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AP® Seventh Edition

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations

1



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I. Getting Started Is Always HardII. Human Development and ChangeIII. The Neolithic RevolutionIV.Agriculture and ChangeV. Nomadic Societies

Chapter Overview



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FIGURE 1.1 Crouching against a wall to shelter the first sparks from wind, a Neolithic

woman spins a dried yucca stalk against a much-used fire-starter to generate heat that

will kindle a fire on the dried plant material she has placed under the fire-starting stick.



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TIMELINE 2.5 Million B.C.E. to 10,000 B.C.E.



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Getting Started Is Always Hard

• Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)– Rise of humankind until 12,000 B.C.E.

• Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E.– Larger brain– Tools, weapons

• Homo sapiens sapiens– From Africa– Language gene



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FIGURE 1.2 In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone

Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted

these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called

primitive peoples.



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Human Development and Change

• Social organization– Equality between hunters/gatherers– Slow population growth

• Better tool use• Migration to new climates

– Fire– Animal skins

• Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)



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VISUALIZING THE PAST Representations of Women in Early Art



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Map 1.1 The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.

As the map indicates, Homo sapiens sapiens first emerged in a single core area in east Africa

and then migrated over long periods of time north to the Mediterranean and Europe, east to Asia, and then ultimately across the seas to the

Americas and Oceania.



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The Neolithic Revolution

• Invention of agriculture– Lower yield from hunting

• Animals domesticated– Dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle

• Neolithic revolution– Agriculture developed alongside hunting

and gathering– Early resistance



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Map 1.2 The Spread of AgricultureAgriculture appears to have spread in ways

similar to human populations, but from a Middle Eastern rather than African epicenter. And in

important cases, particularly in the Americas, a wide range of staple crops were known in only

some parts of the world until Columbus’s voyage in the late-15th century brought

together the civilizations of the Americas and Afro-Euroasia.



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Agriculture and Change

• Tribes to villages– Irrigation, defense– Organization of labor

• Çatal Hüyük – c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey– Large complex – Agriculture, some trade – Shrines



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FIGURE 1.3 Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now

southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and

terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the

settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to

provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the

complex was transformed into a fortress.



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Agriculture and Change

• Bronze Age– Metal replaces stone tools.– Agricultural significance– Metalworking as specialized trade– Woodworking more elaborate

• Craft manufacturing• Wheel

– c. 4000 B.C.E.

– Advancements in commerce, war



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Nomadic Societies

• Nomads– Roaming herders on fringes of civilizations– Indo-Europeans

c. 1500 B.C.E.

– Xionghu (Huns) From 4th century B.C.E.

Central Asia



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Nomadic Societies

• Nomadic Society and Culture– Seasonal travel

Harsh environment

– Animals Horses

– Violence Perceived as cruelty

– Band of 30–15 people– Strong men as leaders; patriarchy



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Nomadic Societies

• Nomads and Civilizations– Invasions

Change population structure Political leadership

– Often peaceful, mutually beneficial relationship with agricultural societies Trade



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The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective

• Fundamental differences– Civilized vs. "savage," "inferior"

• What makes one uncivilized– Greeks: barbarians = "those who cannot

speak Greek"– Cultural attributes (language, dress,

manners)

• Shift did not happen until 18th–19th centuries.