Transcript
Page 1: Industrialism 1865 – 1905 The 2 nd Industrial Revolution

IndustrialismIndustrialism

1865 – 19051865 – 1905

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

Page 2: Industrialism 1865 – 1905 The 2 nd Industrial Revolution

Changes in Daily Life Changes in Daily Life 1865 – 19051865 – 1905

TRANSPORTATION

Airplanes – Wright Bros.

“Horseless Carriage”Transcontinental RR

Union Pacific Central Pacific

Charles & FrankDuryea

Kitty Hawk

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Changes in Daily Life Changes in Daily Life 1865 – 19051865 – 1905

ELECTRICITY

Thomas Edison

Lightbulb

Central Power

Stations

General Electric “GE”

Westinghouse

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Changes in Daily Life Changes in Daily Life 1865 – 19051865 – 1905

INVENTIONS

Bessemer Process

Steel

Patent

Exclusive rights given by the govt

to develop and sell an invention

Refined Oil

Fuel

Bessemer Process – a process for purifying iron that results in

stronger, but lightweight steel

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Changes in Daily Life Changes in Daily Life 1865 – 19051865 – 1905

COMMUNICATION

Telegraph

Samuel Morse

Western Union

Telephone

Alexander G. Bell

Typewriter

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

ImmigrantsImmigrants Provided a huge workforce Provided a huge workforce that worked for low wagesthat worked for low wages

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

OilOil Kerosene & gas became Kerosene & gas became huge industrieshuge industries

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Laissez-faire—Laissez-faire—

No gov’t rules No gov’t rules for businessesfor businesses

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Steel—Steel—

Bridges aided Bridges aided with with transportation transportation and the and the skyscrapers skyscrapers gave the cities gave the cities room to grow.room to grow.

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Electricity—Electricity—

Electric Electric products & products & machinesmachines

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Entrepreneurs—Entrepreneurs—

Invest in new Invest in new inventions and inventions and build businessesbuild businesses

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Time Zones—Time Zones—

Helped set train Helped set train schedulesschedules

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Mass Production—Mass Production—

Producing a large amount of product Producing a large amount of product inexpensivelyinexpensively

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Causes & Effects of Causes & Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Railroads—Railroads—

Helped obtain raw materials faster & Helped obtain raw materials faster & ship finished goods.ship finished goods.

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Built the Carnegie Built the Carnegie Steel Company after Steel Company after the Bessemer refined the Bessemer refined steel making processsteel making process

Philanthropist—Philanthropist—charitable givercharitable giver

The Gospel of WealthThe Gospel of Wealth Society needs wealthy Society needs wealthy

peoplepeople The wealthy have an The wealthy have an

obligation to give obligation to give Social Darwinism—survival of Social Darwinism—survival of

the fittest in businessthe fittest in business

Built his vast wealth Built his vast wealth through through Vertical Vertical IntegrationIntegration

Sold Carnegie Steel in Sold Carnegie Steel in 1901 for $500 million1901 for $500 million

Carnegie Steel = $11.4 Billion TodayCarnegie Steel = $11.4 Billion Today 22ndnd Richest Person in the History of Richest Person in the History of

the Worldthe World

Andrew Carnegie:Andrew Carnegie:SteelSteel

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John D. Rockefeller: OilJohn D. Rockefeller: OilRichest Man in the History of the WorldRichest Man in the History of the World

Standard Oil Standard Oil CompanyCompany

Acquired (bought) Acquired (bought) smaller companies to smaller companies to eliminate competition – eliminate competition – MonopolyMonopoly

Expanded his business Expanded his business through through Horizontal Horizontal IntegrationIntegration

By 1880, the Standard By 1880, the Standard Oil Company Oil Company controlled 90% of all controlled 90% of all US petroleum-refining US petroleum-refining capacity.capacity.

Also a Philanthropist – Also a Philanthropist – Donated about $550 Donated about $550 million to charity million to charity throughout his lifethroughout his life

$13.8 Billion adjusted to today’s money

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George Westinghouse: Train Brakes & ElectricityGeorge Westinghouse: Train Brakes & Electricity

Westinghouse Air Westinghouse Air Brake CompanyBrake Company built built the compressed-air the compressed-air brakebrake

Safety feature that Safety feature that became standard on became standard on ALL RR carsALL RR cars

Trains could pull more Trains could pull more cars & travel fastercars & travel faster

Developed A/C Developed A/C (Alternating Current) (Alternating Current) plugsplugs

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Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad TycoonCornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad Tycoon

Controlled all RR travel Controlled all RR travel from NY and Ohiofrom NY and Ohio

In 1877, he owned over In 1877, he owned over 4,500 miles of RR track4,500 miles of RR track

Bought out smaller RR Bought out smaller RR companiescompanies

He was approximately He was approximately $100 million$100 million Donated $1 Million to

Central University in Nashville, TN, which was later named after him.

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George Pullman – RR SuppliersGeorge Pullman – RR Suppliers

Pullman RR CarsPullman RR Cars Made long distance Made long distance

travel more travel more comfortablecomfortable

Sleeping Cars, Dining Sleeping Cars, Dining Cars, Luxury CarsCars, Luxury Cars

Pullman, Illinois – site Pullman, Illinois – site of his of his company towncompany town where the cars were where the cars were mademade

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CapitalismCapitalism

Individuals—NOT the Individuals—NOT the government—own government—own mostmost industriesindustries

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Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise

Same as laissez-faire—Same as laissez-faire—NO gov’t NO gov’t intervention in intervention in business.business.

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MonopolyMonopoly

Complete control of an Complete control of an industryindustry

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CorporationCorporation

Investors or Investors or stockholders own a stockholders own a companycompany

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TrustTrust

A board of trustees runs A board of trustees runs a group of a group of companies. This companies. This reduces competition reduces competition & limits production. & limits production. Keeps costs high.Keeps costs high.

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Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Buy the companies that you Buy the companies that you need to make your product. need to make your product. CARNEGIE CARNEGIE

Railroads

Coal Mines

Carnegie Steel Company

Iron Mines

Steamship Lines

CarnegieSteel

Company

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Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

Similar to trusts and monopolies. BSimilar to trusts and monopolies. Businesses usinesses buy out other companies to exclude all buy out other companies to exclude all competition. competition. ROCKEFELLERROCKEFELLER

Balentine Oil Co.

Tabor Oil

Kane Oil Co.

WatsonPetroleum

StandardOil Company

Standard Oil CompanyStandard Oil

CompanyStandard Oil

Company

Stan

dard

Oil

Co

mpa

ny

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Life for Factory Workers

FACTORY LABOR

Very long hours, physically

demanding, very low pay

CHILD LABOR

For many families, children had to work so their family could

survive.

WOMEN

Worked at simple machines, no

chance for advancement

SWEATSHOPS

Workers are overworked,

underpaid, horrible conditions. Many

died of malnutrition or disease.

PIECEWORK

Being paid by how much you can

produce—NOT time. The faster you

work—the more you get paid!

DIVISION OF LABOR

Performing the same task over and

over and over… Rarely see the

finished product.

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Unions: organized to Unions: organized to secure better pay and secure better pay and conditions for workers. conditions for workers. Collective bargaining: Collective bargaining: workers negotiate as a workers negotiate as a group.group.

Closed Shop: a work Closed Shop: a work place where all place where all employees must belong employees must belong to a union.to a union.

Open Shop: a non-Open Shop: a non-union workplace. union workplace. (employees do not (employees do not recognize a union)recognize a union)

Yellow dog contract: Yellow dog contract: promise by employees promise by employees not to join a union.not to join a union.

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Strike: refuse to work Strike: refuse to work until conditions until conditions change.change.

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Knights of LaborKnights of Labor Terrence PowderlyTerrence Powderly Accepted skilled Accepted skilled

workers, unskilled workers, unskilled workers, Af. Amer., workers, Af. Amer., and women.and women.

Popular because of a Popular because of a successful railroad successful railroad strike.strike.

Became unpopular Became unpopular because of Haymarket because of Haymarket RiotRiot

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American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers ONLY accepted ONLY accepted

skilled, male workers.skilled, male workers.

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Industrial Workers of the WorldIndustrial Workers of the World

1905 Union opposed to Capitalism1905 Union opposed to Capitalism Socialists – believes that workers should own Socialists – believes that workers should own

industries industries Eugene Debs & Mary Harris JonesEugene Debs & Mary Harris Jones

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Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot Why?Why?

Workers wanted an 8-hour Workers wanted an 8-hour workday.workday.

What?What?

Police showed up at a rally Police showed up at a rally & a bomb went off & a bomb went off killing 7 police & 1 killing 7 police & 1 civilian. Made people civilian. Made people afraid of unions because afraid of unions because they were so radical.they were so radical.

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Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike Why?Why?

Wages were cutWages were cut What?What?

Fight broke out between Fight broke out between workers & Pinkertons (a workers & Pinkertons (a private police force hired private police force hired by Carnegie Steel).by Carnegie Steel).

16 were killed.16 were killed.

Henry Frick, Pres. of Henry Frick, Pres. of Homestead Steel, was shot Homestead Steel, was shot & stabbed.& stabbed.

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Would it seem restrictive to live in a city like this, built around the

factory???

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Pullman Strike Pullman Strike (Pullman IL near Chicago)(Pullman IL near Chicago) Why?Why?

Cut wages but did not lower Cut wages but did not lower rent nor prices in “his” townrent nor prices in “his” town

What?What?

Other RR workers supported Other RR workers supported the strike & refused to the strike & refused to work. Gov’t stepped in to work. Gov’t stepped in to restore order & forced restore order & forced workers back to work b/c no workers back to work b/c no RRs mean no mail service—RRs mean no mail service—strikers were breaking the strikers were breaking the law.law.

Eugene V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union, (ARU) led the workers on strike.

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The Great UpheavalThe Great Upheaval

the year of labor unrestthe year of labor unrest

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Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act

Law passed in 1890 that prohibits Law passed in 1890 that prohibits monopolies & limits power of big business.monopolies & limits power of big business.

Is this laissez faire?

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WhatWhat’’s the Difference Betweens the Difference BetweenCapitalism – Socialism – Communism???Capitalism – Socialism – Communism???

SocialismSocialism – Ownership of – Ownership of property and businesses is property and businesses is mixed between the govt mixed between the govt and private individualsand private individuals

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

The govt uses its power to The govt uses its power to attempt to manage the attempt to manage the economyeconomy..

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WhatWhat’’s the Difference Betweens the Difference BetweenCapitalism – Socialism – Communism???Capitalism – Socialism – Communism???

Communism Communism – govt – govt ownership of all property ownership of all property and businessesand businesses

Classless society—Classless society—everybody is equaleverybody is equal

Karl Marx, Friedrich Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir LeninEngels, Vladimir Lenin

““Workers of the World, Workers of the World, Unite! You have nothing Unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!to lose but your chains!””

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Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism ““Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest”” for businesses and for businesses and

people. Belief that some classes of people people. Belief that some classes of people are superior and rule over the rest.are superior and rule over the rest. English Social Philosophy developed by Herbert English Social Philosophy developed by Herbert

SpencerSpencer

Any attempts to help the poor or less Any attempts to help the poor or less capable actually slowed social progresscapable actually slowed social progress People who couldnPeople who couldn’’t survive the natural t survive the natural

competition in society would not last, thereby competition in society would not last, thereby making society stronger.making society stronger.

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Richest People in HistoryRichest People in History

You remember this list from Populism…these are You remember this list from Populism…these are the richest people in the world today.the richest people in the world today.

Carlos Slim Helu, Mexico, - $69 Billion Carlos Slim Helu, Mexico, - $69 Billion Bill Gates, USA - $61 Billion Bill Gates, USA - $61 Billion Warren Buffett, USA, - $44 BillionWarren Buffett, USA, - $44 Billion Bernard Arnault, France - $41 BillionBernard Arnault, France - $41 Billion Amancio Ortega, Spain - $37.5 BillionAmancio Ortega, Spain - $37.5 Billion

When you adjust the incomes into todayWhen you adjust the incomes into today ’’s dollars, our s dollars, our Industrialists dwarf this list from last week. Industrialists dwarf this list from last week.

Cornelius Vanderbilt - $185 Billion

Andrew Carnegie - $309 Billion

John D. Rockefeller - $336 Billion

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““Not evil, but good, has come to the race from Not evil, but good, has come to the race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces itthe ability and energy that produces it..””Industrialist Andrew Carnegie used which one Industrialist Andrew Carnegie used which one of the following terms to describe the economic of the following terms to describe the economic philosophy in the quotation above?philosophy in the quotation above?

A.A. SocialismSocialism

B.B. BimetallismBimetallism

C.C. Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth

D.D. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

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A Striker A Striker Confronts a Confronts a Scab!Scab!

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Changes in Daily Life Changes in Daily Life 1865 – 19051865 – 1905

TRANSPORTATION

Airplanes – Wright Bros.

“Horseless Carriage”Transcontinental RR

Union Pacific Central Pacific

ELECTRICITY

Thomas Edison

Lightbulb

Central Power

Stations

General Electric “GE”

Westinghouse

COMMUNICATION

Telegraph

Samuel Morse

Western Union

Telephone

Alexander G. Bell

Typewriter INVENTIONS

Bessemer Process

Steel

Patent

Exclusive rights given by the govt

to develop and sell an invention

Refined Oil

Fuel

Bessemer Process – a process for purifying iron that results in

stronger, but lightweight steel