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Interactions Among Interactions Among OrganismsOrganisms

What is Ecology?What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of organisms and the Ecology is the study of organisms and the living and non-living parts of their living and non-living parts of their environment.environment. There are many levels of organization in ecology. There are many levels of organization in ecology.

They are:They are: The The BiosphereBiosphere – All the area on the surface of earth and – All the area on the surface of earth and

in the atmosphere that supports life.in the atmosphere that supports life. Ecosystem – A group of organisms living together and the Ecosystem – A group of organisms living together and the

environment around them.environment around them. Community – All of the interacting Community – All of the interacting populationspopulations in an area in an area Population – All of the organisms of the same Population – All of the organisms of the same speciesspecies

living in an arealiving in an area OrganismOrganism – A single living thing – A single living thing

Abiotic vs. Biotic FactorsAbiotic vs. Biotic Factors

AbioticAbiotic Factors Factors are all of the are all of the non-non-livingliving components of components of the ecosystem. the ecosystem.

Examples would Examples would be:be:1.1. WaterWater

2.2. ClimateClimate

3.3. SoilSoil

Biotic Factors are Biotic Factors are all of the all of the livingliving components of components of the ecosystem.the ecosystem.

Examples would Examples would be:be:1.1. PlantsPlants

2.2. InsectsInsects

3.3. Larger animalsLarger animals

Which level is it?Which level is it?

Identify the level of Identify the level of ecological ecological organization organization represented by represented by each picture.each picture.

A herd of buffalo.A herd of buffalo.


All of the living and All of the living and non-living items in non-living items in

a ponda pond


All of the animal All of the animal populations living populations living on the African on the African savannah.savannah.

HabitatHabitat

The habitat is the The habitat is the place where an place where an organism lives out its organism lives out its life.life. It is where the organism It is where the organism

finds finds foodfood, , sheltershelter and and mates.mates.

Several species can live Several species can live in the same in the same habitathabitat but will use the but will use the resources in different resources in different ways.ways.

NicheNiche

A niche is all strategies A niche is all strategies and and adaptationsadaptations a a species uses in its species uses in its environment.environment. This is how organisms This is how organisms

obtain food, mates and obtain food, mates and protectionprotection from from predators.predators.

No two species can No two species can occupy the same occupy the same nicheniche long (one species will go long (one species will go extinct).extinct). http://www.tycho.dk/ezimagecatalogue/catalogue/variations/1150-250x250.jpg

Ecological RelationshipsEcological Relationships

Ecological Relationships can be Ecological Relationships can be classified as either classified as either symbiosissymbiosis or or predationpredation..

A symbiosis is a close, A symbiosis is a close, permanentpermanent relationship between two relationship between two differentdifferent types types of organisms.of organisms.

There are three types of symbiosis:There are three types of symbiosis:1.1. MutualismMutualism

2.2. CommensalismCommensalism

3.3. ParasitismParasitism

MutualismMutualism

In mutualism, both In mutualism, both organisms organisms benefitbenefit from one another.from one another. For example: A clownfish For example: A clownfish

and a sea anemone and a sea anemone have a have a mutualisticmutualistic relationship. The fish is relationship. The fish is protected by the protected by the anemone and the anemone and the anemone receives anemone receives scraps of foodscraps of food from from the clownfish.the clownfish.

CommensalismCommensalism

In commensalism, one organism In commensalism, one organism benefitsbenefits from the other. The other from the other. The other organism is neither organism is neither helpedhelped nor nor harmedharmed..

This is usually a relationship between a This is usually a relationship between a small organism and a larger organism small organism and a larger organism where the smaller organism benefits.where the smaller organism benefits. The benefit is usually The benefit is usually sheltershelter, ,

transportationtransportation, defense, or , defense, or foodfood..

CommensalismCommensalism

An example is the An example is the relationship of the relationship of the remora and the remora and the shark. The remora shark. The remora receives receives foodfood in the in the form of scraps that form of scraps that come from the come from the shark, but the shark shark, but the shark is is unaffectedunaffected..

ParasitismParasitism

In parasitism, one In parasitism, one organism benefits organism benefits and the other is and the other is harmedharmed.. The organism that The organism that

benefitsbenefits is called is called the the parasiteparasite

The organism that The organism that is is harmedharmed is called is called the the hosthost


TapewormsTapeworms and and liver flukes are liver flukes are examples of examples of parasites that live parasites that live in the bodies of in the bodies of other organisms other organisms ((endoparasitesendoparasites). ). They feed off the They feed off the host and cause host and cause disease.disease.

Summary of Symbiotic Summary of Symbiotic RelationshipsRelationships

RelationshipRelationship Organism 1Organism 1 Organism 2Organism 2

MutualismMutualism

CommensalisCommensalismm


PredationPredation

In predation, one In predation, one organism, the organism, the predatorpredator, kills and , kills and eats another, the eats another, the preyprey.. The relationship of The relationship of

predator and prey is predator and prey is essential to keeping essential to keeping populations of both populations of both animals at normal animals at normal levels.levels.

Which relationship is it?Which relationship is it?

An American Robin An American Robin builds a nest in a builds a nest in a Red Maple tree Red Maple tree


A tick makes its A tick makes its home on a White-home on a White-tailed Deer tailed Deer


A Nile crocodile will A Nile crocodile will open its mouth and open its mouth and allow the Egyptian allow the Egyptian plover to feed on plover to feed on any leeches that any leeches that are attached to its are attached to its gums gums


A Red Fox hunts A Red Fox hunts and consumes a and consumes a Black Rat Snake Black Rat Snake


A certain type of A certain type of paramecium engulfs paramecium engulfs unicellular green algae unicellular green algae into vacuoles within its into vacuoles within its cell. The algae are cell. The algae are allowed to utilize allowed to utilize carbon dioxide carbon dioxide produced by the produced by the paramecium and the paramecium and the paramecium is able to paramecium is able to utilize food produced by utilize food produced by the algae the algae