INSTITUTE of STATISTICSOxford
INCOME AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKINGCLASS FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN
PART n: OUTLAY ON FOOD AND NUTRITION.
In the first part of this paper' we gave a general survey of the householdexpenditure of the 155 families that kept an account for the Institute ofStatistics during a fortnight in June-July, ¡945. We also analysed therelation between household expenditure and income for the 99 out of ¡55
families that stated their full income for the period covered by their accounts.In this second part we shall discuss in detail the families' expenditure on foodand the nutriment purchased with it and, as far as possible, compare thesedata with the corresponding ones for ¡944.
i. Total Outlay on Food in 1944 and(a) Outlay per person and its relation to outlay per 'man'.It has already been shown in Part I that the average food expenditure per
'man " of the families that supplied comparable budgets for and '945,was nearly the same for both years. Indeed, as regards the families whosestructure had remained unchanged, the figures for both years were practicallyidentical, while a decline of three per cent occurred in the outlay on food ofthose families whose structure had changed, since xos. 'Man,' however, isan artificial unit, and in dealing with specific data relating to two successiveperiods the picture is simplified if, instead, we can refer to the natural unit,'person'. This seems permissible so long as the proportion of familieswhose structure underwent some fundamental change during the time con-sidered, remains relatively small; for it makes, of course, a considerabledifference to the cost of a diet of a given nutritional standard whether theperson for whom it is bought is an infant or a grown up man. Thus, theoutlay on food per' man 'of the unchanged families was 3 per cent above thatof the changed families, in 1945; yet their outlay per person was 7 per centhigher, in consequence of the higher 'man' value per person of the un-changed families, viz., 0.78 as compared with 0.75.
BULLETIN, Vol. 8, No. 2.'For the scale of man values applied see Table XX, lnstitue of Saiislics Scale.
6i
Bulletin Vol. 8 March 1946 No. 3
6z THE BULLETIN
Diagram B: Changes in Expenditure on Food per Person per Weekof iii Families.1
,. I'e eJI/ . . a. I,,. 'ti
.* /
,. e,
s'tt.,: Z't.I.?'.' s N
¡.4' .e ss Avsrags 945 131d- w% IlIL *.
*
e..,..
e
_, I00 ii. s,g'..i,',s80 lOO lo $40 0 $00 200 260 040 260 260 300
Expenditure in Pence 4944
in Pence: 1944 horizontal. 1945 vertical. Logarithmic scales.Dots signify unchanged, crosses changed families.
In Diagram B, we have employed different signs for the two types offamilies; unchanged families are indicated by dots, and changed ones bycrosses. For all these i i i families-85 unchanged and z6 changedtheaverage weekly outlay on food per person was the same in both years, amount-ing to io shillings ir pence.
(b) Changes in outlay on food and structure of family.Those families whose outlay on food remained constant, whatever its
absolute figure, will be found in Diagram B along the diagonal. It will benoticed that the marks appear in a fairly dense scatter around that line, thusindicating that for the majority of the families the differences in the outlayon food, for the two periods under survey, were moderate. The Diagramalso shows clearly that most of the extreme variations in the expenditure onfood occurred with respect to the changed families, whose increase or decreasein numbers was frequently unaccompanied by proportionate changes inincome. This fact stands out less in the data in Table XII, in particular asregards increases in food expenditure, since, in order to save space, all thefamilies showing an increase of 25 per cent and more, are summarized in one
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 63
Food Expenditure1945
per Person per Week
TABLE XIIChanges in Food Expenditure since 1944
Index of Food Expenditure per Person: 1944=100under 85-94 95-104 105-114f 115-124 125 and
85 over TotalNumber of Families
(Unchanged 2 4 4 1 - - 11under 9s. 1,Changed 5 1 1 - - - 7
(Unchanged 2 1 4 3 3 1 149s.lOs. 1_Changed 1 1 1 1 1 - 5(Unchanged 1 4 2 6 - 1 14lOslis. 1_Changed 1 - 2 - - - 3(Unchanged 2 3 4 2 - 1 12lls.-12s. 1_Changed - - 1 1 - 1 3(Unchanged 1 2 5 4 - 1 1312s.-13s. 1_Changed 1 1 1 - - - 3(Unchanged 1 2 3 2 4 - 1213s.-14s. 1_changed - 1 - - 1 - 2
(Unchanged 1 - 1 1 2 4 914s. and over1_Changed1 - - - - 2 3
T f Unchanged 10 16 23 19 9 8 85° 'I_Changed 9 4 6 2 2 3 26
column. There were, in our sample of i i s families, two changed familieswhose weekly outlay on food per person, in 1945, was i66 and s6o per centrespectively, of that in 1944. The next two in this sequence were unchangedfamilies, with an outlay on food in 1945, of 553 and 540 per cent of theiroutlay in 5944. Conversely, at the lower end, there were five changed familiesthat in 5945 spent less than 70 per cent of their outlay on food in 1944, andonly one unchanged family.'
(c) Changes in outlay on food resulting from changes in supply.Expenditure on food is, of course, the more flexible, in relation to non-food
expenditure, the larger the margin available for luxuries and semi-luxuries.A family whose income is too low to allow for the purchase of anything butthe bare necessities will tend to exhibit for two periods with approximatelyidentical price level, a much more rigid pattern of expenditure than one thatcan exercise a certain amount of choice. The variations in the total expendi-ture of the latter type of family are likely to be the more erratic the lessnormal the conditions of supply, and semi-luxury foodscake, the moreexpensive kinds of fish and vegetables, etc.may be substituted for unob-tainable non-food luxuries, or, even, necessities, or vice versa. We have anindication of this in the somewhat looser scatter of dotssignifying unchangedfamilies, few of which seemed to have experienced substantial changes inincomein the quadrant enclosing the families with an expenditure abovethe average in both years, while in that referring to expenditures below theaverages it was mainly changes in the structure of a family that caused sub-stantial alterations in the outlay on food per person. If, in these cases, the
'The percentage change from 1944 to 1945 is measured by the vertical distance from thediagonal in Diagram B. The percentage scale is contained in the left hand scale of theDiagram, beginning at 100.
64 THE BULLETIN
addition to the family was a new-born infant, a decline in the standard ofnutrition, as expressed in the outlay per person, may be more apparent thanreal.
Three families with low expenditure on food.The weekly cost of a minimum diet providing satisfactory nutrition was, in
summer 1945, about io shillings per' man ', or 7 shillings 6 pence per personwith a' man 'value of 0.75.1 It will be seen that there was only one unchangedfamily with a food expenditure per person of about that magnitude. Thisfamilyhusband, wife, and five dependent childrenhad a 'man' valueper person, in 1945, of 0.71. The housewife appeared to be a very efficientmanager and provided a fairly satisfactory diet for the small outlay. Thechanged family that, in spent nearly as little on food per person, had anaverage 'man' value of only o.6z. It comprised six persons, one earner andfour dependent children. A baby was born since June 1944. The nutritionof this family was poor. Two points of Government milk2 were bought dailyfor two infants, and only one additional pint for the other four members ofthe family. Few vegetables were eaten, and these mostly of the more expen-sive type, viz., tomatoes and tinned beans. The family with the third lowestexpenditure per person was an unchanged one, consisting of two earners andfive non-earners, with an average 'man' value of 0.64. Their weekly outlayon food per person was 7 shillings 74 pence, and per 'man' i i shillings i ipence, and hence well above that required for a minimum diet.
Normal distribution of indices of food expenditure in 1945.The two bottom rows in Table XII give the numbers of families in relation
to their food expenditure per person in 1945, as compared with 1944. Thedistribution indicates a ' normal' pattern for the unchanged families. For thereasons discussed no 'normality' could be expected as regards the numbersof changed families. If we had extended our scale of indices further at bothends, the picture for these families would have been a level undulatingbetween 4 and 6 from the index 6 to the central group, and then jumpingdown to z or i, which is the general outline one might have predicted for aperiod when changes in the number of persons were erraticunless, indeed,these changes had been accompanied by proportionate changes in the familyincome.
a. The Pattern of Food Expenditure and Consumption.(a) Changes in relative expenditure on food groups.In Table XIII, the relative outlay on the main categories of foods is set
out for the unchanged, changed, and new families. In the lower part are giventhe weekly expenditure on food per person and per 'man', and this iscompared with the corresponding total household expenditure. The group'bread and cereals' includes flour, cake, biscuits, ready-to-eat breakfast
1 Cf: Proper Nutrition at Low Cosi, BULLETIN. Vol. 7, No. 17.2J, milk supplied under the Government scheme to children up to the age of five and
expectant mothers, at 2 pence a pint per day.
1 Cooking fats only; butter and margarine are included under Dairy Produce.'Including canteen meals, meals at school, etc.
cereals, rolled oats, rice, semolina, macaroni, and similar products. That of'meat and meat products' comprises butchers' meat, bacon, cooked, tinned,and potted meat, offals, sausages, and meat pies. 'Fish' refers to all kinds offish-wet, cured, potted, fried, and tinned. 'Dairy produce ' is taken to meannot only milk, cheese, butter, and eggs-dried and in shell-but also margar-ine; the 'fat' group therefore only represents the outlay on lard, cookingfat, dripping, and suet. Amongst 'other vegetables and fruit' are includedalso dried legumes, tinned vegetables, and dried fruit. Sugar, tea, cocoa, jam,syrup, and honey, constitute the 'groceries' group. 'All other foods'include all meals bought away from home, besides condiments, all kinds offancy foods, and sweets.
It will be noticed that there occurred some slight but distinct shifts in therelative outlay on some of the food groups, in the budgets of the comparablefamilies-the unchanged and the changed ones. The most marked of theseshifts is the upward movement in the outlay on other ' vegetables and fruit'.It reflects the consumption of larger quantities of relatively expensive springvegetables and salads, and does not indicate the purchase of larger quantitiesof vegetables in general. Very little fresh fruit was obtainable during theperiod of our inquiry. Outlay on potatoes was increased because old potatoeswere scarce and new potatoes were released in larger quantities in 1945 thanduring the slightly earlier period in The decline in the outlay on' fats ' isconcomitant to the reduction in the ration of cooking fat, which rationamounted, per person per week, to one ounce, in 1945, and to two ounces, in1944. Smaller purchases of cooked meat, rationed or points, account for thesmaller share in total food expenditure of the ' meat ' group, in 1945.
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 6
TABLE XIIIRelative Expenditure on Food Groups
Unchanged Families Changed Families New Fams.(85) (26) 44
1944 1945 1944 1945 1945Bread and Cereals 15.1 15.4 15.1 16.9 16.8
1.1 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.7Meat and Meat Products 21.6 19.1 22.6 20.6 19.4Fish 4.1 5.2 5.7 5.4 3.9Dairy Produce 21.6 20.6 21.6 21.1 20.6Groceries 8.9 7.7 8.2 7.6 7.6Potatoes ......... 4.8 5.6 4.2 5.1 6.1Other Vegetables and Fruit 9.6 13.2 8.0 10.9 10.7Other Foods' 13.2 12.6 13.5 11.9 14.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Weekly Expenditure on Food and Total ExpenditureFood Expenditure:
per Person ... ... 10/11 11/14 10/114 10/44 10/11per ' Man' ... ... 14/34 14/4 14/34 13/11 14/24
Total Expenditure:per Person . ... ... 24/24 23/114 20/54 19/8 24/45per 'Man' ... .. 31184 30/94 26/8 26/4 31/85
66 tHE BULLETIN
(b) Consumption of the main rationed foods and of milk.Table XIV deals with the main foodsexcepting the staple carbohydrate
foods and vegetablesbought per ordinary ration book, i.e., per ration bookof a person over 5 years old.' The list includes, besides the main rationedfoods, also unrationed fats and milk, of which latter the supply is somewhatelastic in response to demand during the months of June and July.2 Of cheesethe consumption is shown after deducting all special rations allowed to heavyworkers, the inclusion of which would, of course, distort the averages. Weeklymilk consumption is given, first, for all milk per person, and, secondly, forGovernment milk and school milk only, in relation to the number of childrenentitled to it. Since the school milk is actually consumed at school, theaverages per child for this item are more significant than those for Govern-ment milk, which is received by the families at home and may or may not goentirely to the infants entitled to it. This point will be discussed in somedetail in the Appendix.
Smaller quantities were obtained in 1945 than in 1944, of bacon, fats, jam,and some of the' points' foods. All these changes are connected more or lessdirectly with changes in the rations allowed per person over 5 years old. InJune and July 1945, only three ounces of bacon per week could be boughtinstead of four in 1944, and only one ounce of cooking fat instead of two. Thecombined sugar arAd jam ration in 1945 was ia ounces per week, sugar andjam being interchangeable weight per weight. In 1944, the ration was thesame if taken up in the form of sugar, but twice the weight in jam. Thenumber of' points' available per person per week had declined from 6 to ,which may account for the decline in the purchases of certain points foods,enumerated in Table XIV.3
(e) Changes in the number of' points ' and the effect on demand.The figures for cereals in Table XIV exclude rolled oats and oatmeal, and
refer mainly to ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. It is interesting to find thatwhile less of these foods were bought in 1945 more oat products were eaten,possibly because they require fewer ' points' : for a lb. of oats two ' points'have to be surrendered, while twelve ounces of breakfast cereals need four.Also, rolled oats are much cheaper than the breakfast cereals, of which twelveounces cost approximately a shilling, while a lb. of rolled oats costs 34 pence;but the prices for these two types of food were the same in 1944 and in 1945,and are thus unlikely to have affected the relative demand in '94g. The
1 In both, summer 1944 and 1945, a child up the age of five could obtain no tea and wasonly allowed half of the adult meat ration. On the other hand, it was entitled to a pint ofGovernment milk a day, at 2 pence a pint, and to a special allowance of eggs.
'At least for those who are fortunate enough to be supplied by a retailer whose productionof milk is high during this period.
a The other main rations per week, for a person over 5 years old, were, in June-July 1945:meat. 1 shilling 2 pence worth; tea, 2 ounces; butter (or magarine), 2 ounces; margarine,4 ounces; cheese, 2 ounces. Supplies of eggs varied, but one-third of a packet of dried eggsequivalent to three eggswas available. Extra allowances of eggs were given to youngchildren and expectant mothers, but no adjustment has been made with respect to this incalculating our figures for Table XIV.
Milk Consumption per PersonMilk, total" 5.1 pt. 4.8 pt. 4.9 pt. 4.6 pt. 4.8 p;.Of this:Ordinizry 3.lpt. 3.0 t. 3.lpt. 2.7 pi. 3.0 pt.Government ......1.lpt. 0.9 t. l.IØ. 1.3pt.. 1.0 pi.School 0.7 pi. 0.7 Pt. 0.5 t 0.5 pi 0.6 pi.Tinned" & Household 0.2 pi. 0.2 i. 0.2 pi. o.ipt. 0.2 pi.
'Including offals, but excluding cooked and tinned meat products, and sausages.'Butter, margarine, lard, and cooking fat.'Suet and dripping.'Including honey and marmalade.'Excluding 6 special rations.S 3 special rations.'Excluding 4 special rations.'The figures refer to consumption per person. No correction has been made for special
allowances for children and expectant mothers. The following numbers of eggs from ownhens are included: Unchanged families, 1944-0.3; 1945-0.6; changed families. 1944-0.03; 1945-0.08; new families, 1945-0.5.
'One packet of dried eggs equivalent to 12 eggs in shell."Including small quantities of unrational cooked meat."This group overlaps the preceding one. It also includes tinned mixtures of meat and
vegetables."Excluding roiled oats, but including small quantities of unrationed macaroni and
semolina. Mainly ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.11 Beans, peas, lentils."The figures in this section show the total quantities of milk obtained per week divided
by the total number of persons in the group."Rationed on points. The combined figures for tinned and Household milk are given
in terms of fresh milk,
Actual Consumption of School and Government Milkper Child per Week
Children under 6 7.0 pt. 7.0 pt. 7.0 pt. 7.0 pt. 7.0 pt.Child 6-14 2.5 pt. 2.4 pt. 1.8 pt. 1.8 Pt. 2.0 pt.
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 67TABLE XIV
Weekly Consumption of Foods per AdultRaiion Book
Unchanged Families Changed Families New Fases.(85) (26) (44)
1944 1945 1944 1945 1945Meat' 17d. 16+d. 171d. 18d. 161d.Bacon 3.9 os. 2.9 02. 3.7 os. 2.5 os. 2.8 oz.Tot. Rat. Fats 8.0 os. 7.1 oz. 8.1 oz. 6.9 02. 7.0 01.Butter only 2.0 or. 2.0 ox. 2.1 ox. 2.0 o:. 2.0 o:.Unrat. Fats' 0.4 os. 0.3 01. 0.2 oz. 0.1 oz. 0.4 oz.Tea 2.1 05. 1.9 oz. 1.9 oz. 1.8 01. 1.8 os.Sugar 8.6 02. 9.9 02. 8.2 02. 9.2 02. 9.4 02.Jam' 5.5 oz. 3.7 02. 4.8 oz. 3.4 oz. 4.2 02.Cheese 2.0 oz.' 2.0 os.' 2.0 oz.' 1.9 os.s 1.8 os'Eggs, shell' 1.4 eggs 1.8 eggs 1.2 eggs 1.3 eggs 1.6 eggsEggs, dried' 1.6 eggs 1.3 eggs 1.3 eggs 1.2 eggs 1.1 eggs
Foods Rationed on Points:Cooked Meat" 1.5 oz. 0.9 02. 1.7 oz. 1.0 oz. 1.1 oz.Tinned Meat" d. d. d. d. jd.Tinned Fish ......Id. id. id. id. Id.Tinned Peas & .Beans Id. Id. Id. Id. Id.Cereals1' ......2.7 02. 1.8 oz. 2.6 01. 1.5 02. 1.7 02.Dried Legumes" 1.3 02. 0.5 02. 1.3 01. 0.5 02. 0.3 oz.Dried Fruit ......2.4 os. 2.4 oz. 1.2 05. 0.9 oz. 1.3 oz.Syrup and Treacle 1.2 02. 1.0 05. 0.8 01. 1.1 02. 0.6 02.
68 THE BULLETIN
consumption of rolled oats is given in Table XV, together with that of otherfoods that bring variety into the diet, and some of whichfish other thantinned fish and cocoasupplement the rationed foods. The quantities areshown per family per week, first, in relation to those families only that pur-chased the particular food and, secondly, for all the families of the groups ofunchanged, changed, and new families. The number of purchasing families isexpressed, for each year, as a percentage of all the families in the respectivegroup, similar to our procedure of calculating the percentage figures in TableVII, Part I.
Unrationed fish was more plentiful in 1945 than in '944, and more of itwas bought by the unchanged families. Biscuits, too, were not so scarce asthey had been in r«, and, although rationed, sweet biscuits require only 4points per lb., and the demand for them was, in general, still greater than thesupply. Tinned milkespecially condensed skimmed and sweetened milk,at four' points 'a tincould be obtained only in a few places, and was muchin demand. Household milk was unrationed during the period covered by ourinvestigation, but was sold only in those shops that had surplus stocks left.Consumption of dried eggs had slightly declined, but of dried eggs and eggsin shell taken together, about as many were eaten in 1945 as in 1944, as isshown by the figures in Table XIV. Excluding the special allowance of driedeggs for young children, the potential consumption of dried eggs per familyper week would have been, in 1944, for the unchanged families 12.3 and for thechanged families 16.9 eggs, and, in 1945, for the unchanged familes 12.3, forthe changed families 17.1, and for the new ones 14.6 eggs. For the latter year,therefore, the actual consumption of dried eggs by the 155 families of oursample amounted to less than 40 per cent of the potential consumption.'Purchases of cooked meat, which is dear in 'points', costing a 'point' perounce, were considerably lower, owing not only to a reduction in the numbersof families buying it, but also to smaller purchases per family.
Dried legumes, which are also rationed on 'points', were apparentlypartly replaced by fresh peas, which were bought by most of the families.
(d) The main unrationed foods.The weekly outlay on vegetables, per 'man' and per person, is given in
Table XVI. This Table also summarizes the consumption of the maincarbohydrate foods and of the two main unrationed sources of first classprotein, viz., fish and sausages. Consumption of both these latter items washigher in than in 1944, and there was probably still a substantial marginof potential demand that remained unsatisfied because of the limited supplyof these foods. Consumption of bread had remained about constant, but fewerpotatoes were bought. This was to be expected, since the potatoes eaten inJune-July 1945, were mostly new ones, which have a small amount of wastage,while in '9I4 the families bought mainly old potatoes of which in early
'Since then, the supply was first halved, i.e., reduced to one packet per person everyeight weeks, and since February 4th, 1946, it has been discontinued.
TA
BL
E X
V
Dis
trib
utio
n Pa
ttern
of
Purc
hase
s of
Cer
tain
Foo
ds
No.
of
Purc
hasi
ng F
amili
es %
of
Purc
hasi
ng F
amili
es: C
onsu
mp-
All
Fam
ilies
: Con
sum
ptio
n pe
rG
roup
tion
per
Fam
ily p
er W
eek
One
pac
ket e
qual
s 12
egg
s in
she
ll.'O
ne ti
n eq
uals
4 p
ints
of
skim
med
fre
sh m
ilk.
'Equ
ival
ent.
Fam
ily p
er W
eék
z
Unc
hang
ed(8
5 Fa
m.)
1944
1945
Cha
nged
(26
Fam
.)
1944
1945
New (44
Fam
.)19
45U
nit
Unc
hang
ed
1944
1945
Cha
nged
1944
1945
New
1945
Unc
hang
ed(8
5 Fa
m.)
1944
1945
Cha
nged
(26
Fam
.)
1944
1945
New (44
Fam
.)19
45
Fish
(ex
ci. t
inne
d)77
8085
8984
oz.
25.4
32.1
41.8
35.3
25.6
19.4
25.7
35.4
31.2
21.5
Fish
, tin
ned
......
44
4658
5036
d74
9410
411
410
3444
654
34M
eat,
cook
ed...
... 7
154
8165
55oz
.8.
76.
611
.58.
710
.06.
13.
69.
35.
75.
5M
eat,
tinne
d...
... 1
412
398
18d
7414
484
1015
41
1434
424
Egg
s, d
ried
1...
... 6
655
5454
50eg
g'9.
99.
313
.712
.910
.46.
55.
27.
469
5.2
Milk
, tin
ned
......
3219
1915
27tin
0.7
1.3
0.7
1.1
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
Milk
, Hou
seho
ld'
1312
1915
5pi
nt'
3.1
2.0
3.6
2.5
3.0
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.1
Dri
ed L
egum
es ..
.... 4
014
3919
11oz
.13
.314
.719
.215
.214
.45.
32.
17.
42.
91.
6R
olle
d O
ats
......
1224
2719
23oz
.20
.822
.717
.126
.427
.22.
55.
34.
65.
16.
2B
iscu
its64
8181
8566
os.
9.2
10.6
13.6
15.1
14.4
5.8
8.6
11.0
12.8
9.5
Coc
oa27
2658
1921
os.
3.7
4.5
4.4
6.4
5.6
1.0
1.2
2.5
1.2
1.1
Dri
ed F
ruit
7267
5839
57os
.13
.814
.811
.913
.211
.49.
99.
96.
95.
16.
5Sy
rup
3425
2739
16os
.14
.916
.416
.016
.818
.35.
14.
14.
36.
52.
9
70 THE BULLETIN
summer a large portion has to be discarded in trimmings and peelings. Lessflour was purchased in 1945 than in 1944, possibly because the smaller fatration curtailed home baking and made people resort more to bought substi-tutds for home-made tea fare.
Meals away from home.The numbers of luncheons and dinners bought away from home, per
person over 14 years old and per child, are given in Table XVII. It will beseen that the unchanged familiesthe most signilicent group for this item-show a decline in the number of meals for adults and an increase in that ofchildren's meals. It is, of course, not possible to generalize from the dataobtained for 85 families; if, however, they indicate typical trends it seems toimply that while the habit of school meals is spreading adult people tend toget somewhat tired of canteen food and prefer having their main meal athome, when conditions allow them to do so.
Outlay on rationed and unrationed foods.An outline of the weekly expenditure per 'man' on rationed and un-
rationed foods will be found in Table XVIII. The correspondence of theoutlay on the several food categories by the different groups of families isstriking. The reduction in the purchase of bacon, cooking fat, and jam, shownin Table XIV in their quantitative aspects, are reflected in the decrease inoutlay, from 1944 to 1945, on group (i) in Table XVIII. The smaller numberof' points' available in 1945 lead to a smaller outlay on group (z). Less onthe average was also spent on milk, in summer 1945 than in summer 1944;but for this item the decline was small. In spite of the difference in theaverage price of potatoes bought during the periods of our survey in 1944and 1945-14 pence a Ib. in 1944, and 24 pence in 1945'the changes inoutlay on group (1.) were slight. Outlay on potatoes alone rose by approxim-ately i8 per cent, but it represents only about 40 per cent of the total outlayon group (q.), and there was a fall in the outlay on flour, owing to the purchaseof smaller quantities, while that on bread had remained practically constant.In Table XVIII, again, the increase in expenditure on vegetables stands out.
3. Changes in Nuh'itional Iniake.(a) The standards applied.That the decline in purchases of the foods in groups (z), (2), and (3)a
decline brought about either by direct changes in rationing or, as regardsmilk, by a reduced supply of the 'free' markethad some effect on theaverage nutritional intake, is borne out by the figures in Table XIX. ThisTable shows the intake of calories and protein per' man 'per day, calculated,first, by means of the scales used by us since the beginning of this survey, in1940, and, secondly, by those supplied to us in 1943 by the Ministry of Health.Both these sets of scales comprise 'man' values and nutritional values of
lThese are the weighted averages for old and new potatoes taken together. Old potatoescost about a penny alb. in both years, but new potatoes were 31 pence alb. in 1944, and 21
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLAS.S FAMILIES 71
TABLE XVIWeekly Consumption of the Main Carbohydrate Foods and of Fish, Sausages, and Fresh Fruit
and Vegetables
TABLE XVIII Expenditure on Rationed and Unrationed FoodsPer ' Man 'per Week
'Including all meal offals.Including dried Household milk and tinned milk, the former actually belonging, in 1944,
to group (1) and the latter, in both years, to group (2).* Including wet fish, kippers, and fried fish, sausages, cake and buns, cocoa, unrationed
fats, meals bought away from home.
6
85 Unchanged Familiesper Person per ' Man'
1944 1945 1944 1945oz. oz. Oz. Oz.
26 changed Familiesper Person per' Man'
1944 1945 1944 1945Oz. oz, oz. oz.
44 New Fams.per per
Person 'Man'1945 1945oz. oz.
Bread 63.6 63.9 83.3 82.1 66.5 66.0 86.8 88.3 68.5 89.1Flour 9.5 6.9 12.5 8.9 7.9 5.2 10.3 6.9 5.1 6.6Cake, Buns, Biscuits 8.9 10.2 11.6 13.1 8.5 10.3 11.1 13.8 10.1 13.1Potatoes, old 55.4 11.8 72.5 15.2 52.5 10.1 68.6 13.5 23.9 31.1Potatoes, new 11.6 36.9 15.2 47.4 7.8 37.2 10.2 49.8 35.5 46.0Rolled Oats 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6
Fish 4.7 6.3 6.2 8.0 6.3 5.5 8.2 7.4 4.4 5.7Sausages 3.5 3.7 4.6 4.8 3.4 4.1 4.5 5.5 3.1 4.0
TABLE XIX Nutritional intake per ' Man per Daylnstitute Scale Ministry of Health Scala(Gross Values) (Net Values)
Calories Protein Calories Protein(grammes) (grammes)
Average Requirements 3,300 100 3,000 70Intake: Total animal total animal
(1044 3,700 117 55 3,400 95 43Unch. Families 11945 3,400 110 53 3,200 89 41J 1944Changed Families. 1945
3,6003,300
118 57110 53
3,3003,100
')l 4285 39
New Families 1945 3,400 110 52 3,100 87 40
Unchanged Families1944 1945
Changed Families1944 1945
New Fam.1945
(1) Specifically Rationed Foods1 4/101 4/44 4/10 4/51 4/4(2) ' Points' Rationed Foods ... 1/11 1/- 1/2 -/101 -/111(3) All Milk2 ......... 1/111 1/91 1/11 1/94 1/101(4) Bread, Flour, Potatoes ... 1/11 1/114 1/94 1/101 2/1(5) Fresh Vegetables and Fruit 1/1 1/74 -/114 1/44 1/44(6) Other Foods8 ......... 3/44 3/64 3/74 3/64 3/74
19441945
0.090.77
1.201.45
0.160.17
121121
551
Changed19441945
0.830.87
1.711.34
0.08- 15144
415
New1.17 0.96 0.21 144 41
Outlay on d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d. d.Fresh Veg. and Fruit
(exc!. potatoes) ... 104 15 131 204 91 122 12 17 13 17
TABLE XVII Luncheons and Dinners away from HomeGroup of No. of Meals per Week Av. Price per Meal BoughtFamilies per Adult per Child Adult Child
bought free d. d.Unchanged
Total (I)-(6) 14/34 14/4 14/31 13/11 14(24
72 THE BULLETIN
foods. The scale of war-time food values evolved by the Ministry of Healthhas now been superseded by a set of Tables published by the Medical Re-search Council,' but, except for very detailed calculations, the older scale issufficiently precise, and in order to preserve the continuity of our series weabide by the Ministry of Health scale. The 'man' values referring to thatscale will be found in Table XX, together with the 'man' values of the
Institute of Statistics scale. These latter values have been employed by usthroughout this paper for evaluating the relative cost of maintenance withinthe family of a person of a given age and sex group ; the Ministry of Healthscale has been used only, beside our own scale, for calculating the averagenutritional intake, for which it provides a gauge more precise than our scale.It should be noticed that the figures of nutritional intake in Table XIX referto gross requirements and gross intake with respect to the Institute of Statisticsscale, while the figures relating to the Ministry of Health scale give net values.
(b) Significance of the changes.The decline in calorific intake and in the intake of second-class protein
revealed by the figures in Table XIX is of minor importance. In part it isonly apparent, reflecting the smaller quantities ofmainly newpotatoespurchased in 1945, of which, however, probably much less was wasted than ofthe potatoes bought during our survey in I9, which were mostly old ones.In any case, so long as bread and flour are unrationed and cheap, no realshortage in calories can occur, while a shortage of second-class protein is, atleast, very unlikely. But there were small yet significant reductions in theintake of animal protein, although its average supply was still ample for asatisfactory nutrition.
It certainly was by no means impossible to feed a family in a satisfactoryway on a small outlay, in summer 1945. Indeed, differences in the expendi-ture on food per ' man', unless they are either very substantial or else resultfrom expenditure on good canteen meals, may make very little difference tothe intake of first-class protein, so long as the main sources of first-classprotein are rationed and fresh herrings about as plentiful as the more expen-
War Memorandum No. 14 (H.M. Stationery Office).
TABLE XXScales of' Man' Values
Institute of Statistics Scale Ministry of Health ScaleCalories Protein
Adults and Juveniles: Age Groups:Male, 14+ ......... 1.00 21+, male 1.00 1.00Female, 14+ 0.85 21+, female 0.83 0.86
17-21 1.00 1.29Children 15-14 1.00 1.43
10-14 ... 0.70 12-15 0.97 1.366-9 ... ... 0.60 7-12 0.70 0.933-5 ... 0.50 3-7 0.50 0.71
under 3 ... 0.33. 1-3 0.37 0.606--12 months 0.27 0.330-6 months 0.20 0.26
}IOUSEIIOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 73
sive kinds of unrationed fish.1 Still, the reduction, from ¡944 to 1945, of thebacon ration and the reduction in the number of 'points' with which first-class protein foods might be bought, is likely to have widened the margin ofpotential malnutrition, for families and for individuals within the families.For apart from the direct curtailment of these foods, the duller the menu thegreater the likelihood that it will be rejected in part by members of the family,so that a dietary which gives satisfactory figures of nutritional intake on theaverage may yet result in practice in unsatisfactory nutrition. Moreover, thesmaller the total amount of such first-class protein foods as meat, cheese, andalso, eggs in shell, available to a family, the greater the danger that the lion'sshare of these 'tasty' foods will go to the adult male earners, whilepartlyfrom necessity and partly from choice--the housewife and the juniormembers will subsist largely on starchy and sugary foods. From 1943 to1944, our surveys had suggested an upward trend in the intake of animalprotein, although Lhe absolute figures obtained by us for the whole samplein ¡944 were slightly below those given in Table XIX, owing to slight differ-ences in the structure of the samples for the two years.
4. conclusion.
This survey of the food expenditure of families, III of which had alsokept an account in 1944, indicates that the changes in the outlay on food, fromsummer ¡944 to summer ¡94r, were, on the whole, slight. On the averagethey cancel out. Some of the rations were smaller in ¡945 than they had beenin ¡944, and the outlay on rationed foods fell in consequence of this. Thereduction in the number of 'points' available curtailed tbe purchases of'points 'rationed meats, but had no effect on the purchases of biscuits, whichactually rose. Little fresh fruit could be bought, but substantially more wasspent on spring vegetables in ¡945 than in 1944. In general, the standard ofnutrition was about maintained, but a slight downward trend in the averageintake of animal protein was indicated, which, although so far no sign of anyactual danger, should be taken as a warning sgnal that requires watching.
T. SCHULZ.
The amount of animai protein available in a family per man' is, under conditions nlrationing and generally restricted supply, affected mainly by three factors: the housewife'sskill of catering, the family's taste, and the structure of the family. In order to see theimportance of this last point it must be remembered that a new-born child is entitled to thesame food rations as an adult man, with the exception of half of the meat ration, whichreduction, however, is much more than counter-balanced by the special allowance of milkand eggs to infants. A family with several young children is therefore able to obtain aconsiderably larger amount of animal protein per 'man' than a family that has no youngchildren.
THE BULLETIN
APPENDIXConsumption of Milk.
In Table XIV, we have given the figures of average weekly consumption ofall milk, per person, and of milk obtained under the Government scheme andobtained at school, per child entitled to it. All these averages appear satis-factory. Nevertheless, in analysing the data further the disquieting factemerges that while the majority of the families of our sample had a milkconsumption in accordance withtheir nutritional needs and, in some instances,even well above normal requirements, a minority of families with youngchildren was consuming decidedly too little milk. There is, moreover, astrong indication that in some cases milk obtained for infants under theGovernment scheme is habitually used in part for other members of thefamily, without its being replaced by suitable infant foods made of dried
TABLE la82 Families with No Children under 6 Years Old
Domestic Consumption of Fresh Milk per Person per Week (Figures in columns: Heavytype, total no. of families; below: average nos, per family of persons over 14; children6-14).
Food p.'Man' p.
Week
under 2pts. 2 pints + 3 pints + 4 pints + 5 pints + 6 pints andover
10 S + - 12.0; 5.0
t2.0; -
24.5; 0.5 - -
+ f 2 4 53.5; 2.5 3.5; 1.8 2.8; 1.8 - -
f1 +, - 1
2.0; 1.02
23; 2.02
3.5; 2.53
2.6; 1.7 -f13s. +,, - 2
4.5; 2.53
3.0; 1.32
3.5; 1.01
4.0; 1.01
4.0; 1.0
4 f1 5 + - 42.0; 2.0
82.9; 1.4
43.5; 1.3 - -
f 8 3 1 2 115s. + " - 2.0; 2.7 3.0; 1.0 2.0; 2.0 1.5; 2.0 2.0; 1.0
16s. + r - 82.7; 1.0 - 1
2.0; 1.01
2.0; 1.0
1 2 8 1 1 217s. + ' - 3.0; 0.5 2.0; 1.7 2.0; 1.0 2.0; 1.0 13; 1.5
18s. + f - 22.5; 0.5 - - 1
2.0; -
r19s.&overc, - 11.0; 2.0
22.0; 1.5
82.0; 1.3
12.0; - -
2 18 32 15 9 63.5; 2.5 2.6; 2.1 2.7; 1.3 3.2; 1.3 2.4; 1.3 2.2; 1.0
6*
Ostermilk and similar infant foods were bought per week (one family in each instance):'1/2; *4/li; S5/. tor 2 infants; '3/9, for 2 infants; '1f3; 4J-, for 2 infants.
A detailed sunrey of the domestic consumption of fresh milk in June-July1945, by the x families of our sample, will be found in Tables la, ib, and IC.Table za deals with the milk consumption of the 8z families with no childrenunder 6 years old, and Tables ib and ic with that of the 73 families withchildren in the 'under 6' age group, who were receiving Government milk,at z pence a pint per child per day. In order to avoid distortions of ouraverages we have for all the Tables of this Appendix placed a child over fiveyears old in the age group of' under 6' if it still possessed a children's rationbook which entitles it to Government milk, and in the higher age group if thishad !ready been exchangedfor a juvenile ration book. Tl 's, all the childrenin the 'under 6' group in Tables ib, Ic, and z, were obtaining Government
Food p.'Man'per
Week
underZpints
2 pints + 3 pints + 4 pints + 5 pints +6pintsand
over
un er S.diO1 - 1 2*2.5;2.5;1.5 - 3.0;-; 1.0 -
o1 S. + - 84.0; 1.0; 1.0
24,0;0.5;1.0 - -
fS + ' 12.0; 1.0; 1.0
13.0; 3.0; 1.0
422.5;3.3; 1.5
12.0; 3,0; 2.0
13.0; 1.0;1.0
12 5. +'i, - - 3.0;2.2;l.4 2.8;2.0;1.4
22.0;0.5;2.0 --
13s. + f - 12.0; 3.0; 1.0
42.3;i.5; 1.5
11.0; 1.0; 1.0
22.0; 1.0; 1.5
12.0; 1.0; 2.0
145. + f - 16.0;1.0;1.0
22.5;1.0;1.5
1i.O;1.0;1.0
12.0;2.0;l.0
12.0; -;2.0
15s. + f - 12.0;-; 1.0
52.6;0.8;l.0
22.0;0.5;i.5
22.0;-;2.0
16s. + r - I2.0; -; 2.0
I2.0; 1.0; 2.0
17s. + { - - - 2.0; 4.0; 2.0 - 2.0; 120; 1.0
18s. + r 12.0;1.0;1.0
82.4;0.3;1.0
12.O;1.0;1.0 -
1s.&over{ - 2.0;03;1.0 1.4;L 4; 1.4 2.0;1O;2.O
1 7 21 20 16 82.O;1.0;1.0 3.7;1.7;1.0 2.7;1.9;1.4 2.3;1.3;1.2 2.0;0.6;1.4 2.0;0.6;I.8
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 75TABLE lb
73 Families with Children under 6 Years OldDomestic Consumption of Fresh Milk including Government Milk, per Person per Week
(Figures in columns: Heavy type, total no. of families; below: av. nos, per family ofpersons over 14 ; children G--14; children under 6).
Ostermilk and similar infant foods were bought per week (one family in each instance): 15/, for 2infants; '3/9, for 2 infants; $1/2; 44/14; '1/3; '4/-, for 2 infants.
milk. For the data in Table ib, Government milk and ordinary fresh milkbought at home have been added together and divided by the total numberof persons in the family; for Table Ic, Government milk has been excludedtogether with the children in receipt of it, vire., all the children in the ' under6' group. The figures in heavy type in Tables Ia, ib, and ic, denote thenumbers of families, while below them are shown the average number perfamily, first, of persons over 14 years old, secondly, of children between 6 and14 years old, and, thirdly, in Tables ib and Ic, of children under 6 years old.These two or three figures added together therefore represent the averagenumber of persons per family. In three families expectant mothers wereobtaining Government milk; this has been counted as ordinary milk with
Food per'Man' p.
Week
No ordinaryFresh Milk
under2 pints 2 pints + 3 pints + 4 pints + 5 pints + 6 pints and
over
under f 2 1' 1lOs. ). 3.0; 2.0; 1.5 2.0; 3.0; 1.0 - - 3.0; -; 1.0 -
lOs. +{ - 4.0;;1.0 4.0;10;1.O 4.0;10;1.0 - - -lis f+"), 1
2.0;1.0;1.01
2.O;2.0;2.O54
2.8;3.4;1.41
3.0;1,0;1.0 - - -12 f.
12,0;-;2.0
12.0;30;2.0
43.2;2.3;1.3
52.8;1.8;1.4
12.0;1.0;2.0 - -
13s - 82.0; 1.4; 1.3
22.5;2.5; 1.5
41.8; 1.0; 1.5 - - -
14e + - 13.0;1.0;2.0
33.0;i.0;1.0 - - 1
2.0;2.0;1.01
2.0;-; 2.0
15 t", - 12.O;-;2.0
12.0;-; 1.0
42.0;0.8;1.0
23.5;l.0;1.0
12.0;-;2.0
12.0;-;2.0
16s. + ç - 12.0; -; 2.0 - - 1
2.0; 1.0; 2.0
17s. +{ - 2.0;40;2.0 - - 2.0;1i;l.0
18s.+{ - 2.0;1.0;1.0 2.4;03;1.O 2.0;l0;1.0 - -19s. f 1' .4' 8 1'
andover'l, - 1.0;-;2.0 - 1.8;0.3;1.3 1.7; 0.7; 1.0 - 2.0; 1.0; 2.0
2 11 20 24 7 8 62.0;0.5; 1.5 2.4; 1.3; 1.6 2.9;2.1; 1.2 2.2; l.0;1.3 2.3;0.9; 1.1 2.3;0.7; 1.3 2.0;0.7;1.7
76 THE BULLETIN
TABLE ic73 Families with Children under 6 Years Old.
Domestic Consumption of Fresh Milk excluding Government Milk, per Person per Week (Figures incolumns: heavy type, total number of families; below: av. nos, per family of persons over 14; child-ren, 6-14; children under 6).
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILiES 77
respect to the data in Tables ia, ib, Ic, and 2. We have, however, takenaccount of these special cases in our calculations for Tables and 4.
The possible domestic consumption of fresh milk, so far as supply con-ditions in June-July 1945 are concerned, was for most families with childrenof school age approximately 34 pints per non-priority consumer per week,although in some cases people were able to obtain considerably more. It willbe seen from the percentage figures in Table z that 39 per cent of the 82families represented in Table Ia actually consumed about this quantity perweek. More milk was brought by 36.6 per cent of the families, and less by24.4 per cent. Yet although each child of school age is entitled all theyear round to 34 pints of ordinary milk, at 4 pence a pint, per week, theselatter families contained 34.2 per cent of the children of school age and theformer only 30.9 per cent.
The data for the 73 families in receipt of Government milk are even morestriking: 45.2 per cent of the families had a consumption of fresh milk-excluding Government milk-of under 3 pints per non-priority consumer,and these families comprised 60.9 per cent of the children between 6 and 14years old, and 46 per cent of the children under 6 years old, of the wholegroup (Tables ic and z, c). If, on the other hand, Government milk and thechildren receiving it are included (Tables ib and 2, b), the proportion offamilies with a weekly consumption of fresh milk of less than 3 pints falls tou per cent, that of the children between 6 and 14 years old to ¡4.! per cent,and that of the children under 6 to 8.i per cent. From Table ib it will beseen that no infant milk foods were bought by any of these 8 families.'
In whichever way therefore we analyse the domestic consumption of reshmilk of the families of our sample, we obtain a considerable proportion whose
TABLE 2
(c) Families with Children under 6 Years OldExcluding Government Milk and Children receiving it (all Children under 6 Yeas Old).
Families ... 73 100 2.7 15.1 27.4 32.9 9.6 4.1 8.2Persons over 14 778 100 2.3 14.6 33.2 30.3 9.0 3.9 6.7Children 6-14 92 100 1.1 15.2 44.6 26.1 6.5 2.2 4.3ChiLdren under 6 98 100 3.1 18.4 24.5 31.6 8.1 4.1 10.2
'One infant, however, attended a nursery school where be obtained 1f pints of milk perweek.
Domestic Consumption of Fresh Milk er Person er WeekNo ordinary under 6pta &
fresh milk 2pta 2pta + 3pta + 4pta + 5pta + overGroup % of % of % of % of % of % of % of
Nos. % Group Group Group Group Group Group Group
(a) Families with No Children under 6 Years Oid.Families ...... 82 100 - 2.4 22.0 39.0 18.3 11.0 7.3Persons over 14 221 100 - 3.2 21.7 38.4 21.3 9.5 5.8Cbildren 6-14 123 100 - 4.1 30.1 34.9 16.2 9.8 4.9
(b) Families with Children under 6 Years OldGovernment Milk included with Ordinary Milk
Families 73 100 - 1.4 9.6 28.8 27.4 21.9 10.9Persons under 14 778 100 - 1.1 14.6 32.0 25.9 17.4 9.0Children6-14 92 100 - 1.1 13.0 42.4 27.2 10.9 5.4Children under 6 98 100 - 1.0 7.1 29.6 24.5 23.5 14.3
78 THE BULLETIN
average intake was too low as compared with their average nutritional re-quirements. In particular it appears that in some families the priority milksupplied to infants or nursing mothers was used partly for other membersof the familyunless we are prepared to assume that the average milk con-sumption of all the non-priority consumers in these families was dispro-portionately small and, in one instance, negative.
The vital importance of a satisfactory intake of milk by infants and nursingmothers seems, in fact, not yet fully realized by a number of housewives.There were in our samples 28 families who had also supplied an account inJune-July 1944, and whose allowance of Government milk was different in1945 from that in i44. It was therefore possible to compare their milkconsumption during the two periods in order to find out whether and to whatextent the changes in the supply of Government milk were reflected in thefigures of their average consumption of milk. Since neither in summer 1944nor in summer 1945 a family could expect to obtain more much than 3 pintsper non-priority consumer, we assumed that variations in the consumptionof ordinary milk above that figure were independent of changes in thefamily's allowance of Government milk and due to accidental fluctuations insupply. We then found that changes in the supply of Government milk hadleft the consumption per non-priority consumer either unaffected or, if ithad varied, had not lowered it to less than 3 pints, in the case of 13 of these z8families. Indeed, eleven of the 13 families showed for both periods a weeklyconsumption per non-priority consumer of 34 pints or more.
The weekly consumption of the remaining 15 families is set out in Table 3,which gives for each family the number of persons, the number of childrenbetween 6 and i. years old, and the number of children below that age group.The absolute figures of milk consumption per week, including and excludingGovernment milk and the persons receiving it, are shown for the samplingperiod in 1945 and expressed, in the last two columns, as index figures on thebase of the corresponding milk consumption of each family during thesampling period in The first nine families in Table 3 received moreGovernment milk in 1944 and the remaining six had more in 1945. Theindices of total average milk consumptionincluding, for both years,Government milk and the persons receiving itkeep, on the whole, muchcloser to their 1944 base thaü those that exclude Government milk and itsrecipients. The children of the families nos. (6), (8), and (io), had no mijk atschool, while z children of family (z), z of family (4), and all the children ofschool-age of families (i), (ii), (12), and (13), consumed per week at schoolq pints. All the children of school age of the remaining 4 families took each3* pints weekly at school.
It thus appears that a low domestic consumption of milk is at least some-times accompanied by a high consumption of school milk. To what extentthis holds good for the families of our sample is demonstrated in some detailin Table 4. For this Table we have calculated the weekly domestic con-
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE OF WORKING-CLASS FAMILIES 79
TABLE 3
Ordinary Domestic Milk Consumption Affected by Government Milk
1 A p after the figures in this column indicates that one child in this group was in receiptof Government milk, at 2 pence a pint per day, in 1944.
'A r after the figures in this column indicates that a child was born, since June 1944.'Ordinary milk and Government milk divided by the number of persons.'Total ordinary milk divided by the number of persons not in receipt of Government milk.'In 1945, the family was able to obtain sweetened condensed (skimmed) milk, of which
their average weekly consumption per non-priority consumer was equivalent to 1 pints offresh skimmed milk. '2 pints in 1944. 'In 1944, 2/6 per week spent on,Ostermilk. 'Thefamily obtained per week 7 pints of Government milk for an infant and 7 pints for anexpectant mother. '5/- per week spent on Ostermilk. 1* consumption in 1944was 4 pints per week. 113/9 per week spent on Ostermilk.
TABLE 4
Consumption of School Milk and Domestic Consumption of Non-Priority Milk
(The figures in italics show the numbers of families and the figures in ordinary type thenumbers of children at school.)
Domestic Consumption of Fresh, Tinned, and Household Milk in TermsSchool Milk of Liquid Milk Per Non-Priority Consumer per Weekper Child under 2 pints + 3 pints + 4 pints + 5 pints + 6 pints + 7 pintsper Week 2 pints and over
(o) Families with No Children under 6 Years OldNone ...1:4 5:6 2':3 2':2 3:5 - -lipints... - 5: 9 13':18 1l':17 6: 8 .3':5 1:13IPints... - 9:20 12:16 6:10 - 1: 1 2:2(73 : 127) 1 : 4 17 : 35 25 : 37 15 : 29 9 : 13 3 : 6 3 : 3
(b) Families with Children under 6 Years OldNone ... - 7 : 10 2 : 2 3 : 3 - -1pints...4':8 9:21 7':lS 2: 3 1: 1 - 1:13lpints...5:8 6:10 6:12 3:4 1:1 1:2 1:2(53 : 103) 8 :16 18 : 41 14 : 29 8 : 10 2 : 2 1 : 2 2 : 3
Milk at school was obtained by other children of the same families: 12: 3, 3 pints;*l:l,lfpints;Sl:l,3pints;s1:1,1pints;43:4,3pints;$1:1,3pints;?j.13lpints; '4:7,llpints; '1:I,3ipints.
Pers. in ChildrenFamily 6-14' un- Value
der 6'
Manper
Person
Outlay Fresh Milk Consutnpt.on Food per Weekp. Man' p. Person' Non-priorp. Week Person4
Index of Fresh MilkConsumpt.
p. Person' Non-priorPerson'
(1944=100)(1) 7 5 - 0.71 10/2+ 2.57 2.57 100 140(2) 8 3p 1 0.79 11/9+ 3.06 2.50 66 71(3) 4 ip 1 3.72 11/11+ 1.15 -' 39 -.(4) 9 4p 2 0.70 13/7 3.11 2.00 141 1429(5) 5 3 - 0.75 14/4+ 2.20 2.20 100 220(6) 3 ip - 0.78 14/5+ 2.67 2.67 57 76(7) 5 3p - 0.71 14/6+ 2.80 2.80 90 131(8) 3 1 1 0.62 14/8+ 4.17 2.75 83 275(9) 4 i 1 0.85 16/9 3.75 3.75 107 128'
(10) 6 1 ic 0.76 11/5 2.83 2.00 106 75(11) 10 5 2c 0.68 11/71 3.45 2.56 93 74(12) 6 2 2c 0.62 11/81 3.50 1.75 83 50(13) 5' 2 1 0.66 12/21 4.20 2.33 100 67(14) 4 - 2c 0.67 12/7+ 3.50 -' 70 -"(15) 3 - 2c 0.50 21/2+ 5,00 1.0011 94 22
8o THE BULLETIN
sumption of all milk1 excluding Government milk, per non-priority con-sumer, and compared this with the milk taken per child at school, for the 73families that had children at schools where they could obtain milk, but thatreceived no Government milk, and for the families that, besides havingchildren at school, also included infants or expectant mothers in receipt ofGovernment milk. Children at school over 14 years of age are counted inTable 4, but only if it was stated that they were taking milk at school, sincein some cases we could not be certain that milk was available to them. InGroup (b) in Table 4, there are io children who had an allowance of Govern-ment milk and also took milkin eight cases q pints and in two 31 pints aweekat a nursery school. Nine of these ten children came from familieswith a domestic consumption of non-priority milk of 3 pints and over.
In both group (a) and (b), there were io children each from homes wheremilk consumption was low and who drank no milk at school. The io childrenof group (b) belonged to 7 different families, four of which had 7 otherchildren that obtained per week q pints of school milk. This' overlapping'is a feature that occurred in several instances, and it was interesting to findthat no family with one or several children that drank no milk at school hadanother child taking more than q pints a week. On the other hand, in thegroup of families whose children had q pints there were some with otherchildren consuming 31 pints weekly.
In a few families, povertydue to low earnings per head or to a lowhousekeeping allowancemay have been the direct cause of the children'slow milk consumption, although school milk, at i pence a pint, and Govern-ment milk, at 2 pence a pint, are about the cheapest body building foodsthat a mother can buy for her children. To some extent, the general dietaryhabits of the family seem to determine the children's milk consumption atschool as well as at home, and in particular the feeling that milk is a food forbabies, appears to act as a deterrent to its consumption with some olderchildren and, especially, with boys.
Including condensed, evaporated, and Household Milk.
Recommended
