COLONIES A REASON TO UNITE


COLONIES SEND 56 DELEGATES TO THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1774

ONLY GEORGIA IS NOT REPRESENTED

George Washington, Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry

byClyde Deland


PETITIONS KING FOR RELIEF FROM THE COERCIVE (INTOLERABLE) ACTS


Suffolk Resolves – vows no obedience to any of the Coercive Acts, provisional government should collect all taxes until the former Mass charter was restored, and defensive action should be taken in the event of attack by Br. VOWS BOYCOTT UNTIL COERCIVE ACTS ARE REPEALED

Enforced by local groups “observation” and “safety”


PASSES DECLARATION OF RIGHTS & GRIEVANCES


By the spring of 1775 colonial patriots had established provincial “congresses” that paralleled existing colonial assemblies headed by Royal Governors

THE FINAL BREAK

THE FINAL BREAKCOLONIES ORGANIZE MILITARILY IN NEW ENGLAND, “MINUTEMEN” TRAIN

IN THE SOUTH, PLANTERS RECRUIT & EQUIP SOLDIERS

The militia is called to duty.

LEXINGTON

THE FINAL BREAKLEXINGTON

BRITISH ARMY UNDER GENERAL THOMAS GAGE OCCUPIES BOSTON, 1774


700 BRITISH SOLDIERS MARCH TO DESTROY COLONISTS’ MILITARY SUPPLIES, APRIL 19, 1775


SONS OF LIBERTY SEND PAUL REVERE, WILLIAM DAWES, & SAMUEL PRESCOTT TO ALERT MINUTEMEN


70 MINUTEMEN ASSEMBLE AT LEXINGTON


COLONISTS ARE ORDERED TO DISPERSE


GUNFIRE BREAKS OUT; COLONISTS FLEE

CONCORD

THE FINAL BREAKCONCORDBRITISH MARCH TO CONCORD & BURN FEW REMAINING SUPPLIES

BRITISH BEGIN RETURN MARCH TO BOSTON

MINUTEMEN AMBUSH BRITISH

THE FINAL BREAKCONCORD

BRITISH BRIGADE RESCUES ORIGINAL BRITISH COLUMN

250 BRITISH & 100 AMERICANS KILLED OR WOUNDED

THE FINAL BREAK

COLONISTS MOBILIZE AND THEN MARCH ON & BESIEGE BOSTON

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

THE FINAL BREAKBATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

BRITISH LAUNCH FRONTAL ATTACK ON AMERICAN POSITION ON BREED’S HILL, JUNE 17, 1775


AMERICANS DEFEAT TWO ATTACKS, BUT RUN OUT OF AMMUNITION


BRITISH SUFFER 40 PERCENT CASUALTIES


AMERICAN MORAL VICTORY

The Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS


The Olive Branch Petition Presented three demands:

A cease-fire at Boston Repeal of the Coercive Acts Negotiations to establish guarantees of

American rights News of Breed’s and Bunker Hill

reached London with the Petition


POLITICAL ACTIONSMEETS IN PHILADELPHIA, MAY 10, 1775

ASSUMES POWERS OF A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT


MILITARY ACTIONSVOTES TO ASK THE COLONIES FOR SUPPLIES & TROOPS

GEORGE WASHINGTON OF VIRGINIA CHOSEN AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF

“George Washington on a White Charger”


AMERICAN REVOLUTION BEGINS