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1Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *abdu-

Meaning: 1 cattle, herd 2 household, property 3 cloth, fabric

Evenki: abdu 1, 2

Even: abdu. 2, 3

Negidal: abdu.n 1

Spoken Manchu: adun 'herd, flock' (2319)

Literary Manchu: adu 3

Jurchen: ad-hu (551) 3

Orok: abdu. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *abgu-

Meaning: 1 to pull out, take from 2 (refl.) to appear

Even: abgi.n- 2

Negidal: abgu.- 1

Ulcha: aGbu.mbu.- 1, aGbu.n- 2

Orok: aGbu.n-

Nanai: aGbi.-mboGo- 1, aGbi.ac^i.- 2

Oroch: a:bu- 1

Udighe: agbu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *abu-

Meaning: 1 to lack, be insufficient 2 to become exhausted, lean 3 to be tired 4 to bleed

Evenki: abul- 1, abu- 4

Even: abͬ.l- 1

Negidal: abu.l- 1

Literary Manchu: absa- 2, abuliqabi 3Ulcha: abu.li.- 1

Orok: abu.li.- 1

Nanai: aboli.- 1

Oroch: abuli- 1

Udighe: abuli- 1

Solon: abu.l- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *abusi

Meaning: 1 husband of elder sister 2 husband of father's or mother's younger sister 3 brother-in-law, son-in-law

Evenki: awus 1

Even: a:wu.s 1, 2

Negidal: awu.s 1, 2

Ulcha: au.si. 3

Nanai: aosi. 3

Oroch: aus/a" 3

Udighe: auhi 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ac^u-

Meaning: 1 to slander, slander 2 to answer

Literary Manchu: ac^ux/a-da-, ac^ux/an 1

Nanai: ac^o:go- 2 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ada-

Meaning: 1 twins 2 to unite, attach 3 close, neighbour

Negidal: adaxu. 1

Literary Manchu: ada- 2, adaki 3

Ulcha: adau. 1

Orok: ada:w 1

Nanai: ada- 2, ado: 1

Oroch: adawu 1

2Keys of Han

Udighe: ada`u 1 (QRST. 204)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *aga

Meaning: rain

Spoken Manchu: aha: (2015)

Literary Manchu: aGa

Jurchen: ah-ga (8)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *agula:n

Meaning: meadow, plain

Evenki: awla:n, ag|la:n

Even: awlͬn

Negidal: awlan

Ulcha: awda(n)

Orok: awla(n)

Nanai: aoda?

Oroch: auda, aula

Han-Tungus-prototype: *aja, *aju-

Meaning: 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help

Evenki: aja 1, aj(u:)- 3

Even: aj 1, aj(i.)- 3

Negidal: aja 1

Literary Manchu: aj-lun|Ga 2, aj-sila- 3

Jurchen: aju-bulu (419) 3

Ulcha: aja 1

Orok: aja 1, aju.- 3

Nanai: ai, aja: 1

Oroch: aja 1, ai-c^i- 3

Udighe: aja 1, ai-sigi- 3

Solon: ai, aja 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ajara-

Meaning: 1 to take off fat (while melting) 2 spoon for taking fat off

Ulcha: ajara- 1, ajaraqu. 2

Nanai: ajarax|o 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ak- / *kaka

Meaning: 1 man 2 elder brother

Evenki: aka:, akin 2

Even: aqa, aqͬ.n 2

Negidal: aga / axa 2

Spoken Manchu: hah@ 1 (829)

Literary Manchu: xaxa 1, axun 2

Jurchen: xaxa-aj (298) 1, axun (axun-un) (286) 2

Ulcha: aGa 2

Orok: aGa / aqa 2

Nanai: a: 2

Oroch: aka, akin 2

Udighe: aga` 2 (QRST. 203)

Solon: axa:, axin 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *aKa

Meaning: loon, diver

Negidal: axani:.

Literary Manchu: aqa n/exe

Ulcha: an/i

Nanai: a:n/i

3Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *al-

Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to poach (in dirt) 3 bay, shore inlet

Evenki: aldi- 2

Orok: ala:q 1

Nanai: alian 3 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala-

Meaning: 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 mountain 3 mountain pass 4 ravine

Evenki: ala- 1, alaki:t, alan 3

Even: alͬ.n- 1, alͬ.n 3

Negidal: alan- 1, alaxi:.t 3

Spoken Manchu: alin 2 (2067)

Literary Manchu: alin 2

Jurchen: ali-in (39) 2

Nanai: ala 3 (Bik.)

Udighe: ala 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala-

Meaning: 1 to tell 2 (caus.) to teach, explain 3 to offer as sacrifice 4 to be responsible 5 royal decree

Evenki: alawu:- 2

Negidal: ala-c^i.- 3

Spoken Manchu: al@- 'to tell, to inform' (1346)

Literary Manchu: ala- 1

Jurchen: alawa-gi (576) 5

Ulcha: alau.- 2, 4

Orok: alau.- 2

Nanai: alo:-si.- 2

Oroch: alu.- 1, alaw- 2

Udighe: alau- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *alba-

Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 lazy

Evenki: alba- 1

Even: albͬ.- 1

Negidal: alba- 1

Orok: alba- 1

Nanai: albaqto 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *alda-n

Meaning: distance between

Literary Manchu: andan, alda-

Jurchen: an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'

Ulcha: alda(n)

Orok: alda(n)

Nanai: alda?

Oroch: agda(n)

Udighe: agda(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *alga

Meaning: net

Evenki: alga

Literary Manchu: alGan

Ulcha: arGa

Nanai: alGa

Oroch: agga

Solon: alga

4Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *al(i)-

Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over

Evenki: al- 1

Even: al- 1

Negidal: al- 1

Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404)

Literary Manchu: ali- 1

Jurchen: ali- (242) 2

Ulcha: alu:.- 2

Orok: ali.- 1

Nanai: ali.- 1

Oroch: alo:- 2

Udighe: ali- 1, alu- 2

Solon: ali- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ali-, *alak-

Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy

Evenki: ali- 1

Even: ale?l- 1

Negidal: ali.- 1, alaxi.- 4

Literary Manchu: al/a- 3

Ulcha: ali.- 2

Nanai: ali.- 2, alaqi. 4

Oroch: ali- 2

Solon: al/e:?-, ali:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *alu-

Meaning: 1 currants 2 a k. of berry (TRͧRnop)

Evenki: alug| 1

Negidal: aloj 1

Ulcha: a:lu. 1

Orok: allu. 1

Oroch: a:la": ~ a:li 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *am-

Meaning: 1 quick, quickly 2 to be in time, to catch up 3 to reach, touch

Evenki: ama, ama-ka:n 1, amin-, ami-lta"n-

Even: a:mrͬ.q 1, a:mͬ.ltͬ.n- 2

Spoken Manchu: am@c^@- 2

Literary Manchu: am-bu-, am-c^a- 3

Nanai: am-qa-c^i.- 3 Bik.

Solon: amari: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *amba-

Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 very

Spoken Manchu: am@ 'big, large' (2398)

Literary Manchu: amba 1

Jurchen: amban (amban-an) (668) 1, amban-lar (724) 2

Ulcha: amba(n) 1, 3

Orok: ambaramz^|i. 3

Nanai: amba(n) 1

Oroch: amba 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *amn|a, *amta-

Meaning: 1 mouth 2 to taste

Evenki: amn|a 1, amta- 2

5Keys of Han

Even: amn|ͬ 1, amtͬ- 2

Negidal: amn|a 1, amta- 2

Spoken Manchu: an|@ 1 (27), an|a 1

Literary Manchu: an|ga 1

Jurchen: am-n|a (494) 1

Ulcha: an|ma 1

Orok: amn|a / an|ma 1

Nanai: amGa 1

Oroch: amma 1

Udighe: an|ma 1

Solon: amma, angai 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ana-

Meaning: very

Nanai: anam

Oroch: ana, ani:, anu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *anda

Meaning: friend

Evenki: anda

Negidal: anda

Literary Manchu: anda

Jurchen: al-da-xaj (330) cf. *alda (1-31), an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'

Ulcha: anda

Orok: anda

Nanai: anda

Oroch: anda

Udighe: anda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *andi

Meaning: scoter, a k. of duck

Evenki: anni, andi, ende

Negidal: ani.

Nanai: a:ni, a:n|gi (IJ.) 'diver'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ani:-

Meaning: to present a gift

Evenki: ani:-

Even: ani.-

Ulcha: ajban ( < *ani-pan) 'gift'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *an/n|a

Meaning: year

Evenki: ann|ani:

Even: ann|ͬ.n

Negidal: an/n|ani:.

Spoken Manchu: ani (2723)

Literary Manchu: an/a

Jurchen: ania (79)

Ulcha: an/a(n)

Orok: anan/i.

Nanai: ajn|an/a, ajn|ani.

Oroch: ann|an/i

Udighe: an|a(n)

Solon: an/e:?, an|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *antaga

Meaning: slope of a mountain

6Keys of Han

Evenki: antag|a

Even: antͬ.g|

Negidal: antag|a

Literary Manchu: antu

Nanai: antaz^|i.a

Udighe: anta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *anz^|a

Meaning: plough

Literary Manchu: anz^|a

Ulcha: anz^|a

Nanai: anz^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-

Meaning: 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open

Evenki: an|a- 1, an|a-/ a:n|a:- 3, an|a 2

Even: an|- 1, a:n|a- 3

Negidal: an|a- 1, 3, an|a 2

Ulcha: an|Gala 2

Orok: a:n|Ga- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-

Meaning: 1 foreigner 2 orphan

Evenki: an|naki: 1, an|az^|aka:n 2

Even: an|ͬ.z^|a 2

Negidal: an|naxi:. 1, an|az^|axa:n 2

Literary Manchu: anaqu (z^|uj) 2

Ulcha: an|az^|a, an|an/i. 2

Orok: an|ada 2

Nanai: an|z^|i.ni. 1, an|Gaz^|a? 2

Oroch: an|nain/i 1, an|az^|a 2

Udighe: an|naxi 1, an|az^|a 2

Solon: an|az^|i? 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-

Meaning: 1 wild game 2 mountain ram 3 to graze (of deer) 4 enclosure for deer

Evenki: an|a 1, anan| (dial.) 2, an|a- 3, an|an 4

Even: anͬ.n| 2, an|- 3

Negidal: an|a- 3

Orok: a:n|a- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|(g)a

Meaning: net (for catching fish under ice)

Negidal: an|a

Ulcha: an|Ga

Orok: an|Ga

Nanai: an|ga

Oroch: an|ga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa

Meaning: grandfather; uncle (elder brother of father, mother)

Negidal: apa

Nanai: papa (Naikh.), fafa (Bik.) (redupl.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa-

Meaning: 1 to attack 2 to fight

Spoken Manchu: af@- 1 (789)

Literary Manchu: afa- 1

7Keys of Han

Nanai: apa- 1

Solon: apaldi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *apka

Meaning: sky

Spoken Manchu: abka, apka

Literary Manchu: abqa

Jurchen: a-pu-ha

Nanai: apqa (Kur.-Urm.), afqa (Bik.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ar-

Meaning: 1 to make, work, construct 2 to come to one's senses 3 to cause fear (Rf an evil ghost), to appear in one's imagination 4 shape, form 5 evil spirit

Evenki: arit- 3, aru:- 2, arinka 5

Even: ar-, ari.- 3, ar- 2, ari.n|qͬ. 5

Negidal: aji. 5

Spoken Manchu: ar@v@n, ar@vun 'appearance, form' (2342)

Literary Manchu: ara- 1, arbun 4, ari 5

Nanai: ari. 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara-

Meaning: 1 open space 2 open ritual court

Evenki: arag|an 1

Even: arͬ.g|ͬ.n 1

Ulcha: arac^u. 2

Oroch: ara:c^u 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara-

Meaning: scarcely

Evenki: aran

Even: arͬ.n

Spoken Manchu: ar@q@n (2952)

Literary Manchu: arqan

Solon: ara?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *arka-n

Meaning: back

Evenki: arkan

Even: arqͬ.n

Negidal: ajkan

Orok: atta(n)

Oroch: akka(n)

Udighe: aka(n)

Solon: arka?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *arpa

Meaning: barley; oats

Literary Manchu: arfa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *asi:

Meaning: 1 wife of elder brother 2 woman 3 wife

Evenki: asi: 2

Even: asi. 2

Negidal: asi: 2

Spoken Manchu: as^@, as@ 3 (908)

Literary Manchu: as^a 1

Ulcha: asi. 3

Orok: asi. 2

8Keys of Han

Nanai: as/a 2

Oroch: asa 2

Udighe: ahanta 2

Solon: as^/e:, as^/i: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *axiri-

Meaning: to sweep, rake up snow

Ulcha: ax|i.ri.-

Orok: ax|i.ri.-

Nanai: ax|i.ri.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *az^|i-n

Meaning: a k. of salmon

Evenki: az^|in

Negidal: az^|i.n

Literary Manchu: az^|in

Ulcha: az^|i.(n)

Orok: az^|i.(n)

Nanai: az^|i.?

Oroch: az^|i.(n)

Udighe: az^|i(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(b)-

Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to lie 3 to entertain

Evenki: a:- 1

Even: awu.n- 3

Negidal: a:- 1

Ulcha: au.- ~ aw- 1, 2

Orok: a:(wu.)- 1, 2

Nanai: ao- 1, 2

Oroch: a:- 1

Solon: a:-s^/in- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:bu-

Meaning: a k. of duck (ͥͤop-TRSJop)ͱͱͱͱ

Even: a:wu.ldu.qa

Orok: awu.n|Ga

Oroch: aun|a

Udighe: aun|ga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:ga-

Meaning: 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone

Evenki: a:g|en 2

Even: a:g|ͬn 2

Negidal: ag|at 1, ag|an 2

Literary Manchu: atan 1

Nanai: an|a? 2

Oroch: a:ta 1, awa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:j-

Meaning: 1 swift 2 to run quickly 3 to step (on sand, snow)

Even: aji.n| 1

Literary Manchu: aja- 2

Orok: aja-mu.nz^|i. 1

Nanai: a:i- 3 (IJ. 30)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li-

Meaning: to get tired

Negidal: a:li:.-

9Keys of Han

Ulcha: a:l(i.)-

Orok: a:li.-

Nanai: a:li.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li-

Meaning: 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a long hunt)

Negidal: a:li.-w- 1

Udighe: ali- 2, alip- 'to become spoiled (of meat)' (QRST. 205, 206)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:m-

Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to be sleepy

Evenki: a:me- 2

Even: a:mol- 2

Negidal: a:ma- 2

Spoken Manchu: am@h@- 1 (528)

Literary Manchu: amga- / amxa- 1

Ulcha: amasi.- 2

Orok: a:ma- 2

Nanai: a:malo-, a:masi.- 2

Oroch: a:ma-si- 2

Udighe: amahi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:mu-

Meaning: 1 lake 2 river

Evenki: a:mut 1

Even: amar, a:ma:r 2

Negidal: amu.t 1

Spoken Manchu: om@ 1 (2082)

Literary Manchu: omo 1

Jurchen: omo (45) 1

Nanai: amoa? 1

Oroch: amu 1

Udighe: amuli 'name of a river' (QRST. 207)

Solon: amu.z^|i 1, amur 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(n)-

Meaning: not

Evenki: a:c^in

Even: a:n, a:c^

Negidal: a:c^in

Spoken Manchu: aqu (3017)

Literary Manchu: aqu

Jurchen: a-c?wi (705)

Ulcha: ana

Orok: ana

Nanai: ana:

Oroch: ana

Udighe: anc^i

Solon: as^/i?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n/i-

Meaning: 1 to enjoy 2 feast

Even: a:n/i.- 1

Nanai: an/a: 2 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n|(gi)-

Meaning: right

10Keys of Han

Evenki: ann|u:, a:n/n|u:

Even: a:ngͬ.g|

Negidal: an/n|i.-da:

Ulcha: anz^|i.

Orok: a:n/z^|e:

Nanai: a:n|gi.a

Oroch: a:n/z^|a"

Udighe: ajan|az^|a

Solon: angida

Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:z^|i-

Meaning: 1 first child 2 small child 3 the most

Even: a:z^|i.n 1

Spoken Manchu: az^|ig@ 2 (2403)

Literary Manchu: az^|i-ge 2, az^|i 1

Nanai: az^|i:. 3, az^|i.-go- 'SR~�ͤͮ ��Sn�Jͨp'

Udighe: az^|iga 'girl'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba-

Meaning: 1 to propose for marriage 2 proposed for marriage since childhood

Evenki: ba- 1

Literary Manchu: ba-c^ixi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *badara

Meaning: dun-bird

Evenki: badara

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bag-

Meaning: 1 white 2 clear (of sky, weather)

Evenki: bagda-ma, -rin 1, bag|urin 2

Even: ba:wu.n, ba:i. 2

Negidal: bagdaji:n 1

Solon: bagdarin, bogdarin 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-

Meaning: rock, cliff

Evenki: bajtu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-li

Meaning: favour, mercy

Literary Manchu: bajli

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-

Meaning: 1 separate 2 to break, divide bread

Evenki: bakla 1

Even: be:kͬl 1

Nanai: baqta- 2 (dial.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-

Meaning: 1 muscles of thigh 2 knucklebone (of a horse); fetlock

Literary Manchu: baqalaz^|i 2

Nanai: bagdixi?. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baKa-

Meaning: to find, obtain

Evenki: baka-

Even: baq-

Negidal: baxa-

Spoken Manchu: bah@- (1562)

Literary Manchu: bax|a-

11Keys of Han

Jurchen: baxa-biar 'obtain' (366)

Ulcha: ba:-

Orok: ba:-

Nanai: ba:-

Oroch: ba:-

Udighe: ba`- (QRST. 210)

Solon: baxa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baksa

Meaning: prop, central pole

Evenki: baksa

Ulcha: baqsa

Nanai: baqsa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bala-

Meaning: ancient, earlier

Ulcha: balana

Orok: balana

Nanai: balana

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baldi-

Meaning: to bear, be born

Evenki: baldi-

Even: baldͬ.-

Negidal: baldi.-

Spoken Manchu: banz^|i-, banz^|@- (694, 2146)

Literary Manchu: banz^|i-

Jurchen: boldi-xaj (388)

Ulcha: baldi.-

Orok: balz^|i.-

Nanai: balz^|i.-

Oroch: ba:gdi-

Udighe: bagdi-

Solon: baldi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bali-

Meaning: sable (one year old)

Evenki: balini

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ban|-sala-

Meaning: to kick

Literary Manchu: bas^ila-

Ulcha: basala-

Orok: basala-

Nanai: ban|sala-

Oroch: ban|sala-

Udighe: ban|c^ala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bara-

Meaning: 1 many 2 to increase 3 capacious

Evenki: bara-ma 1, bara-l- 2

Even: baran 3

Negidal: baja 1

Literary Manchu: baran 1

Orok: bara 1

Solon: bara: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bargi-

Meaning: 1 opposite 2 enemy, inimical

12Keys of Han

Evenki: bargi: 1, bargu:k 2

Even: bargͬ.g| 1, bargͬ.q 2

Negidal: bajgi.- 1, bajgu.n 2

Literary Manchu: baz^|i-la 1, baqc^in 1, 2

Jurchen: bai-z^|u-mij di:- 'to be inimical' (797)

Ulcha: baz^|i. 1, baz^|u.(n) 2

Orok: baz^|z^|e:? 1

Nanai: bajGi. 1, bajGo:(n) 2

Oroch: baggi- 1, baz^|ug|i 2

Udighe: baga" 1, bagia 2

Solon: bargi:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baru-n

Meaning: 1 thick 2 round, full

Even: baru.-n 1

Literary Manchu: barun 2

Nanai: baro? (Kur-Urm.) 2

Oroch: bau(n) 1

Udighe: bau 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *basa-

Meaning: payment

Literary Manchu: basa, base

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bas^a-

Meaning: to drive, urge

Literary Manchu: bas^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-kin

Meaning: rope (made of bark)

Negidal: batu.xi.n

Ulcha: batu.xu.n

Nanai: bartoxi.?

Oroch: ba:tuxa":

Udighe: batixi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-n

Meaning: frozen soil

Evenki: batun

Even: batͬ.n

Literary Manchu: batun

Ulcha: ba:tu.(n)

Nanai: bato?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *baz^|i-

Meaning: early

Evenki: baz^|i-kir

Even: baz^|

Negidal: baz^|i.g|

Oroch: ba:z^|ika

Udighe: baz^|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:da

Meaning: 1 face 2 shape, form, colour

Evenki: ba:de 1

Even: ba:d 1, 2

Nanai: ba:do 'opposite to', ba:do-ba:do 'face to face'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:gba

Meaning: 1 stake, bar, spear 2 to delve with a stake, spear

13Keys of Han

3 to hit (with a stake, stick)

Even: bag|ͬ.q- 3

Negidal: ba:bga 1

Literary Manchu: bo- 2, bon 1

Ulcha: baGba 1

Orok: ba:bGa ~ ba:Gba 1

Nanai: baGba 1

Udighe: bagba- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:Ka- / *ba:Ku-

Meaning: to slide

Evenki: ba:kero:-

Even: baqͬ.rki.n-

Negidal: baxu.ki.n-

Ulcha: bau.rsu.-

Orok: bau.r-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ku-n/a

Meaning: 1 seal 2 young bear

Evenki: ba:keje 2; baxana 'he-goat'(�p��ͣͮ ��ͤRnp)

Negidal: baqaja: 2

Ulcha: baqada 1

Orok: ba:wu 1

Oroch: bakana 'oSͥ�Jͭ� ͣp T�ͨ J�S�'ͭ

Udighe: baqana 'one-year-old bear or dog'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ra-c^i-

Meaning: to rejoice

Ulcha: ba:rac^i.-

Nanai: ba:ra:c^i.-

Oroch: ba:rac^i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:rga-

Meaning: to clothe, put on

Ulcha: bargaz^|i.-

Orok: baGdu.xi.-

Nanai: ba:raz^|i.Go-, ba:roli.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ru

Meaning: in the direction of (postpos.)

Literary Manchu: baru

Ulcha: ba:- / be:-

Orok: ba:ru.-

Nanai: ba:ro-

Oroch: bai-ti

Han-Tungus-prototype: *be

Meaning: bait

Evenki: be

Even: be:

Negidal: beg|ewun

Literary Manchu: be

Ulcha: bei

Orok: be:-ni

Nanai: be:

Oroch: be-ppe, be-meike

Udighe: be-kpe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bedu- / *budu-

14Keys of Han

Meaning: small table

Negidal: bet

Ulcha: beduli

Orok: bedu

Nanai: bedur, budduru

Han-Tungus-prototype: *begdi / *bugdi

Meaning: 1 leg 2 foot

Evenki: begdi 1

Even: bo":dͬl 1

Negidal: begdi 1

Spoken Manchu: bet@x@, bet@k@ 1, 2 (137, 2285)

Literary Manchu: betxe 2

Jurchen: bodi-xe (505) 2

Ulcha: begdi 1

Orok: begz^|i 1

Nanai: begd'i 2

Oroch: begdi 1

Udighe: begdi 1

Solon: beldi:r 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bege

Meaning: 1 ferment (made of animal liver or brain) 2 medicine

Evenki: beg|e 1, 2

Even: beg| 2

Negidal: beg|e 2

Nanai: be: 'rotten food' (IJ.)

Oroch: be:-de- 'to treat (with medicine)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *beje

Meaning: person, man

Evenki: beje

Even: bej

Negidal: beje

Nanai: beje 'person'

Solon: bei, beje

Han-Tungus-prototype: *beju:-

Meaning: an ungulate animal

Evenki: beju:n

Even: buju:n

Negidal: beju:n

Ulcha: buju(n)

Orok: buju(n)

Nanai: beju?

Oroch: beju(n)

Udighe: bui, buji

Solon: beju:-ni: beje 'hunter'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *beKe

Meaning: goby

Oroch: bexe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bekte-

Meaning: a short time

Negidal: bekte

Ulcha: bekte

Nanai: bekte:?

15Keys of Han

Oroch: bekte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bele-

Meaning: to help

Evenki: bele-

Even: bel-

Negidal: bele-

Ulcha: bele-c^i-

Orok: bel/e-

Nanai: bele-c^i-

Oroch: bele-c^i-

Udighe: bele-si-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *belge

Meaning: lap

Evenki: belge

Even: be:lgͬ

Negidal: belge

Ulcha: belz^|e

Orok: bel/de

Nanai: belge

Udighe: bege

Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli

Meaning: 1 pale 2 to whiten

Evenki: beli 1

Negidal: belki- 2

Oroch: be:li 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli(n)

Meaning: 1 hysterics 2 silly

Evenki: belin 1

Negidal: belin 1

Literary Manchu: beli 2

Nanai: belc^i? 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *belu / bul-

Meaning: 1 flat, slippery ice surface 2 to become gelatinous, jelly-like

Evenki: belu 1, buldi-le:- 2

Even: buldid- 2

Negidal: bel, bulz^|i- 2

Ulcha: belu, bolu 1, bulde- 2

Orok: belu 1

Nanai: belu, bulu 1, bulz^|i- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bener

Meaning: younger relative-in-law

Evenki: bener

Even: benͬr

Negidal: bene

Ulcha: bener, beneli

Nanai: bener

Oroch: bene

Udighe: bene

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ben|-ge-

Meaning: to sully

Negidal: ben|ge-

16Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bere

Meaning: to ease, peaceful

Evenki: bere

Literary Manchu: bez^|ig/e-

Orok: bere-mi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bez^|un

Meaning: 1 ten deer 2 multitude

Even: bez^|en 1

Literary Manchu: buz^|u baz^|a 2

Nanai: bez^|u 'thick (of a tree)' (IJ.) (?)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi-

Meaning: to be

Evenki: bi-

Even: bi-

Negidal: bi:-

Spoken Manchu: bi- (3016)

Literary Manchu: bi-

Jurchen: bie-i (704), bie-fume (614)

Ulcha: bi-

Orok: bi-

Nanai: bi-

Oroch: bi:-

Udighe: bi-

Solon: bi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaga

Meaning: moon

Evenki: be:?g|a

Even: ba":g|

Negidal: be:?g|a

Spoken Manchu: bia: (2035)

Literary Manchu: bija

Jurchen: bi(a)ha (4)

Ulcha: be:?

Orok: be:?

Nanai: ba":, bi.a

Oroch: ba":

Udighe: bea"

Solon: be:?g|a, b/eg|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bia, -gun

Meaning: 1 place (in a dwelling) 2 rookery, sealery 3 earth 4 estate 5 servants

Evenki: be:? 1

Even: ba": 2

Spoken Manchu: b/oh@n, b/ohun 3 (2112)

Literary Manchu: boix|on, boiGon 3, 4

Jurchen: boj-hu (276) 5, bon|-xon| 3

Orok: be:? 1

Udighe: bea" 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bial-

Meaning: 1 to harm, damage 2 to be in a difficult position, obstructed

Evenki: be:?l- 2

Even: belen|e- 1

17Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: bele- 1

Ulcha: bajli.- 'to wound'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bialebki

Meaning: 1 knee cap 2 knee

Nanai: bi.lo:ki. (IJ. 66) 1

Udighe: ba"luga (-ug|a), bo"log|o (-ug|o) 1 (QRST. 211)

Solon: bolo:xi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaru

Meaning: sheep

Evenki: be:?ru

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi(a)sere-

Meaning: 1 decking 2 shelf under ceiling 3 bed 4 pedestal

Literary Manchu: besergen 3, 4

Ulcha: bisere(n) 1

Nanai: besere, bisere 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *biga

Meaning: field, steppe

Spoken Manchu: bihan (2079)

Literary Manchu: biGan, bixan

Udighe: biga, big|a (QRST. 212)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bil-

Meaning: completely, wholely

Literary Manchu: bilc^i, bulz^|i

Nanai: bilde-bilde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bila-

Meaning: to agree upon time

Literary Manchu: bila-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilc^a-

Meaning: to mix (flour), to glue

Literary Manchu: bilc^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bile-n

Meaning: 1 wrist 2 lapel on mittens

Evenki: bile(n) 1, 2

Even: bilen 1

Negidal: bile 2

Orok: bile 2

Udighe: bule 1 (QRST. 215), bilepti, bulepti 'bracelet' (QRST. 212)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilga

Meaning: throat

Evenki: bilga

Even: bi.lgͬ.

Negidal: bi.lga

Spoken Manchu: bil@ha: (62)

Literary Manchu: bilx|a

Ulcha: bi.lz^|a

Orok: bi.lda

Nanai: bi.lGa

Oroch: bigga

Udighe: bigan|a (QRST. 212)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi; *bue, *mu"-n-

Meaning: 1 I 2 we

Evenki: bi 1; bu, mit 2

18Keys of Han

Even: bi 1; bu, mut 2

Negidal: bi 1; bu, bitta / butta 2

Spoken Manchu: bi: 1 (2869); bo: 2 (2871), mes@ 2 (2872)

Literary Manchu: bi 1; be, muse 2

Jurchen: mi-n (853) 1

Ulcha: bi 1; bu:, bue 2

Orok: bi 1; bu 2

Nanai: mi, dial. bi 1; bu:, bue 2

Oroch: bi 1; bu, biti 2

Udighe: bi 1; bu, minti 2

Solon: bi 1; bu:, miti 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bira

Meaning: 1 river 2 spring

Evenki: bira 1, biraja 1,2

Even: bi.ra 1, bi.raqc^an 2

Negidal: bi.ja 1, 2, bi.jaxa:n 2

Spoken Manchu: bira: 1 (2087)

Literary Manchu: bira 1, biraGa, birGan, birx|a 2

Jurchen: bira (40) 1

Ulcha: bi.ra 2

Nanai: bi.ra:? 2

Oroch: biaka 2

Udighe: ba":`sa 1 (QRST. 212)

Solon: bira 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *biri-

Meaning: 1 to lay planks 2 planking 3 tent, construction 4

fence 5 frame

Evenki: biri- 1, biriptir 2, 3

Even: birken 2, 3

Negidal: bije:g|e: 2

Literary Manchu: biregen, bireken 4, beren 5

Nanai: bere? 5 (possibly < Man.)

Oroch: bipti 3

Udighe: bi:pti 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *birin

Meaning: female of a predator

Evenki: birin

Even: bi.ran

Negidal: bi.ji.n

Literary Manchu: birin ~ barin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bir[u]-kan

Meaning: 1 precipice 2 mountain

Literary Manchu: b/oran 1

Solon: biraxan 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boda-

Meaning: to follow smb., accompany

Evenki: bodo-

Even: bod-

Negidal: bodo-

Ulcha: bodo-

Orok: bodo-

Nanai: bodo-

19Keys of Han

Udighe: bodo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bodu-ruka

Meaning: curly, fleecy

Even: bodu.ru.qa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog-

Meaning: 1 cuff, wristband 2 shoulder

Evenki: bog|jan 1

Even: bu.jan 1

Udighe: bogdolo 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog(i)- / *begi-

Meaning: 1 to freeze 2 cold 3 frazil

Evenki: beg|i:- 1, beg|in, bog|in 2 bog|oro 3

Even: bei-, beg|i- 1, bo"g|e 3

Negidal: beji:- 1

Literary Manchu: beje- 1

Jurchen: bei 2 (95)

Ulcha: beji- 1

Nanai: beji- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bogi:-

Meaning: to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage

Evenki: bog|i:-; bo:-ka:n ( < *bog|o-ka:n) 'slave'

Negidal: bog|i.n-

Literary Manchu: bojx|olo- 'to escape (from a trap), get off the hook'

Ulcha: bojal-

Nanai: bojaGo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boka-

Meaning: breast bone

Evenki: bokoli:

Even: bokoli.wu.n

Literary Manchu: boqs^on

Orok: bokko { ~ boqqo} 'belly'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bokan-

Meaning: to catch up with, take revenge on

Evenki: bokon-

Even: boqͬ.n-

Negidal: boxon-

Nanai: boqon|Gi.-

Oroch: bo:-, bokko-

Udighe: bo`n-o- (QRST. 213)

Solon: boxon-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKa-ri, *boKa-kta

Meaning: 1 pea 2 cone 3 nut 4 tree fungus

Evenki: bokoto, bokokto 2, 3

Even: bokot 2, 3

Negidal: boxoto 2, 3

Literary Manchu: box|ori 1, bax/a 2

Ulcha: bo:qto 3

Orok: bo:qto 2, 3

Nanai: bo:qto 3

Oroch: bokto 3

Udighe: bo`to 2, 4 (QRST. 213)

Solon: boxro: 1

20Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKi-

Meaning: chain

Negidal: boxopu.n

Ulcha: bojpu.(n)

Nanai: bojoto?

Udighe: baxula

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol-

Meaning: 1 clear 2 meagre

Negidal: boltu.-boltu. 1

Spoken Manchu: bol@h@n, bol@hun 'clean, pure' (2550)

Literary Manchu: bolGo 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol-

Meaning: 1 autumn 2 air 3 to blow (of wind, snow)

Evenki: bolo 1, bolgo 2, boli:- 3

Even: bolͬ.ni. 1

Negidal: bolo 1

Spoken Manchu: bolori 'autumn, fall' (2728)

Literary Manchu: bolori 1

Jurchen: bolo (75)

Ulcha: bolo 1

Orok: bolo 1

Nanai: bolo 1

Oroch: bolo 1

Udighe: boloni 1

Solon: bolo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bola-n

Meaning: cuff

Negidal: bolan

Orok: bolo

Nanai: bo:lo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boldu-

Meaning: pulse

Orok: boldu.ni

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolga-

Meaning: 1 to be afraid 2 to worry 3 to be shy, confused

Evenki: bolgo-

Negidal: bolgo- 1

Orok: bolGo-

Nanai: bo:lda-z^|i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolgi-kta

Meaning: dwarf cedar

Evenki: bolgig, bolgikta

Even: bolgi.g|, bolgi.t

Negidal: bolgi.kta

Ulcha: bolz^|i.qta

Orok: bog|i., bog|i.ta

Nanai: bolGoqto (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: boggikta

Udighe: bogbo" (QRST. 213)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *boloka

Meaning: spiraea

Evenki: boloko

21Keys of Han

Negidal: boloxokto

Ulcha: boloi.qta

Nanai: boloqto

Oroch: bolokto

Udighe: bolokto (QRST. 213)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bon/a

Meaning: a big monkey

Spoken Manchu: moni 'monkey' (2212); boni 'year of the monkey' (2724)

Literary Manchu: bon/o, mon/o

Jurchen: bo-non| (151)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bori:-

Meaning: to divide

Evenki: bori:-

Even: bori.-

Negidal: boji.-

Ulcha: bori.-

Orok: bori.-

Nanai: bori.-

Oroch: boi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *borkan

Meaning: color, beauty

Even: borkan

Spoken Manchu: boc^@, boc^u (2417)

Literary Manchu: boc^o

Jurchen: bo(i_)c^o-gaj (628)

Orok: boc^c^o

Nanai: bojqo

Oroch: boqqo

Udighe: boko

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosa-kta

Meaning: kidney

Evenki: bosokto

Even: bostͬ.

Negidal: boxokto

Spoken Manchu: bos^@qu, bos@qu 'kidneys' (92)

Literary Manchu: bosx|o

Ulcha: bosoqto

Orok: bosoqto

Nanai: bosoqto

Udighe: bo:kto

Solon: bosokto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosoga

Meaning: North slope of a mountain

Evenki: bosog|o

Even: bosag|

Negidal: bosog|i.da, bosoji.

Solon: bosog 'forest'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bota:-

Meaning: 1 to tie (with a knot) 2 to be bound, tied

Evenki: boto:- 1

Even: beteb- 2

22Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:k-

Meaning: 1 to stop, hinder 2 to tie up

Evenki: bo:k- 1

Even: boq- 1

Negidal: bok- 1, 2

Literary Manchu: boxi- 2

Ulcha: boqi.- 2

Nanai: boqi.- 2

Oroch: boki- 2

Udighe: bo`i- ͣn�pͤ ͮ (ͩ��Rn�op, ��nRͤJR

�, �R�Tp JJR� ��nͮ�T) (QRST. 213)ͱͱͱ

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:Kan

Meaning: thigh

Evenki: bo:kan

Even: bo:qͬ.n

Literary Manchu: buxi

Udighe: bo:` (QRST. 213)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buc^i:-

Meaning: 1 to dry on fire 2 to become dry 3 unripe, coarse

Evenki: buc^i:- 1

Even: bu.c^i.- 1

Negidal: boc^i.- 1, boc^u.xi.n 3

Ulcha: buc^i.- 2, buc^ule bi 3

Nanai: boc^o- 2, boc^o? 3

Oroch: buksa- 2, buc^u 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buduri-

Meaning: to hurry

Nanai: buduri-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bug-

Meaning: hill, mound

Evenki: bug|a, bug|an

Even: bu.g|u.n, bug|jen/e, bug|ͬndͬ

Ulcha: bo(n)

Nanai: buen, bugdure

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buga

Meaning: place

Evenki: bug|a

Even: ba:

Negidal: boa ~ bog|a

Spoken Manchu: ba: (2562)

Literary Manchu: ba

Jurchen: buha-i (71)

Ulcha: bu.a

Orok: bo:

Nanai: boa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugar

Meaning: burnt forest, wood

Evenki: bug|ar

Even: bo:rin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugdi

Meaning: 1 variegated 2 pimple, rash (*bugdeke, *bug(d)-su-ke) 3 to form (of pimples, rash)

Evenki: bugdi 1, bugdeke, buksuke: 2

Even: bu:.di. 1, bu.du.li. 2

23Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: busxe-ne- 3

Orok: bu.gz^|i. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-c^a

Meaning: idol

Ulcha: bo:c^o

Nanai: bugz^|e?, bukc^e?

Oroch: bo:c^o

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-tuna

Meaning: 1 mosquito 2 gad-fly

Evenki: bu.gu.tu.na 1

Literary Manchu: bekto 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buje-

Meaning: 1 to wish, desire, love 2 to thank

Literary Manchu: buje- 1

Jurchen: buj-je-mij (385) 1, bij-il-sia-maj 2 (815)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buk-

Meaning: hump, to bend

Evenki: buke-

Even: bo"kc^en-

Negidal: boxon

Literary Manchu: boqto, buqtu, buqda-

Ulcha: boqo(n)

Orok: boqqo

Nanai: buku?

Udighe: boxo

Solon: buktur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buK-

Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to doubt, guess, contemplate

Literary Manchu: bux/e- 2

Nanai: bogbi.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bukse

Meaning: 1 cartilage, gristle 2 Adam`s apple

Evenki: bukse 1, bukec^ '�R�Rnp Sͭ� ͭ'

Even: bu:s 1

Negidal: buxse 1

Spoken Manchu: box@; box@e: 2 (64)

Literary Manchu: buge, buxe 1; buge mon|Gon 2

Ulcha: bukse 1

Orok: buske 1; '�R�Rnp Sͭ�'ͭ

Nanai: bukse 1

Oroch: bukse 1

Udighe: buxe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buKu-

Meaning: 1 birch cradle 2 birch bark put into cradle 3 suitcase

Evenki: bukun 2

Even: buk 1

Literary Manchu: buqtulin 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-

Meaning: 1 to smear 2 to caress, stroke

Evenki: bulku- 1, bul- 2

Even: bel-, bo"l- 2

24Keys of Han

Negidal: bolki.- 1, bul- 2

Literary Manchu: bilu- 2

Ulcha: bu.lc^i.- 2

Orok: bolda- 1, bu.li.- 2

Nanai: buli- 2

Oroch: bu:li-c^i- 2

Solon: bulgu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-

Meaning: 1 to form, spring up (of an ulcer, lump, swelling) 2 to be, become convex, pop out (of eyes) 3 sinew, cartilage

Evenki: bulbente- 1, bulle 3

Even: boldu.ra 2, bu:lrͬ 3

Negidal: bule 3

Literary Manchu: bulz^|a- 1

Orok: bu.lda:-, bolz^|i.na 2

Nanai: bolz^|a- 2, bulte 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-

Meaning: 1 snuff 2 swamp, marsh 3 become dull, colourless

Evenki: bule: 2, bu:l- 3

Even: bule 2

Ulcha: bu.la(n) 1

Oroch: bule 2

Udighe: bula(n) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bula

Meaning: thorn

Spoken Manchu: b@la: (2160)

Literary Manchu: bula

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule

Meaning: staff, shaft

Ulcha: buli(n)

Orok: bu:lig|e(n)

Nanai: bule?

Oroch: bule

Udighe: bul`a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule-n

Meaning: enemy

Evenki: bule:n

Even: bulͬn

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulin

Meaning: wick

Negidal: bulin

Ulcha: buli(n)

Nanai: buli?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buli:-

Meaning: to be sad

Evenki: buli:-

Even: bu.l-

Ulcha: bu.ldaz^|i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulu-

Meaning: bastard

Evenki: bulumz^|u

25Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu(r)-

Meaning: to die

Evenki: bu-

Even: bu-ni 'deceased'

Negidal: bu-

Spoken Manchu: bec^@- (744)

Literary Manchu: buc^e-

Jurchen: bu-c^e-xie (389)

Ulcha: bu(l)-

Orok: bu(l)-

Nanai: bude-, bu(r)-

Oroch: bu-de-, bu-kki-

Udighe: bu-de-, bu-kki-

Solon: bu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bur-

Meaning: to crush, demolish

Evenki: burgi:-

Even: borgͬ.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bure-ki

Meaning: 1 dust 2 fresh snow

Evenki: burki 2

Even: bu.rqu. 2

Literary Manchu: buraki 1

Jurchen: buren|-ki (59) 1

Ulcha: burexi 1

Nanai: burexi? 1

Oroch: burexi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgakta (/*gurgakta)

Meaning: beard, moustache

Evenki: gurgakta

Even: gu.rgͬt

Negidal: gojgakta

Ulcha: bu.z^|aqta

Orok: Gu.daqta

Nanai: boGaqta / boz^|aqta

Oroch: baz^|akta

Udighe: guakta

Solon: gu.ggakta, gu.rgakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgu-

Meaning: fat, thick

Evenki: burgu

Even: bergͬ

Negidal: bojgo

Ulcha: boz^|o(n)

Orok: boddo(n)

Nanai: bujgu

Oroch: boggo

Udighe: bogo

Solon: burgu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *buri:-

Meaning: 1 to let slip 2 to disappear 3 to let go

Evenki: buri:- 1

26Keys of Han

Even: beri- 1

Literary Manchu: burubu- 2

Jurchen: buru-wi-xie (840) 1

Oroch: bui- 1

Solon: buri:- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bute-, *butekte-

Meaning: to break, crush

Evenki: bute:kte-; butukte 'piece'

Even: bu:.t-

Negidal: bokta-l-

Ulcha: bu.qta-

Nanai: boqta-

Oroch: buktaga-

Udighe: bukta-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *butu-

Meaning: 1 a hoof disease, to suffer from hoof disease 2 pimple, pustule, to pustulate

Evenki: butu-, butun 1, buture- 2

Even: butuke

Literary Manchu: buturi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:-

Meaning: to give

Evenki: bu:-

Even: bo":-

Negidal: bu:-

Spoken Manchu: bu- (1398)

Literary Manchu: bu-

Ulcha: bu:wu

Orok: bu:-

Nanai: bu:-

Oroch: bu:-

Udighe: bu:-

Solon: bu:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:-

Meaning: to shade (light)

Evenki: bu:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:Ka

Meaning: island

Evenki: bu:ka, bukac^a:n

Even: bu.qc^an

Negidal: boxac^an

Literary Manchu: buqsa

Ulcha: ba:c^a(n)

Orok: boata

Nanai: boac^a?

Oroch: boac^a

Udighe: bugasa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:ni-

Meaning: to howl

Evenki: bu:ni:-

Even: bu:ni-

Negidal: bu:ni:-

Ulcha: bun/i-ku 'trumpet'

27Keys of Han

Orok: bu:ni-

Nanai: bu:ni-ku 'trumpet'

Udighe: buni-

Solon: bu:ni:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *b[u"]lku"-

Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 to splash, swash

Evenki: bilki- 1, bulkiw- 2

Literary Manchu: bulx|u- 2

Nanai: bi.lx|o- 1, bolqo- ~ bulx|o- 2

Udighe: bea"ku- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ab-

Meaning: 1 to be noisy 2 noise 3 to resound

Evenki: c^iwi-, dial. c^awir- 1

Negidal: c^awgi.- 1

Ulcha: c^a:o 2

Orok: c^aji.qotc^i.- 1

Nanai: c^awali.- 3, c^ao: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aba-

Meaning: 1 to grip (with claws) 2 claw 3 to pinch

Evenki: c^awari:- 1

Negidal: c^awa- 1

Ulcha: c^awa-qta 2

Orok: c^awa-qta 2

Nanai: c^awa-qta 2, (Bik.) cawac^i- 1

Udighe: c^aban 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^abu-ka

Meaning: army

Negidal: c^awxa

Spoken Manchu: c^uah@ 'soldier'(1141)

Literary Manchu: c^o:x|a

Jurchen: c^aw-xa (269)

Ulcha: c^au.x|a

Orok: c^au.x|a

Nanai: c^aox|a

Oroch: c^au.xa

Udighe: c^awaha, c^auha

Solon: c^og|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ac^araku

Meaning: a k. of locust

Literary Manchu: c^ac^araqu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a(i)z^|a-n

Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 udder

Evenki: z^|adan 2

Even: z^|ez^|in(/-a-) 2

Negidal: z^|ojan 1

Literary Manchu: c^ez^|en 1

Orok: dada-qta 1, 2

Nanai: z^|az^|aqta 1, 2 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ak-

Meaning: 1 full 2 strongly

Literary Manchu: c^aq seme 2

Orok: c^ak bi 1

28Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aK-

Meaning: to wrap up, collect

Evenki: c^ak-

Even: c^aq-

Negidal: c^ak-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKar

Meaning: temple; eyelid

Evenki: c^akar

Even: c^aqarba

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKi-

Meaning: 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path ( < 'make a partition'?)

Evenki: c^aki- 2

Literary Manchu: c^axin 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKu- ( ~ s^-)

Meaning: a k. of midge

Evenki: c^akimukta

Negidal: c^oxomto

Ulcha: c^o:qta

Nanai: c^o:qta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^al-

Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to cut, engrave 3 bed in cross-bow 4 arrow head

Evenki: c^ali: 4

Negidal: c^o:li.- 1

Literary Manchu: c^oli- 2

Ulcha: c^a:lu.- 1, 2, c^ag|li., c^ai.lqa 3

Orok: c^ag|la 3

Nanai: c^a:li.- 1, 2

Oroch: c^ali 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^albaka ( ~ s^-)

Meaning: half moon, crescent

Evenki: c^albaka

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^alban

Meaning: birch, birch bark

Evenki: c^alban

Even: c^a:lban

Negidal: c^a:lban

Nanai: c^alba?

Oroch: c^a:(b)ba

Udighe: c^afakt`a i '��S��Jo'ͱͱ

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^amduk-

Meaning: 1 mouse 2 tarbagan

Evenki: c^amukc^a:n 1

Even: c^a:mͬ.q 2, c^a:mͬ.qc^an 1

Oroch: c^unduki 1

Udighe: c^undihe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^amu-li-

Meaning: to eat smth. alone, be not willing to share

Negidal: c^amuli.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^an|it

Meaning: 1 robber 2 enemy, clan enmity

Evenki: c^an|it 1

29Keys of Han

Orok: tan|i.c^i. 2

Nanai: c^an|gic^i- 'to wait for a convenient time for retaliation' (IJ.)

Oroch: c^an|iti 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^apa

Meaning: 1 fish roe, caviar 2 white clay

Evenki: c^apa 1, c^apida, c^awiz^|a 2

Negidal: c^apa 1

Nanai: c^apa 1

Oroch: c^apa 1

Udighe: c^afa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^apka

Meaning: fish spear

Evenki: c^apka

Negidal: c^apka

Ulcha: c^aqpa

Orok: c^apqa

Nanai: c^aqpa:?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ara-ku

Meaning: barefooted

Ulcha: c^araqu.

Nanai: c^araqo?

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ari-

Meaning: to tear

Evenki: c^ari-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^axan

Meaning: 1 place under the knee 2 calf of leg 3 back part of heel 4 cubit, armpit

Evenki: c^akan, c^a:ke 1, c^akc^a 2

Negidal: c^axa: 3

Nanai: c^ax|a? 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:-

Meaning: that, further (not very far)

Evenki: c^a:-

Even: c^a:-

Negidal: c^a:-

Literary Manchu: c^a-

Ulcha: c^a-

Orok: c^o:-

Nanai: c^a-

Oroch: c^a:-

Udighe: c^a-

Solon: sa:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:gdi ( ~ *s^-)

Meaning: index finger

Evenki: c^a:gdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:K-

Meaning: fir-tree

Evenki: c^a:kre

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ebu-(gan)

Meaning: 1 lever 2 forked branch 3 brace, clinch

Evenki: c^ewe 2

Literary Manchu: c^oban 1

30Keys of Han

Nanai: c^ebe 3 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ec^e

Meaning: patch, rag

Evenki: c^ec^e

Even: c^ec^e

Negidal: c^ec^e

Literary Manchu: c^ec^e 'silk fabric'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ec^e-re-

Meaning: to press, squeeze in arms

Literary Manchu: c^ec^ere-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^egene-

Meaning: crayfish

Negidal: c^eg|enex

Ulcha: c^e:ni

Orok: teinei

Nanai: c^e:ni:

Oroch: c^en|ei

Udighe: c^endeuxie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eKe

Meaning: 1 upper short clothes 2 velvet

Literary Manchu: c^eke 1, c^ekemu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eKe- ( ~ s^-)

Meaning: upper part of throat

Evenki: c^eken, c^ekekte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^epe

Meaning: ulcer, pustule

Evenki: c^epe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ere- ( ~ *s^-)

Meaning: to bake (close to fire)

Evenki: c^ere-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eri:

Meaning: excrescence on birch bark

Evenki: c^eri:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iabikta

Meaning: shell

Evenki: c^e:?wyka (Il.)

Negidal: c^o:kta

Ulcha: c^oi.qta

Orok: toi.qta

Nanai: c^oi.qta

Oroch: c^ojikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iabu-

Meaning: 1 thigh, hip 2 buttock

Ulcha: c^iwu 1

Nanai: c^e?oki. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iaga

Meaning: 1 frozen snow 2 to become frozen (of snow)

Evenki: c^e:g|a 1

Even: c^aqaj 1

Literary Manchu: c^aq-z^|a- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ial-

Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 to choke 3 exhausted 4 to

31Keys of Han

stumble (while going down the hill)

Evenki: c^elgek 3, c^ele:- 4

Even: c^elgͬk- 'break (limb)'

Literary Manchu: c^ili- 2

Ulcha: c^i:.la- 1

Nanai: c^i:.la- 1

Oroch: c^i:la- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ib-

Meaning: to wriggle, roll

Evenki: c^iwar-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ibuke

Meaning: 1 awl 2 through(out)

Evenki: c^iwuke 1

Nanai: c^i.oqo 1

Oroch: c^iok-c^iok 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ic^u

Meaning: 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot)

Literary Manchu: c^oc^o 1

Ulcha: c^i.c^u. 1,2

Orok: tu.tu. 1

Nanai: c^i.c^i.qo 2

Udighe: c^ic^ko 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iK-

Meaning: grown-up

Literary Manchu: c^iqsin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ika:-

Meaning: to cut, hack, chop off

Evenki: c^ika:-

Even: c^i.qi.-

Negidal: c^i.xa-

Literary Manchu: c^ikiri 'shavings'

Orok: c^ike 'support for cutting, hacking smth.'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iK(i)-

Meaning: to sprout

Evenki: c^iki-ltu-

Literary Manchu: c^iq-z^|ala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iKi

Meaning: pivot

Evenki: c^iki

Even: c^i:.q

Negidal: c^i.x

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iKi-

Meaning: 1 edge, border 2 to go along the shore, come out on the shore 3 stamped snow

Evenki: c^iki (Tomm.)

Literary Manchu: c^ikin 1, c^iki-ra- 2

Nanai: c^iku-le- 2 (Kur-Urm.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ikpa-

Meaning: 1 wet 2 to become wet, soak

Negidal: c^i.p- 2

Ulcha: c^i.qpa 1

Orok: c^i.qpa ~ c^i.pqa 1

Nanai: c^aqpa 1

32Keys of Han

Oroch: c^ippa 1

Udighe: c^ipa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iku-

Meaning: 1 bead 2 ornament (made of carp's bones)

Evenki: c^ikti 1

Negidal: c^i.kti. 1

Ulcha: c^ikukte 2

Nanai: c^iku-kte (Sch.) 2, c^i:c^i 1 (Naikh.)

Oroch: c^ixite 1, c^ukc^ikti 'beads'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i(K)u- ( ~ -e-)

Meaning: fire steel

Ulcha: c^iu(n)

Orok: c^u

Nanai: c^iu?

Udighe: cui (arch.) (QRST. 311)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^il-

Meaning: 1 growth, bushes 2 a k. of tree with red bark

Even: c^i.ldu.qa 1

Literary Manchu: c^olx|o mo: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ilc^u-

Meaning: swelling, gland

Evenki: c^ilc^un

Spoken Manchu: c^ilic^in 'wen' (151)

Literary Manchu: c^ilc^in

Ulcha: c^ulc^u-kte

Nanai: c^ilc^u-kte

Udighe: cikci (QRST. 310)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ildi-

Meaning: 1 to spread, open wide 2 become wider (of footwear)

Evenki: c^ildi- 1

Even: c^i.ldu.m- 2

Nanai: c^ildin- '�S��ͭnpͤͮ (R nR~

�)' (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ilki ( ~ s^-)

Meaning: 1 muscle, biceps 2 front leg of a bear

Evenki: c^ilki: 1

Even: c^i.lqa 1

Negidal: c^i.lki:. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^[i]m-

Meaning: 1 to grip with claws 2 to pick one's teeth 3 to pinch

Evenki: c^omdokolo:- 3

Negidal: c^imn|et- 2 (��Jͨ�ͥͣ 1982)

Literary Manchu: c^amna- 1

Nanai: c^imi- '�R~�pͤͮ �R~ ͣ�� JR��' (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ime

Meaning: 1 a k. of salmon 2 burbot

Literary Manchu: c^ima, c^ime 1

Ulcha: c^i.mada 'name of a fish', (Sch.) c^e?mada 2

Oroch: c^ume 1

Udighe: cuma 'ͤ�ͧRRo�p Jͣo�� �RͣRͣ'ͮ (QRST. 312)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ip-

Meaning: 1 to press (with fingers) 2 to squeeze, press 3 to

33Keys of Han

stuff, stick 4 to clutch 5 to pick with a finger (food remnants) 6 to lick

Evenki: c^i:pc^i:- 3, c^ipka- 2, c^i:w- 6

Even: c^i.pc^u.- 3, c^u:.- 6

Negidal: c^ipixet- 1, c^i.pi.xi.la- 2, c^i.pc^i.- 3, c^i.w- 6

Literary Manchu: c^ibu- 3

Ulcha: c^ipec^i- 5

Orok: c^i.po- 5

Nanai: c^i.p 'tightly', sefele- (Bik.) 4

Oroch: c^ipc^i- 3, c^ipopu(n) 'index finger'

Udighe: c^ipc^i- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipa-

Meaning: 1 edge of sledge brake-stick 2 sharp

Evenki: c^i.pan 1

Negidal: c^i.p-c^i.p 2

Nanai: c^ip '(to stick into, pierce) deeply' (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipi-

Meaning: 1 a small bird 2 swallow

Evenki: c^ipi-c^a: 1

Even: c^i:.bͬ.lͬ.n 1

Negidal: c^i.pti.ja 1

Spoken Manchu: c^ivaq@n 2 (2240)

Literary Manchu: c^ibin 2

Nanai: c^i.pi.aqo 2

Udighe: c^iwjau 'sparrow'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipi- (~s^-,-u"-)

Meaning: to sweep; to scrape

Evenki: c^ipi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ip[u]-

Meaning: narrow

Evenki: c^ipikte, c^ipileme

Even: c^u.pu.ti.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ire-

Meaning: to scrape off

Evenki: c^ir-c^i:-

Nanai: c^i:re '(to cut smth.) across'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iri-

Meaning: to stink

Evenki: c^iri-

Nanai: c^i.ri.ftala- (Bik.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ixa

Meaning: 1 will, wish, agreement 2 to agree, to wish

Spoken Manchu: c^ihal@- 'to be fond of, like to' (1890)

Literary Manchu: c^ix|a 1, c^ix|ala- 2

Ulcha: ti.x|ala- 2

Nanai: c^i.x|ala- 2

Oroch: c^ixala- 2

Udighe: c^a:la-, c^ahala- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ixe-

Meaning: 1 straw; bast 2 stub, broom remains

Literary Manchu: c^ike-ku 1

Nanai: c^ixin 2 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:- ( ~ *s^i:-)

34Keys of Han

Meaning: to scrape off, skin

Evenki: c^i:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me

Meaning: 1 top (of tree, mountain) 2 crown, sinciput

Evenki: c^i:me 1

Even: c^em 1

Nanai: c^imc^ike:? 2 (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me- (~s^-,-u":-)

Meaning: a k. of insect

Evenki: c^i:mec^i:ldu:n

Udighe: cimgi (QRST. 310)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me- (~s^-,-u":-)

Meaning: 1 knee-cap, fat under the knee-cap 2 ankle, huckle-bone

Evenki: c^i:mec^in 1

Even: c^imne:k 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^obi:- ( ~ s^-)

Meaning: 1 foam 2 saliva 3 to sprinkle

Evenki: c^owi:-ksa 1,2

Even: c^og|li. 1

Negidal: c^oxsa 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^oK[i]-

Meaning: 1 to incline, bow 2 to squat

Evenki: c^oko- 2

Negidal: c^oxi.ti.n- 'ͣn�SJͥͤͮͣ o�ͥ� oRT'

Literary Manchu: c^uqu- 1

Nanai: c^oqc^ojgan 'squatting' (IJ.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^olka

Meaning: grey, white (of hair)

Evenki: c^olko

Negidal: c^olko

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^on|ki:-

Meaning: 1 to peck 2 pecking, beak

Evenki: c^on|ki:- 1, c^on|ki: 2

Even: c^on|qͬ.- 1, c^on|qͬ.n 2

Negidal: c^on|ki.- 1, c^on|ki:. 2

Literary Manchu: c^on|gi-, c^on|ki- 1

Nanai: c^on|ki.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^op-

Meaning: a k. of overcoat

Even: c^obaqa

Solon: c^ibkez^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ope-

Meaning: 1 locust 2 larva (of insects)

Evenki: c^epeder 1

Ulcha: c^obi. 2

Nanai: c^obi. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:k(i)-

Meaning: 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig, delve

Evenki: c^o:k- 4

Even: c^uq- 4

Negidal: c^ok- 1

35Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: c^oki- 2

Ulcha: c^oqi.- 3

Nanai: c^oqi.- 3

Udighe: cugu 'adze' (QRST. 311)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:li:-

Meaning: 1 to gossip, prattle, babble 2 tongue

Evenki: c^o:li:- 1, c^o:li: 2

Negidal: c^o:li:.- 1

Nanai: c^olc^i- (IJ.) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:r-

Meaning: 1 pike 2 young fish

Literary Manchu: c^urx|u 2

Solon: so:raldi: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ub-ri:-

Meaning: green, blue, yellow

Evenki: c^u:ri-n,-rin

Even: c^u:.ru.n/a

Negidal: c^oji:n

Solon: su:.ri?, c^ug|urin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uga-

Meaning: to fix, attach

Udighe: c^uga-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uguk- ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: 1 snuff 2 to burn (with fire) 3 to hiss (of glowing coals in contact with water)

Evenki: c^uke, dial. c^uwuki: 1, c^uwka:n- 2

Negidal: c^owixa:n 3

Udighe: c^auk-c^uk (expr.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uKe-re:-

Meaning: to move warily; to jump cautiously

Evenki: c^ukere:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *daga-

Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone

Evenki: dag|an/a

Negidal: dag|an/a

Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'

Orok: da:na

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da(ga)-

Meaning: 1 sharp 2 to cut

Spoken Manchu: dac^un 1 (1735)

Literary Manchu: da-c^un 1

Jurchen: da-c^u-gi 1 (801)

Ulcha: da:-qaru. 1

Nanai: da:-ri.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu- ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: 1 content 2 to pour

Spoken Manchu: dol@-, dolu- 2 (598)

Literary Manchu: do:-la- 2

Ulcha: dawu., dau. 1

Orok: daw, dau. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu-r

Meaning: 1 friend 2 Daghur 3 allied kin

36Keys of Han

Evenki: dog|or, dag|or 1

Even: dog|o: 1

Literary Manchu: dax|ur 2

Nanai: dox|a 1, 3

Solon: dag|u:.r 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *daja-

Meaning: to lean

Literary Manchu: daja-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakan-

Meaning: 1 to cover 2 coverlet, mat

Ulcha: daqan- 1, daqanc^a(n) 2

Orok: daqan- 1, daqapta 2

Nanai: daqa- 1, daqac^a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dak-sa-

Meaning: to stick to

Ulcha: daqsa-

Orok: daqsa-

Nanai: daqsa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakV

Meaning: sheat-fish

Negidal: da:xi.

Nanai: doaqa

Solon: da:xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal-

Meaning: 1 overflow, inundation 2 small wave, jet

Negidal: dalan 1

Literary Manchu: dol-c^in 2

Ulcha: dala(n) 1

Nanai: dala 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dala-

Meaning: 1 to lap, swill 2 to feed (animals)

Evenki: dala- 1

Even: dal- 1

Negidal: dala- 1

Ulcha: dala-n- 2

Nanai: dalo- 2

Oroch: dalau- 2

Udighe: dala- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalba

Meaning: 1 side 2 near

Even: dalbъ 2

Spoken Manchu: dal@f@, dal@v@ (2570)

Literary Manchu: dalba 1

Jurchen: dalba-la (605) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalga-

Meaning: to roast

Evenki: dalga-

Even: dalgat-/c^-

Negidal: dalga-

Ulcha: z^|alGa-

Orok: dalda-

Nanai: dalGa-

37Keys of Han

Solon: dalga- 'to burn'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal(i)-

Meaning: to close

Evenki: dal(i)-

Spoken Manchu: dali- 'to defend' (794)

Literary Manchu: dali-

Ulcha: da:li.-

Nanai: da:li.a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dali-

Meaning: 1 help 2 due to

Ulcha: dali.(n) 1

Nanai: dali.ndo 2

Udighe: dalindini 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal-{}

Meaning: tasty, sweet

Evenki: dalli, daldi

Even: dalrъ.{; dalgъs 'gluttonous, voratious'}

Negidal: dali.gdi:.

Literary Manchu: {dalxi 'relish, predilection'}

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dam-

Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 to act as an aggressor

Nanai: dambi.c^a- 2

Udighe: da:mpihi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan/a-la-

Meaning: to joke, mock

Ulcha: dan/ala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-

Meaning: tight, bound tight, stuffed tightly

Evenki: dan|ama

Literary Manchu: dan 'trap, snare'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-

Meaning: to blame, rebuke

Negidal: dan|z^|axan-

Literary Manchu: dan|si-

Ulcha: dan|su.-

Nanai: dan|si.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dap-

Meaning: to flatten, press

Evenki: dapc^a-

Orok: dapa:w-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dar-

Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 snow crust 3 water flowing over ice

Evenki: dar 1, darkin 2, 3

Nanai: darx|ol 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *daragan

Meaning: 1 quitch 2 reed, cane

Literary Manchu: darGan 2

Nanai: dara: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *darama

Meaning: waist, back

Evenki: darama

Even: darъm

38Keys of Han

Negidal: dajama

Spoken Manchu: dar@m@ (95)

Literary Manchu: dara, darama

Ulcha: darama

Orok: darama

Nanai: darama

Oroch: da:ma

Udighe: da:ma

Solon: darama

Han-Tungus-prototype: *darga

Meaning: 1 tumour, growth (of neck glands) 2 throat, larynx

Evenki: darga: 1

Even: dargъ. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasa-

Meaning: to govern, regulate

Spoken Manchu: das@- (1039)

Literary Manchu: dasa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasi-

Meaning: to cover

Evenki: das-

Even: das-

Negidal: das-

Literary Manchu: dasi-

Ulcha: dasi.-

Orok: dasi.-

Nanai: dasi.-

Oroch: dasi-

Udighe: dahi- (dai-) (Корм. 226)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *daxa-

Meaning: to follow, obey

Negidal: daxaw-

Spoken Manchu: dah@- (1181)

Literary Manchu: dax|a-

Jurchen: tai-xa (360)

Ulcha: dax|au.-

Orok: dax|u.ri.-

Nanai: dax|a-

Oroch: dax|u-

Udighe: dahala- (-li-) 'to agree' (Корм. 226)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:

Meaning: 1 in-law 2 elder in-law 3 elder brother of father; grandfather

Evenki: da: 2

Even: da: 2

Negidal: da:n|ta 1

Literary Manchu: danc^an 1

Nanai: da:-mi.n 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:b-

Meaning: to cross (a river)

Evenki: da:w-, da:g|-

Even: daw-

Negidal: daw-

39Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: dau- (1219)

Literary Manchu: do:-

Ulcha: dau.-

Orok: da:u.-

Nanai: da:(w)-

Oroch: dau-

Udighe: dau-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:(b)-

Meaning: to be infected

Evenki: da:(w)-

Even: da:w-

Negidal: da:-

Ulcha: da:-

Orok: da:-

Nanai: da:-

Udighe: da:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:bu-

Meaning: 1 to obey 2 to sacrifice 3 to envy

Even: dabdan|- 3

Spoken Manchu: diovi- (766) 2

Literary Manchu: dobo- 2 ( > Nan. do:bo-)

Ulcha: da:bu.- 1

Orok: da:bu.- 1

Nanai: da:bo- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:ji

Meaning: 1 big 2 size of

Even: di:.- 2

Negidal: di:.- 2

Ulcha: da:i. 1

Orok: da:i 1

Nanai: da:i. 1

Udighe: di:-n|ki 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:-, *dara-n

Meaning: 1 to follow, chase, track 2 row, in a row

Evenki: da:- 1, daran 2

Even: dac^- 1, dara:n 2

Negidal: da:- 1, dajan 2

Literary Manchu: dara- 1, doran 2

Ulcha: dac^i.- 1, dari.n 2

Orok: da:- 1, daram 2

Nanai: da:c^i.- 1, dari. 2

Udighe: da": 2 (Корм. 226)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:l-bu-

Meaning: to glue, stick to

Evenki: dalbu-

Even: da:lbu-

Negidal: da:lbu.-

Literary Manchu: dalu-

Ulcha: darpu.-

Nanai: da:lpo-

Udighe: dagbu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:li

40Keys of Han

Meaning: mat made of birch-bark

Negidal: da:li.

Ulcha: da:li.

Nanai: da:li.

Oroch: da:li

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:mu

Meaning: 1 only, merely 2 perhaps, rather

Evenki: da:mukte 2

Spoken Manchu: dam@ 1 (2970)

Literary Manchu: damu 1

Nanai: damu. 1 (may be < Manchu)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|sa

Meaning: 1 plank 2 saddle shelf 3 leather sole

Evenki: da:nne 2

Even: da:n|rъ. 1

Literary Manchu: dan|nax|an 3

Ulcha: dan|na 1

Orok: danda 2

Nanai: dan|n/a: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|u-

Meaning: a k. of seal

Negidal: da:n|a:

Ulcha: dau.n|Gar(i.)

Orok: do:n|o, dau.nz^|ari.

Oroch: daun|gai

Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:r-

Meaning: 1 to stretch 2 fathom

Evenki: da:r 2

Even: da:r 2

Negidal: da: 2

Literary Manchu: da 2, dara- 1

Ulcha: da:(l) 2

Orok: da:(ra) 2

Nanai: da:(r) 2

Oroch: da: 2

Udighe: da: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *de(b)-

Meaning: 1 song 2 to shamanize 3 tune

Evenki: dewej 1, dew-z^|eki- 2

Literary Manchu: dejen|gu 3

Oroch: da":-san|go 'chorus in shamanizing'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *debe-

Meaning: 1 paste, fool 2 to paint 3 paint

Evenki: dewe- 2

Even: dewe- 2

Negidal: dewekse 3

Literary Manchu: debse 1

Ulcha: dewekse 3

Orok: dewe:- 2

Oroch: dewukse, dewekse 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *debere-n

Meaning: young (of birds)

41Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: dev@r@x@n 'puppy, young' (2179)

Literary Manchu: deberen

Ulcha: deuru(n)

Orok: dewre(n)

Nanai: deurue

Han-Tungus-prototype: *debu(ki:)

Meaning: 1 pelvis 2 lower part of back 3 side

Evenki: duwuki:, dewuki: 1, 2

Even: dewki 1, 2

Negidal: do:xi:, dewexi: 1, 2

Literary Manchu: du, du: 1

Ulcha: dewe 1

Orok: dewe 1, 2

Nanai: dewe 1

Udighe: deuxi 1

Solon: debexi, dewexi 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-

Meaning: 1 to fly (v.) 2 bird

Evenki: deg- 1, degi 2

Even: deg|- 1, deg|i 2

Negidal: deg|- 1, deg|i: 2

Spoken Manchu: dei-, dii- 'to fly' (2300)

Literary Manchu: deje- 1, dei 2

Ulcha: degde- 1

Nanai: degde- 1

Oroch: deili- 1

Udighe: dieli- 1

Solon: degeli:- 1, degi: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-

Meaning: 1 to tie with a rope 2 hanger (for drying fish) 3 ski rope

Orok: de:g- 1

Nanai: degbimu 2

Udighe: degumu 2, degseg|i 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *degunn|e:-kte

Meaning: mushroom

Evenki: deg|inn|e:kte

Even: dewunn|it

Negidal: dewun/n|ekte

Orok: dewn|ekte

Oroch: deun|ekte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-z^|e-gi-

Meaning: to burn

Evenki: z^|egdi:-

Even: z^|egde 'burned place'

Negidal: z^|egdi:-

Spoken Manchu: dez^|i-, diz^|i- (483)

Literary Manchu: dejz^|i-

Jurchen: z^|eh-din-ku (686)

Ulcha: z^|egdec^iwu

Orok: degde-

Nanai: z|egdi-

Oroch: z^|egdi-

42Keys of Han

Udighe: z^|egdi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *deke-

Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 rope made from it 3 bush 4 tree

Negidal: dekke 1, dexen 2

Jurchen: do-g|o (115) 4

Ulcha: deke(n) 2, deksu(n) 3

Orok: deksu(n) 3

Nanai: de: 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *deken

Meaning: last pair of dogs in the team

Ulcha: deke(n)

Nanai: deke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dekte-

Meaning: 1 feather 2 wing

Evenki: dektenne 1, 2

Even: detle 1, 2

Negidal: detele 1

Spoken Manchu: det@x@ 1 (2294)

Literary Manchu: detxe 1, 2

Ulcha: dektekte 1

Orok: dektekte 1

Nanai: degdece 1

Oroch: dektese 1, 2

Udighe: dektehe 1, 2

Solon: dettele 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *del-

Meaning: 1 to split, divide 2 be divided

Evenki: delki- 1

Even: delkъ- 1, deldъk- 1

Spoken Manchu: dend@- 1 {(2622, 1200, 1713)}

Literary Manchu: dende- 1, delxe- 2

Jurchen: del-xe (390) 2, deN-de- (739) 'to understand'

Nanai: delki- 1

Udighe: deki- 1 (Корм. 229), dekte- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dele-

Meaning: 1 wild 2 dumb

Evenki: del(e)mi: 1

Even: delmi 1, (?) di:l- 2

Negidal: delemi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *delke:(n)

Meaning: wooden platform for storing

Evenki: delke:n

Negidal: delke:-xen

Ulcha: de-su

Orok: delke(n)

Nanai: deke

Oroch: deke(n)

Udighe: deke(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *delku-

Meaning: сватать

Nanai: delxu-

43Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpe-

Meaning: to split

Evenki: delpe-rge-, delpe-m-

Even: depc^erge-

Negidal: detpejkin-

Solon: delpe-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpi-n

Meaning: wide, roomy

Literary Manchu: delfin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *del(u)-

Meaning: 1 to become faint, dissolve 2 lose consciousness

Even: de:l- 1

Nanai: delu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *delu"-n

Meaning: mane

Evenki: delin

Spoken Manchu: del@n, dulun (2281)

Literary Manchu: delun

Nanai: derbini (?)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dem-

Meaning: trick, roguery

Literary Manchu: demun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep-

Meaning: 1 fluffy, furry 2 squirrel's nest 3 rot, soft

Evenki: debdirin 1; depe, depe-me 3

Even: debuli 1

Negidal: depe-depe o:ji:. 1

Orok: deberu:li 1

Nanai: debz^|ini 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep(-si)- / *dapsi-

Meaning: to flap (wings), wave

Evenki: dawsi-

Even: dawsъ.-

Negidal: dawsi.-

Literary Manchu: debsi-, debdere-

Ulcha: depsi-

Orok: dapsi.-

Nanai: depsi-

Oroch: depse-

Udighe: defi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *derbe-

Meaning: 1 wet, damp 2 to dampen

Evenki: derbe-kin 1, derbe:w- 2

Even: do"rbut- 2

Negidal: dejbew- 2

Literary Manchu: derbe-xin, derbu-xun 1, derbe- 2

Ulcha: delbi- 2 (tr.)

Orok: delbitc^i- 2 (tr.)

Nanai: derbi-ktu 1, derbe- 2

Oroch: debbi- 2 (tr.)

Udighe: degbi- 2 (tr.) (Корм. 229)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *derde-

44Keys of Han

Meaning: tag (of boots); rowlock, thole

Literary Manchu: derde-xun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *der(gi)-

Meaning: 1 to shiver, tremble 2 to sway

Evenki: dergi-, derin|- 1

Literary Manchu: dergis^e- 2

Ulcha: derz^|i- 1, de:remnec^i- 1

Nanai: dergi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *detu

Meaning: swamp, mossy meadow

Evenki: det

Even: det

Negidal: det

Literary Manchu: detu 'steppe'

Ulcha: detu

Orok: detu

Nanai: detu

Oroch: detu

Udighe: deti (Корм. 230)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:-

Meaning: 1 to lie 2 bed 3 decking

Spoken Manchu: dudu- 1 (522)

Literary Manchu: dedu- 1

Jurchen: dedu-rie (355) 'to lie, to sleep'

Ulcha: deduxu 3

Orok: deduxi 3

Nanai: dederi 3

Oroch: de: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:du-

Meaning: to care, like, love

Negidal: de:delu-

Ulcha: de:du(n)

Nanai: de:du

Oroch: deduli-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:n|gu

Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow

Ulcha: de:n|gure 1

Orok: de:n|gure 1

Nanai: de:n|gure 1

Oroch: den|gu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:re

Meaning: 1 surface 2 face

Evenki: de:r, dere 1, 2

Even: dere 2

Negidal: deg|el 2

Spoken Manchu: der@ 2 (52)

Literary Manchu: dere 2

Jurchen: der-hel (491) 2

Ulcha: dere(g|) 2

Orok: dere(l) 2

Nanai: dereg|, derel 2

Oroch: de: 2

45Keys of Han

Udighe: de:gdi 2

Solon: derel 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *diktu ( ~ z^|-)

Meaning: firm, tough

Negidal: diktu

Literary Manchu: z^|uktu

Ulcha: diktu

Orok: z^|iktu

Nanai: z^|iktu

Oroch: diktu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilac^a:

Meaning: sun

Evenki: dilac^a:

Negidal: dilac^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilba

Meaning: diaphragm; breast

Evenki: dilba

Even: di.lbъ.; delbe 'пах'

Negidal: di.lba

Ulcha: di.lba 'women's breast cover'

Orok: z^|i.li.a 'nipple'

Nanai: z^|i.lba 'women's breast cover'

Udighe: digba 'stomach cavity' (Корм. 227)

Solon: dilva

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilbi-

Meaning: 1 to make facing 2 hem, hemming 3 skin (for a coat) 4 raincoat, umbrella

Evenki: dilbikte 3

Negidal: z^|ilbu- 1

Literary Manchu: z^|ilbi- 1, z^|ilbi(n) 2; delbin 2

Ulcha: deli-ku 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilga-n

Meaning: voice

Evenki: dilgan

Even: di.lgъ.n

Negidal: di.lga-n

Spoken Manchu: z^|il@han (42)

Literary Manchu: z^|ilGan

Ulcha: di.lz^|a(n)

Orok: z^|i.lda(n)

Nanai: z^|i.lGa

Oroch: digga(n)

Udighe: digana- 'speak'

Solon: dilga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilgu

Meaning: tree juice

Evenki: dilgu

Even: di.lgъ.s

Negidal: di.lgu.ksa

Ulcha: z^|e:µlc^u.ma

Orok: z^|i.lu.

Nanai: z^|i.lko

Oroch: duguksa

46Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dili

Meaning: 1 head 2 horn foundation

Evenki: dil, del 1

Even: di.l 1

Negidal: di.l 1

Literary Manchu: z^|ili 2

Ulcha: di.li. 1

Orok: z^|i.li. 1

Nanai: z^|i.li. 1

Oroch: dili 1

Udighe: dili 1

Solon: de.li, dil(i) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilu-ke:

Meaning: fly

Evenki: dilke:n

Even: diliken

Negidal: dirke:n

Spoken Manchu: dur@we:, duruwu: (2256)

Literary Manchu: derxuwe

Orok: z^|il/okto

Nanai: z^|iluekte

Solon: dilxe:·, diluke:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *din|e-

Meaning: to press; to win

Udighe: din|e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dir-

Meaning: 1 thick 2 plentiful (of food) 3 gullet

Evenki: diram 1, dirga 3

Even: di.rъ.m 1

Negidal: di.jam 1

Spoken Manchu: z^|iram@ 1 (2413)

Literary Manchu: z^|iramin 1, z^|irax|un 'firm, stout'

Ulcha: di.rami. 1, di.rgan 2

Orok: z^|i.rami. 1

Nanai: z^|i.rami. 1, z^|i.rga 2

Oroch: dijami 1

Udighe: dea"mi 1, diga- 'to eat, feed'

Solon: dirami 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *diri-

Meaning: to sink

Ulcha: diri-

Nanai: z^|irie-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *disu-

Meaning: to guard, preserve

Evenki: disut-

Even: disut-

Negidal: disut-

Nanai: z^|i:sun-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:

Meaning: pitch, tar

Oroch: di:

Udighe: di:

47Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:be-kte

Meaning: 1 dwarf birch tree 2 black birch

Evenki: di:wekte 1

Even: diwug| 1, diwukeg| 1

Negidal: diwegde 1

Ulcha: diwegde 2

Orok: duwete 2

Nanai: diwegde 2

Oroch: duokte 2

Udighe: duekte 2 (Корм. 229)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:du" ( ~ z^|-)

Meaning: mountain ridge

Evenki: z^|i:di, dial. didi

Even: gidan (Okh.) (? = /didan/)

Literary Manchu: z^|idun

Ulcha: z^|i.du.

Orok: z^|i.du.(n)

Oroch: z^|idi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:Ke:-

Meaning: to hide

Evenki: di:ke:-

Even: dikъn-

Negidal: dixe:-n-

Udighe: dige-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *doda-ka(n)

Meaning: a vessel made of birch bark

Negidal: dodoxon

Orok: dodo, du.du.

Oroch: dodo:, dodoko

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-

Meaning: forehead (of an animal)

Evenki: doktonno

Literary Manchu: doqz^|ix/an

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-n

Meaning: socks, stockings

Evenki: dokton

Even: do:tъ.n

Negidal: dokton

Ulcha: doqto(n)

Orok: doqto(n)

Nanai: doqto(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolba

Meaning: night

Evenki: dolboni:

Even: dolbъ.

Negidal: dolbon

Spoken Manchu: d/ov@r@ 'night, evening' (2661)

Literary Manchu: dobori

Jurchen: dol-wo (78)

Ulcha: dolbo

Orok: dolboni

Nanai: dolbo

48Keys of Han

Oroch: dobbo

Udighe: dogbo

Solon: dolbo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolbi

Meaning: fox

Spoken Manchu: d/ovi (2207)

Literary Manchu: dobi

Jurchen: dolbi (153) , do-bi (151)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ka

Meaning: saddle (for children or horses)

Evenki: don|qa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ota

Meaning: 1 cold, frost 2 to ice up, freeze

Evenki: don|oto 1

Negidal: don|oto- 2

Ulcha: doqomdu.- 1

Orok: doGdo 'hoard of frozen fish'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dora-n

Meaning: law

Spoken Manchu: dor@n 'official rank'(1047)

Literary Manchu: doron

Jurchen: doro-un (255)

Ulcha: doro(n)

Orok: doro(n)

Nanai: doro

Oroch: doro(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *d[o]rike-

Meaning: 1 lynx 2 a k. of bear 3 wild boar

Even: deriken 2

Negidal: dejexe 1

Literary Manchu: dorGori 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:

Meaning: inside

Evenki: do:

Even: do:

Negidal: do:(n)

Spoken Manchu: do-, d/o- (2586-2589)

Literary Manchu: do

Jurchen: do-lo (600)

Ulcha: do:

Orok: do:

Nanai: do:

Oroch: do:

Udighe: do: (Корм. 227)

Solon: do:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:l-

Meaning: 1 to bend 2 to contort

Evenki: do:ldi:- 1

Orok: dolti.dda- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:la:

Meaning: clear, open sky

Evenki: do:lo:

49Keys of Han

Even: delъd

Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:ldi:-

Meaning: to hear

Evenki: do:ldi:-

Even: do:ldi:-

Negidal: do:ldi-

Spoken Manchu: d/onz^|i- (182)

Literary Manchu: donz^|i-

Jurchen: doldi-sun (351), doldi-u (354)

Ulcha: do:ldi.wu

Orok: dolz|i-

Nanai: do:ld'i.-

Oroch: do:gdi:-

Udighe: dogdi-

Solon: do:ldi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dub-

Meaning: to get accustomed

Evenki: du:-

Even: du:.-

Literary Manchu: dubi-

Jurchen: tu-bi-ba tei-bew 'fixed habits' (784)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dube:

Meaning: end

Evenki: duwe:

Even: duwet

Negidal: duwe

Spoken Manchu: duwe, duwu 'tip, point, end' (2604)

Literary Manchu: dube

Ulcha: duwe

Orok: duwe

Nanai: due

Udighe: due

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dudu-

Meaning: to growl, howl

Evenki: duduke-

Even: dudъlc^i-

Negidal: dudu-

Orok: dudz^|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-

Meaning: 1 hit, beat 2 batter 3 thresh

Evenki: dug|- 1, 2

Even: du.g|- 2, dug|- 1

Negidal: du.w- ~ du.g|- 2, dukte- 1

Literary Manchu: du- ~ du:- 1,3

Jurchen: du-n|u-mij (464) 1

Ulcha: du:.-c^i.- 2

Orok: du:- 1, du:.c^i.- 2

Nanai: du:- 1, do:c^i.- 2

Oroch: du:- 1, 2

Udighe: du:- 2, dukte- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-da-

Meaning: to get hold of smth.

50Keys of Han

Negidal: dag|a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug[i]-

Meaning: 1 channel, island 2 straight road

Evenki: dug|in, dug|u 1

Literary Manchu: doqo 2

Udighe: duala 'old channel'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duja

Meaning: noise; to shout, cry

Even: du:.ja, du:.ja-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dukc^a:

Meaning: a k. of fish

Evenki: dukc^a:

Even: du.qc^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu-

Meaning: to strand, plait

Negidal: dukte-

Ulcha: du:-

Nanai: du:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu:-

Meaning: to write

Evenki: duku:-

Even: du.q-

Negidal: duki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulbu-

Meaning: 1 stupid, dumb 2 deaf

Evenki: dulbu-n 1

Even: du.lbu.r 1

Literary Manchu: dulba 1

Orok: du.l-du.l 1

Nanai: dulbi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulgi-kta

Meaning: alder

Evenki: dulgik

Even: do"ktъ

Oroch: duggimtu

Udighe: dugumpe (Корм. 228), dug|umne

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulu-

Meaning: quiet, peaceful, easy

Evenki: dulu-mku:n

Even: du.lъ.m

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dunse

Meaning: 1 earth 2 land 3 wood, taiga

Evenki: dunne, dunde 1

Even: do":mn|e, do:nde 2

Ulcha: duente 3

Nanai: duente 3

Udighe: du"ho" 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|-

Meaning: coeval

Literary Manchu: dun|Gami

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|k-

Meaning: 1 dark, sullen 2 to bow the head 3 to knit the

51Keys of Han

brows 4 to bow the head and slumber 5 to become silent, calm 6 quiet, peaceful

Evenki: dun|kin- 2

Even: dun|kun- 2, 3

Literary Manchu: dun|gi, dun|ki 1

Ulcha: dun|gu 6

Orok: du.n|Gali.- 4

Nanai: dun|girien- 5 (Он.), dun|gu 6

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur-

Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze, flame 2 to set fire

Even: dur- 1

Literary Manchu: dobu- 2

Ulcha: durz^|egdeli- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur-

Meaning: 1 a k. of bracelet 2 stirrup 3 saddle (for children)

Evenki: dure:ki 2

Orok: du:re:ke 3

Nanai: durz^|i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duri

Meaning: cradle made of birch bark

Even: do"r

Negidal: duj

Spoken Manchu: d/uri: (516)

Literary Manchu: duri

Ulcha: duri

Nanai: duri

Oroch: duji

Udighe: du"i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-

Meaning: to become worn out, old

Literary Manchu: duru-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-n

Meaning: 1 form, outlook 2 pattern, design 3 picture

Evenki: durun 2

Negidal: dujun / dujin 1

Spoken Manchu: durun 1 (2341)

Literary Manchu: durun 1, duru-Gan 3

Ulcha: duru(n) 1

Orok: duru(n) 1

Nanai: duru 1 (Он.)

Oroch: du:(n) 1

Udighe: du:(n) 1

Solon: duru 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:l-

Meaning: to warm (of sun)

Evenki: du:l-

Even: du:.l-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:la-

Meaning: barren, farrow

Evenki: du:lag|i

Nanai: (?) dolboan `young, unripe' (of fruits, vegetables) (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:re:-

52Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 to walk, wander (off) 2 to run 3 to leap, gallop

Evenki: du:re:- 1, du:re:n|i-3

Even: z^|u:re-nz^|id- 1

Negidal: du:je:- 1

Spoken Manchu: z^|ura- 'to start, to set out, to leave'(1173)

Literary Manchu: z^|ura- 1

Ulcha: duere- 1

Orok: du:run|u- 3

Nanai: duere- 1

Oroch: due-, duwe- 1

Udighe: due- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *du"gin

Meaning: four

Evenki: dig|i:

Even: dig|i

Negidal: dig|i:

Spoken Manchu: duin (2738)

Literary Manchu: dujn

Jurchen: dujin (639)

Ulcha: dui(n)

Orok: z^|i:n

Nanai: dui

Oroch: di:

Udighe: di:

Solon: digi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *du":- ( ~ *du"b-)

Meaning: 1 top 2 mountain top 3 taiga region

Evenki: di:- 1

Even: di:- 1

Spoken Manchu: den 'tall, high' (2399, 2615)

Literary Manchu: de-n, de-le 1

Ulcha: duwu 3

Orok: duwwe:µ 3

Nanai: duje 3

Oroch: di-xi 3

Udighe: di:- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-

Meaning: not

Evenki: e-

Even: e-

Negidal: e-

Jurchen: ej-xe (476), esi(n)-in (710)

Ulcha: e-

Orok: e-

Nanai: e-

Oroch: e-

Udighe: e-

Solon: e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-

Meaning: this

Evenki: er, eri

Even: er

53Keys of Han

Negidal: ej

Spoken Manchu: er@ (2881)

Literary Manchu: ere

Jurchen: e(r)se (854)

Ulcha: ej

Orok: eri

Nanai: ei

Oroch: ei

Udighe: eji

Solon: er

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe-

Meaning: 1 weak 2 to yield, be submitted 3 foolish, obstinate 4 lax, tarrying

Evenki: ewe-z^|ekin 'едва-едва'

Literary Manchu: ebe-ri, ebi-lun 1

Ulcha: ebe-le 3

Orok: ebe-le 4

Nanai: ebe-ri- 2

Oroch: ebe-le 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe-

Meaning: carry (on oneself)

Evenki: ewe-

Nanai: i.wari.- 'to unload'

Oroch: ewugi- 'to bring', iwa-dala- 'to put a person on one's shoulder (in play)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebi-

Meaning: 1 enough 2 to be satiated 3 greedy 4 to eat greedily

Evenki: uwi- 2

Literary Manchu: ebi- 2

Jurchen: oh-pih-leh 2

Ulcha: ebiri- 4, ebe-su(n) 3

Nanai: ebe-su 3

Oroch: eburi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebiri-

Meaning: to shuffle, hoard

Even: ewerge 'two-paddled oar'

Nanai: ebiri-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke

Meaning: grandmother, aunt, elder brother's wife

Evenki: eweke:

Negidal: ewexe:

Ulcha: ewke

Orok: ewe(n)

Nanai: euke

Oroch: euke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke-

Meaning: 1 heather 2 a k. of plant 3 hawthorn

Evenki: ebkemkire: 1

Negidal: epkexin 2

Ulcha: ewxexi 2

Orok: ewxexi 2

Nanai: opokta 3

Oroch: ewxexi 2

54Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebu-re-

Meaning: 1 to meet 2 to wait

Ulcha: eurec^i- 1, 2

Nanai: e:ru:c^e- 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebV-

Meaning: 1 to surpass 2 hurriedly, quickly

Literary Manchu: ebuxu sabux|u 2

Jurchen: ewu-ro (362) 2

Orok: ebessun- 1

Nanai: ebe-saba 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ec^e-

Meaning: to feel constrained

Ulcha: ec^ise-

Nanai: ec^isi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *edi:-

Meaning: husband

Evenki: edi:

Even: edi

Negidal: edi:

Ulcha: edi(n)

Orok: edi

Nanai: ez^|i

Oroch: edi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *egdi

Meaning: 1 big 2 many

Even: eg|dъ 1

Negidal: egdi 2

Ulcha: egdi 2

Orok: egz^|i 2

Nanai: egz^|i 2

Oroch: egdi 2

Udighe: egdi 2

Solon: egdu:g| 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ege-

Meaning: 1 to encircle, surround, go round 2 ring

Evenki: eg|e-l- 1

Negidal: eg-di 2

Ulcha: eje- 1

Orok: eji- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eje:-

Meaning: 1 to ask, desire 2 demand (n.) 3 to envy

Evenki: eje: 2, eje:t- 1

Even: ejet- 1,3

Negidal: eje:t- 1

Nanai: e:juec^i- 3

Oroch: ejec^i- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eji-ken

Meaning: donkey

Negidal: ejxe

Spoken Manchu: eixen (2218)

Literary Manchu: ejxen

Jurchen: oh-hen

55Keys of Han

Ulcha: ejxe

Nanai: ejxe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eke

Meaning: 1 to decrease 2 bad, low 3 weak 4 evil

Spoken Manchu: eki- 1 (2864), ex@ 4 (2508)

Literary Manchu: ek/e- 1, exe 4

Jurchen: exebe (341) 2

Ulcha: ekec^i(n) 3

Orok: ekke: 3

Nanai: ekec^i 3; exele (Kur-Urm.) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eKe / *keKe

Meaning: 1 woman, wife 2 elder sister

Evenki: eki:n 2

Even: ekъn 2

Negidal: exe 1, exi:n 2

Spoken Manchu: xex@ 1 (833, 924)

Literary Manchu: xexe 1

Jurchen: xexe-e (299) 1

Ulcha: e:qte 1

Orok: ekte 1

Nanai: ekte 1

Oroch: eki 2

Udighe: exi(n) 1, 2

Solon: xexe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ek-se-

Meaning: 1 to carry, take with smb. 2 to put, preserve

Evenki: ekse- 1

Orok: ekse- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ekte-

Meaning: 1 to paw, hit with hooves (of a horse); to rough-house 2 to faint

Literary Manchu: ekte- 1

Udighe: ektine- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-, *eldu-

Meaning: to cover (a tent), tent cover

Evenki: elbe-; ellun, eldun

Even: e:lrimi, e:lde

Negidal: elbe-

Literary Manchu: elbe-

Ulcha: elbene 'sail'

Nanai: elbe 'roof'

Oroch: ebbe-

Udighe: egbe-

Solon: eldu:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-s-

Meaning: to swim, bathe

Evenki: elbes(ke:t)-

Negidal: elbesi-

Spoken Manchu: ef@s^@-, ef@s@- (2301)

Literary Manchu: ebis^e-

Orok: ulbesi-

Nanai: elbusi-

56Keys of Han

Oroch: ebbesi-

Udighe: egbesi-

Solon: elbes^/i:- 'to wade'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ele-

Meaning: 1 enough 2 to have enough, be satiated

Evenki: eli:, ele 1, elekc^e- 2

Even: elъkъn 1

Negidal: ele 1

Literary Manchu: ele- 2

Jurchen: 'o-le-he-hun| 'content, happy'

Ulcha: ele 1, ele- 2

Orok: ele 1, ele- 2

Nanai: ele: 1, ele- 2

Oroch: ele 1, ele- 2

Udighe: ele 1, ele- 'to complete'

Solon: al/e-c/a/u, el/lec/a/u 'I am full, I have had enough'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *elke

Meaning: peaceful, silent

Evenki: elke

Negidal: elke

Spoken Manchu: el@x@ 'leisurely' Literary Manchu: elxe

Ulcha: erke

Orok: erke

Nanai: elke

Oroch: ekke

Udighe: eke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *elu

Meaning: onion

Spoken Manchu: ulu 'leek' (307)

Literary Manchu: elu

Ulcha: elu

Orok: elu

Nanai: elu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme-

Meaning: to come, reach, arrive

Evenki: eme-

Even: em-

Negidal: eme-

Nanai: eme-

Oroch: emegi- 'to return'

Udighe: eme-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme:-n-

Meaning: to leave

Evenki: eme:n-, eme:-

Even: eme:n-

Negidal: eme:n-

Oroch: imene-

Udighe: imen-

Solon: eme:n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *emuge

Meaning: collarbone

Orok: emo-te

57Keys of Han

Nanai: emue-c^en 'lower part of thorax' (Он.)

Udighe: emuge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *emu-l

Meaning: 1 quiver ornated with horse's hair 2 hoop of shaman's drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap

Evenki: o:mu 1, umul 3, o:mi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4

Negidal: u:m 2

Ulcha: omali 3

Orok: u.mu.l 3

Nanai: omol 3

Oroch: umu 3, omog|o 3

Udighe: umu 3

Solon: omul 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *emV

Meaning: 1 mother-in-law 2 female 3 female deer, elk

Evenki: emugde, umigde 3

Even: o"miri 3

Negidal: umigde 3

Spoken Manchu: em@x@ 1

Literary Manchu: emile 2, emeke 1

Nanai: emxe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/e-

Meaning: to sin

Ulcha: en/e-

Orok: en(n)e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/i-

Meaning: mother, female

Evenki: en/in

Even: en/in

Negidal: en/in

Literary Manchu: en/en

Jurchen: enin (283)

Ulcha: en/-

Orok: enin

Nanai: en/in

Oroch: ene, en/i

Udighe: en/i(n)

Solon: ene:, eni

Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/uke:

Meaning: a big kettle

Negidal: en/i

Ulcha: en/ue

Orok: enue, enug|e

Nanai: en/ue

Oroch: enein|ki 'birch box for dishes'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *enu:-

Meaning: 1 illness, pain 2 to feel pain, be sick

Evenki: enu: 1, enu:t- 2

Even: en 1, en- 2

Negidal: enux 1, enu:- 2

Literary Manchu: en seme 'groan'

Ulcha: enu: 1, enu- 2

58Keys of Han

Orok: enu- 2, enu: 1

Nanai: enusi- 2, enu: 1

Oroch: enu- 2

Udighe: ene 1

Solon: enu:n- 2, enexu: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *epe

Meaning: baked bread, cake

Evenki: ewedi

Spoken Manchu: ef@n 'Manchu bread'

Literary Manchu: efen

Ulcha: epe(n)

Nanai: epe

Solon: ouo ~ ug|on ~ ewen/

Han-Tungus-prototype: *epu

Meaning: 1 elder sister's husband 2 grandfather, elder relative 3 bear 4 father's elder brother

Negidal: epo, epa 4

Spoken Manchu: efu: 1 (905)

Literary Manchu: efu 1

Orok: e:pi 2, epeke 2, 3

Oroch: epere 2, 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *er[e]-

Meaning: 1 bad 2 torture, torment 3 to torture 4 to be mistaken

Evenki: eru: 1, ere- 4

Literary Manchu: eru-n 1

Ulcha: eru-le- 2

Nanai: eru 2

Solon: eru: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eri-

Meaning: 1 to breathe 2 breath 3 soul

Evenki: eri:- 1, eri:n 2, 3

Even: eri- 1, erin 2

Negidal: eji:- 1, ejgen 2, 3

Spoken Manchu: er@x@n 'breath, life'

Literary Manchu: erge- 'to rest', ergen 2, 3

Jurchen: erin-he ( = erhen)

Ulcha: ersi- 1, erge(n) 2

Orok: er(i)- 1

Nanai: erisi- 1, erge 2

Oroch: egge 3

Udighe: ege 2, 3, dial. eje 2

Solon: erge: 'life'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru-ke-

Meaning: upper coat

Even: irkenmi

Ulcha: eru(n), erue(n)

Oroch: erue

Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru"-n

Meaning: time

Even: eri

Negidal: ejun

Spoken Manchu: erin (2648)

59Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: erin

Jurchen: erin (89)

Ulcha: eru(n)

Orok: eru(n) / eri(n)

Nanai: eri

Oroch: eru:(n)

Udighe: e:li(n)

Solon: eri:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi-kin

Meaning: unripe

Evenki: esikin

Even: esъkni

Spoken Manchu: us@x@n, usuxun

Literary Manchu: esxun

Jurchen: (h)osu-xun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi:

Meaning: now, just now, not long ago

Evenki: esi:

Even: esi-me

Negidal: esi:

Literary Manchu: esi 'yes, certainly'

Ulcha: esi

Orok: esi

Nanai: esi

Oroch: esi

Udighe: esi

Solon: es^/i:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ete-

Meaning: 1 to guard 2 to nurse

Evenki: eteje:- 1, 2

Even: etu- 1, etij- 2

Negidal: etew- 1, etixi- 2

Ulcha: eteu- 1, etexi- 2

Orok: etew- 1, etexi- 2

Nanai: etu:- 1, etexi- 2

Oroch: etu-c^i- 1

Udighe: eteu-si- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *etu- / *ute-

Meaning: 1 to quilt, tuft 2 seam 3 quilted coat, lap 4 mitten lining 5 to put on, wear 6 upper clothes

Evenki: uteme 3, utepti:n 4

Even: ut- 1, (All.) etik 6

Negidal: ute- 1

Spoken Manchu: utu- 5 ; utuku 'clothing, clothes, garb' Literary Manchu: etu- 5, etuku 6

Jurchen: etu-xun 6

Ulcha: utec^e 2, utesu 3

Orok: utteuri 3

Nanai: ute- 1, utesu: 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ez^|e-

Meaning: to understand, remember

Spoken Manchu: ez^|@- 'to memorize'

Literary Manchu: ez^|e-

60Keys of Han

Ulcha: ez^|e-

Orok: ede-mu-

Nanai: ez^|e-

Oroch: ez^|e-

Udighe: egz^|e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:de-

Meaning: 1 silly 2 defect, shortcoming

Literary Manchu: eden 2

Ulcha: ede(n) 1

Nanai: e:de 1

Oroch: ede 1

Udighe: e:de 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:n|-

Meaning: 1 to disappear, become invisible 2 to close eyes; to miss (a sight) 3 to go down (of sun, moon, stars) 4 shady, unlit place

Evenki: e:n|- 1

Even: e:n|ut- 2

Nanai: en|mie (Он.) 4

Oroch: en|gi- 3

Udighe: e:n|igi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:ske-

Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to curse

Evenki: e:ksit- 2, eske:- 3

Even: e:ske- 3

Negidal: eksit- 2

Spoken Manchu: es@xin@-, isixin@- (1468)

Literary Manchu: esuk/e- 4

Ulcha: eksen- 1, 2

Nanai: eksec^i- 2

Udighe: ehie- 'to take care of'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga-

Meaning: to take

Evenki: ga-

Even: ga-

Negidal: ga-

Spoken Manchu: Gia- (1402, 1538)

Literary Manchu: Gaj-

Jurchen: ga-gwa-i

Ulcha: Ga-

Orok: Ga-

Nanai: Ga-

Oroch: ga-

Udighe: ga-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gabu-ni-

Meaning: hill, mound

Ulcha: Gau.ni.

Orok: Gawnax|i.

Nanai: Gaon/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gagda

Meaning: one of a pair

Evenki: gagda

Even: ga:d

61Keys of Han

Negidal: gagda

Literary Manchu: Gaqda, Gaqta

Nanai: GaGda

Oroch: gagda

Udighe: gagda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga(j)- / *gia-

Meaning: 1 to pole (in a boat) 2 boat pole 3 oar

Evenki: ga- 1, ga-wun 2, ge:µwun 3

Negidal: gawu.n 2, ge:µwu.l 3

Literary Manchu: guwafu 2

Ulcha: Goa- 1, Ge:µu.li. 3

Orok: Go:-pu.(n) 2, Ge:µwu.l 3

Nanai: Go:a- 1, Gi.ol 3

Oroch: gau- 1, gau 2, giu 3

Udighe: gau, gou 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaja-

Meaning: 1 to have insomnia 2 to be possessed, demoniac

Literary Manchu: Gajla- 2

Ulcha: Gajaz^|u.- 1

Orok: Gajaddi.- 1

Nanai: Gajaz^|i.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaji-

Meaning: 1 to beckon 2 to show 3 index finger 4 small finger 5 to indulge, be enthralled

Evenki: gaji:w- 1

Literary Manchu: Gajsilabu- 5

Ulcha: Gajawc^u.(n) 3, Gojsantu.- 5

Orok: Gajaw 4

Nanai: Gajaoc^i.- 2, Gajaqoa 4, Gojsanto- 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gali-

Meaning: to contest

Literary Manchu: Galgi-

Nanai: Gali.-

Oroch: gali-

Udighe: galoa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-

Meaning: to hate

Even: galu.t-

Ulcha: Galu.-

Orok: Galu.-

Nanai: Galo-

Oroch: galu-

Udighe: galu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-

Meaning: clear (of sky, weather)

Literary Manchu: GalGa

Ulcha: Galu.-Galu. bi

Orok: Ga:l-

Nanai: GalGa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gama

Meaning: children of sisters

Ulcha: Gamasu.

62Keys of Han

Orok: Gamasu.

Nanai: Gamaso

Oroch: gama, gamasu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gara

Meaning: bough, stick

Evenki: gara

Even: gar

Negidal: gaja

Spoken Manchu: Gar@h@n 'branch'

Literary Manchu: GarGa; Garin 'blade of a knife, edge of a sword'

Jurchen: gar

Ulcha: Gara

Orok: Gara

Nanai: Gara

Oroch: ga:

Udighe: ga:

Solon: gar, gara

Han-Tungus-prototype: *garpa

Meaning: 1 ray 2 to shine

Evenki: garpa 1, garpa- 2

Even: garpann|ъ. 1, garpu.- 2

Negidal: gatpa 1, gatpa- 2

Ulcha: Garpac^i.- 2

Orok: Galpa 1, Galpa-, Garpa- 2

Nanai: Garpa- 2

Oroch: gappa- 2

Udighe: gakpa- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gasa

Meaning: 1 crane 2 bird 3 swan 4 duck, water-bird 5 kite

Evenki: gasa 1

Negidal: gasa 3

Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@ 2 (2172)

Literary Manchu: Gasx|a 2

Ulcha: Gasa 4

Orok: Gasa 4, 2, Gasawaqqu 5

Nanai: Gasa 4

Oroch: gasa 4

Udighe: gaha" 2, 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-

Meaning: 1 to gather berries 2 place of gathering berries

Ulcha: Ga:taw 2

Orok: Gata- 1

Nanai: Gatao 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-

Meaning: 1 hoof (of deer) 2 fur

Literary Manchu: Gatx|uwa 2

Orok: Gataja 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata- / *kada-

Meaning: 1 strong, hard 2 daft, crafty 3 big, huge

Evenki: gatakta 2

Orok: qadara 3

Nanai: Gatoxo 1

63Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga:r(u)a

Meaning: 1 owl 2 swan

Evenki: ga:re 1,2

Even: ga:r 'a big mythical bird'

Negidal: gaja 1

Literary Manchu: Garu 2

Jurchen: gawr-un 2

Ulcha: Goara(n) 1

Oroch: garua 1

Udighe: ga: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gebu-

Meaning: 1 empty 2 thin, lean

Literary Manchu: gebsexun 2

Ulcha: geu(n) 1

Orok: gewu(n) 1

Nanai: geu 1

Oroch: gewu(n)

Udighe: geu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gedi-muk

Meaning: back of the head

Evenki: gedimuk

Even: gedъmъk

Negidal: gedemuk

Han-Tungus-prototype: *geg-

Meaning: to be angry

Evenki: gegin-

Even: gegin-

Negidal: gewxe-

Ulcha: gewxe-de-

Nanai: geuxe-de-

Oroch: geuxende-

Udighe: ge-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gek(u)-

Meaning: to bow, bend

Negidal: gexete-

Literary Manchu: gexu-

Ulcha: gekel-gekel

Orok: gekkil-gekkil

Nanai: gekel

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gel-

Meaning: to get hardly on one's way

Evenki: gel-

Orok: gilin-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gele:-

Meaning: to ask, demand, search

Evenki: gele:-

Even: gele:-

Negidal: gele:-

Ulcha: gele-

Orok: gele-

Nanai: gele-

Oroch: gele-

64Keys of Han

Udighe: gele-

Solon: gele:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu

Meaning: all

Spoken Manchu: gum@

Literary Manchu: gemu

Jurchen: n|em-ur

Orok: gem

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu

Meaning: a utensil for cleaning river bottom

Nanai: gemu 'a long cord with attached stones and hooks for cleaning river bottom', gemude- (v.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gepe-

Meaning: 1 dim, obscure 2 to disappear 3 to begin (of night)

Evenki: gepe- 3

Even: gepeni 'black' (All.)

Ulcha: geptu(n) 1, geptun- 2

Nanai: gepejgen, geperie 1

Udighe: gefu o:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbe-

Meaning: to procure poles (for the tent)

Evenki: gerbe-

Even: gerben-

Negidal: gejbe-

Orok: gelbe-

Nanai: gerbe-

Oroch: gebbe-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbu":

Meaning: name

Evenki: gerbi:

Even: gerbъ

Negidal: gelbi

Spoken Manchu: gev@

Literary Manchu: gebu

Jurchen: ger-bu

Ulcha: gelbu

Orok: gelbu

Nanai: gerb'i

Oroch: gebbi

Udighe: gegbi

Solon: gerbi:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gere-n

Meaning: 1 many 2 all

Spoken Manchu: ger@n 1 (2851)

Literary Manchu: geren 1

Ulcha: gere(n) 1

Orok: gere(n) 1

Nanai: gere(n) 2

Oroch: gere(n) 1, 2

Udighe: gele 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gete-

65Keys of Han

Meaning: to wake up, sober up

Spoken Manchu: get@- 'to wake up, to waken' (533)

Literary Manchu: gete-

Nanai: gete-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:l-

Meaning: 1 to disappear 2 to clear up (of sky) 3 to reflect light, throw shadow on

Even: ge:l- 2

Literary Manchu: gelmarc^e-, gelmerz^|e- 3, gelf/en 'pale'

Ulcha: gel- 1

Orok: ge:l- 1

Nanai: ge:l- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:(n)n|e-

Meaning: 1 to stretch one's neck, raise one's head 2 to bend one's head 3 horse's counter, bone on the nape

Even: ge:n|el- 1

Spoken Manchu: gen-da: 'nape, back of the nape' (61)

Literary Manchu: gen 3

Nanai: gun|gule- 2

Udighe: gen|gem 1, gendugule- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gia-

Meaning: 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings

Negidal: ge:µsadan 2

Literary Manchu: g/a- 1 (cf. also geje- to carve)

Ulcha: Ge:µ- 1

Orok: Ge:µ- 1

Nanai: Gi.a- 1

Oroch: ga":sa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giala-

Meaning: 1 to separate 2 division, partition 3 room 4 to stop

Spoken Manchu: g/al@- 'distant, separated' (2576); g/al@n 'room space, compartiment of a house' (448)

Literary Manchu: g/ala- 1,4, g/alan 2

Ulcha: Ge:µlaqo 3

Nanai: Gi.ala- 1

Udighe: ga"la`u 3 (Корм. 221)

Solon: ge:µla:· 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gian/am

Meaning: dawn

Evenki: ge:µwan

Even: ga":wu.n

Negidal: ge:µwan

Ulcha: Ge:µwa(n)

Orok: Ge:µwa(n)

Nanai: Gi.wa

Oroch: ga":awan

Udighe: ge:µa"wa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *g(i)an|na-

Meaning: 1 to explain 2 to set (a riddle)

Literary Manchu: g/an|na- 1

Ulcha: Gan|Ga- 2

Orok: Gan|Gan| Gajawo- 2

Oroch: gan|ga- 2

66Keys of Han

Udighe: gan|in|a 'riddle' (Корм. 220)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giari- / *gira-

Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to step

Evenki: gira-kta- 2

Even: gi.ran|-, gi.rqъ.- 2

Negidal: gi.ja:n- 2

Literary Manchu: Garda- 'to run', g/ari- `to walk round, walk away'

Ulcha: Ge:µri.- 1, Gi.ran- 2

Orok: Gi.ran-

Nanai: Gi.ari- 1, Gi.ran- 2

Oroch: ga":ri- 1, gia- 2

Udighe: gea"-li- 1, gea"na- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giaxu"-n

Meaning: 1 hawk 2 falcon

Evenki: ge:µki 2

Even: ga":qъ.n 1,2

Negidal: ge:µxin 1

Spoken Manchu: g/ahun 1 (2241)

Literary Manchu: g/ax|un 1

Jurchen: giaxun (giaxun-un) (155) 2

Ulcha: Ge:µx|o 1

Nanai: Gi.x|o 1

Oroch: ga":ki 1

Udighe: ga"xi (Корм. 221), gea"xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gibu-

Meaning: roe

Evenki: giwc^e:n

Negidal: giwc^e:n

Literary Manchu: g/o

Ulcha: giu(n)

Orok: giu

Nanai: giu

Oroch: ga":uc^a, giuc^a

Udighe: giu, giuse

Solon: gi:se:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gik-

Meaning: 1 to gallop 2 to send 3 to spy

Even: gi.qli.- 3

Literary Manchu: g/ax|ala-c^a- 1

Ulcha: Gi.lta- 2

Nanai: Gi.qo- 1, Gi.aqta- 2

Oroch: gikta- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-

Meaning: cold

Evenki: gildi

Even: gi.lrъ.

Negidal: gi.li.gdi.

Ulcha: Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si.

Orok: Gi.c^u.li.

Nanai: Gi.c^i.si.

Oroch: gic^i-si

Udighe: gilihi

67Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-

Meaning: 1 ring 2 bracelet

Evenki: gildi: 1

Negidal: gilz^|ixe:n 1

Ulcha: gileptu(n) 2

Solon: dil/aptun 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-

Meaning: 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, annoyed, indignant

Evenki: gilka- 1

Even: gi.lko- 1

Literary Manchu: gila-, gin|qa-, gin|Ga-, gilaz^|a-, gilac^a- 2

Ulcha: gil-, ge:µl- 1

Orok: gilc^i- 1

Nanai: Gi.lki:.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-

Meaning: reindeer (more than 5-years-old)

Evenki: gilge, gilduka

Even: gilge, gi.lrъ.q

Negidal: gi.ldu.ka

Udighe: gilon|gu"o" 'male roe'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gile-

Meaning: to sprinkle with wine (sacr.)

Literary Manchu: gile-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilen|e:-

Meaning: a k. of duck

Negidal: gilen|e:ti

Ulcha: gilen/etu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilta-

Meaning: 1 white 2 shine

Evenki: gilta-li 1

Even: gi.lta:l- 2

Spoken Manchu: gil@t@r@-

Literary Manchu: gilta- 2

Ulcha: gilte 2

Nanai: gilte- 2

Solon: giltari 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giram-ksa

Meaning: 1 bone 2 skeleton

Evenki: giramna 1

Even: gi.rъ.mrъ. 2 (also "grave")

Negidal: gi.jamna 2

Spoken Manchu: giran|@ 1 (167)

Literary Manchu: giran|gi 1

Jurchen: gi(r)ba-an-gi (510) 1

Ulcha: Gi.ramsa 1

Orok: Giransa 1

Nanai: Gi.rmaqsa 1

Oroch: giamsa 1

Udighe: ga"maha, gea"maha 1, 2

Solon: giranda 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri-

68Keys of Han

Meaning: to cut out

Evenki: gir-

Even: gi.r-

Negidal: gi:-, gi.j-

Literary Manchu: giri-

Ulcha: Gi.ri.-

Orok: Gi.ri.-

Nanai: Gi.ri.-

Oroch: gi:-, giji-

Udighe: gi:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri

Meaning: 1 shore 2 line, row 3 riverbed

Evenki: giri 1

Even: gi.ri. 1

Negidal: gi.ji. 1

Spoken Manchu: girin 'hamlets scattered along a highway' (1020)

Literary Manchu: girin 2

Ulcha: gi.ri.(n) 3

Orok: giri 1

Nanai: gi.r 1

Oroch: gi: 1

Udighe: gi:-ma 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *girke-

Meaning: to spread

Evenki: girke-

Even: girkъ-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *girki:

Meaning: 1 mate 2 wife 3 placenta

Evenki: girki: 1, 2, 3

Even: girkъ 1, 2, 3

Negidal: gi:xi: 1

Nanai: girki 'idol, helping spirits'

Solon: gikki 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gob-

Meaning: to hunt

Evenki: gog|-, gowz^|o-

Even: gobz^|a-

Negidal: gobz^|o-

Orok: Gobdo-

Oroch: gobz^|ono-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *goda-

Meaning: straight, vertical

Literary Manchu: Godox|on

Han-Tungus-prototype: *goj / *gia

Meaning: other

Evenki: ge:µ

Even: ga":

Negidal: ge:µ

Spoken Manchu: Gua: (3023) 'other,another'

Literary Manchu: Guwa

Ulcha: Ge:µ-Gda 'single'; Goj

69Keys of Han

Orok: Ge:µ-da 'one, single'; Goi.

Nanai: Gi.a-Gda 'single'; Goj

Udighe: gea"

Solon: ge:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola

Meaning: valley

Literary Manchu: golo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola

Meaning: 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood

Evenki: golo 1

Even: gol 2

Negidal: golo 1

Literary Manchu: Goldon, Golton 2

Ulcha: Golon|qo 2

Orok: Golo 1, 2

Nanai: Golon|qo 2

Oroch: golo

Udighe: golo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *goldi

Meaning: 1 ring 2 loop (on handle of whip)

Evenki: goldi 1

Literary Manchu: Gulz^|arx|an 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *goli

Meaning: 1 a hook (in a needle for weaving nets) 2 net for large fish

Evenki: goli 1

Nanai: Goli 2

Oroch: go:li 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gora

Meaning: far

Evenki: goro

Even: gor

Negidal: gojo

Spoken Manchu: Gor@ (2613)

Literary Manchu: Goro

Jurchen: gor-o (701)

Ulcha: Goro

Orok: Goro

Nanai: Goro

Oroch: go:

Udighe: go:

Solon: goro

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gorgakta

Meaning: palate, uvula

Negidal: gorkakta

Literary Manchu: Gun|qan 'Adam's apple' (?)

Orok: Goz^|aqta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-

Meaning: to go mad

Evenki: gori-

Nanai: Goria-

Udighe: gulea"la-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-

70Keys of Han

Meaning: to move, stir

Evenki: gori-

Even: gurgъldъ- (gurge 'work, engagement')

Solon: gurgelbu:- (trans.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gos-

Meaning: to curse

Negidal: gosowla:-

Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@- (1915, 1916)

Literary Manchu: gasxu- 'to swear' (Захаров 305)

Ulcha: Gosolo-

Orok: Gosi.-

Nanai: Goso:la-, n. Gosx|o(n)

Oroch: gosola-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gos^i-

Meaning: bitter, sour

Evenki: goc^i

Even: got

Negidal: goti.gdi.

Spoken Manchu: Gos@hun (430)

Literary Manchu: Gosi-x|on

Ulcha: Gotu.li.

Orok: Gotti.

Nanai: Goc^i.

Oroch: gotisi

Udighe: guac^ihi

Solon: gos^/i:gdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:l-

Meaning: 1 rare (with intervals) 2 shallow

Evenki: go:rba (Вас.) 2

Nanai: Go:li. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:r-

Meaning: 1 to exuviate, lose skin 2 a bird that has lost feathers

Evenki: go:r- 1

Even: go:r- 1

Negidal: goj- 1

Literary Manchu: Goqz^|i 2

Ulcha: Goli.- 1

Orok: Gori.- 1

Nanai: Go:ri.- 1

Udighe: guai- 1

Solon: gori- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub-

Meaning: 1 to submerge 2 to sink, get stuck in smth.

Even: go"be:- 1, gupturu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub- ( ~ *geb-)

Meaning: bud, flower button

Literary Manchu: gubsu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gudige

Meaning: stomach

Evenki: gudig|e:

Even: gudi

71Keys of Han

Negidal: gudi

Literary Manchu: guwez^|ixe

Udighe: gudie

Solon: gudege

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gugda

Meaning: high, tall

Evenki: gugda

Even: gu:.d

Negidal: gogda

Literary Manchu: Godo-x|on

Ulcha: Gu.Gda

Orok: Gu.Gda

Nanai: GoGda

Oroch: gugda

Udighe: gugda

Solon: gu.gda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *guja:-

Meaning: 1 to butt 2 horn 3 fang 4 to play (of animals)

Evenki: guja:- 1

Even: gu.j- 1

Negidal: goja 2

Literary Manchu: Guja- 4

Ulcha: Gu.ja 3

Orok: Gu.ja- 1

Nanai: Goja 2

Oroch: guja 3

Udighe: guja 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *guk-

Meaning: 1 bent upwards (of head) 2 convex, hill 3 part of harness (a piece of iron with a ring) 4 (plough) thills 5 ski straps

Evenki: gugarka 3

Literary Manchu: gukdu 2, Goqc^i 4

Ulcha: gu:ksi 5

Nanai: guku: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gul-

Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth

Evenki: gul- 1

Even: gu.l- 2

Negidal: golo-wun 3

Literary Manchu: Golon tuwa 3; gulgin 'flame'

Ulcha: Gol-z^|o(n) 4

Nanai: Gola- 2, Golz^|o 4

Oroch: gogz^|o(n) 4

Solon: gu.lz^|e:r 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gula

Meaning: 1 edge, cliff 2 eyelashes 3 beard, moustache

Evenki: gula 1

Negidal: gulaxan 1

Literary Manchu: Gulaqu 1

Oroch: gu:la 1, gulago" 2

Udighe: gula 1, guluge 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulde-

72Keys of Han

Meaning: to untie, unwrap

Negidal: gulde-

Nanai: gulde-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *guli:-

Meaning: to put animal bones on a special decking

Evenki: guli:-

Even: go"li-

Negidal: guli:-

Orok: guli-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu-

Meaning: female deer, roe

Evenki: gulkac^a:n

Even: gulkъ

Orok: gulu

Udighe: gulugese

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu-kun

Meaning: 1 whole 2 (whole) piece

Spoken Manchu: guluxun 'complete, pure' (2348, 2820)

Literary Manchu: gulxun 1

Ulcha: gulxu(n) 2

Nanai: gulxu 2

Udighe: guluhu 2

Solon: gulgu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun-

Meaning: to punish, avenge

Evenki: gunc^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|gu

Meaning: 1 big fly 2 grasshopper, dragon-fly

Ulcha: gun|guni 2

Udighe: gun|gu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|ur

Meaning: garlic

Evenki: gun|ur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gupuj-

Meaning: to hit down berries by a special device

Evenki: guja:-

Even: guj-

Ulcha: gupi-

Orok: gupi-

Nanai: gupi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-

Meaning: 1 to look out, appear 2 to understand

Even: go"pken- 1

Negidal: gupket-/c^- 1

Ulcha: gurpun- 1

Orok: golpon-, gorpon- 1

Nanai: gurpun- 1

Solon: guru- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-

Meaning: 1 acacia 2 polar birch 3 willow

Evenki: guran 2

Literary Manchu: Goro 1

73Keys of Han

Nanai: GorGolaz^|i 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurbi

Meaning: reed

Literary Manchu: Gurbi(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure-

Meaning: free, spacious

Negidal: gujexi:

Ulcha: gure

Orok: gurei

Nanai: guxe (irreg. < *gure-ke ?)

Oroch: gure-ni

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure:-

Meaning: 1 to unfasten 2 to tie (a band) 3 string, lace

Evenki: gure:- 1, gurewu- 2, guren 3

Even: gurelge- 1, gu.rъ.n 3

Literary Manchu: Guran 3

Ulcha: gure-li- 1

Orok: gure-li- 1

Nanai: gure-li- 1, gori 2

Oroch: guz^|e 3

Udighe: gue- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurma- / *gurna-

Meaning: 1 hare 2 squirrel 3 ermine

Evenki: gurnun 2

Even: gurnata 3

Spoken Manchu: Gul@mahun 'hare, rabbit' (2216)

Literary Manchu: Gulmax|un 1

Jurchen: guRma-xaj (150)

Nanai: Gormax|o 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *guru-

Meaning: 1 reach (of river) 2 whirlpool

Evenki: guruka: 1, guru-ma 'straight (of a river reach)'

Orok: GorGi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusa

Meaning: 1 pole (for tying nets) 2 banner

Literary Manchu: Gusa 2

Ulcha: Gu.sa 1

Orok: Gu.sa 1

Nanai: Gosa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusi

Meaning: eagle

Evenki: gus

Even: gusete

Negidal: gusixa:n

Ulcha: gusi

Orok: gusi

Nanai: gusi

Oroch: gusi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusin

Meaning: maternal uncle

Evenki: gusin

Even: go"ser

74Keys of Han

Ulcha: gusi(n)

Orok: gusi(n)

Nanai: gusi

Oroch: gusin

Udighe: goso`, guse` (Корм. 222)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gut-ke:-

Meaning: pike

Evenki: gutke:n

Even: go"tken

Nanai: gu:c^e:·

Oroch: gu:c^e

Udighe: guese

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gutu-

Meaning: 1 to disgrace 2 to rough-house, rage

Literary Manchu: Gutubu- 1

Ulcha: Goto- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *guz^|ej

Meaning: 1 beautiful 2 lovely 3 deserving pity 4 to love, like

Evenki: guz^|ej 1

Even: guz^|e:j 2, 3

Negidal: guz^|ej 1

Ulcha: guz^|ukuli 1, guz^|ele 3

Orok: guz^|ile 3

Nanai: guz^|iele 3

Oroch: guz^|eje 3

Udighe: guz^|ihi 3

Solon: guz^|e:n- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu: ( ~ *gu":)

Meaning: 1 poison 2 a poisonous plant

Literary Manchu: gu orx|o 2

Ulcha: gu: 2

Orok: gu: 1

Nanai: gu: 1

Udighe: gu:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:le

Meaning: hut, dwelling-place

Evenki: gu:le

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:n-

Meaning: 1 to say 2 to think

Evenki: gu:n- 1

Even: go":n- 1

Negidal: gu:n- 1

Spoken Manchu: Goni- 2 (1848)

Literary Manchu: Guni- 2

Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 1

Ulcha: wembuwu 1

Orok: un- 1

Nanai: un(de)- 1

Oroch: gun- 1

Udighe: gun- 1

Solon: gun- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:p-

75Keys of Han

Meaning: to extinguish, be extinguished

Ulcha: gu:pu-, go:kpi- (itr.), gu:ptu- (tr.)

Orok: gu:ptu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.)

Nanai: gu:p-, gu:kpu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"b-

Meaning: to pound, strike

Evenki: giw-

Even: gi:w-

Negidal: giw-

Ulcha: guji-

Nanai: guji-

Oroch: giwi-

Udighe: giu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"lde-

Meaning: to stretch

Evenki: gilde-

Even: gildъ-

Negidal: gilde-

Ulcha: gulde-

Orok: gulc^i-

Nanai: gulde-

Oroch: gigdeli- 'to change clothes'

Udighe: gigde-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":b-

Meaning: 1 to fume, smoke 2 furnace, stove

Evenki: gi:- 1, gi:wun 2

Literary Manchu: Guwa-x/an 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":l-

Meaning: to smoke, fume

Even: gi:l- 'кипеть'

Ulcha: gulup-

Orok: gulitc^i-

Nanai: gulu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *i

Meaning: 3d p. deictic stem

Spoken Manchu: i: 'he, she' (2877)

Literary Manchu: i; ineku 'the same'

Jurchen: in

Solon: ini 'his'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaga-

Meaning: to crumble, fall down

Evenki: e:µg|aw-

Negidal: e:µg|a-

Literary Manchu: ja-qsa 'берег с осыпью'

Ulcha: ja:ga-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iag-z^|akta

Meaning: fat (of a bear)

Ulcha: jaGz^|aqta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaKu

Meaning: 1 swamp, ditch 2 brook

Evenki: jaku 1, jakta 2

Spoken Manchu: joh@r@n, johurun 1 (2084)

76Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: jo:x|on 1

Nanai: jaqc^i.ra 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iandaku

Meaning: 1 racoon dog 2 badger 3 young of badger 4 wolverine

Evenki: jantaki: 4

Negidal: jandako 1

Literary Manchu: jandac^i 3

Ulcha: jandaqu. 1

Nanai: jandaqo 1

Oroch: jandaku 1, jadac^i 2

Udighe: jandasi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iapu-

Meaning: to break, spoil, broken

Evenki: e:µp- (Sym.)

Negidal: jewus

Ulcha: jepu-

Nanai: jepu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iarga

Meaning: leopard

Spoken Manchu: jar@h@ (2220)

Literary Manchu: jarGa / jarx|a, jerxe

Jurchen: jara (148)

Nanai: jarga (Он.)

Udighe: jaga" (Корм. 240)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iba-ksa

Meaning: frazil

Evenki: iwaksa

Even: i.wu.s

Negidal: i.waksa

Ulcha: i.waqsa

Oroch: juaksa (Корм. 242)

Udighe: juakka" (Корм. 242), iwaka"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibe:-

Meaning: to come near

Evenki: iwe:-

Spoken Manchu: iven@- 'to move forward' (1188)

Literary Manchu: ibe-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibi-

Meaning: to pick out seeds

Literary Manchu: ib/ax|a z^|afa-, ib/ax|ala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibke:-n

Meaning: 1 scoop 2 small boat 3 box

Evenki: iwke:n 1

Negidal: iwke:n 1

Literary Manchu: weiku 2

Ulcha: uxe, ujge 1

Orok: iwwe 1

Nanai: juke(n), ujke 1, dial. uixu 2, ujeke 3

Oroch: eukke, jeuke 1

Udighe: ju:ge 1 (Корм. 242)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ib-le

77Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 yard 2 dwelling, building

Literary Manchu: olen ~ ulen ~ u:len 2

Jurchen: ew-le (197) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta)

Meaning: shells as ornaments

Orok: joqto

Solon: jogo:su.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ic^e-

Meaning: to see

Evenki: ic^e-

Even: it-/c^-

Negidal: ic^e-

Ulcha: ic^ewu

Orok: ite-

Nanai: is(k)e-/ice-

Oroch: ic^e-

Udighe: ise-

Solon: iso":- 'to appear'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *idege: (/*e-)

Meaning: thing

Evenki: ideg|e:

Nanai: ide:· 'reason' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *idu-

Meaning: 1 to command 2 to arrange in order 3 order

Even: idu- 1

Literary Manchu: idu 3, idure- 2

Ulcha: idu(n) 3

Nanai: idu 3, idule- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ike:-

Meaning: 1 to sing 2 to sing obscene songs, blackguard

Evenki: ike:- 1

Even: ike:- 1

Negidal: ixe:- 1

Literary Manchu: jeke- 2

Nanai: i:ke:- 1 (Он.)

Oroch: ike- 1

Udighe: jexe- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *il-

Meaning: 1 figure, shape 2 body 3 example 4 exterior

Evenki: ille 2

Even: ilrъ 2, i.lrъ.n 1, ilun 3

Ulcha: i.lta(n) 4

Nanai: i.lta 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilan

Meaning: three

Evenki: ilan

Even: i.lъ.n

Negidal: i.lan

Spoken Manchu: ilan (2737)

Literary Manchu: ilan

Jurchen: (j)ilan (638)

Ulcha: i.la(n)

78Keys of Han

Orok: i.la(n)

Nanai: i.la

Oroch: ila(n)

Udighe: ila(n)

Solon: ila

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilba, *ile-

Meaning: 1 to smear 2 clay 3 to lick

Evenki: ile- 3

Negidal: ilede- 3

Literary Manchu: ilba- 1, ilban 2, ile- 3

Ulcha: ile- 3

Orok: ile- 3

Nanai: i.lba- 1, i.lba 2, ile- 3

Oroch: ile- 3

Udighe: ile- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilbe-

Meaning: to drive

Evenki: ilbe-

Even: ilbъ-

Negidal: ilbe-

Oroch: ibbe-

Udighe: igbe-

Solon: il/bere beije 'driver'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ili-

Meaning: to stand

Evenki: il-

Even: i.l-

Negidal: i.li.t-

Spoken Manchu: ila- (537,1216), ili- (538)

Literary Manchu: ili-

Jurchen: ili-bun| (424)

Ulcha: i.lsu.wu.

Orok: ili-

Nanai: ilGo-

Oroch: ili-

Udighe: ili-

Solon: il-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilkV-

Meaning: 1 to try 2 to hope

Evenki: ilke- 1, ilkic^e- 2

Even: ielkъt- 1

Negidal: ilki- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ime-

Meaning: fresh, new

Evenki: imekin

Negidal: imexin

Orok: imew

Nanai: imeki

Udighe: imexi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *in-

Meaning: 1 to live 2 alive

Evenki: in- 1

79Keys of Han

Even: i:n- 1

Negidal: i:n- 1

Nanai: in|-ki 2

Oroch: ini 2

Udighe: inigi 2

Solon: inirge- 'to revive'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *in/e-

Meaning: to laugh

Evenki: in/e-

Even: in/-

Negidal: in/e-

Spoken Manchu: inz^|i-, inz^|@- (186)

Literary Manchu: inz^|e-

Jurchen: inz^|e- (461)

Ulcha: in/e-kte-

Nanai: in/e-mu

Oroch: in/e-kte-

Udighe: in/e-

Solon: ne-kte-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ine-n|i:

Meaning: day

Evenki: inen|i:

Even: inъn|

Negidal: inen|(i)

Spoken Manchu: in@n|@ (2657)

Literary Manchu: inen|gi

Jurchen: inen|i 'sun, day' (3)

Ulcha: inen|ni

Orok: inen|gi

Nanai: ini

Oroch: inen|i

Udighe: inen|i

Solon: ineg|i, inen|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *inn|i-

Meaning: to weave a net, to tie knots

Evenki: inn|i-

Even: inn|ъ-

Negidal: in/n|i-

Ulcha: i:-

Nanai: inru 'woven basket'

Oroch: in|n|i-

Udighe: in|i- (in|/i-) (Корм. 239), in/in|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *in|i-

Meaning: to neigh

Evenki: in|il-

Literary Manchu: ilc^a-, inc^a-

Nanai: in|giri-

Solon: in|ele-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ire(n)te-

Meaning: to be ashamed

Spoken Manchu: ir@t@- 'to be bashful, to feel shy' (1969)

Literary Manchu: jerte-

80Keys of Han

Nanai: irente-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *irg[u"]

Meaning: 1 brain 2 head

Evenki: irge 1

Even: irgъ 1

Negidal: igge / ijge 1

Spoken Manchu: uz^|u 2 (1)

Literary Manchu: uz^|u 2

Jurchen: (h)u(i)z^|ew (492) 2

Ulcha: iz^|e 1

Orok: i:de 1

Nanai: i:ge 1

Oroch: igge 1

Udighe: igi 1

Solon: igge, irge 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ir-ke-

Meaning: 1 to sing a song, versify 2 to cry, moan

Evenki: irkihin- 2

Even: i:.rqъ- 2

Spoken Manchu: ir@x@v@- (1339) 1

Literary Manchu: irgebu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *irki

Meaning: gums (of teeth)

Negidal: irxi

Ulcha: irxi(n)

Orok: irki

Nanai: ilxi

Oroch: ixi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru-n

Meaning: furrow

Literary Manchu: irun, jurun

Nanai: iru

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru:-

Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to melt

Evenki: iru:- 1

Even: irъl- 2

Literary Manchu: iru- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-

Meaning: to reach

Evenki: is-

Even: i.s-

Negidal: i.s-

Spoken Manchu: is^i- 'to be enough, suffice' (2798)

Literary Manchu: isi-

Jurchen: isi-maj (380)

Ulcha: i.si.-

Orok: i.si.-

Nanai: i.si.-

Oroch: isi-

Udighe: i:-gi-

Solon: is-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-

81Keys of Han

Meaning: to pinch, pluck out

Evenki: is-

Even: is-

Negidal: i:s-

Literary Manchu: isi-

Ulcha: isi:-

Orok: isi-

Nanai: iso:-

Oroch: isi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *itiknija

Meaning: 1 owl 2 crane

Evenki: itiknija 1

Even: i.ti.qn/a 1

Negidal: i.ti.n|na 1

Nanai: jate|:nia 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ixere

Meaning: candle, light

Negidal: ixere ( < STung.)

Ulcha: ixere

Orok: ixere

Nanai: ixere

Oroch: ixere

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ix[e:]-

Meaning: settlement

Evenki: ike:n

Nanai: i.x|o

Udighe: jogoso, joxo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *iz^|a

Meaning: cold (Northern or Western) wind

Evenki: iz^|a

Even: i.z^|a

Nanai: iz^|a (Он.)

Oroch: iz^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:-

Meaning: to enter

Evenki: i:-

Even: i:-

Negidal: i:-

Spoken Manchu: ji-be-

Jurchen: i-re- (715)

Ulcha: i:-

Orok: i:-

Nanai: i:-

Oroch: i:-

Udighe: i:-

Solon: i:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:lbV

Meaning: 1 bait 2 uvula 3 plummet, sinker

Evenki: i:lbi: 1, 2

Literary Manchu: ilmax|a 2, ilmen 3

Ulcha: ilbuxe 3

Nanai: ilbexe 3

82Keys of Han

Oroch: ibbuxe 3

Udighe: ilbexe 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:nan

Meaning: 1 husband's younger brother 2 (younger) brother- / sister-in-law 3 sister's children 4 son-in-law 5 husband's younger sister

Evenki: i:nan 1

Even: i.nъ.n 2

Negidal: i.na 3

Spoken Manchu: ina: 'sister's son (nephew); son of fater's or moter's sister (cousin)' (920)

Literary Manchu: ina 3

Orok: i.na 4

Nanai: i.na 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:rme-

Meaning: to ask

Even: i:rmu-

Ulcha: iremesi-

Orok: ireme-

Nanai: ireme- (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kab-

Meaning: 1 to break, destroy, press 2 to squeeze, knead

Even: qawъ.q-, qawъ.l- 1

Negidal: kawju.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaba-

Meaning: 1 tent (covered with bark) 2 to enclose, fence 3 fence, enclosure, camp

Spoken Manchu: quar@n 'courtyard' (553)

Literary Manchu: quwara- 2, quwaran 3

Orok: qau.ra(n) 1

Nanai: qawa 1

Oroch: kawa(n) 1

Udighe: kawa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabri-ki:

Meaning: sledge pole

Evenki: kawriki:

Negidal: kawri.xi:.

Ulcha: qau.ri.

Orok: qawre:

Nanai: kaori:.

Oroch: kauri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabu-kta

Meaning: 1 salmon fat 2 salmon stomach

Ulcha: qau.qta 1

Nanai: qau.qta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kac^i-ka:n

Meaning: puppy

Evenki: kac^ika:n

Even: qac^i.qan

Negidal: kac^i.xa:n

Orok: ke:c^ike

Nanai: kejc^e(ke)

Udighe: kas`anz^|iga

Solon: xasxa:·

83Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kac^u(-ki)

Meaning: skin clothes

Literary Manchu: qac^iki

Ulcha: qac^u.i.

Nanai: qac^oi.

Oroch: kac^un, kac^uki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadala / *kadara

Meaning: bridle

Spoken Manchu: had@l@, qad@l@ (1255)

Literary Manchu: x|adala

Nanai: qadara, x|adara

Solon: xadal, kadala

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kada(r)

Meaning: rock

Evenki: kadar, kadag|a

Even: qada:r, qadaqu.

Negidal: kada:

Spoken Manchu: had@ 'mountain peak' (2069)

Literary Manchu: x|ada

Ulcha: qadali.

Orok: qada

Nanai: qadar 'granite, marble' (Он.)

Oroch: kada

Udighe: kada

Solon: xada:r

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadara-ku

Meaning: courageous, diligent

Literary Manchu: qadaraqu

Ulcha: qa:da-

Orok: qadaraqu

Nanai: qadaraqo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaji-

Meaning: 1 a big seal 2 wild goat 3 a variegated dog breed

Even: kajir 2

Orok: qai.g|ari. 1

Nanai: kiakta:n 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK-

Meaning: 1 to rumple (skin) 2 instrument for rumpling skin

Oroch: kaku 2

Udighe: ka`i- 1 (Корм. 244)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaKi

Meaning: 1 angry 2 hasty

Evenki: kaki 1

Literary Manchu: x|axi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakta-

Meaning: yellow, pale

Evenki: kaktalama, kaktarin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakti-

Meaning: to give out a smell of burning

Negidal: kakti.-

Literary Manchu: x|aqsa-

Ulcha: qaqta-

84Keys of Han

Orok: qaqtu.-

Nanai: qaqtari. (adj.)

Udighe: kakc^isi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK(u)

Meaning: dam

Literary Manchu: qaqu

Jurchen: xe-ki (68)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal-

Meaning: 1 near 2 to come near

Spoken Manchu: hanc^i 1 (2611)

Literary Manchu: xanc^i 1; xalbu- 'to let into the house'

Ulcha: qa:l- 2

Orok: qal- 2

Nanai: qal/c^i. 1

Oroch: kalikun- 'to let near'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal-

Meaning: 1 clan, family 2 to gather (deer) 3 together

Evenki: kalbuldi:- 2, Il. ka:lbe 3

Literary Manchu: x|ala 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kala-n

Meaning: 1 kettle 2 bag

Evenki: kalan 1

Even: qala:-was 2

Ulcha: qala(n) 1

Nanai: qala 1

Udighe: kala(n) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalbu

Meaning: 1 girdle 2 band

Evenki: kalbu 1

Even: qa:lbъ. 1

Negidal: kalbu 1

Solon: xalban|xa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalc^u-kta

Meaning: 1 water lily 2 sea weed

Even: qajqi. 2

Negidal: kalc^u.kta 1

Ulcha: qalz^|uqta 1, 2

Nanai: qalz^|oqta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali

Meaning: 1 crucian 2 white-fish

Evenki: kali 1

Udighe: kali 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali-ki(n)

Meaning: scar, cicatrice

Ulcha: qalx|i.(n)

Orok: qali.x|i.

Nanai: qalx|i.·

Oroch: kalixi

Udighe: kaleha"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalma-gda

Meaning: rich bride

Negidal: kalmagda

85Keys of Han

Ulcha: qalmaz^|a

Oroch: kamaz^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalta

Meaning: 1 to split in halves, be splitted in halves 2 half 3 one of a pair

Evenki: kalta- 1, kaltaka 2, 3

Even: qaltъ.q-, qaltъ.l- 1, qaltъ.q 2

Negidal: kalta- 1, kaltaxa 3

Ulcha: qaltali.- 1, qalta 2

Orok: qalta:- 1, qalta 2

Nanai: qalta:- 1, qalta: 2

Oroch: ka:kta- 1, kakta 2

Udighe: kakta` 2 (Корм. 244)

Solon: xaltaxa 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kam-

Meaning: 1 to hem a garment with a white fur stripe 2 head kerchief 3 broad women's belt

Evenki: kamra:- 1

Literary Manchu: qamtun 2

Ulcha: qambu.c^a 3

Orok: qa:mi. 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kama-

Meaning: 1 to oppress 2 to prohibit, be unable to help 3 (being at a) loss

Evenki: kama- 1, kama-lit- 2

Even: kamag| 3

Negidal: kama-li- 1

Ulcha: qama-lu.- 1

Orok: qama-li.- 1

Nanai: qama-li- 1, qama 3

Udighe: kama-, kamasi- kamali-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamic^u

Meaning: box, bag (made of birch-bark)

Evenki: kamit

Ulcha: qamc^u.

Oroch: kamic^i

Udighe: kamisi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamnu- / *kamdu-

Meaning: fish glue

Evenki: kamnun

Even: kanmo

Negidal: kamnun

Literary Manchu: amdun

Ulcha: qamdu(n)

Orok: qamdu.(n)

Nanai: qamdo

Oroch: kamnu

Udighe: kamnu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamp-

Meaning: 1 to fold, bend 2 to press

Evenki: kamni:- 2

Negidal: kampi.- 1, 2

Literary Manchu: qamni- 2

86Keys of Han

Ulcha: qampu.- 1

Nanai: qampi.- 1

Udighe: qampi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamur-

Meaning: together, gather

Ulcha: qamu.r

Orok: qamu.r

Nanai: qamor

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanda

Meaning: dewlap

Literary Manchu: qanda

Nanai: qando

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan-dari-

Meaning: to be fed up, tired of

Evenki: kandari-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanz^|a-?

Meaning: horn

Nanai: Ganz|az|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan|ar

Meaning: helminth

Evenki: kan|ir

Even: qan|ъ.r

Negidal: kan|aj

Orok: qan|ai. 'a k. of fish (навага)'

Nanai: ka:n|a (Он.)

Oroch: kan|a 'salmon'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kap-

Meaning: 1 together 2 to press, squeeze together 3 couple 4 gripe 5 trap

Evenki: kapkal- 2

Negidal: kap 1, kapel 5

Spoken Manchu: havir@hun, h/avir@hun (2619) 'narrow, tight'

Literary Manchu: qab(a) 3, x|afira- 2, x|afiraqu 4

Ulcha: qap 1, qapu.ra- 2, qapu.raqu. 4, qapali. 5

Orok: qap 1, qapi.ra 4

Nanai: qap 1, qapi.ra- 2, qapi.raqo 4, qapali. 5

Oroch: kapali 1

Udighe: ka"fi- 2 (Корм. 247), kab`au 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-

Meaning: 1 to kill 2 to fight

Evenki: kare- 1

Orok: karamac^i- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-

Meaning: rod, thin branch

Evenki: kar, kari, kare

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara-

Meaning: 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch

Evenki: karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- 'to envy'

Even: qarg|u.s- 1 (Arm.), qarqi.- 'to wait'

Spoken Manchu: qarm@- (797) 1

Literary Manchu: qarma- 1 (perhaps also x|ars^a-, ТМС 1, 380)

Ulcha: qarGa-c^u.- 2

87Keys of Han

Orok: qarGa- 2

Nanai: qarGa-c^i.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara-

Meaning: 1 woodcock 2 hazel grouse 3 wild birds (ducks, geese) 4 jackdaw 5 a k. of bird 6 rook 7 black heron 8 cormorant

Evenki: kara 1, karaki: 2

Negidal: karaxi:. 3

Literary Manchu: qaraki 6, qaralz^|a 7, qarasu 8

Orok: qari. 4

Nanai: qarqaj 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara ( ~ *x-)

Meaning: a k. of weed

Literary Manchu: x|ara

Han-Tungus-prototype: *karmu- / *karbu-

Meaning: 1 a k. of swallow 2 a k. of duck

Evenki: karbuki: 2

Nanai: qarmor 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *karsi

Meaning: marten

Literary Manchu: x|arsa

Nanai: qarsa

Udighe: kaha" (Корм. 246)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas-

Meaning: 1 to reproach 2 to look down on

Even: qas- 1

Literary Manchu: qasana- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas-

Meaning: through, straight through

Negidal: kas

Literary Manchu: qas 'quickly'

Ulcha: qas

Orok: qas

Nanai: qas

Oroch: kas; kasa- 'to send'

Udighe: kahile:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kasaga-

Meaning: 1 insistent, obstinate 2 to overcome

Evenki: kasag|a- 2

Even: qasъ.g| 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas^aka-

Meaning: 1 to tickle 2 to become scabby 3 scabs

Evenki: kac^aka- 1

Negidal: kac^axa- 1

Literary Manchu: qasana-, qasqana- 2, qasqa(n) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata-

Meaning: 1 to tie hard 2 band 3 friend

Even: qataq 3

Negidal: katag|a- 1, kati.xa 3

Literary Manchu: x|ata 2

Ulcha: qatara- 1

Orok: qatara- 1

Nanai: qatara- 'to grasp one's hair'

88Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata- / *kete-

Meaning: to knock (with hooves), sound of knocking

Negidal: keter-keter

Literary Manchu: kete-qata

Ulcha: ketes

Orok: qatam, qatar, qatari

Nanai: keter-keter

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaxa-

Meaning: to choke

Evenki: kaka-

Literary Manchu: x|aGa-

Ulcha: qax|ambu.wu.si.-

Orok: qaGu.mi.-

Nanai: qawali.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:m-

Meaning: dried fish

Even: qa:m

Oroch: kambuti 'name of a small fish'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:nta-

Meaning: to attain, reach (by hand)

Ulcha: qanta-

Nanai: qa:ndac^i.-, (Он.) qa:ntac^i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:n|gu

Meaning: a k. of duck

Evenki: kan-dira:, dial. kon|or

Even: qo:n|a:l

Negidal: kan|gu., ko:n|ala:n, kon|odo:

Literary Manchu: x|on|Go(lo)n

Ulcha: qan|Gu.li.

Orok: qon|Golo

Nanai: qa:n|Go.

Udighe: kan|gu (Корм. 245)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-

Meaning: 1 to gnaw, bite (with front teeth) 2 to pierce through 3 a big arrow

Evenki: kewde- 2

Even: ke:wri- 1

Literary Manchu: kejfule- 2, kejfu 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keber-

Meaning: plain, steppe, meadow

Evenki: kewer, kewe-kte

Even: ke:r-ke

Solon: xeber

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kebi-

Meaning: to bow down, lie low

Literary Manchu: keb, keo (seme)

Ulcha: kebile-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-te

Meaning: 1 belt 2 to bulge (of belly)

Evenki: kebder- 2

Literary Manchu: xebtexe 1

Jurchen: xebu-de (227) 1

89Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kec^eri-

Meaning: to turn, change sides

Ulcha: kec^eri-mbuc^i-

Nanai: kec^eri-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelder

Meaning: 1 variegated, spotted 2 mole

Even: keldъr 2

Negidal: keldejin 1

Ulcha: kelderu(n) 1

Orok: kelderu 1

Oroch: kegdi 1

Udighe: kedei 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli-

Meaning: 1 knife, blade 2 to cut, cut out

Evenki: keli 1

Even: ke:lre 1

Orok: keli- 2

Nanai: keli- 2

Udighe: keli- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli

Meaning: 1 relative-in-law 2 girl, sister

Evenki: keli(n) 1, kiliwli: 2

Even: keli 1

Negidal: keli 1, kelewli. 2

Literary Manchu: keli 1

Ulcha: keli(n) 1

Orok: keli(n) 1

Nanai: keli 1

Oroch: keli 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?)

Meaning: wolverine

Evenki: keltefki:

Even: ko"ltekken

Negidal: keltelke:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kem-ki-

Meaning: to bite (of a dog, goose)

Literary Manchu: kemki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kemu-kte

Meaning: 1 rowan (berry) 2 a k. of berry, shamrock

Evenki: kempi 1 (Sakh.)

Oroch: ke:mukte 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende

Meaning: shoulderblade

Evenki: kendeke:

Even: ke:ndъt

Negidal: kendexe

Orok: kende

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-

Meaning: 1 threshold 2 to hinder, obstruct

Negidal: kende 1

Ulcha: kenderxi(n) 1, kenz^|i- 2

Nanai: kenderxi 1, ke:nz^|i- 2

90Keys of Han

Oroch: kenderku, kenderxi 1, ke:ndi- 2

Udighe: kondopti 1 (Корм. 250)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-

Meaning: a k. of tree

Nanai: kendele(n), kendele:(n) (Он.) 'thuja'

Oroch: ke:nde:le: 'name of a tree'

Udighe: kendele 'red tree' (Корм. 254)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken/e- / *kun/e-

Meaning: 1 shin 2 stockings

Evenki: ken/ete, kun/etu 2

Even: ke:n/ec^e 2, ko":nc^en 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-

Meaning: 1 emptiness 2 to empty 3 hole, ice-hole 4 emptied

Evenki: ken|ku-te:k 1, ken|re 3, ken|gur 4

Even: ko":n|ki:- 2, ke:n|gule 3

Udighe: ken|ku 1 (Корм. 254)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|i-

Meaning: to bite, gnaw

Evenki: ken|i-

Negidal: ke:n|i-

Nanai: ken|ne-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-tire

Meaning: 1 breast, chest 2 side (of body)

Evenki: ken|tire 1

Even: ke:ntъre 1

Nanai: ken|tere 1

Udighe: ken|te 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepe

Meaning: 1 jaw 2 gills 3 boards (on boat's front)

Evenki: kewe 1

Even: kewe: 1

Ulcha: kepi(n) 2, 3

Orok: kepi 3

Nanai: kepi 2, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepel-

Meaning: belly, stomach

Even: kъbъl, ke:bъl

Spoken Manchu: kev@l@, xev@l@ 'stomach, belly; bosom' (87)

Literary Manchu: xefeli, xefali

Jurchen: xefuli (508)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepu- ~ *kopu-

Meaning: to float on the surface

Evenki: kepke-met-

Even: kewu-met-; kebdun|c^i- 'to swim (of sea animals)'

Negidal: kopon- ~ kepen-; kebgexit- 'to produce bubbles (of fish)'

Ulcha: kopto-

Orok: kuptu-du-

Nanai: qopto-l, kepte (adv.)

Oroch: kopc^o 'fish-hook'

Udighe: kopc^ol-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kere-, *kerbe-

91Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 kill 2 to fine 3 to slander 4 to revenge

Evenki: kerbe- 1, keremi:- 3, keremz^|u bi- 4

Literary Manchu: keru-le- 2, keru-n 'fine'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kerge- (*kergi-)

Meaning: 1 circle, ring 2 to bind into bunches 3 to reel 4 bunch

Negidal: kejgeli 1

Literary Manchu: xergi-, xerc^i- 3

Ulcha: kergi 4, kergin- 2

Orok: kejgeli 1

Nanai: kergi 4

Oroch: kez^|e- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *keri-muk

Meaning: intestine, part of stomach

Evenki: kerimek

Even: kori.mki.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese

Meaning: word, order

Spoken Manchu: xes@ 'edict' (1351)

Literary Manchu: xese

Orok: kese

Udighe: kehie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese:-

Meaning: 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture, lacerate 5 sad

Evenki: kese:- 1

Negidal: keseg|i:- 2

Literary Manchu: kesemburu 3

Jurchen: ke-si-ge-bulu (368) 5

Ulcha: keseuc^u- 4

Nanai: kesu:-li- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kete, *ke:ter

Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 elder 4 almost

Evenki: ke:ter 1, kete 2

Even: ke:ter 1

Negidal: ke:tej 1

Ulcha: ketele 4

Orok: ketette 4

Nanai: ke:te 3, kete:le 4

Oroch: ke:te 1, kete 4

Udighe: kete 'more' , ketige 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ketem

Meaning: barren (of a female deer)

Evenki: ketem

Even: ketъm

Negidal: ketem

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kexere

Meaning: hard palate

Ulcha: kekere, kexere, xexere

Nanai: xexere

Oroch: kexe

Udighe: ke (Корм. 253)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:j-

92Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 to go astray 2 to become wild (of a reindeer)

Evenki: ke:j- 1

Even: ke:jun- 1

Negidal: kej- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:lu-me

Meaning: servant

Evenki: ke:lu:me

Even: ke:lme

Orok: kele

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:nde

Meaning: harnessed deer

Even: ke:nde

Literary Manchu: x/anc^i-la- 'to gather in herds (of deer in summer)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:n/e-

Meaning: 1 be superstitious 2 to praise, flatter 3 to speak, tell 4 to curse, rebuke 5 to doubt, suspect

Evenki: ke:n/e- 2

Even: ke:n/ew- 1

Negidal: ke:n/e- 2

Literary Manchu: xendu- 3, kenexunz^|e- 5

Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 3

Orok: ken- 3, kene- 2

Udighe: keni- 4

Solon: xe:ni:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiab-

Meaning: sea gull

Ulcha: qe:µwara

Orok: qe:µwu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-

Meaning: pale

Evenki: ke:µwama

Even: ke:µmaku.

Negidal: ke:µm-di., ke:µr

Ulcha: qe:µm-z^|i.

Orok: qemo-tto-

Nanai: qi.a-gz^|a, qi.a-m

Oroch: ka":m

Udighe: kea"l-kea"l

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-

Meaning: 1 bladder of kaluga fish used for storing oil 2 bobber

Evenki: kewilde 2

Even: qoъ.ldъ. 2

Ulcha: qe:µu.ri. 1

Orok: qewri. 1

Nanai: qi.awari.a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiabu-

Meaning: bottom of boat

Ulcha: kewu(n)

Nanai: kio

Oroch: ka":u

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiad-

93Keys of Han

Meaning: mountain pass

Evenki: kedris

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiade-le-

Meaning: to lace, befringe

Evenki: ke:µd/ele:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiakp- / *kiapk-

Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 tick

Orok: qeqpari. 1

Oroch: ka":pi 2

Udighe: ka"fi 2 (Корм. 247), kea"fi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaK-ta / -ikta

Meaning: 1 skin 2 shell

Evenki: ke:µkikta 1

Literary Manchu: qaiqari 2

Ulcha: qi.aqta 2

Nanai: qa":x|ta 2

Oroch: kiakta 2

Udighe: ka"kta (/ka"xta) (Корм. 246)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *k[ia]m-

Meaning: diver

Even: ka":miln|a / kiamiln|a

Orok: qojomo 'a k. of duck'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiama / *kiapa

Meaning: 1 temple 2 face

Evenki: ke:µwa 2

Orok: qe:µmi 1

Nanai: qa":f (Bik.) 1

Udighe: kea"mikta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiamk-

Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 a k. of water insect 3 worm

Evenki: ke:µmka:n 1

Even: qa":mqъ.r 2

Negidal: ki.mkaj 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaru

Meaning: gauge, mould (for net meshes)

Ulcha: qi.ru.l

Nanai: qi.rol

Oroch: ka":ro

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata

Meaning: 1 salmon 2 dead fish (after releasing roe) 3 to weaken

Evenki: ke:µta 1

Even: qa":ta 1

Negidal: ke:µta 1

Literary Manchu: k/ata 1, k/atu- 3

Ulcha: ke:µta 2

Orok: qe:µta 2

Nanai: qa":ta- 3

Oroch: kiata 2, kiata- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata-kun

Meaning: 1 finger-nail 2 bar, billet

Spoken Manchu: k/at@hun 1 (76)

Literary Manchu: xitaxun 1

94Keys of Han

Nanai: qataxi. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kib-c^a-

Meaning: prudence, moderation

Literary Manchu: xibc^a-n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kibe:

Meaning: birch bark

Evenki: kiwe, kiwe:, ki:we

Even: ki:we

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kidu-

Meaning: 1 to respect 2 to think, remember

Spoken Manchu: kidu- 'to have affection for' (1870)

Literary Manchu: kidu- 2

Nanai: kidu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kijo-kta

Meaning: brier

Even: ke:kto 'unripe berry'

Literary Manchu: k/o:k/o:n 'name of an edible plant'

Ulcha: qojoqto

Orok: qi.joqto

Nanai: qi.oqto

Oroch: kijokto

Udighe: ko"kto, kiokto (Корм. 251)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kik-

Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to cut oneself (by rubbing at a rope) 3 to become torn (of a rope, chain)

Evenki: kik- 1

Even: qi.q- 1 (Новикова 1980, 183)

Negidal: kik- 1

Nanai: kikia- 2 (Он.), kikpe:- 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilde-

Meaning: lime tree

Evenki: kilden

Ulcha: kilde(n)

Nanai: kilde

Oroch: kigde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilu-

Meaning: 1 grey goose 2 heron 3 gull 4 swan

Evenki: kuluk 3

Even: kil/arqa 'name of a bird', ku.lar 3

Literary Manchu: kilax|un 2

Ulcha: qi:.lala 1

Nanai: kulikte 4

Udighe: kilai 3 (Корм. 248)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kim-

Meaning: 1 to prepare, arrange 2 to check, investigate, to concentrate on

Even: qi.m- 1

Spoken Manchu: kim@c^i- (1852) 2

Literary Manchu: kimc^i- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kipe

Meaning: a k. of wild millet

Literary Manchu: xife

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kire-

95Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 to mince 2 to be broken off, break off 3 to gnaw

Evenki: kirge- 3

Even: qi.rGъ.- 3

Ulcha: kirki-c^u- 3, kiri 'front tooth'

Orok: keren- 1, kiri:- 'скалить зубы'

Nanai: qi.arqi.ali.-, kerkieli- 3, kerme:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kis-k-

Meaning: 1 to touch, stroke, sharpen (a knife) 2 tongs, vice

Evenki: kiski 2

Literary Manchu: xisx|a- 1

Nanai: kiskie (Он.) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kitiri

Meaning: a k. of fox

Negidal: ki.ti.ji.

Orok: kitc^iri

Nanai: kic^iri (Он.)

Oroch: kiti

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiz^|-

Meaning: to lose

Nanai: ki.z^|o-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:mu-

Meaning: 1 to be inimical 2 enmity

Literary Manchu: kimu-le- 1, kimun 2

Nanai: ki:mu-le:- 1, ki:mur 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:ran

Meaning: a k. of eagle, falcon

Evenki: ki:ran

Literary Manchu: #ka"i Udighe: ka"i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobi / kebi(n|e)

Meaning: 1 hole, hollow 2 cavity

Even: qobmil/a 1, ke:wn|e, kewun|e 2

Literary Manchu: qobi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobil

Meaning: mast

Ulcha: qowu.l

Nanai: qojol

Oroch: ko:wi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kob-ta

Meaning: esteem

Literary Manchu: qobto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *koc^i-

Meaning: 1 to chant, praise 2 to deceive, lie 3 to harm (of an evil ghost), to interrupt

Evenki: koc^i-nz^|a- 1, koc^ut- 2

Literary Manchu: x|os^s^o- 2

Nanai: qoc^a-li.- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kodori-

Meaning: 1 to scoop 2 scoop (made of birch bark)

Ulcha: qodu.rpu.(n) 2

Nanai: qodori- 1 (Он.), qodori.qo, qodorpo 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *koja

96Keys of Han

Meaning: secretion of a musk deer

Ulcha: qoja

Nanai: qoja

Han-Tungus-prototype: *koKalta

Meaning: mittens

Evenki: kokollo

Even: qu.qъ.tъ.n

Negidal: koxolo

Ulcha: qo:lto

Nanai: qo:lto

Oroch: ko:kto

Udighe: ko`lo (Корм. 250)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kola

Meaning: 1 cunning 2 deceit 3 to deceive 4 catching thieves

Evenki: kolo 1

Spoken Manchu: hol@ 'lie, falsehood' (1308)

Literary Manchu: x|olo 2, x|olto- 3, x|uz^|a-c^i 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kolopo-kta

Meaning: a k. of tree

Oroch: kolobokto, kopolokto 'ritual fir-tree'

Udighe: kofolokto 'a k. of tree'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *komba-

Meaning: wrist, hand, spoke-bone

Negidal: komboxi:.

Orok: qomu:.

Nanai: qombi.o

Udighe: komugu (Корм. 249)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *komta-n

Meaning: cover, box

Negidal: komtaxan

Ulcha: qo:mta(n)

Nanai: qomta

Oroch: kumta(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kondi

Meaning: scoop, box

Negidal: konz^|axan

Ulcha: konz^|oko

Orok: x|ondoqqo 'кисет'

Nanai: kunz^|i, kunz^|uc^e

Oroch: ko:ndi

Udighe: konz^|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|-

Meaning: to tear out, uproot

Evenki: kon|dot-

Even: qonn|aq-, qonn|al-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|da-

Meaning: 1 crosswise 2 to break, snap, be broken 3 half (of an object)

Evenki: kon|dor 1, kon|dorgo- 2

Even: qon|dъ.s 1, qon|dъ.q- 2

Oroch: kondo 3

Udighe: kandugu 3

97Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|ga

Meaning: deaf

Negidal: kon|go

Ulcha: qon|Go

Orok: qon|Go

Nanai: qon|Go

Oroch: kon|go

Solon: xon|go:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|na-

Meaning: black

Evenki: kon|no-mo,-rin

Even: qo:n|ъ.-

Negidal: kon|noji:n

Solon: xon|nori

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kora-

Meaning: to drive away

Even: koro-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori

Meaning: a mythical bird (mediator)

Orok: qori.

Nanai: qori.

Oroch: ko:ri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori

Meaning: 1 frame, blockhouse 2 cage 3 shed

Negidal: koj 1

Literary Manchu: x|orin 2,3

Ulcha: qori. 1,2

Orok: qori. 1

Nanai: qori. 1

Oroch: koi 1

Udighe: koai- (Корм. 249), kua- 'to make a blockhouse'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *korim- / *kirim-

Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash 3 inner side of eyelid

Evenki: korimi- 1, kirimki:n 2

Even: qorъ.m- 1, kirimki 2

Negidal: ki:mki: 2

Orok: qolpi.qta 3

Solon: xurmult(e) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-, *kormaki

Meaning: 1 sheath 2 dish made of birch bark

Evenki: kor 2

Literary Manchu: x|omx|on 1

Ulcha: qo:mai. 1

Orok: qolmoj 1

Nanai: qormi:. 1

Oroch: kommoi 1

Udighe: komigi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-pi-

Meaning: to be, make in time

Negidal: kotpi.-

Ulcha: qorpi.-

Orok: qu.lpi.-

98Keys of Han

Nanai: qorpi.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *koru

Meaning: pike

Even: ko":rike, kurike 'a k. of fish (род мальмы)'

Negidal: kojc^a:n

Literary Manchu: xoro

Ulcha: qoru.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosa

Meaning: 1 stone ring 2 ring, pectoral

Ulcha: qoso(n) 2

Orok: qoso 1

Oroch: koso 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosi-

Meaning: 1 to enclose 2 enclosure 3 to graze

Even: ko"s- 1, ko"stin| 2, ko"sc^i- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kos^a

Meaning: river bend, cape, angle

Evenki: koc^o

Even: qoc^

Negidal: koc^o

Literary Manchu: x|os^o

Ulcha: x|oc^u.

Oroch: koc^i:mdi 'curved'

Udighe: koso(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kos^i-kta

Meaning: 1 nut 2 peach

Evenki: koc^ikta 1

Literary Manchu: x|usix|a 1

Jurchen: xu-cu 1 (129), xu-cur 2 (106)

Ulcha: qac^i.aqta 1

Nanai: qoc^oa 1

Oroch: koc^okto 'a k. of bush'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota-

Meaning: 1 concave, cavity 2 to bend upwards

Evenki: koto-kon 1

Even: qotan/a 1

Literary Manchu: x|otoro- 2

Ulcha: qotom- 2

Nanai: qotajga 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota

Meaning: 1 knife 2 knife on a shaft

Evenki: koto 2

Even: qotqa:n 1

Negidal: koto 1

Nanai: qoto 1

Solon: koto 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *koto-ran-

Meaning: to singe, burn

Evenki: kotoron-mi: (Вас.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:mba

Meaning: scoop, ladle

Evenki: ko:mba

99Keys of Han

Even: ko":men|e

Negidal: kombo

Ulcha: qombo

Orok: qombo

Nanai: qombo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:n|a:-

Meaning: 1 ringing sound (expr.) 2 bell

Evenki: ko:n|a:kte 2

Even: qo:n|at 2

Negidal: kon|i.r, kon|u.r 1

Literary Manchu: qon|gir 1

Ulcha: qon|Goqto 2

Orok: qon|Goqto 2

Nanai: qon|Go:qto 2

Oroch: kon|okto 2

Solon: xon|a:ttu:. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ri-

Meaning: 1 to delve, carve out, pick out 2 to wound accidentally

Literary Manchu: qori- 1

Nanai: ko:rxi- 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ta

Meaning: 1 debt 2 miserly, greedy

Evenki: ko:ta 1

Even: qo:t 1

Ulcha: qota 2

Orok: qu.ta 2

Nanai: qota 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kub- / *keb-

Meaning: 1 friendly, lovingly 2 bride

Evenki: kuwer 2

Literary Manchu: keb, keo 1

Nanai: kewe:li 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuba-

Meaning: to plane, scrape

Evenki: kuwa-

Even: qu.wu.n 'scraper, drawing-knife'

Negidal: koa-, kowa-

Literary Manchu: quwa-fix/a-

Orok: qu.wai., qu.waqu. 'plough'

Nanai: qoatamsa 'chip, splinter'

Oroch: koa-, kua-, kuwa-

Udighe: kua-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuberi

Meaning: fur hood; collar

Literary Manchu: x|uberi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i- ( ~ -s^-)

Meaning: 1 to come 2 to wander

Evenki: kuc^i- 1, kic^ur- ( < *kuc^ir- ?) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i ( ~ -s^-)

Meaning: 1 sausage (made of bear's intestine fat) 2 large intestine

Evenki: kuc^i 1

100Keys of Han

Nanai: qoc^i. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i-n

Meaning: 1 well 2 dimples

Spoken Manchu: qoc^in 1 (547)

Literary Manchu: x|uc^in 1

Jurchen: xuci 1(56)

Nanai: qoc^i. 2; x|oc^i 1 ( < Man.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude

Meaning: 1 stern 2 steering oar

Literary Manchu: xude 1, 2

Nanai: kude 2

Udighe: kude 'носовая переборка бата (большой долбленой лодки)' (Корм. 252)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude:

Meaning: 1 shore, land 2 to land

Evenki: kude: 1

Literary Manchu: kude- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuje

Meaning: whirlwind, snow storm

Negidal: kuje

Oroch: kue, kuwe

Udighe: kue

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju-

Meaning: 1 goose 2 young of birds 3 duck

Evenki: kujuki: 1

Even: kujuken 2

Negidal: kujuxe:n 3

Literary Manchu: x|ojx|o 2

Jurchen: xojxolo

Orok: kujumu

Oroch: kuja

Solon: xuju:xe:· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju-kta

Meaning: 1 nut 2 blue-berry

Even: kujkit 2

Nanai: qojaqta 1

Oroch: kuikta 1

Udighe: kuikta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kukc^u

Meaning: 1 sleeping-bag 2 clothes with quilted sleeves

Evenki: kukc^u 1, 2

Even: qu.c^u. 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKe-

Meaning: 1 to perish 2 dying

Evenki: kukelc^e: 2

Even: ko"ke- 1

Spoken Manchu: guku- 'to fall, to be destroyed' (1063)

Literary Manchu: guku- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuk-pun

Meaning: rubbish, dirt

Literary Manchu: xukun

Ulcha: kukpu(n)

Nanai: kukpu

101Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu

Meaning: blue

Evenki: kuku, kuku-s^in

Literary Manchu: kuku

Oroch: kuagz^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu-

Meaning: 1 to mince (meat) 2 minced meat 3 fat, inner fat

Evenki: kukure:- 1, kukure: 2

Even: kuk- 1

Oroch: kukene 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kul-

Meaning: 1 to be frightened 2 stupid 3 stiff, silent, sullen

Evenki: kululi 3

Even: qu.ldam- 2, qu.lu.n/a 3

Negidal: kolo-kolo 3

Literary Manchu: quli- 1

Ulcha: qol-qol 3

Nanai: qol-qol 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kula-n

Meaning: pipe, chimney

Negidal: kolan

Spoken Manchu: hulan (475)

Literary Manchu: x|ulan

Ulcha: qu.la(n)

Nanai: qola

Oroch: kula(n)

Udighe: kula(n)

Solon: kulan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulbuka

Meaning: hub

Evenki: kulbuka: (dial.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli-, *kuli-ti-

Meaning: 1 to fence, shut off 2 threshold 3 partition, screen 4 lobby

Evenki: kultir 2

Even: qu:.li.- 1

Negidal: kultik 3

Jurchen: xu-li 4 (205)

Oroch: kukti- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli:-n

Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake

Evenki: kulika:n 1, kuli:n 2

Even: qu.li.n 'mosquito'

Negidal: kolixa:n 1

Ulcha: qu.la(n) 1

Orok: qola 1

Nanai: qola 1

Oroch: kula": 1, 2

Udighe: kuliga 1, 2

Solon: xol/exa:· 1, xol/e:· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku(l)ma-

Meaning: maral, Siberian stag

102Keys of Han

Evenki: kumaka, kumaran

Negidal: komaxa

Nanai: qomaqa

Oroch: kumaka

Solon: xu.mxa:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulmaki

Meaning: vessel for spoons, knives etc. made of birch bark

Negidal: kulumux

Ulcha: kolomo, kulumu

Orok: xulmew, xulmeu

Nanai: kurmi:, xurmu

Oroch: kolomon, kulumun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-

Meaning: 1 edge 2 hollow, cavity 3 precipice

Evenki: kumdika 1, kumn|a 2

Even: kumtutti 3

Literary Manchu: kumdu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-

Meaning: eyelid

Even: ko":mdemke

Negidal: kembukte

Ulcha: kumte, kumbikte

Nanai: kumukte

Udighe: kempukte, kemukte (Корм. 254)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-

Meaning: 1 to cover oneself, cover up 2 to embrace

Evenki: kumu- 1, kumle:- 2

Even: kumle- 1, kemnu- 2

Negidal: kumul- 1, komno:- 2

Ulcha: kumul- 1

Orok: kumele- 1

Nanai: kumuligu- 1

Oroch: kumul- 1

Solon: xumeli:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-

Meaning: evil spirit

Nanai: kumtu (Bik.); qo:mio (Он.) 'helping spirit, human-shaped figurine of a god'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma

Meaning: seal

Evenki: kuma

Even: qu.ma

Negidal: koma

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma-la:n

Meaning: a small carpet (made of skins)

Evenki: kumala:n

Even: qu:.mnan

Negidal: komalan

Orok: qu.mala(n)

Oroch: kumala

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumga

Meaning: a k. of grass

Even: qoma:mma 'name of a plant with edible root'

103Keys of Han

Orok: qu.mg|a 'a k. of grass plant'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumke

Meaning: louse

Evenki: kumke; kumike:n 'insect'

Even: kumke; kumnilen 'name of a beetle'

Negidal: kumke

Literary Manchu: xelmeku, xelmexen 'spider'

Nanai: kun|ke (dial.)

Oroch: kume

Udighe: kumuge

Solon: xun|ke:; xumi:xe 'ant'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumpe(ke)

Meaning: breast ornaments

Negidal: kumpken

Ulcha: kumpe(n)

Oroch: kumpe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumu-n

Meaning: music

Spoken Manchu: kumun (1382)

Literary Manchu: kumun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun/i:-kta

Meaning: 1 larva of a gad-fly 2 butterfly

Evenki: kuji:kta, dial. kun/ukta 1

Even: ko"jit 1

Negidal: kujikte 1

Ulcha: koac^i 2

Orok: ku:n/ikte 1

Oroch: ko:n/i(ka(n)) 2

Udighe: koan/a` 2 (Корм. 249)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|-

Meaning: 1 to beat (of heart) 2 heart 3 aorta, vein

Even: kun|- 1, kun|kis 2, kewun|e (Ol.) 3

Literary Manchu: kuxen 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|a:

Meaning: 1 childhood 2 child 3 new-born child

Evenki: kun|a:, kun|a 1, kun|a:ka:n 2

Even: qu.n|a 2

Negidal: kon|axa:n 2

Nanai: qon|ar bi: 3

Solon: kuaxan/ 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|du-

Meaning: 1 rump 2 cunnus

Evenki: kunn|uki:, kun|duki 1

Even: qon/n/a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|ge

Meaning: clothes

Evenki: kun|gu

Even: ko"n|geke

Negidal: ken|ge

Nanai: kun|gu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kup-

Meaning: 1 to cover 2 cloth 3 sheath, boxing 4 sack 5 knee

104Keys of Han

covers 6 hat 7 cover (n.) 8 wadded coat

Evenki: kuptu-, kupu- 1, kupu 7, kupo: 5, kupe 2

Even: kupke 4, kubi 5, qu.ptu. 6, ko"bz^|e 2

Negidal: kuptin- 1, kopti.n 7

Literary Manchu: xubtu 8

Ulcha: kup 1 (expr. adv.)

Orok: qu.ptu.- 1, qo:pomi. 2

Nanai: kopto": 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe-

Meaning: 1 to swell up 2 hill, mound 3 convex

Evenki: kepe- 1, kupike, kuwudek 2

Negidal: kupe- 1

Ulcha: kubdu 2

Nanai: kubdu: 2, kupul-kupul 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe(n)

Meaning: threads

Negidal: xupen

Ulcha: xupe(n)

Orok: kupe(n)

Nanai: kupe

Oroch: xupe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupu-

Meaning: 1 all 2 whole

Evenki: ku:kte 1

Negidal: kepukte 1

Ulcha: kupte 2

Orok: kupukte 2

Nanai: kupukte 2

Udighe: kufula, kufule 2

Solon: xokkoz^|i 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-

Meaning: 1 churn-staff 2 to wrinkle, shrink 3 to roll, rotate 4 to wrap round, tie round

Evenki: kura:- 4

Even: korolda:wna 1, qori.- 2

Literary Manchu: x|orgi-, x|urgi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-

Meaning: 1 humming-top 2 screw 3 spool

Evenki: kur, kuriwuk 2

Even: ku:ruken 1

Nanai: kurke 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kure-

Meaning: storm, whirlwind

Evenki: kur-ge-ku:n

Even: qu.rgi., kur

Ulcha: ku:re(n)

Nanai: ku:re (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurgi-

Meaning: to burn, catch fire

Evenki: kurgi-; {dial. koro:-, korowka:n- 'to burn down'}

Negidal: kurgi-sin-

Literary Manchu: x|ur-s^e-

Ulcha: kurz^|i-

105Keys of Han

Solon: xudz^|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri

Meaning: cone, nut

Literary Manchu: x|uri 'fir cone'

Jurchen: xuri (127) 'fir cone'

Nanai: kori-c^i 'water nut', kore-kta 'pine cone'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri-

Meaning: 1 to freeze (of ice on window) 2 snow drift

Evenki: kurer- 1

Even: kurilke 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurke

Meaning: vessel made of birch bark

Evenki: kurken 'биток для сбора ягод'

Ulcha: kurke

Orok: kurke

Nanai: kurke

Oroch: kukke

Udighe: kuku (Корм. 252)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurumV

Meaning: a k. of upper clothes

Evenki: kurmu, dial. kumma 'fur stockings; women's upper garment'

Even: kumme:s 'hat, cap'

Literary Manchu: kurume

Nanai: kurme

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus-

Meaning: hate, uneasiness

Literary Manchu: kus^u-n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusi-

Meaning: noise

Evenki: kusi:li:n

Even: qu.sъ.lъ.n

Literary Manchu: quwas (?)

Nanai: x|osor-x|osor; (Он.) kusi- 'to drive away by shouting'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusu":-

Meaning: 1 to fight 2 fight 3 strength, power

Evenki: kusi:- 1, kusi:n 2

Even: kusi- 1, kusin 2

Negidal: kusi:- 1, kusun 3

Spoken Manchu: husun 3 (171)

Literary Manchu: xusun 3

Jurchen: xiu-sun (513) 3

Ulcha: kusu(n) 3

Orok: kusu(n) 3

Nanai: kusu 3

Udighe: kuhi 3

Solon: xusus^/i 'strong, powerful'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus^i-pun ( ~ -c^-)

Meaning: pole, lever

Ulcha: kuspu(n)

Nanai: kuc^ipu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus^u

106Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 dandruff, soot

Evenki: kuc^u 1

Even: kuc^ 1

Negidal: kutin 1 [ = kuc^in]

Literary Manchu: x|osori, x|usuri 2

Nanai: kuc^i (Он.) 'uneven surface of birch-bark'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuta

Meaning: bog, marsh

Evenki: kuta

Even: kuta

Negidal: kota

Jurchen: xoto-o-n 'pond' (34)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu-

Meaning: 1 to drag 2 mountaineering 3 to raise, lift

Even: ko"tъg|, ko"tъn|e 2

Literary Manchu: xete- 3

Nanai: kutu- 1

Oroch: kotolo 'sleigh'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu-ri

Meaning: luck, fortune

Literary Manchu: x|uturi

Jurchen: xu-tur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|u- / *kuz^|i-

Meaning: 1 neck 2 to bow one's head

Negidal: kuz^|it-/c^- 2

Literary Manchu: xuz^|u- 2

Orok: qoz^|i. 1

Nanai: kuz^|u- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|ur-

Meaning: to cover, bury (with soil)

Negidal: kuz^|uj-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:kta

Meaning: rowlock

Evenki: ku:kta

Even: kukte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:ku (/*xu:ku)

Meaning: swan

Evenki: u:k-si

Even: u:.-si.

Negidal: xu:k-si

Ulcha: kuku

Orok: kuku / kukku

Nanai: kuku

Oroch: ku:ku

Udighe: ku:xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me

Meaning: 1 shore, sand beach 2 hill, elevation 3 wild pig's lair

Even: kimewun 1

Nanai: kumc^ien 2 (Он.), (Bik.) kum'i 3 (Сем)

Oroch: ki:ma 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me ( ~ -i-)

107Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 flea 2 gnat, mosquito

Evenki: kima:je 2

Even: kime 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n-

Meaning: 1 relative, kinsman 2 name of a Manchu clan 3 name of the Evens in Yakutia

Even: qi.n|galaq 3

Literary Manchu: x|unc^ixin 1, xunc^un 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n|ile

Meaning: skis

Evenki: kin|le:

Even: ki.n|na

Negidal: kin|ne

Ulcha: kun|gilte

Orok: kun|gilte

Nanai: kun|gilte

Oroch: kin|ile

Udighe: kin|gile

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"rekte

Meaning: woodpecker

Evenki: kirekte

Negidal: kijekte

Literary Manchu: kurexu

Ulcha: kurekte

Orok: kurekte

Nanai: kurekte

Oroch: kijoki

Udighe: ke:xi (Корм. 248), kiexi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *KVlm-

Meaning: shadow

Spoken Manchu: xel@m@n (2047)

Literary Manchu: xelme

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab- / *leb-

Meaning: 1 antler 2 rags 3 to wear out, be worn

Evenki: lawa: 1, lewgi:- 3

Even: ne:wun 1, nebdъ- 'to tear out, wear out'

Ulcha: lebeke, lebeli 'old cotton cloth'

Nanai: leber 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab-du

Meaning: many, plenty

Spoken Manchu: lav@du, lav@d@ (2852)

Literary Manchu: labdu

Nanai: labdo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *labga:n-, *lipa-

Meaning: 1 to glue, stick 2 to smear, poach in mud

Evenki: labga:n-, lamba- 1, lipa- 2

Even: labgan-, nabgan- 1

Negidal: labga:n- 1

Literary Manchu: lifa- 2

Ulcha: li.pa- 2

Orok: lamba- 1

Nanai: li.pa- 2

Udighe: lagbamu- 1

108Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *labi-kta / *lebu-kte

Meaning: 1 a k. of moss (cudbear) 2 lichen, moss 3 root of edible plant

Evenki: lawikta 1, lewukte 2

Even: na:wtъ. 1

Negidal: lawu.kta 1

Ulcha: lepc^u(n) 3

Orok: lawi.qta 1, lewikte 2

Oroch: laukta 1

Udighe: labuga 1, leukte 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *laka

Meaning: name of a fish, goby

Evenki: laka

Negidal: laxana

Literary Manchu: laqac^an nisix|a, laqc^a nimax|a

Ulcha: laqa

Orok: la:qqa 'herring'

Nanai: la:qa

Oroch: laka

Udighe: la`sa: (Корм. 256)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *laKa-

Meaning: 1 elm 2 a k. of oak

Evenki: lakamawun 1

Literary Manchu: lax|ari 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakti- / *legdi-

Meaning: 1 to be burnt (of food) 2 soot

Evenki: nakti-mu-, negdi- 1

Negidal: nakti. 2

Udighe: lakti- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakun

Meaning: 1 hen 2 wild duck

Negidal: naxu.n 1

Literary Manchu: luxu 2

Ulcha: naku.(n) 1

Orok: naqqu.(n) 1

Oroch: naku 1

Udighe: na`u (Корм. 266) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la-kV, *la-n|

Meaning: near

Ulcha: lan|

Orok: laqqa, lan|

Nanai: lan|

Oroch: laki, lan|

Udighe: l/an|

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lala

Meaning: 1 gruel 2 (fish) slime

Evenki: nilli, n/allig|, n/allikta 2

Negidal: lala 1

Spoken Manchu: lala 1 (357)

Literary Manchu: lala 1

Ulcha: lala 1

Orok: lala 1

109Keys of Han

Nanai: lala 1

Oroch: lala 1

Udighe: lala 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lali-

Meaning: be hungry, weak, exasperated

Negidal: lal-

Literary Manchu: lala-

Orok: lallu.-

Nanai: lali.-

Oroch: lali-

Udighe: lali-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lam(b)a

Meaning: 1 saddlebag 2 bag 3 to saddle 4 saddle

Evenki: lamba 1 (dial. nama), lamba- 3, ne:me, nama 4

Even: nam- 3

Negidal: nama- 3, na:me 4

Orok: nama-, namba- 3, ne:me 4

Udighe: lamba 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lan|ga

Meaning: cloggy, slimy substance; clammy

Even: nan|ga

Negidal: lan|gas

Orok: lan|Gaq

Nanai: lan|aq

Oroch: lan|ga-

Udighe: lan|ga-lan|ga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lap-

Meaning: 1 to insert, press between branches 2 poles with bifurcation 3 vertical, sticking out 4 branch inserted between two branches (a road sign)

Evenki: lapki-, lapku- 1, lapki, lapku 4

Even: na:pqъ.- 1

Ulcha: lapam 'зацепившись'

Orok: lapa(n) 2

Nanai: lapa 3

Oroch: lapam 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapi-

Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 shoulder ornaments on women's dress

Negidal: lapi.kta 1

Nanai: lapiqta 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapta-

Meaning: 1 flat, level 2 fish fins

Evenki: napta- / lapta- 1; la:pc^a: 2

Even: napc^a, n/apc^a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *largi:

Meaning: 1 diligent, pleasant 2 disorder, commotion

Evenki: largi: 2

Spoken Manchu: l/arixin 'troublesome, complicated' (2003)

Literary Manchu: largin 2

Ulcha: larGi. 1, 2

Nanai: largi.a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lasa-

110Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 drooping branches 2 young larch, birch

Evenki: n/ahamna, dial. n/as^amda 2

Literary Manchu: lasari 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *laxu-

Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) 3 harpoon rudder 4 harpoon point

Evenki: laku-c^a 'loop'

Spoken Manchu: l/aki- 'to hang, to dangle' (1646)

Literary Manchu: lak/a- 1, lak/aqu 2

Ulcha: lax|u. 3

Orok: la:x|u. 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *laz^|u

Meaning: heavy, clumsy

Literary Manchu: laz^|u

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:K-

Meaning: 1 difficulty, distress 2 unsuccessful (in hunting) 3 disorder

Evenki: la:keptin 1

Literary Manchu: laqu, laxu 2, laxin 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:k-

Meaning: a k. of plant (with flowers and edible root)

Orok: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый'

Nanai: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый'

Oroch: nakki 'назв. растения (травянистого, с длинными узкими листьями и синими цветами, со съедобным корнем)'

Udighe: nakki 'назв. растения (прибрежной морской полосы, со съедобным корнем, напоминающим по вкусу брюкву)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:lbi-kta / *lelu-kte

Meaning: moss, lichen

Evenki: la:lbikta, lelukte, n/albakta

Negidal: le:lixe

Ulcha: lelikte

Oroch: na:pka, nabuxa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:mu

Meaning: 1 sea 2 wave

Evenki: la:mu 1

Even: na:m, la:m 1

Negidal: la:m 1

Literary Manchu: namu 1

Ulcha: namu. 1

Orok: namu. 1, lamu 2

Nanai: namu., lamu. 1

Oroch: na:mu 1

Udighe: namu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:pV-ki

Meaning: tiers, straps (for skis)

Ulcha: la:xi.

Orok: la:pu.

Nanai: la:pi.

Oroch: lappi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:ta

Meaning: 1 storm 2 wave

Orok: la:ta 1

111Keys of Han

Nanai: la:ta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebe:(n)-

Meaning: 1 swamp, marsh 2 to poach (in a swamp)

Evenki: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2

Even: liwin 1

Negidal: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2

Literary Manchu: leben|gi 1

Ulcha: liwe- 2

Orok: lemu(ne) 1, lemu-, liwe- 2

Nanai: liwe- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebge-

Meaning: to eat greedily

Negidal: lebge-

Ulcha: legbe-

Nanai: legbec^i-

Udighe: legbe-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *leg(l)ek-

Meaning: a k. of duck

Evenki: leg|egdi, liglaki:, ilagli

Even: i.lъ.g|li.qa, dial. niglij 'goose'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *leje- / *n/iaja- ( < *liaja-)

Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to sing (without rules and rhythm)

Evenki: jaja- 1

Even: n/a:ja- 1

Negidal: jaja- 1

Literary Manchu: leje- 2

Ulcha: jaja- 1

Orok: ja:ja- 1

Nanai: jaja- 1

Oroch: jaja- 1

Udighe: jea"- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKe-

Meaning: 1 to be busy with smth. 2 to intend 3 to demand

Evenki: n/eke- 1, 2

Even: n/ek- 1, 2

Negidal: n/exe- 1, 2

Literary Manchu: lexe- 3

Nanai: leksir- 'to come true (of a premonition)' (?)

Oroch: n/e:- 1

Udighe: n/exe- 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKu (/ *laKu)

Meaning: 1 warm cotton trousers 2 deerskin footwear 3 slippers

Evenki: leke-mi:, loko-mi: 2

Negidal: loxomi:. 2

Literary Manchu: laqu 1

Ulcha: le:mi 3

Orok: lemi-le- 'to wear shoes'

Nanai: le:mi 3

Udighe: lexeme 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu-

Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to ride, trot

112Keys of Han

Evenki: lulunc^e-, lelu:n-, nelu:n-, nelihu- 1

Even: melu-met-, melun|c^i- 1 (with a peculiar dissimilation)

Literary Manchu: n/olxu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu(ke)

Meaning: 1 apron, corsage 2 gore, gusset

Evenki: nel 1

Even: nel 1

Negidal: leleke 1

Literary Manchu: leli 2

Ulcha: lelue 1

Orok: nolu ~ nelu 1

Nanai: lelu: 1

Oroch: leli 1

Udighe: leli 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemuk

Meaning: fat (under the skin of animals)

Evenki: lemuk

Even: nemъk

Negidal: lemux

Ulcha: nemu

Orok: nemu

Udighe: leme 'in pieces (of fat)' (Корм. 257)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemu:k-

Meaning: weak-charactered

Evenki: lemu:k

Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gi:-

Meaning: to bow, incline

Evenki: nen|i:-, nen|e-

Even: nen|-

Negidal: nen|in|-

Orok: len|ge-

Nanai: len|ge- 'to pray'

Udighe: nen|i 'a bent tree'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gur

Meaning: 1 wolf 2 cat

Evenki: n/eg|u:r 1

Literary Manchu: ninuri 2

Ulcha: jen|gul 1

Nanai: jen|gur 1

Oroch: n/in|gu 1, lin|gapu 'wolverine'

Udighe: n/en|u 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lep- / *lupu-

Meaning: 1 to raise hands 2 to jump out 3 to move out 4 to pull out

Evenki: lupu:- 3, luptu- 4

Negidal: lepujiken- 2

Literary Manchu: lebkide- 1

Ulcha: lupurum 4

Nanai: lopto- 4

Udighe: lopto- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lepu-

Meaning: 1 feather 2 down 3 bear 4 peltry

113Keys of Han

Evenki: lepure: 1

Even: nebuli 'fluffy'

Negidal: lupulte 2

Spoken Manchu: lef@ 3 (2203)

Literary Manchu: lefu 3

Jurchen: lefu (145) 3

Ulcha: nepulte 4

Orok: nepulte 4

Nanai: n/epulte 4

Oroch: nepukte 4

Udighe: lofos`o 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:gi:-

Meaning: 1 to scold 2 to pacify, persuade

Evenki: le:g|i:- 1

Even: ne:ji- 1

Negidal: le:g|i:- 1

Nanai: le:i- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:j- (*li:-)

Meaning: to open

Evenki: ni:-

Negidal: ni:-

Spoken Manchu: li- (557, 1687)

Literary Manchu: nej-

Ulcha: n/i:-

Orok: n/i:-

Nanai: n/i-xeli-

Oroch: n/i:-

Udighe: n|i:gi-, ne:µ-ntile-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *liam-

Meaning: 1 bow 2 to shoot

Evenki: ne:mki: 1, (Sym. arch.) le:µman 'loop of a bow string'

Even: na":m 'bow-string', nemkъn 'shooting'

Negidal: nemku- 1

Orok: lajmatc^i. 'strap for tying together parts of harpoon'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *liamba-

Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish

Evenki: le:µmba 1

Spoken Manchu: nim@ha: 2 (331, 2174)

Literary Manchu: nimaxa 2

Jurchen: limwa-xa (163) 2

Ulcha: n/i.mu. 1

Orok: loi.ma 'trout'

Nanai: i.max|a 2, n/i.mo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ligi-

Meaning: to snore

Evenki: lig|iri:-

Even: ni:.g|ri.-

Negidal: li.g|i:-

Orok: li:.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *l[i]l-

Meaning: to ask

Evenki: lelol- (Тит.)

114Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lip-c^e

Meaning: spleen

Orok: lipc^e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lipe-

Meaning: dark red

Evenki: lipereme

Han-Tungus-prototype: *l/og-

Meaning: 1 green 2 dark

Evenki: lugdume 2

Even: nug|de, n/eg|c^en/e, n/evc^en/e 2

Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, nin|@n/an 1 (2421)

Literary Manchu: n/owan|g/an 1

Jurchen: nion|-gian (616) 1

Ulcha: n/ogz^|o(n) 1

Orok: n/o:gdo 1

Nanai: non|g/a":(n) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *loka-

Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging)

Evenki: loko- 1, loko-ptin 2; lokso, lekse 'knee'

Even: noq- 1, noqъ.m 2

Negidal: loxo- 1, loxo-wun 2

Ulcha: lo:-, lo:qo- 1, lo:pu. 2

Orok: lo:-, loqqo- 1, lo:no 2

Nanai: lo:- 1, lo:c^aqo 2

Oroch: lo:- 1, lo:kon/i, lo:n/i 2

Udighe: lo`- 1 (Корм. 256)

Solon: loko-, loxo- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lokta-

Meaning: to pass through, break through

Negidal: loktol-

Ulcha: luktu-lu-

Orok: lokto-

Nanai: luktu-

Oroch: lokto(n)-

Udighe: lotogo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-

Meaning: butterfly

Udighe: lon|to

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-sa

Meaning: 1 lynx 2 male sable 3 sable

Evenki: nonno 1

Even: nu.n|u.c^an (dimin.) 'small mouse'

Literary Manchu: lun|gu, lun|ga 2 (Захаров 858)

Oroch: noso 3

Udighe: nu"ho_ 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-si-

Meaning: to chatter, nag

Literary Manchu: lon|si-, loqsi-

Nanai: lon|si.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lopi(gi)

Meaning: squirrel nest

Evenki: lopi (dial. loki:)

115Keys of Han

Negidal: lo:bi.

Ulcha: logbu.

Nanai: lo:bi.

Udighe: loi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lor-

Meaning: 1 female musk deer 2 deer (3 y. old)

Evenki: n/aro:s, n/oro:s, n/ere:s 1

Literary Manchu: lor-bodo 2 (?)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *loxa

Meaning: sword, sabre

Evenki: likuc^iu:n, lukuc^iur

Negidal: loxon

Spoken Manchu: loh@ (607, 812)

Literary Manchu: lox|o

Jurchen: lo-xo

Ulcha: lox|o(n)

Nanai: lox|o

Oroch: loxo(n)

Udighe: lo:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lo:gdi, *luku(tu)

Meaning: thick, dense

Evenki: lo:gdi, luku

Even: no:g|, nu.qti.

Negidal: logdi., loxo

Spoken Manchu: luk@ (2078)

Literary Manchu: loqdi, luqdu, luku

Ulcha: loGdo, lugdi, loko

Orok: lugz^|i, lukku

Nanai: loGdi., lugz^|i

Oroch: loko, luku

Udighe: logbo-logbo, luktu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lug-

Meaning: 1 to whip up, mix 2 gruel-like, watery

Evenki: lugdu- 1

Nanai: lujr-lujr bi: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-

Meaning: 1 to sew in (ornaments) 2 to prick

Evenki: luktu- 1

Literary Manchu: nuqa- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-

Meaning: to take off (clothes)

Evenki: luk-, lukti-

Even: nu.q-

Negidal: lok-

Udighe: lukta-

Solon: loko-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luke- / *lukte (*lekte)

Meaning: 1 wild boar 2 1-year-old boar

Literary Manchu: nuxen 2

Ulcha: nekte 1

Orok: n/ekte 1

Nanai: nekte (dial. likete) 1

116Keys of Han

Oroch: nekte 1

Udighe: nakta, nekte 1, nugese 2

Solon: nukse:· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luksi

Meaning: traces, central belt in a yoke-team

Evenki: luks^ipka

Negidal: nusku, nuksi

Ulcha: nusku

Orok: nusku

Nanai: luksur

Oroch: nuksu

Udighe: nuki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luktin-

Meaning: to run some distance

Evenki: luktin-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *luKV

Meaning: 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx

Evenki: luku 1 (диал.)

Literary Manchu: luka 2

Oroch: loke 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|u

Meaning: drill

Negidal: lon|o

Ulcha: lu:n|u

Nanai: lun|u

Oroch: lon|o, lun|u

Udighe: lon|o

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|ur

Meaning: evening, dusk

Evenki: lun|ur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lup-

Meaning: 1 to prick 2 to pierce, pass through

Evenki: lupa- 1, lupu:- 2

Even: nu.bas an- 1

Negidal: lepu- 2

Ulcha: loqpa- 1

Orok: lu.qqa- 1

Nanai: lopqa-, loqpa- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lurgi-

Meaning: to burn

Evenki: lurgi-

Negidal: lujgi:-

Literary Manchu: lur lur (descr.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:

Meaning: 1 resin, gum 2 to fill holes, crevices with resin

Evenki: lu: 1, lu:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:n/e

Meaning: wet snow

Evenki: lu:n/e

Negidal: lun/e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu"mn|e-

Meaning: to swallow

117Keys of Han

Evenki: nimn|e-

Even: n/imn|ъ-

Negidal: nimn|e-

Spoken Manchu: nun|@m@, nun|um@ (402)

Literary Manchu: nun|gi-, nun|ge-

Ulcha: lun|be-

Orok: numGe-

Nanai: lun|be-,lumge-

Oroch: n/imme-

Udighe: nin|me-, n/in|me-

Solon: nin|e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma[b]s^i-

Meaning: 1 bread worm 2 scorpion 3 leech

Literary Manchu: mobsexe 1

Nanai: mac^i. 3

Udighe: masin|ku 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mac^u-

Meaning: 1 to lose weight, grow thin 2 fast

Spoken Manchu: mac^@- (699, 700)

Literary Manchu: mac^u- 1, mac^ixi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mada-

Meaning: to swell, become larger

Spoken Manchu: mad@- (712)

Literary Manchu: mada-

Ulcha: ma:da-

Nanai: mada-

Udighe: mada- (Корм. 258)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja-

Meaning: to fail, be unsuccessful, be spoiled

Evenki: maja-

Even: maj-

Negidal: maja-

Literary Manchu: maja- 'disappear'

Orok: maja-

Nanai: maj- (Он.), man/a-

Oroch: maj-maki- 'to lack, be absent'

Udighe: maja-, majasi- (Корм. 258)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja:

Meaning: 1 food rests 2 food store

Evenki: maja: 1

Even: ma:ja 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *maji-n

Meaning: protecting spirit

Evenki: majin

Even: maji.s

Negidal: maji.n

Nanai: majin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *maka-

Meaning: 1 to become dizzy, muzzy 2 to be afraid 3 to hate

Literary Manchu: maqa- 1

Orok: maqqa 3

118Keys of Han

Nanai: ma:qa:- `to gaze at' (Он.)

Udighe: maka 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *makti-

Meaning: 1 to wind (ropes) 2 to wrap up (cloth) 3 to bend, wrap

Negidal: makc^i.-nda- 1

Literary Manchu: mac^i- 2

Ulcha: maqti.-la- 1, moqpu.li.- 3

Orok: mu.qpu.ri- 3

Nanai: max|c^i.-ra- 1

Oroch: makc^i-nda- 1

Udighe: maktigi 'a device for winding ropes'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala

Meaning: club, pestle

Literary Manchu: mala

Udighe: mul/eu

Solon: mala

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala-

Meaning: wild cat; steppe hare

Literary Manchu: malaxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala

Meaning: sesame oil, plant oil

Literary Manchu: malan|Gu

Ulcha: mala (simseni)

Nanai: malengu (imekseni)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mali-

Meaning: 1 to be devoid of smth., to hunt without result 2

only, exclusively 3 abstemious, sparing

Evenki: mali:- 1

Negidal: mali.xan 2

Literary Manchu: malx|un 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *malta-

Meaning: to dig (soil with a hoof)

Evenki: malta-

Literary Manchu: matala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *maltu-

Meaning: to bend

Evenki: maltu-

Even: maltъ.-

Negidal: malti.-

Orok: ma:lti.ma 'folding knife'

Solon: malta-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *malu

Meaning: honourable space within the house (front corner)

Evenki: malu

Even: mal

Negidal: malu.

Ulcha: malu.

Orok: malu.

Nanai: malu.

Udighe: mali, malu

Solon: malu:.g|u:.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana-

119Keys of Han

Meaning: louse

Even: manac^a:n

Orok: man|u.lu.tc^e- 'to bite (of fleas, bedbugs)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *man/a

Meaning: paw (of an animal)

Evenki: mana, man/a

Even: ma:na

Negidal: man/a

Ulcha: man/a, mai:.

Nanai: ma:ja

Oroch: ma:n/aka

Udighe: mana

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana-

Meaning: to be spent, exhausted, worn out

Evenki: mana-

Even: man-

Negidal: mana-

Spoken Manchu: man@- (276)

Literary Manchu: mana-

Jurchen: man-na-lar (839)

Ulcha: mana-

Orok: mana-

Nanai: mana-

Oroch: mana-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *manda-ksa

Meaning: elk

Evenki: mandaksa

Negidal: mandaksa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *man-du:-

Meaning: to try, strive

Evenki: mandu:w-

Even: manru-

Orok: mandu.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mani

Meaning: crowd, flock, herd

Evenki: man

Negidal: man

Ulcha: mandu.

Orok: mandi.

Nanai: mandu.

Oroch: man/i

Udighe: mani

Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|a

Meaning: go-between, matchmaker

Evenki: man|a

Even: man|naz^|

Negidal: man|ga-n

Ulcha: man|Ga

Orok: man|Ga

Oroch: man|a

Udighe: man|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|ga

120Keys of Han

Meaning: strong, hard

Evenki: man|a

Even: man|

Negidal: man|ga

Literary Manchu: man|Ga, men|ge

Jurchen: man|-ga (702)

Ulcha: man|Ga

Orok: man|Ga

Nanai: man|Ga

Oroch: man|ga, man|asi

Udighe: man|ga, man|ahi

Solon: mande:µ, mandi: 'very, heavily'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar-

Meaning: moor, marsh

Evenki: mar, mari-kta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar(b)u

Meaning: 1 heap 2 flock, herd

Evenki: murbu 1

Literary Manchu: maru 2

Ulcha: maru.(n) 2

Nanai: ma:ro 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-

Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 to refuse, resist 3 be stubborn

Literary Manchu: mara- 2

Ulcha: mori.qu. 3

Nanai: mari.a- 1,3

Oroch: mari- 1

Udighe: malea- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-

Meaning: 1 to bend, curl 2 to turn, return

Evenki: mariw- 1

Even: marlu.- 1

Spoken Manchu: mari- (1178) 2

Literary Manchu: mari- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *masi

Meaning: hard, strong, strongly

Negidal: masi.

Literary Manchu: masi-la- 'become stronger'

Ulcha: masi.

Orok: masi.

Nanai: masi.

Oroch: masi.

Udighe: mahi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:l-

Meaning: 1 to die (of epidemic) 2 to destroy 3 bad omen 4 to catch an epidemic disease

Negidal: malga 3

Literary Manchu: majla- 4

Ulcha: mal- 1, 2

Orok: mal- 2

Nanai: ma:l- 1

Udighe: magi- 2, maga- 1 (Корм. 258)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:n/gu / *man/ma

121Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 Salmo Lenoc 2 trout 3 crucian 4 whitebaits

Evenki: ma:jgu 1, majma / manma 2

Even: mo"nke 2

Negidal: manma 2

Literary Manchu: marma nisix|a 2; mon|gos^un 3; mun|ku 4

Nanai: menekse 'назв. рыбы'

Udighe: mojo`u, mejeu 1 (Корм. 261)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *-me

Meaning: a prohibitive particle

Spoken Manchu: em@ 'don't' (3005)

Literary Manchu: ume

Jurchen: ume (472)

Nanai: em

Oroch: em

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mebu-

Meaning: to shamanize, dance

Ulcha: mewu-

Orok: mewu-

Nanai: meu-

Oroch: mewu-

Udighe: meu- (Корм. 264)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *megdi: / *mugdi:

Meaning: steep bank

Evenki: megdi:n

Even: meg|din

Negidal: megdin

Literary Manchu: mudun

Ulcha: megdi(n)

Orok: megz^|i(n)

Nanai: megz^|i (dial. mudu 'meadow', possibly < Manchu)

Oroch: megdi(n)

Udighe: mogz|o` (Корм. 260)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mej-

Meaning: to shake, sway

Evenki: mej-

Even: me:ji-

Udighe: mejmeli- 'to descend on skis, sleigh' (Корм. 264)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK-

Meaning: to be beaten

Literary Manchu: mekere-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meKile

Meaning: fat under bird's skin

Negidal: mexile

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK(u)-

Meaning: 1 to pull out (meat from kettle) 2 to borrow 3 to put aside 4 wooden dish

Evenki: meku- 3, mukc^ika:t- 2

Even: me:k- 1, me:kehek 4

Ulcha: mukse 4

Nanai: muksu 4

Oroch: moko 4

Udighe: moxo 4

122Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *melbi-

Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar

Evenki: melbike 2

Negidal: melbixen 2

Literary Manchu: melbi- 1, melbiku 2

Ulcha: melbi- 1, melbike(n) 2

Orok: melbi 2

Nanai: melbi- 1, melbie 2

Oroch: mebbu(ku) 2

Udighe: megbu, mebu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meli-

Meaning: 1 neck joint 2 back part of neck 3 sinciput 4 fish skeleton 5 skeleton

Even: melimki 1

Negidal: i:xej-melin 5

Ulcha: mugz^|e 3

Orok: melimu 2

Nanai: mulgikte 4

Oroch: muggikta 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]li-kte

Meaning: rowan

Evenki: molikta

Ulcha: milekte

Orok: milekte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mel-me-

Meaning: to congeal (of blood)

Literary Manchu: melme-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu

Meaning: plaice

Oroch: me:lu

Udighe: melu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu- ~ *mulu-

Meaning: 1 (to become) blunt 2 teethless

Even: mele- 2

Negidal: melu-melu 1, melmetu 2

Literary Manchu: mentexe 2

Ulcha: muluptu- 1

Orok: melli-melli 1

Nanai: mulup- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meme

Meaning: 1 breast (female), udder 2 foster-mother

Literary Manchu: meme 2

Nanai: meme (dial.) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|-

Meaning: 1 to hurry 2 to run around (of a dog) 3 to run (of cattle)

Evenki: meniw-, men|iw- 1

Even: men-, menu- 1, munn|ъn- 2

Literary Manchu: mun|re-, mun|gire- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|- / *mun|-

Meaning: 1 mist, darkness 2 cool, sombre

Ulcha: men|-men| 1, mun|ti 2

Nanai: men|te:· 1

123Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|de-

Meaning: whole

Negidal: men|den

Literary Manchu: men|de 'глухое окно'

Ulcha: men|de(n)

Orok: men|de(n)

Nanai: mende

Oroch: men|de

Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|gu-

Meaning: a k. of plant

Oroch: men|gulike (Аврорин-Лебедева 206)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *meri:-

Meaning: variegated

Evenki: meri:-kte, meri:-me

Even: ma"rgi.-ta

Literary Manchu: mersen 'spot'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]rVn|V

Meaning: 1 rowan 2 cloudberry

Evenki: moron|o 2

Nanai: mi:re:n|kule (Он. 263) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mes(k)u-

Meaning: grape

Literary Manchu: muc^u

Jurchen: me-c^u (130)

Orok: muskeri 'name of a tree'

Nanai: muksulte

Udighe: mesukte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mete-

Meaning: to warn, let know

Evenki: metew-

Even: metu-

Negidal: metew-

Orok: metteu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:n

Meaning: self, oneself

Evenki: me:n

Even: me:n

Negidal: me:n

Spoken Manchu: meimeni 'every one, each one, individual' (2880)

Literary Manchu: meni meni

Ulcha: men, mene

Orok: me:n

Nanai: mene

Oroch: me:n

Udighe: mene

Solon: me:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:ne-

Meaning: 1 to settle down 2 settled down 3 to stay

Evenki: me:ne:- 1, me:ne: 2

Even: mene 2

Negidal: menez^|e- 3

124Keys of Han

Orok: menez^|i- 3

Udighe: menz^|e- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[ia]g-

Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to be noisy, produce noise

Evenki: migdi- 2

Oroch: magui- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mia(l)-

Meaning: 1 to glitter (of eyes) 2 to blind (eyes) 3 glittering, bright 4 blinded, blind

Evenki: millu:n- (Вас. 252) 1, me:µlke:se: 4

Nanai: mi.ari. 3

Oroch: mia-n- 2

Udighe: mili- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *miali-

Meaning: 1 to measure 2 a measure of weight 3 a measure for powder

Literary Manchu: m/ali- 1, m/alin 2

Jurchen: mia-lian|-ha 2 (524)

Nanai: mialaqo 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian-

Meaning: to be confused, wonder

Evenki: me:mbe-

Even: ma":n-

Ulcha: me:µn-

Nanai: mi.an-

Oroch: ma":n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian/am

Meaning: heart

Evenki: me:µwan

Negidal: me:µwan

Spoken Manchu: n/am@n (86)

Literary Manchu: n/aman

Ulcha: me:µwa(n)

Orok: me:µwa(n)

Nanai: m'a":wa(n)

Oroch: ma":wa(n)

Udighe: mea"wa(n-)

Solon: m/e:g|a, mi:g|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *miata

Meaning: skin from animal's head

Evenki: me:µta

Even: ma":t

Negidal: me:µta

Ulcha: me:µta

Orok: me:µta

Nanai: mi.ata

Oroch: miata

Udighe: ma"ta (Корм. 260)

Solon: m/e:µta 'face'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *miaxu-

Meaning: to bow, kneel

Negidal: mixeret-

Spoken Manchu: jaqur@-, jaquru- (1447)

125Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: n/aqura-

Jurchen: mia-ku-ru- (466)

Ulcha: m/exoron-

Orok: me:µx|oran-

Nanai: mi.x|oran-, mi.aqora-

Oroch: ma"xurava-

Udighe: ma"ula-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mic^i-

Meaning: to move, move back

Evenki: mic^i-

Even: mi.t-/c^-

Nanai: mi.c^i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mija-

Meaning: to go astray, be mislead

Evenki: mija-

Even: mie-

Negidal: mi:(j)-

Ulcha: mi-

Orok: mi:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mila-

Meaning: wide open, broad

Literary Manchu: mila, mila-x|un

Han-Tungus-prototype: *milku"- / *mirku"-

Meaning: to creep

Evenki: mirki-, dial. milki-

Even: mirkъ-

Negidal: mi:xi-

Spoken Manchu: muc^i-, m/uc^i- (1236, 2302)

Literary Manchu: mic^u-, miz^|i-

Ulcha: mic^u-

Orok: mitu-

Nanai: miku-

Oroch: mikki-

Udighe: miki-

Solon: milki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *milte-

Meaning: full, whole

Even: miltъrъ

Orok: milte-milte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *min|ni:- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: to nag (of joints, heart)

Evenki: min|ni:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[i]rV

Meaning: 1 arrow 2 cross-bow

Even: mi:r 1

Nanai: morali. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mita-

Meaning: 1 to bend over 2 to go back

Literary Manchu: mita- 1

Jurchen: mi-ta-buje- 2 (539)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *moda-

Meaning: 1 bend 2 rim, hoop

126Keys of Han

Evenki: mo:dan, mo:dar 1

Literary Manchu: mudan 1

Ulcha: modo-c^o(n) 2

Nanai: moda 1

Oroch: muda(n) 'turn', muda(n|)gi- 'to return'

Udighe: mudan|a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *moja- (-n/-?)

Meaning: name of a tree similar to quince

Literary Manchu: mojoro, mujari

Han-Tungus-prototype: *moK-

Meaning: to scatter, throw out, sow

Negidal: moklakunda-

Spoken Manchu: maq@t@-, mah@t@- (1549)

Literary Manchu: maqta-

Nanai: moGlola-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *moKo(lV)-

Meaning: 1 bat 2 chipmunk

Evenki: mokoloc^i: 1

Even: mokotoj 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[o]l-

Meaning: 1 to cut (into pieces etc.) 2 into small pieces (adv.) 3 wood cuttings 4 to break into pieces

Evenki: meleg|e-, me:lepte-, molopto- 1

Even: melles 2

Ulcha: molz^|i. 3

Nanai: molz^|i.- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *molari

Meaning: cypress

Literary Manchu: molori

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon/-ga-n, *mon/-pen

Meaning: neck

Evenki: mon|on, men|un; men|er 'counter, scruff'

Negidal: mon|on

Spoken Manchu: mun|an 'throat' (63), mifin (60)

Literary Manchu: mon|gon, meifen

Jurchen: mei-fen (509) 'neck, throat'

Ulcha: mon|go(n)

Orok: mon|o(n)

Nanai: mon|o(n)

Oroch: mon|o(n)

Udighe: mu"o" (< *mon/-gi?); mon|oli 'necklace; collar'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *monn|i-

Meaning: 1 to squeeze, rumple 2 mallet

Evenki: moni-, mon|i- 1

Even: monn|ъ.- 1

Negidal: mon|ni.- / monn|i.- 1, mon|i. 2

Spoken Manchu: m/onz^|i- 'to massage, to rub' (1571)

Literary Manchu: monz^|i- 1

Ulcha: monz^|i.c^i.- 1

Orok: monz^|i.- 1, mo:ni.c^u.(n) 2

Nanai: mon|gi.c^i.- 1, men|ki 'spoon, ladle'

Oroch: mon|ic^i- 1

Udighe: mun|gi 2 (Корм. 263)

127Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|la

Meaning: 1 measure of length (distance between the thumb and the index finger) 2 finger

Ulcha: mowgolo 2

Orok: momgu., mon|bo 1,2

Oroch: mon|lo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|-nV- (*mon-n|V-)

Meaning: 1 stupid 2 inconvenient

Evenki: mon|non 1

Ulcha: moni. 2

Nanai: moni.a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *motoka

Meaning: vulva

Evenki: motoko

Spoken Manchu: mot@qun 'genitalia of a nubile girl' (122), mot@r@ 'child`s vulva' (123)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:

Meaning: tree

Evenki: mo:

Even: mo:

Negidal: mo:

Spoken Manchu: mo: (2129)

Literary Manchu: moo

Jurchen: mo (117)

Ulcha: mo:

Orok: mo:

Nanai: mo:

Oroch: mo:

Udighe: mo:

Solon: mo:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:gdi

Meaning: instrument for obtaining fire

Evenki: mo:gdi

Even: mo:dgi.

Negidal: mo:gdi.

Nanai: moduli

Oroch: mo:di

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:k-

Meaning: 1 a k. of white-fish 2 a k. of small fish 3 crucian

Evenki: mo:kc^aka: 1, meke: 3

Orok: mokkiri 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:man/a

Meaning: 1 large intestine 2 sausage (filled with fat)

Evenki: mo:man/a

Even: mo:mi.na

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:n/(i)ka-

Meaning: 1 deer (1 year old) 2 young boar 3 young pig

Evenki: mo:jka, mo:jkac^a:n, mo:jika:n 1

Spoken Manchu: mihan 3 (2197)

Literary Manchu: mixan, mixac^an 3

Nanai: mojxa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:[nz^|]ika

Meaning: bear eating ants

128Keys of Han

Evenki: mo:dika:

Negidal: monoqo

Literary Manchu: moz^|ix/an, moc^inz^|i

Ulcha: monoko(n)

Nanai: monoqo 'Tibetan bear' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:r-

Meaning: 1 sedge 2 horse-tail (weed)

Evenki: mo:rda 1, morin|a: 2

Nanai: mo:ri 'ивняк' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:sa

Meaning: 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4 thresher

Literary Manchu: mose-la- 2, mose-la-qu 1

Ulcha: moso-lo-qu 1

Nanai: mo:so (Bik., Он.) 1; mo:so-la- 3, mo:solaqo 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mub-(up)-

Meaning: to become blunt

Even: mu:.b-/p-

Negidal: mo:p-

Literary Manchu: mufujen

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muc^-

Meaning: 1 edge, limit, end 2 to turn back, return

Evenki: muc^u:- 2

Even: mu.c^u.- 2

Negidal: moc^o- 2

Jurchen: muta-bun (378) 2

Ulcha: mu.c^a 1, mu.c^u.-z^|i.- 2

Orok: mu.c^c^a 1, mu.ttu.- 2

Nanai: moc^a 1, moc^ogo- 2

Solon: moso:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muc^i-kta

Meaning: 1 needles (branches) of a conifer 2 bamboo bast

Evenki: muc^ukte 1, muc^u- 'to be green (of a larch)'

Even: mu.c^i.t 1 (also 'young green sprouts')

Literary Manchu: muc^ix|a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muda-n

Meaning: end, limit, finish

Evenki: mudan

Even: mu.dъ.n

Negidal: modan

Ulcha: mu.da(n)

Nanai: moda

Udighe: muda(n)

Solon: muda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muduri

Meaning: dragon

Spoken Manchu: muduri (2276)

Literary Manchu: muduri

Jurchen: mudu-ur (135)

Ulcha: muduli

Nanai: muduri

Oroch: muduri

129Keys of Han

Udighe: mudile (Корм. 262)

Solon: mudur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugde-ke

Meaning: stump

Evenki: mugdeke:n

Even: mug|dъkъn

Negidal: mugdixe:n

Literary Manchu: mukdexen

Ulcha: mugdu(n)

Orok: mu:gde(n)

Nanai: mugdu, mugdeke

Oroch: mugde(n)

Udighe: mugda`a (Корм. 262)

Solon: mugdexe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugdi-

Meaning: to coil, make turns

Evenki: mugdi-

Negidal: mugdeli 'round and round'

Nanai: megz^|en-

Udighe: mugz^|ili-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muja-

Meaning: whole

Literary Manchu: mujax|un

Nanai: moi:.·

Udighe: muje`i (Корм. 262)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muje:-

Meaning: to treat badly, oppress

Evenki: muje:-

Even: mo":je-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muK-

Meaning: 1 cover, case 2 covered tent 3 ring, neck ring of sable tails 4 globular

Evenki: muka:k 2, muku 1, mukc^e 4

Literary Manchu: muxi 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa

Meaning: skin from deer's neck

Evenki: muka

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa

Meaning: fur clothes

Evenki: muka:, mukc^uke:

Even: mu.qa

Udighe: moksuho" 'shirt'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mukc^a

Meaning: mallet

Negidal: mu.koc^an

Spoken Manchu: muq@s^an, muq@san 'club, stave' (679)

Literary Manchu: muqs^an

Ulcha: mu.kc^a

Nanai: moksa- 'to hit with a mallet'

Oroch: muc^an|ki

Udighe: mu:si- 'to hit with a fist, mallet' (Корм. 263)

Solon: mu.xs^/a:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muktu-

130Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 short-tailed mouse 2 mole

Negidal: muktuj 1

Literary Manchu: muqdun, muqtun 1, 2

Orok: muktuli 1, 2

Nanai: muktur 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKu-

Meaning: to fill mouth with liquid

Evenki: muku-

Even: mu.q-

Negidal: moxon- ~ mokun-

Literary Manchu: muku-

Udighe: mukun-

Solon: moxo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-

Meaning: 1 deer 2 young of elk, small deer 3 deer herd

Evenki: mulka:n 1; dial. melele, Nep. me:µlan 2; multa 3

Even: mu.lqan 1

Negidal: molka:n 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-

Meaning: 1 to swallow 2 jaw

Literary Manchu: mul/a- 1, mul/an 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-

Meaning: 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired

Evenki: mul- (Вас.), multe 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mula-

Meaning: to pity

Evenki: mula:n-

Even: mu.la:n-

Negidal: mola:n-

Ulcha: munalsi.-

Orok: mu.na:li.-

Nanai: moni.alsi.-

Oroch: mun/alisi-

Udighe: mun/ali-

Solon: mu.la:n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-(di-)

Meaning: to be unable

Evenki: mulli-

Even: mu.lrъ- 'to doubt'

Negidal: moli.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mulu

Meaning: 1 ridge of roof 2 bench

Negidal: mulu 1

Spoken Manchu: mul@, mulu 'ridge, ridgepole' (462)

Literary Manchu: mulu 1, mulan 2

Jurchen: mul-an (239) 2

Nanai: mulu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mume- / *meme-

Meaning: 1 bear 2 white hare

Evenki: momboki: 2

Even: mo"mo", me:meke, me:mec^e 1

Literary Manchu: mamuke, mamutun 2

131Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun-di-

Meaning: to look, observe

Evenki: munni-li-, mundi-; munde:- 'to comprehend'

Even: menri-

Solon: mundi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mundu-ka:n

Meaning: hare

Evenki: munduka:n

Even: mu.nru.qan

Negidal: monoxa:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mune-

Meaning: 1 skin, fur (from deer's feet) 2 to pad skis with skin, fur 3 fur clothes

Evenki: munekse 1

Even: munъs 1, muni- 2, munek 3

Ulcha: munekse 1

Orok: muneske 1, munesi- 2

Nanai: munekse 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muni:-

Meaning: 1 to rot (trans.), spoil 2 to rot

Evenki: muni:- 1, munu- 2

Even: mun- 2

Solon: mune- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|i

Meaning: tendon

Evenki: mun|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|si

Meaning: 1 red (as blood) 2 clot of blood

Evenki: munn|i 1

Even: munsъ 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|u-, *mun|bu-

Meaning: 1 oval, round 2 blunt, rounded

Evenki: mumo: 2, mumbu-me 1, mombo- 'roll'

Even: mun|uti 1

Literary Manchu: mumuri 2

Nanai: mun|gel-mun|gel bi: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-

Meaning: 1 spiritual power, luck 2 thought, mind, determination, resolution 3 love, affection 4 to think

Evenki: murac^ 1

Spoken Manchu: muz^|in 2 (1998); muru 'pattern, outline' (2343)

Literary Manchu: muz^|in 2, muz^|ilen 2, 3; muru 'shape, form'

Jurchen: miuz|µil[e]n-be (506) 'heart'

Ulcha: muru(n) 2, muruc^i- 4

Orok: muru(n) 2, murutc^i- 4

Nanai: muru 2, muruc^i- 4

Oroch: muic^i- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-dul-

Meaning: 1 to slaughter (a deer) 2 to peel (bark)

Evenki: murdul- 1, murdune- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *murgi

Meaning: barley

132Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: muz^|i

Jurchen: mir-g|e-i 'product of agriculture' (825)

Ulcha: muz^|i

Nanai: muz^|i

Solon: mu.rgil 'ярица, яровое поле'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muri

Meaning: eagle

Evenki: muri

Negidal: mu:ju

Udighe: mui, muji

Han-Tungus-prototype: *murin

Meaning: horse

Evenki: murin

Even: mu.rъ.n

Negidal: moji.n

Spoken Manchu: morin (2182)

Literary Manchu: morin

Jurchen: mu-rin

Ulcha: mu.ri.(n)

Orok: mu.ri.(n)

Nanai: mori.·

Oroch: muri(n)

Udighe: mui

Solon: mori

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muru-

Meaning: 1 to press 2 to oppress 3 to touch

Even: murke- 2, mu.rla:- 3

Literary Manchu: muri(nz^|a)- 'be stubborn'

Ulcha: muru:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *murV-

Meaning: 1 to walk round, return 2 round

Evenki: muru- 1, murume 2

Even: merъk- 1, mere:ti 2

Negidal: mejel 2

Literary Manchu: murg/en 2

Ulcha: muru-muru 2

Orok: morolime 2

Nanai: murg/i 2

Udighe: mogol`uo" 'around'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *musi

Meaning: 1 roasted flour 2 drink made of roasted flour 3 jelly (made of fish skin)

Negidal: mosi.n 3

Literary Manchu: musi 1, 2

Jurchen: mu-cin (538) 1

Ulcha: mosi.(n) 3

Nanai: musu:· 'frozen (of meat, fish)' (Он.)

Oroch: mosi.(n) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *musim-

Meaning: to smile, sneer

Even: musъm-

Negidal: musi-musi

133Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: m/osiri-la-

Orok: musimu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *musun

Meaning: spirit, ghost

Evenki: musun

Even: mu.san

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute-

Meaning: 1 to fulfil 2 to overpower

Literary Manchu: mute- 2

Jurchen: mu-te-bulu (740) 1

Ulcha: mute- 2

Orok: mute- 2

Nanai: mute- 2

Oroch: mute- 2

Udighe: mute- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute-

Meaning: can, be able

Spoken Manchu: mut@-, mutu- 'to be capable' (3020)

Literary Manchu: mute-

Ulcha: mute-

Orok: mute-

Nanai: mute- (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mux-

Meaning: 1 to fart 2 bad smell

Evenki: muke:- 1, muke:n 2

Even: muke:- 2

Negidal: muke- 1

Nanai: moxan mon/i 'elder' (Bik.) ("stinking tree", cf. Mong. o"mgij xovol) (Сем 143)

Oroch: moki 2

Udighe: muakta- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa-

Meaning: 1 stomach disease 2 to be ill, sick

Evenki: muka:n 1

Ulcha: mo:ko 'идол от желудочной болезни' ( < *muka-ka)

Orok: muxule- 2

Nanai: muxu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa- / *muxe-

Meaning: 1 man 2 male

Negidal: muxeti 2

Literary Manchu: mux|an 2

Nanai: mox|a(n) 1, 2

Oroch: mueti 2

Udighe: mugeti, mueti 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxu-

Meaning: 1 to lose powers, be exhausted 2 to die 3 distress, loss

Evenki: mekc^ere:-, mukc^ere:- 2

Even: mu.qъ.j 3

Literary Manchu: mox|o- 1

Ulcha: mox|o- 1

Nanai: mox|o- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:

134Keys of Han

Meaning: water

Evenki: mu:

Even: mo":

Negidal: mu:

Spoken Manchu: muke:, muku: (347)

Literary Manchu: muke

Jurchen: mo (51)

Ulcha: mu:

Orok: mu:

Nanai: muke

Oroch: mu:

Udighe: mu-de 'inundation'

Solon: mu:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:sa

Meaning: pools in a swamp

Evenki: mu:su / mu:sa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":- (*mu:j-)

Meaning: to cut

Evenki: mi:-

Even: mi:-ne-

Negidal: mi:-

Spoken Manchu: miti- 'to lop off' (1731)

Literary Manchu: mej-le-, mej-te-

Ulcha: n|ui-

Orok: mi:-

Nanai: mui-

Oroch: mi-

Udighe: mine-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":ku":

Meaning: snake

Negidal: mi:xi

Spoken Manchu: meix@ (2271)

Literary Manchu: meixe

Jurchen: muj-xe (165)

Ulcha: mui

Orok: mui / mujg|i

Nanai: mujki

Oroch: mi:ki

Udighe: miki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":re

Meaning: shoulder

Evenki: mi:re

Even: mi:r

Negidal: mi:je

Spoken Manchu: mirin (65)

Literary Manchu: meiren

Ulcha: n|ujre

Orok: mujre

Nanai: mejre

Oroch: mije

Solon: mi:ri, mi:re

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ab[l]z^|a-

135Keys of Han

Meaning: young, boy, child

Ulcha: n/awz^|a(n)

Orok: naoz^|oqqa(n)

Nanai: naonz^|oa

Udighe: n/a`ula (Корм. 269)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ac^u-

Meaning: 1 to faint 2 to go back the same way

Even: n/atlan- 2

Negidal: n/ac^u.la- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nada-n

Meaning: seven

Evenki: nadan

Even: nadъn

Negidal: nadan

Spoken Manchu: nad@n (2741)

Literary Manchu: nadan

Jurchen: nadan (642)

Ulcha: nada(n)

Orok: nada(n)

Nanai: nada

Oroch: nada(n)

Udighe: nada(n)

Solon: nada

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nadi-

Meaning: 1 to suspect, doubt, deny 2 to consider

Evenki: nadi- 1, 2

Even: nada"t- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *naju"

Meaning: pole, shaft of fish-fork

Evenki: naj, naji

Even: naj

Ulcha: nai.

Orok: nau., nawi.

Nanai: nai.

Oroch: nai

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/aKa

Meaning: 1 well, feeling well 2 peace, quietude

Evenki: n/aka 1

Even: n/aq 1

Literary Manchu: neku(la)- 'to be glad'; niqton 'peace, quietude'

Oroch: n/aka 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *naKita

Meaning: bear skin

Evenki: nakita

Even: naqъ.t

Negidal: naxata

Orok: natta

Udighe: na`ta (Корм. 265)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/al-

Meaning: 1 groove on upper lip 2 gums of teeth

Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, n/a-si, n/a-s^a 2

136Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/alba-

Meaning: 1 young grass 2 meat of a young animal 3 spawning 4 young of birds

Evenki: n/albakta 1, nilben 2

Even: n/alaq 3

Negidal: n/alamn|i. 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nalba

Meaning: fish trap

Evenki: nalba

Ulcha: nalbi.x|a(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nam

Meaning: convenient, skilled

Negidal: nam

Ulcha: nam

Orok: nam-nam

Nanai: nam

Oroch: nam

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ama:

Meaning: hundred

Evenki: n/ama:

Even: n/ama

Negidal: n/ama

Solon: nama:z^|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ami:-

Meaning: female deer

Evenki: n/ami:

Even: n/ami.

Negidal: n/ami:.

Orok: nami.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/a-

Meaning: to ride

Evenki: n/amn/a-

Even: n/amn/i.-

Negidal: n/amn/a-

Literary Manchu: n/amn/a-

Ulcha: n/amn/a-

Orok: n/amn/a-

Nanai: n/amn/a-

Solon: nanna-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/i-kta

Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 mulberry tree

Evenki: n/amn/i:kta 1

Even: imukeg|, imn|eke:w, inme:kte 1

Negidal: n/amni.kta 1

Spoken Manchu: nimal@n 2 (2163)

Literary Manchu: nimadan 'a k. of tree'; nimala(n) 2

Jurchen: hin-ma-lar (108) 2

Udighe: n/auta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amulsa

Meaning: swamp moss

Evenki: n/amulla

Even: n/amъ.lrъ.

Negidal: n/amula

137Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: n/amala

Ulcha: n/amu.lta

Orok: namu.l/ta

Nanai: n/amolta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a(n)n|a-

Meaning: bullfinch

Even: n/an|arki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nansa

Meaning: 1 skin (of man) 2 skin (of animals)

Evenki: nanna 2

Even: nanrъ 2

Negidal: nana 1

Literary Manchu: notx|o, nontox|o 'shell'

Ulcha: nanta 1

Orok: nata 2

Nanai: nanta 2

Oroch: nasa 2

Udighe: neha" 1, 2

Solon: nanda 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|-

Meaning: dirt, be smeared with dirt

Evenki: n/an|n/a

Even: n/an|sъ

Negidal: n/aksalka:n, n/an|salka:n

Spoken Manchu: nantuhun 'foul-minded, evil-smelling' (2552)

Literary Manchu: nantux|un

Ulcha: jan|sa

Orok: nan|i.sa

Nanai: jan|sa, n/an|sa

Oroch: n/an|sa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|a

Meaning: quiet, slow, easy

Even: n/a:n|a

Negidal: n/a:n|akka:n

Ulcha: n/an-z^|a

Orok: nandi.

Solon: nandaxa:nz^|

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|n/a

Meaning: clear sky

Evenki: n/an|n/a

Even: n/ani.n

Negidal: n/an|n/a

Literary Manchu: n/an|n/a

Orok: na:n|na

Oroch: n/an|n/a

Udighe: n/an|n/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|u-

Meaning: cone, nut, fruit stone

Evenki: n/an|ta

Even: n/an|tъ.

Literary Manchu: n/an/un 'palm nut'

138Keys of Han

Orok: nan|u.- 'to crack nuts'

Oroch: n/an/ikta

Udighe: n/an|ta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ar-gu-

Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 young willow

Literary Manchu: n/arxu-n 1

Nanai: n/argi. 2

Oroch: n/argi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/argu-

Meaning: young elk

Evenki: n/arguc^a:n

Even: n/arc^a:n

Negidal: n/atc^a:n

Literary Manchu: n/arx|uc^a

Oroch: naguc^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nasa-

Meaning: to regret, grieve

Literary Manchu: nasa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:

Meaning: earth

Negidal: na:

Spoken Manchu: na: (2066)

Literary Manchu: na

Jurchen: na (37)

Ulcha: na:

Orok: na:

Nanai: na:

Oroch: na:

Udighe: na:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:-

Meaning: 1 to rot 2 pus

Evenki: n/a- 1, n/a:kse 2

Even: n/a:w- 1, n/a:s 2

Negidal: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2

Literary Manchu: n/a- 1, n/aki 2

Ulcha: n/a:- 1, n/a":qsa 2

Orok: n/a:- 1

Nanai: n/a:- 1, n/a:qsa 2

Oroch: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2

Udighe: n/a:- 1, n/an|a" 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:da

Meaning: 1 late 2 to tarry

Evenki: n/a:da 1, n/a:du.- 2

Literary Manchu: n/ada 1

Nanai: n/a:doala- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:lban

Meaning: tin

Evenki: n/a:lba:n

Even: n/a:lba:n

Negidal: n/alban

Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:ma / *ma:na (*ma:n|a)

Meaning: testicle

139Keys of Han

Evenki: na:ma

Even: man|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:n

Meaning: again, once more

Evenki: n/a:n

Even: n/a:n

Negidal: n/a:n

Nanai: n/a:

Oroch: n/a

Udighe: n/a

Solon: na:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:n|sa

Meaning: debt

Even: na:n

Negidal: na:n|na

Spoken Manchu: nas@hun 'opportunity, chance' (2652)

Literary Manchu: nasx|un 'favourable occasion'

Ulcha: nan|da

Orok: nan|da

Nanai: nan|da

Oroch: nan|na

Udighe: nan|da

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nebi

Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wife's brother's wife

Even: neji 1, no": 2

Literary Manchu: neje 3, nec^e 3

Ulcha: neu 2

Orok: new, neu 2

Nanai: neil 2 (plur.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ec^u-

Meaning: 1 to tease, annoy 2 to hit

Evenki: n/ec^u- 2

Literary Manchu: nec^i- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ec^u-

Meaning: 1 to scrape off, to tan (skin) 2 to fade, exuviate

Evenki: n/ec^u:- 1, n/ec^elle- 2

Even: n/ic^uh, n/ec^uh 'scraped skin, suede', n/ec^e:lre- 2

Orok: netu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/egde

Meaning: 1 breast vertebra 2 curve on horse's back in the region of the neck and shoulder blades

Evenki: n/egde, n/agda 1

Even: n/it, n/et 1

Negidal: n/agda 1

Literary Manchu: nikde 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *negdi

Meaning: a female deer

Evenki: negdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *neje-

Meaning: 1 even 2 similar

Evenki: n/e-rke 2 (dial.)

Ulcha: neje(n) 1

140Keys of Han

Nanai: neje 1

Oroch: neige, nein|e 1

Udighe: neige 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nej(l)V-

Meaning: small louse, nit

Evenki: nej-ke

Ulcha: n/ile-kte

Orok: neli-g|e

Nanai: n/ile-ke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eK- ~ *niK-

Meaning: to rot, become sour (of food)

Literary Manchu: n/ekde-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nekte

Meaning: 1 tilth, tillage 2 lowland 3 low

Evenki: nekte 1, 2, 3

Even: n/a"tkun 3

Negidal: nekte 2, 3

Ulcha: nekte 2

Orok: ne:kte:-gi 2, ne:kte 3

Nanai: nekte 2, 3

Oroch: nekte 3

Udighe: nektele 2

Solon: nekte 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku-

Meaning: 1 to bring 2 gift

Even: ne:kъr 2

Nanai: nuku- 1

Udighe: nexu-, neu-g|i- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku-

Meaning: younger relative (sister / brother)

Evenki: neku:

Negidal: nexu(n)

Literary Manchu: nex|u 'slave girl'

Ulcha: neku(n)

Orok: noko(no:)

Nanai: neku

Oroch: neku

Udighe: nea"-diga

Solon: nexu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbi

Meaning: fringe

Evenki: nelbi

Even: nebъlen

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbige

Meaning: bat

Evenki: nelbig|e:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelge

Meaning: 1 snag 2 block 3 saddle

Evenki: nelge 1

Even: nelgъ 1, 2

Orok: ne:lge 3

Oroch: negge 1, 2

141Keys of Han

Udighe: nege 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelki

Meaning: spring

Evenki: nelki

Even: nelkъ

Negidal: nelki:

Orok: nelc^iri

Oroch: nekki

Udighe: neki

Solon: nelxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelme-

Meaning: upper garment, coat

Evenki: nelmeke:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *neme- / *nama-

Meaning: to patch

Evenki: neme-, nama-

Even: neme:t-

Negidal: nemes-

Literary Manchu: nemki-

Ulcha: namui (n.)

Orok: nembesse-, nambotc^i.-

Nanai: namu (n.)

Oroch: namasi-

Udighe: neme-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nem(i)-

Meaning: thin

Evenki: nemku:n

Even: nemkun

Negidal: nemku:n

Spoken Manchu: nin|k@n, nin|kin (2414)

Literary Manchu: nekel'en

Jurchen: nen-ke-xun (623)

Ulcha: nemi

Orok: nemdu:ke

Nanai: nemi

Oroch: nemi, nemne

Udighe: nemnese` (Корм. 268)

Solon: nemeku, nenneku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nenme- ( ~ l-)

Meaning: tarbagan

Evenki: nenmekc^in

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|de- / *n/un|de-

Meaning: 1 cold 2 clear, frosty (weather)

Evenki: n/en|dele: 2

Ulcha: nu.n|du.li. 1

Orok: nun|duli 1

Nanai: non|z^|i.-si. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|n/e

Meaning: spring

Evenki: n/en|n/e

Even: neg|n/i

Negidal: n/en|n/e

142Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: n/an|@n/ari (2726)

Literary Manchu: n/en|n/eri

Jurchen: nie(n|)nen (73)

Ulcha: n/en|n/e

Orok: n/en|n/e: / nen|ne

Nanai: n/en|n/e

Oroch: n/en|n/e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nen|u-

Meaning: 1 sweetheart 2 younger (brother, sister)

Even: nen|n/e 1

Negidal: nen|uj (L.-Amg.) 2

Spoken Manchu: nun 'younger sister; husband's younger sister; younger woman' (904,914)

Literary Manchu: non 2

Jurchen: nexun (nexun-un) 'younger sister' (291)

Oroch: nen|u 2

Udighe: nen|u 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nep-te-

Meaning: 1 to spread out, make even 2 even, flat

Evenki: nepte- 1, nepteme 2

Negidal: nepte-nepte 2

Ulcha: nepte-nepte 2

Orok: nette- 1

Nanai: nepte-nepte 2

Oroch: nepten|ge 2

Udighe: neptele 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- ( ~ n/-)

Meaning: larch

Even: n/ermi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- / *nar-

Meaning: 1 lean 2 thin 3 weak

Evenki: n/urku:n 1, 2

Spoken Manchu: nar@hun 'fine, thin, exact'(2408)

Literary Manchu: n/ere 2, 3, nar-x|un 2

Jurchen: nar-gi 'narrow' (670)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- (?*niar-)

Meaning: to unwrap, untie

Literary Manchu: nerki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nere-

Meaning: to flap (wings)

Evenki: nere-nn|e-

Even: nerъk-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/erke

Meaning: 1 earth 2 hearth

Evenki: jerke, dial. n/erke 1

Even: n/erke 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eru / *n/iru

Meaning: 1 gland 2 spleen

Evenki: n/erun (dial. n/aru, n/iru) 1, 2

Even: n/irun/ 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/es-

Meaning: 1 luck 2 lucky (shooter)

Even: n/es 1

143Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: nosiki 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nese-

Meaning: to straighten, make level, flat

Even: nese:n-, nehe:n-

Negidal: neski:-

Ulcha: nese-

Orok: nese 'ground surface'

Nanai: nesi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ne:-

Meaning: to put

Evenki: ne:-

Even: ne:-

Negidal: ne:-

Ulcha: ne:-

Nanai: ne:-

Oroch: ne:-

Udighe: ne-de-

Solon: ne:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:-

Meaning: 1 to sweat 2 sweat

Evenki: n/e:- 1, n/e:kse 2

Even: n/e:s 2

Negidal: n/e:sen| 2

Literary Manchu: nej 2

Ulcha: jesen|gi 2

Orok: ne:sen|gi 2

Nanai: n/esen|gi 2

Oroch: n/esen|i 2

Udighe: nihen|e- 1, n/e:n|i 2

Solon: ne:s^/i 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:(b)- ~ *n/u:(b)-

Meaning: to go out

Evenki: ju:-

Even: n/o":-

Negidal: ju:- / n/u:-

Ulcha: n/ie- / n/e:-

Orok: ne:-

Nanai: n/ie- / n/e:-

Oroch: n/u:-

Udighe: n/u:-

Solon: ju:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iabe-

Meaning: to strew, pour

Even: n/u:-

Ulcha: jeweri-

Orok: jeweri-

Nanai: jeweri-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *niala-

Meaning: 1 overflowed place 2 shallow

Even: n/alaku. 2

Nanai: ni.ala / n/ala 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ali-

144Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 raw 2 meat

Evenki: n/alikin 1

Even: n/alъqc^a 1

Negidal: n/ali.-xi.n 1

Spoken Manchu: jali 2 (302)

Literary Manchu: jali 2

Jurchen: ja-li (511) 2

Ulcha: n/a:lu.(n) 1

Orok: na:lu./n/a:lu. 1

Nanai: n/alki.· 1

Udighe: n/alig|i 1

Solon: jali ( < Man.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iam-

Meaning: 1 old trace 2 to trace (an animal)

Evenki: n/e:µmiri: 1

Udighe: n/a:ma- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *niama

Meaning: 1 lowland 2 low 3 overfall 4 shallow place, isthmus

Evenki: namn|a 1, nemke:n 2, n/ami 3

Literary Manchu: n/amas^an 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iani-

Meaning: to make straight; to steer (a boat)

Evenki: e:µni-

Even: a":n-

Negidal: e:µni.-

Ulcha: n/ewc^a-

Orok: e:µqu.ta-

Nanai: i:.n|qoc^a-

Oroch: in|kic^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ara-, *n/iarma-

Meaning: 1 skin (not smoked) 2 a k. of cloth 3 upper layer of meat

Evenki: n/arahin 1, n/armaka:n 2

Negidal: n/anmakan 3

Orok: nalma(n) 2

Nanai: ni.arma, n/arma 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ari

Meaning: 1 man 2 person 3 young man

Evenki: nirawi: 3

Even: n/ari. 1, 3

Negidal: n/e:µjawi:. 3

Spoken Manchu: nan@ 'person, human being' (827)

Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, 2

Jurchen: neRma (295) 1, 2

Ulcha: n/i: 1

Orok: nari 1

Nanai: nai. 1, 2, dial. ni.r/a 1

Oroch: n/a":, n/i: 1

Udighe: ni: 1

Solon: niro: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ia-sa

Meaning: eye

145Keys of Han

Evenki: e:µsa

Even: a":sъ.l

Negidal: e:µsa

Spoken Manchu: jas@ (10)

Literary Manchu: jasa

Jurchen: n|ia-ci (496)

Ulcha: i.sal(i.)

Orok: isal

Nanai: nasal, dial. n/isal(a), i.sal, n|asar

Oroch: isa

Udighe: jeha"

Solon: i:sal

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nia:ru

Meaning: 1 lake 2 swamp

Evenki: n/a:rut 1

Even: n/aru.qag| 2

Literary Manchu: n/ari 2

Nanai: ni.aro 2

Udighe: n/au 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ibe:-kte

Meaning: 1 bush growing near the water 2 dwarf birch tree 3 horse-tail 4 fern

Evenki: niwe:kte 1, 2, dial. niwekte 3

Even: n/i:weke:w 2

Negidal: n/i:wekte 2

Orok: n/i:wekte 2

Udighe: niekte 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iblu"-

Meaning: to paint, smear

Negidal: n/i.ja-, n/i:.li.-

Literary Manchu: ju-

Ulcha: n/ili-

Orok: n/ilitc^i-

Nanai: n/iule-

Udighe: jeule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nibu(p)-

Meaning: to smoke

Evenki: nuw-

Negidal: nu:p-

Ulcha: n/iup-ti-

Orok: nu:-c^i-

Nanai: n/up-c^i-

Oroch: n/u-c^i-

Udighe: n/usesi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[i]Ki-

Meaning: 1 to gnaw, crunch 2 to swallow 3 to destroy, demolish

Evenki: n/eki- 1

Literary Manchu: niqc^a- 3

Nanai: n/ikike- 2 (Kur.-Urm.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nikimna

Meaning: 1 neck 2 nape of neck

Evenki: nikimna 1

146Keys of Han

Even: n/i.qъ.n 2

Negidal: ni.xma 1, 2

Ulcha: n/i.qi.(n) 1, 2

Orok: ni.qi.mn/a 'neck of deer'

Solon: nixama, nixima 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ikri-kta

Meaning: 1 thicket 2 a k. of larch

Evenki: nikrika:g| 1

Even: naqri.t 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nili-

Meaning: to scrape off, polish

Evenki: nili-

Literary Manchu: nila- / nile-

Ulcha: n/i:li-

Nanai: n/i:la-

Udighe: nila- (Корм. 266)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im-

Meaning: to close (eyes)

Evenki: nimn|i-

Even: n/imru-

Negidal: n/imni-

Ulcha: n/i.marGu.-

Orok: n/immi-

Oroch: n/imsi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im- / *n/um-

Meaning: 1 shame 2 shameless 3 awkward 4 weakness,

sickness 5 to weaken, be exhausted, sick 6 to be sorry, sad

Evenki: n/umu 4

Even: n/u.mъ.r 1, n/u.m- 5

Negidal: n/omu.- 5

Spoken Manchu: nim@- 5 (713)

Literary Manchu: nime- 5

Ulcha: n/imeremdi, n/umeremz^|i 2, n/umursi- 6

Nanai: n/i.mori.z^|i., n/omori. 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(b)a

Meaning: 1 light boat 2 board for tanning skins

Even: ni.mba 2

Literary Manchu: nimas^aqu 1

Solon: nemo 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ime-

Meaning: to visit, be a guest

Evenki: n/ime-

Even: n/imeg|-

Negidal: n/imej-

Ulcha: n/ime-ri-

Orok: n/ime:-ri-

Nanai: nime-ri-

Oroch: n/ime-ri-

Udighe: n/ime-li-

Solon: nimau-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim-n|a:-

Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 fairy-tale

147Keys of Han

Evenki: nimn|a:n- 1, nimn|a:ka:n 2

Even: n/i.mqan 2

Negidal: n/amka- 1

Ulcha: n/i.n|man- 1, n/i.n|ma(n) 2

Orok: ni.n|man- 1, ni.n|ma 2

Nanai: ni.n|ma:· 2

Oroch: n/ima 2

Udighe: nima`n|ku 2 (Корм. 266)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(u)kse

Meaning: 1 stomach (of animals) 2 intestine fat

Evenki: nimne 1

Even: nimne 2

Negidal: nimtumu 'smell of fat'

Spoken Manchu: nim@n|@ 'grease, fat; vegetable oil' (340)

Literary Manchu: nimen|gi 2

Orok: numis/e 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|i:-

Meaning: to curse, damn

Evenki: nin|i:-

Even: n/in|i-

Negidal: nin|i-

Orok: nin|ic^i-

Solon: nin|i:l (n.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|u-

Meaning: 1 to prop, support 2 support, prop

Even: ni:nut-, ni:nen- 1, ni:nun 2

Literary Manchu: nen|ge-bu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nir- ( ~ n/-)

Meaning: 1 a k. of poplar 2 brushwood

Even: n/ira:wi 1, n/i.rgu.qi. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirge- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: 1 buckwheat 2 selfheal 3 young grass 4 a k. of swamp plant 5 burdock

Evenki: nirge:kte 2, 3

Even: n/ierge:t 4

Negidal: nidge:kte 5

Solon: nirge: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *niri-

Meaning: spine, spine vertebra

Evenki: niri

Even: n/i.ri.

Negidal: ni.ji.kta

Ulcha: n/i.ri.qta

Orok: n/i.ri.kta

Nanai: n/i.ri.qta

Oroch: n/i:kta

Udighe: n/i:kta

Solon: ne:rde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirku-

Meaning: short hair (of deer)

Evenki: nirku

Literary Manchu: nirGa, nirx|an

148Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru-

Meaning: to draw, write

Negidal: niju-

Spoken Manchu: juru- (1391)

Literary Manchu: niru-

Ulcha: n/uru-

Orok: n/iru-

Nanai: n/iru-

Oroch: n/iru-

Solon: nirug|an 'drawing'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru- / *n/eri-

Meaning: grayling (fish)

Evenki: niru, nerig|e:

Even: nergat, no"rig|e

Negidal: n/eju

Oroch: n/u:-c^a

Udighe: n/uu-sa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nis-

Meaning: 1 heavy, dense 2 clumsy, unwieldy

Even: nu.sqa, nu.su.n|a 2

Literary Manchu: nis^a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nisi-

Meaning: small

Evenki: nisimku:n

Even: ni.sa 'small beads'

Negidal: ni.si.mku:.n

Literary Manchu: nisix|a 'small fish'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nita-

Meaning: 1 weak, faded 2 to weaken, diminish

Literary Manchu: nitan 1, nitara- 2

Jurchen: ni-ta-ba (463) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:ka-

Meaning: 1 relative 2 servant, slave 3 Chinese 4 ordinary man, people

Evenki: n/i:ki: (Nerch.) 1

Negidal: ni.kan 3, (arch.) 2

Literary Manchu: niqan 3, 4

Ulcha: n/iqa(n) 2, 3 (arch.)

Orok: n/aqqa(n) 2

Nanai: n/i.qa 3

Oroch: n/in|ka 3, (arch.) 2

Udighe: nin|ka 3, (arch.) 2

Solon: nixa 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:Ku":

Meaning: 1 duck 2 bird

Evenki: ni:ki:, -c^e:n 1

Even: n/ieki, ni:ki

Spoken Manchu: i:x@ 1 (2201)

Literary Manchu: n/exe 1

Jurchen: mie-xe (591) 1

Orok: ne:c^e: / n/e:c^e 2

Nanai: n/ice(n) 2

Udighe: n/ug|ez^|ig|e 'duckling'

149Keys of Han

Solon: ni:xi: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:me-kte

Meaning: skin on young horns

Evenki: ni:mekte

Even: n/iemъt

Negidal: mi:mekte

Udighe: n/imakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/oli-

Meaning: 1 green moss, green mould 2 bluish 3 bruise 4 greenish

Literary Manchu: n/olmon 1

Ulcha: n/olz^|okto 3

Orok: no:lto / n/o:lto 3

Nanai: n/ola: 2

Oroch: noligi 4

Udighe: n/olig|i, n/olo 2, 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *non|- ~ *non-

Meaning: 1 to begin 2 to be the first 3 at first

Evenki: nono- 1

Even: non- 2

Negidal: nonon 3

Literary Manchu: nene- 2

Oroch: non|on 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora-

Meaning: dwelling place

Literary Manchu: noro(-n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora-

Meaning: to pile, stack

Literary Manchu: nora-

Nanai: norxon

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:b- (/ *n/a:b-)

Meaning: 1 before, in front 2 to go forward 3 the one in front, leading

Evenki: n/o:- 2, n/o:g|u:, n/o:w 3, n/a:w-de 1

Even: n/o:g|, n/o:w 3

Negidal: n/o:g|u:, n/o:wu:. 3

Ulcha: jo-ro-, n/o-ro- 2

Orok: nawra- 2, n/owu. 3

Nanai: mi.o-ri.a- 2

Oroch: n/au-ka" 1, n/o:-ki 3

Udighe: n/o:g|i- 2, n/au-xe, n/ou-xe 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:ba

Meaning: 1 joke, entertainment 2 to joke

Spoken Manchu: jov@ 'joke, jest' (1299)

Literary Manchu: jo:bo 1, n/obo-, n/obu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:[be]-kte

Meaning: 1 storm cloud 2 heavy rain 3 spindrift cloud 4 hail

Evenki: n/o:kta 1, 2, dial. n/e:kte, n/okta 3

Even: n/onto 2

Negidal: n/ekte 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *no:di

Meaning: beautiful, handsome

150Keys of Han

Evenki: no:di

Even: nod

Negidal: noditi

Ulcha: n/o:du.-

Orok: no:di.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:g-

Meaning: relative, sister's son

Even: n/o":g|e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:n|n/a

Meaning: 1 faeces, contents of intestines 2 liquid glue

Evenki: n/o:n/a 1

Even: n/o:n/a, n/o:n|n/a 1

Udighe: n/on|o 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uK-

Meaning: 1 birch juice 2 larch gum

Evenki: n/uksen 1, n/ukse 2

Udighe: n/uktu- 'to wet, soak'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nuK-

Meaning: 1 to loose way (of deer) 2 a lonely deer 3 to move to another location 4 to lead the way 5 to stumble, make a wrong move

Evenki: nuken 2, nukiw- 4, 5

Even: no"k- 1

Nanai: nukte- 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u]l-

Meaning: 1 to exuviate, fade 2 naked

Evenki: nil- / n/il-, n/i:larga- 1

Even: ni:.l- 1

Negidal: n/olaxi:.n, n/elakin 2

Literary Manchu: niltu- 1, n/olmon|ge 2

Ulcha: n/uli- 1, n/elao 2

Orok: nu:.lli.- 1, ni.lawu. 2

Nanai: n/i.laqo 2

Oroch: n/ulaki 2

Udighe: n/uli-, n/ulu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nul-

Meaning: to kindle

Evenki: nul-

Even: nu.lu.-

Negidal: nu.l-

Ulcha: n/ulc^uku 'poker'

Nanai: n/ulku- 'to stir coals'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nume

Meaning: habit

Even: nume

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ume-/ *n/ama /*n/em-

Meaning: 1 warm 2 soft 3 quiet 4 weak, loose

Evenki: n/ama, -pc^u 1, n/emu-me 2, n/umu- 3

Even: n/am 1, n/umъn 3

Negidal: nam, n/amagdi. 1, n/amu, nemu 2

Literary Manchu: neme-ri 2

Ulcha: n/ama 1

Orok: namauli 1

151Keys of Han

Nanai: n/a":ma, n/ama 1, nemu 2, nimeku 'weakness'

Oroch: n/ama 1

Udighe: n/amahi 1

Solon: namagdi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un/V

Meaning: a k. of plant

Evenki: n/un/aldiwu:n 'назв. растения ("льняное волокно")'

Literary Manchu: nono "ситник, водяной лук"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|-

Meaning: 1 to direct, give directions 2 direction, instruction 3 instructor, director, master 4 council, advice

Evenki: nun|ni:-, n/un|ni:- 1, nun|ni:g|e:, n/un|ni:g|e: 2, n/un|e 3

Even: n/u:n- 1, n/u:nъn 2, n/un|un 3, n/un|se-g|ъn 4

Negidal: nun|ni- 1, n/un|u 4

Orok: nun|e, n/un|e 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|-

Meaning: 1 main part, stem, stalk 2 main riverbed

Evenki: nun|i:n, nun|ni: 1, 2

Even: nu:.n 2

Udighe: nun|ni 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|ari

Meaning: wool, down

Spoken Manchu: nun|an (144, 2283)

Literary Manchu: nun|Gari

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|i:

Meaning: 1 thigh 2 muscles (of arms and legs), calf (of

leg)

Evenki: n/un|i: 1

Oroch: n/un|n/a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|n/aki:

Meaning: goose

Evenki: n/un|n/aki:

Even: nu:.n|qi. 'баклан', ne:n|en

Negidal: n/on|nixi:n, n/on|n/axi:

Spoken Manchu: n/un|@n/ah@ (2248)

Literary Manchu: n/on|n/ax|a

Jurchen: niun|-nia-xa (646)

Ulcha: n/u.n|n/a

Orok: nu.n|na

Nanai: n/on|n/a

Oroch: n/un|n/a

Udighe: n/un|n/a`i

Solon: nu.nnaxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u-n|u-n

Meaning: six

Evenki: n/un|un

Even: n/un|ъn

Negidal: n/un|un

Spoken Manchu: nin|un, n/un|un (2740)

Literary Manchu: nin|gun

Jurchen: niun|-z^|u (641)

Ulcha: n/un|gu(n)

152Keys of Han

Orok: nun|gu(n)

Nanai: n/un|gu

Oroch: n/un|u(n)

Udighe: n/un|u(n)

Solon: n/un|u

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nur-

Meaning: to do smth. ceaselessly, constantly

Evenki: nur-nur 'slightly'

Literary Manchu: nur-x|u-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nure

Meaning: wine

Literary Manchu: nure

Jurchen: niu-re (520)

Solon: nure:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ur(g)a-

Meaning: 1 cheerful, vigorous 2 to dance (and sing)

Evenki: n/urari:ka:n 1

Even: no"rgъ- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nurga

Meaning: fist

Evenki: dial. nu.rka

Negidal: nojga, nelga

Spoken Manchu: nuz^|an (79)

Literary Manchu: nuz^|an

Ulcha: n/u.Gz^|a

Oroch: nugga

Solon: norg|a, nuruga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uru (~-i)

Meaning: arrow

Evenki: n/ur

Even: n/u.r

Negidal: n/oj

Spoken Manchu: n/ur@, jur@ (820)

Literary Manchu: niru

Jurchen: niru (237)

Solon: niru, nu.r(u.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *nutiku

Meaning: pestle

Ulcha: nutiku

Nanai: nu:c^iku, nutku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:l(u")-

Meaning: to shave (skin)

Evenki: n/u:l-, n/u:li-

Even: n/u:l-

Negidal: n/ul-

Oroch: n/ulu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:re-

Meaning: to become hot (of metal)

Evenki: n/u:re-

Even: n/o":r-

Negidal: n/uje-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:ri-kte

153Keys of Han

Meaning: hair

Evenki: n/u:rikte

Even: n/u:rit

Negidal: n/ijukte

Ulcha: nukte

Orok: nu:rikte, n/i:rukte

Nanai: nukte

Oroch: n/u:kte

Udighe: n/u:kte

Solon: nu:rikte, nu:rte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:te

Meaning: resin, pitch, gum

Evenki: n/u:te

Even: n/u:t

Negidal: nu:te

Ulcha: nu:te

Orok: n/u:te

Nanai: nu:te

Oroch: n/ute

Udighe: n/ute

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u"n|-

Meaning: 1 to make notches 2 to scrape off, adze (with an axe)

Even: n/in|- 1

Literary Manchu: n/on|Gaz^|a-, n/on|Gala- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u"]r-

Meaning: 1 to swim (of animals) 2 shallow place

Even: n/i.rgi. 2

Literary Manchu: n/ere- 1

Udighe: n/u-xana- ( < *n/ur-) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|alma-

Meaning: mosquito

Evenki: n|anmakta

Negidal: n|anmakta

Spoken Manchu: Gal@m@n (2259)

Literary Manchu: Galman

Ulcha: Galmaqta, Garmaqta

Orok: nalmaqta, n|almaqta

Nanai: Garmaqta

Oroch: gamakta

Udighe: n|amakta

Solon: namakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:la

Meaning: hand

Evenki: n|a:le

Even: n|a:l

Negidal: n|a:la, n|ala

Spoken Manchu: Gal@ (68)

Literary Manchu: gala

Jurchen: n|a-la (504)

Ulcha: n|a:la

Orok: n|a:la

Nanai: n|a:la, n|ala, nala

154Keys of Han

Oroch: n|a:la, n|ala

Udighe: n|ala

Solon: na:la, na:li

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:ni-

Meaning: to fetch, go to take smth. or smb.

Ulcha: n|an-z^|u.-

Nanai: n|a:ni.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|em-

Meaning: to crush, break through

Even: n|emtъk-, n|emtъl-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|en-

Meaning: to attack, fight

Evenki: n|en-c^i-, n/en|-

Even: n/en-

Literary Manchu: ne-c^i-

Udighe: n|eneusi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ene-

Meaning: to go, walk

Evenki: n|ene-

Even: n|en-

Negidal: n|ene- / gene-

Spoken Manchu: gen@- (1171)

Literary Manchu: genu- 'to go together'

Jurchen: n|e-ne-xie (713)

Ulcha: n|ene-

Orok: n|ene-

Nanai: ene-

Oroch: n|ene-

Udighe: n|ene-

Solon: nene-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:le-

Meaning: to be scared, frightened

Evenki: n|e:le-

Even: n|e:l-

Negidal: n|e:le-

Spoken Manchu: gel@- (1886)

Literary Manchu: gele-

Ulcha: n|ele-

Orok: n|e:le-

Nanai: n|ele-

Oroch: n|e:le-

Udighe: n|ele-

Solon: ne:le-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:r(i)-

Meaning: light

Evenki: n|e:ri:

Even: n|e:ri

Negidal: n|e:jin

Spoken Manchu: gu:xun 'bright' (2050)

Literary Manchu: gexun

Jurchen: n|e-xun (736)

Ulcha: n|egz^|e(n)

155Keys of Han

Orok: n|egde-

Nanai: n|egz^|e

Oroch: n|egz^|e

Udighe: n|egz^|e, n|ei

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia-

Meaning: lower, closer to the shore

Evenki: n|e:µ-g|u:

Even: n|e:µ-la

Negidal: ne:µwu. / n|e:µwu.

Literary Manchu: wa-la

Ulcha: waji.

Orok: n|oi.

Nanai: waj-la, n|oj-la

Oroch: n|a":a-la

Udighe: n|ea"-la

Solon: ne:x 'shore'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iabi

Meaning: 1 deceased person 2 invisible person 3 to bury

Evenki: n|e:µwi 1

Even: n|ebi 2

Ulcha: n/ewu- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iaksa, *n|iaksi-n

Meaning: nose

Even: n/e:µs, n|e:µs

Negidal: n/asin 'bear's nose'

Ulcha: waqsa

Orok: naqsa

Nanai: n|oqso (dial.)

Oroch: n|ikso

Udighe: n|u"ho"

Solon: ne:µnc^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia:n|-ta

Meaning: fir-tree

Evenki: n|a:n|te

Even: n|a:n|tъ.

Negidal: n|a:n|ta

Literary Manchu: wantax|a

Ulcha: wan|ta

Orok: wan|ta / wan|i.ta

Nanai: wan|ta, dial. n|an|ta

Udighe: n|an|ta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|inda-

Meaning: dog

Evenki: n|inakin, ginakin

Even: n|i.n

Negidal: n|inaxin/ninaxin

Spoken Manchu: jon@hun|, in@hun| (2177)

Literary Manchu: indaxun

Jurchen: n|inda-xiun (147)

Ulcha: i.n|da

Orok: n|inda

Nanai: i.nda

156Keys of Han

Oroch: inaki

Udighe: ina`i (Корм. 238)

Solon: ninaxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:-

Meaning: 1 to smell 2 smell

Evenki: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2

Even: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2

Negidal: n|o:- 1

Spoken Manchu: wa: 'smell, odor, scent'(2456)

Literary Manchu: wa 2

Ulcha: wa:qoli. 'ferret'

Orok: n|o:kki.- 1

Nanai: wan|qoli. 'ferret'

Oroch: n|o:kki- 1, n|o:kula": 'ferret'

Udighe: n|oisi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke

Meaning: 1 sable 2 male (of dog, wolf, fox) 3 wolf 4 racoon

Evenki: n/e:ke: 1

Even: n|o":ke 2

Spoken Manchu: jux@, juxu 3 (2204)

Literary Manchu: n/oxe 3, nuxere 'puppy'

Nanai: naoto 4 ( < *n|oke-tu)

Oroch: n|o"ksjo" 3

Udighe: nautu 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke ~ *n|e:Ku

Meaning: hill, high shore

Evenki: n|e:ke, n|o:ke, n|e:ku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:li-

Meaning: long

Evenki: n|o:nim, n|o:nigdi

Even: n|onъ.m

Negidal: n|onom

Spoken Manchu: Gol@min (2409, 2602, 2844)

Literary Manchu: golmin

Jurchen: n|olmi-gi (690)

Ulcha: walmi.

Orok: n|onimi

Nanai: n|oni.mi., woni.mi., oni.mi.

Oroch: n|on/imi, n|on/mi

Udighe: wanimi, wan/imi

Solon: ninomi, gono/m

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:r-c^a-

Meaning: to contest, to wrestle

Evenki: n|o:rc^a-

Negidal: mo:jc^an-

Ulcha: wa:c^a-

Orok: wo:to- / n|o:to-; n|u(r)- 'to overcome'

Nanai: wa:c^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ubi

Meaning: 1 saddlegirth 2 rowlock (as a two-pronged fork)

Evenki: n|uwi 1

157Keys of Han

Orok: n|ojo 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u(j)a-

Meaning: to sleep

Evenki: n/a-so:-, nin/a-

Literary Manchu: nu-nz^|i-bu- 'to make sleepy'

Oroch: n|ua-

Udighe: n|uha-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ule-

Meaning: red, reddish, pink

Even: n|ule-n/e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|unn|e

Meaning: straight

Evenki: n|un|ne

Even: n|u:n

Negidal: n|un/n|e

Jurchen: n|un-du (661)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|un|i / *n|on|i(-ka)

Meaning: 1 place of hunting wild deer 2 place of good fishing or hunting

Evenki: n|un|i 1

Nanai: wa:n|qo 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ur

Meaning: male (of small carnivores)

Evenki: n|ur

Nanai: mur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|use:-

Meaning: ski straps

Evenki: n|usa:mne

Even: n|usemne

Negidal: musemne

Orok: we:se:µpse

Nanai: muesemse

Oroch: n|usemse

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:-

Meaning: 1 to win, overcome 2 to be able

Orok: n|u:- 1

Udighe: n/oni- 2 (?)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:jelse

Meaning: 1 hair under the neck 2 tie, scarf

Evenki: muja:lle, mu:je:lle 1

Even: n|o"jelrъ ~ mo"jelrъ 1, n|o":jeke 2

Orok: n|i:welte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u"s^i- (*n|ujs^i-)

Meaning: small

Evenki: nitku:n (dial.)

Negidal: n/itku:n

Literary Manchu: isuxun 'tiny'

Jurchen: osu-wan (669)

Ulcha: n/u:c^i

Orok: nu:c^i

Nanai: nu:c^i

Oroch: n|i:c^i

Udighe: n|ic^`a

158Keys of Han

Solon: nisxu, nisu:xu:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":

Meaning: who

Evenki: n|i:, ni:

Even: n/i:, n|i:

Negidal: ni:, n|i:

Spoken Manchu: we: (2895)

Literary Manchu: we

Ulcha: n|ui, ui

Orok: n|ui

Nanai: ui

Oroch: n/i:

Udighe: ni:

Solon: ni:xe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":n|te

Meaning: root

Evenki: n|i:n|te, ni:n|te

Even: n|e:µn|tъ

Negidal: n|in|te

Ulcha: n|uiqte

Orok: muikte

Nanai: muikte

Oroch: n|in|te

Udighe: n|in|te

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oboka

Meaning: hook

Literary Manchu: obg/a 'a k. of wooden hook serving as a bait for eagles'

Oroch: obo:, obog|o

Udighe: obo` (Корм. 273)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oc^i(ka)

Meaning: 1 groin 2 fish fin (on the back or on belly) 3 fork, bifurcation

Even: oc^aqa 1, oc^ 3

Negidal: oc^axa 2

Literary Manchu: uc^iqa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oga

Meaning: thigh, hip

Evenki: og|o

Even: o:g|

Negidal: og|o

Ulcha: o:

Orok: o:

Nanai: o:

Oroch: o:

Udighe: o:

Solon: og|o

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oja

Meaning: badger

Ulcha: ojo

Nanai: ojo

Oroch: ojo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji-

159Keys of Han

Meaning: relation, spouse

Negidal: oji.n

Orok: oji.sal bi

Solon: ujo":- 'to marry'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji-

Meaning: 1 to become mad, old, forget 2 to be in a poor state

Spoken Manchu: oj@r@qu 'no good' (3036)

Literary Manchu: oj-bo- 1, oj-tobu- 2

Ulcha: oj-ba- 1

Solon: oi-mar 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji(ki)

Meaning: thigh coverings, trousers

Ulcha: oji.

Nanai: oji.·, dial. oji'.ki.

Udighe: wa`ipti, wa`ikti (Корм. 217)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oK-

Meaning: 1 to heap up (firewood) 2 to economize, spare

Orok: okpou.tc^i.- 1

Nanai: okc^i- 2 (Он. 308)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ok-

Meaning: 1 arrow with wooden head 2 fish fin 3 fishing hook

Evenki: oki-kta 2

Literary Manchu: oki jo:ro 1

Orok: o:qo 3

Udighe: o` 'fish gear' (Корм. 273)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKa-

Meaning: 1 armful 2 handful

Negidal: oxodo 1

Spoken Manchu: oh@l@- 'to cup both hands' (1554)

Literary Manchu: ox|ol/o: 2

Nanai: ox|oj 2 (Kur.-Urm.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKor-

Meaning: to nauseate

Literary Manchu: ox|ors^a- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksa-

Meaning: 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change one's mind 3 to resent, be offended

Evenki: okso- 1

Even: og|sa- 2

Nanai: oqsa- (Он.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksari

Meaning: owl

Negidal: oksag|i., oksaji.

Ulcha: u.qsara(n)

Orok: u.qsara

Nanai: oqsara

Oroch: uksara

Han-Tungus-prototype: *okta

Meaning: medicine, powder

Negidal: okto

Spoken Manchu: oq@t@ 'medicine, drug' (723)

160Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: oqto

Ulcha: oqto

Orok: oqto

Nanai: oqto

Oroch: okto

Udighe: okto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKurga

Meaning: loop, snare

Evenki: okurga, ukurga

Literary Manchu: x|urGa, x|urqa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ol-

Meaning: 1 hook (for hanging kettle) 2 to hang over fire

Evenki: oldon 1, ollon- 2

Even: olra:wu.n 1, olra:n- 2

Negidal: olo:n 1

Ulcha: o:rpu.n 1

Orok: olz^|i.g|a 1

Nanai: olpi. 1

Oroch: ogz^|ig|a 1

Udighe: olohu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola-

Meaning: to be afraid, startled

Evenki: olo-; olbon- 'to be bored'

Even: ol-; olba:n- 'to be bored'

Negidal: olo-ldo-

Literary Manchu: oli-x|a-

Jurchen: ol-g|u-hun (673) 'weak'

Ulcha: olo-

Orok: olo-

Nanai: olo-, olg|amsaq 'fainted'

Oroch: olo-

Solon: olo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola-

Meaning: to ford, wade

Evenki: olo-

Even: ola:-

Negidal: olo:-

Literary Manchu: olo-

Ulcha: oni.-

Orok: onno-

Nanai: ono-

Oroch: olo-

Udighe: olo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola:-c^i

Meaning: short boots

Evenki: olo:t, olo:c^ik

Even: ola:c^i.q

Negidal: olot

Ulcha: olz^|u.ma

Orok: ollo:c^i.

Oroch: olo:c^i

Solon: alo/ci, olo/ci

161Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *olbi-n-

Meaning: 1 to drag, carry 2 to change, turn into

Even: o:lbъ.n- 2

Ulcha: olbi.n- 1

Orok: olbi.n- 1

Nanai: olbi.n- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *omga

Meaning: upper part of hip; behind

Ulcha: ombo / on|bo

Orok: omGo

Nanai: on|bo

Oroch: ombo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *omn|a-

Meaning: to forget

Evenki: omn|o-

Even: omn|ъ.-

Negidal: omn|o-

Spoken Manchu: on|@-, on|u- (1867)

Literary Manchu: on|Go-

Ulcha: on|bo-

Orok: omGo-/on|bo-

Nanai: on|bo-

Oroch: ommo-

Udighe: on|mo-

Solon: ommo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *omu- / *umu-

Meaning: 1 to lay eggs 2 offspring, descendant, grandchild

Evenki: umu:- 1, omolgi: 2

Even: omolgo 2

Negidal: omolgi:. 2

Spoken Manchu: om@l@ (887) 2

Literary Manchu: omolo 2

Jurchen: omo-lo (285) 2

Oroch: omola": 'daughter-in-law'

Udighe: omolo 2

Solon: omoli: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *omV-

Meaning: hearth

Nanai: oma

Oroch: umuxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *on/a-

Meaning: 1 to draw 2 drawing, ornament 3 spot

Evenki: on/o- 1, on/o: 2

Even: on/a:- 1, on/a:n 2

Orok: ono 3

Udighe: on/o- 1, on/o 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *onda-

Meaning: 1 to rise (of water) 2 water

Even: o":n(ed)- 1, o:ndi 2 (dial.)

Nanai: onda-z^|i- 'плавать около сети, но не попадать в нее (о рыбе, которая часто так ведет себя перед повышением или понижением уровня воды)' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|da

162Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 wolverine 2 seal

Literary Manchu: on|niqa 1

Ulcha: on|do 1

Orok: onnori. 2

Nanai: on|do 1

Udighe: on|do 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|ka

Meaning: pasture, grass food

Evenki: on|ko

Even: on|qъ.

Negidal: on|ko

Literary Manchu: on|qo

Ulcha: on|qo

Orok: oqqo

Nanai: on|qo-

Oroch: on|ko- 'to graze'

Udighe: on|kosi- 'to graze'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *op-

Meaning: to hide, conceal

Evenki: op-

Nanai: up 'having submerged' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *opora

Meaning: nose

Spoken Manchu: of@r@ (24)

Literary Manchu: oforo

Nanai: oporo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *or-

Meaning: 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound 4 to rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an aurochs) 8 to call

Evenki: ore:µ- 5, 6, 7

Literary Manchu: or 1, ori- 4, ura- 3

Nanai: oral 2, ori.qo 7

Solon: or/e:µ-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora-

Meaning: 1 small, young 2 bear-cub 3 female of bear

Evenki: oron|a:t 3

Even: oi.s, oji.s (dial.) 2

Negidal: ojokon 2

Literary Manchu: orc^un, orx|oc^o 1

Orok: oko 2 (voc.)

Nanai: oro:qa 1

Oroch: orko ~ oroko(n-) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oran

Meaning: reindeer

Evenki: oron

Even: orъ.n

Negidal: ojon

Literary Manchu: oron

Ulcha: oro(n)

Nanai: oro

Oroch: oro

Udighe: oro

163Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora:-kta

Meaning: grass (dry), hay

Evenki: orokto, oro:kto

Even: ora:t

Negidal: ojokto

Spoken Manchu: or@h@ 'grass' (2130)

Literary Manchu: orx|o

Jurchen: or-g|o (116)

Ulcha: orx|oqta

Orok: oroqto

Nanai: oroqta

Oroch: o:kto

Udighe: o:kto

Solon: oro:kto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oru-n

Meaning: daughter-in-law (son's wife)

Spoken Manchu: orun (927)

Literary Manchu: urun

Nanai: oro:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *oxa-

Meaning: 1 coire 2 testicles 3 women's genitals

Evenki: oko- 1

Spoken Manchu: uhal@ 2 (117)

Literary Manchu: ux|ala 2

Nanai: uxara (dial.) 2

Udighe: ua 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:-

Meaning: 1 to make; become 2 new

Evenki: o:makta 2, o:- 1

Even: o:- 1

Negidal: o:- 1

Spoken Manchu: o- 1 (3018)

Literary Manchu: o- 1

Jurchen: o-fia (829) 1

Ulcha: o- 1

Orok: o- 1

Nanai: o- 1

Udighe: o-, o:- 1

Solon: o:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:kta

Meaning: currant

Evenki: o:kta

Negidal: o:kta

Literary Manchu: ukuxu, -xe 'name of a berry'

Oroch: oktokto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:mi:

Meaning: soul

Evenki: o:mi:

Negidal: omi.

Nanai: omia '

Udighe: omo" 'soul of a new-born child'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n-

164Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 angle, corner 2 to bend 3 bay 4 cross-roads

Evenki: o:nn|a:n 1

Even: oni.t- 2

Negidal: onn|i.- 2

Literary Manchu: on|Golo 4

Ulcha: onz^|o 3

Orok: oni. 1, ondo 3

Nanai: ondo 3

Oroch: o:n|o 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n-

Meaning: (to fall) on one's back

Evenki: o:n|ka:n-

Even: o:n|qi.

Negidal: o:n|ka-pki:.

Spoken Manchu: onc^@h@n, onc^uhun (525)

Literary Manchu: onc^ox|on

Ulcha: o:ndi.

Orok: o:ndon

Nanai: o:nz^|i.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:s-

Meaning: to retire, make the place vacant

Evenki: o:s-

Even: o:s-

Negidal: o:s-

Ulcha: osi.-

Orok: o:ssi.-

Nanai: o:si.-

Oroch: osu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paba ( ~ -p-)

Meaning: 1 work 2 skilful, diligent 3 to work

Evenki: hawa: 1, hawal- 3

Even: hawa 1, hawad- 3

Negidal: xawadi.jin 2, xawa:dakta- 1

Literary Manchu: fafuri 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pabri-

Meaning: 1 to swim 2 to bathe

Negidal: xajwi- 1

Ulcha: pawru.wu. 1

Orok: pau.ri.- 2

Nanai: fao.r'i- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pac^-

Meaning: crack, split, interval

Even: hac^i.q

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pad-

Meaning: 1 to spread out (animal's skin) 2 name of a game (spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row)

Evenki: hadarga 2

Spoken Manchu: faid@n 'row' (1624)

Literary Manchu: fajda- 3, fajdan 'row'

Orok: pa:dda- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *padira-n

Meaning: wall

Spoken Manchu: faz^|@r@h@n (463)

165Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: faz^|iran

Jurchen: fa-dar-an (64)

Ulcha: padi.ra(n)

Nanai: paz^|ira

Han-Tungus-prototype: *padu

Meaning: bag, pouch

Spoken Manchu: fad@ (248)

Literary Manchu: fadu

Ulcha: padu.(n)

Orok: padu.

Nanai: pado

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paga, -c^a, -ki:

Meaning: 1 box, birch vessel, scoop 2 window, window frame

Evenki: hag|a, hag|aki:, hag|ac^an

Negidal: xa-c^aw, xa-vu.n 1

Spoken Manchu: fa: 2 (466)

Literary Manchu: fa 2

Jurchen: fah-ha (209) 2

Ulcha: pac^a(n) 1, pawa 2

Orok: pawa 2

Nanai: pa:c^a 1, pa:wa 2

Udighe: xasa`a 1 (Корм. 305)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagda-

Meaning: to smear

Evenki: hagda-

Even: ha:da-

Ulcha: paGda-

Nanai: pa:Gda-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagdi(-ki:)

Meaning: sole, foot sole

Evenki: hagdiki:

Negidal: xakki.

Orok: paGz^|e

Nanai: x|aGdi.ki. (dial.)

Oroch: xagdi

Udighe: xagdig|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paja-

Meaning: 1 to glitter (of snow) 2 blinded by bright light

Evenki: hajakat- 1

Udighe: pajaktu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-

Meaning: 1 freezing weather (in spring or autumn) 2 Northern or Eastern wind 3 to blow (of spring wind) 4 frost

Evenki: haji: 1, 2, haji:- 3

Nanai: x|atqa (Kur-Urm.) 1

Oroch: xaika 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-kta

Meaning: grass (dry)

Evenki: haji:kta

Even: hajtъ.

Negidal: xajta

166Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: fojo:

Ulcha: pajqta

Orok: pai.qta

Nanai: pajaqta

Udighe: xaikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paju:-

Meaning: to break, tear

Evenki: haju:p-

Even: ha:ju.-

Negidal: xaji.-, xaju.-

Oroch: xa:ju-

Udighe: xai-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paKu:-

Meaning: to close in, buckle, shut up

Evenki: haku:-

Even: haq-

Negidal: xaxu.-

Solon: axu.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pal- ( ~ -a:-)

Meaning: 1 to have relations with 2 relationship, friendship 3 quarrel, contest 4 to quarrel

Literary Manchu: fali- 1, falin 2

Ulcha: pa:li. 3

Orok: pa:li. 3

Oroch: palimac^i- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *palga-n

Meaning: 1 foot 2 sole

Evenki: halgan 1

Even: halgъ.n 1

Negidal: xalgan 1

Ulcha: palz^|a(n) 1

Orok: palz^|a(n) 1

Nanai: palga 2

Oroch: xaga 'paw'

Udighe: xaga 'paw; bear's trace'

Solon: alg|a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paln|a

Meaning: palm (of hand)

Evenki: hann|a

Even: hann|ъ.

Negidal: xan/n|a

Spoken Manchu: fal@n|@ (71)

Literary Manchu: falan|Gu

Ulcha: pan/a

Orok: xan|n|a / xan|a

Nanai: pajn|a

Oroch: xan|a, xan|n|a

Udighe: xan/`a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *palu

Meaning: a k. of fish (similar to bream)

Literary Manchu: falu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paluka

Meaning: hammer

167Keys of Han

Evenki: halka

Even: halqъ.

Negidal: xalka

Literary Manchu: folx|o

Ulcha: palawu.(n)

Orok: palo

Nanai: paloa

Oroch: xalua, xaluwa

Udighe: xaluga

Solon: alxa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *palV

Meaning: molar

Ulcha: pali.

Nanai: paloa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *palVga

Meaning: a group of houses

Literary Manchu: falGa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pan/a-n

Meaning: shadow

Evenki: han/an

Even: hi.n/a:n

Negidal: xan/an

Spoken Manchu: fain|@ 'soul' (771)

Literary Manchu: fajan|Ga 'soul, spirit'

Ulcha: pan/a(n)

Orok: pana(n)

Nanai: pan/a

Oroch: xan/a(n)

Udighe: xan/a(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pani-

Meaning: 1 to attire 2 attire

Evenki: hani-sin 2

Even: ha:ni. 2, ha:ni.- 2

Negidal: xa:ni.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pann|u:-

Meaning: 1 to ask 2 to investigate 3 to follow smb.

Evenki: hann|u:- 1, hann|i- / ha:n|i:- 3

Spoken Manchu: f/onz^|i- 'to ask, to question, to ferret out' (1288)

Literary Manchu: fonz^|i- 1, 2

Jurchen: fanz^|u-mij (775) 2

Ulcha: pan-si.- 1

Orok: panu.-

Udighe: xauntasi- 1

Solon: an|u:.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pap-

Meaning: 1 to yell (of a shaman) 2 to divine 3 shaman, sorcerer

Evenki: haptaj 3

Negidal: xaptu.- 1

Literary Manchu: fada- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *para

Meaning: 1 saddle arc 2 sleigh 3 thill

168Keys of Han

Evenki: hara, dial. ha:ren 1

Spoken Manchu: far@ 'shaft' (1252)

Literary Manchu: fara 2, 3

Ulcha: para 2

Orok: pau.ra 'полозья'

Nanai: para 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *para(n)

Meaning: 1 place for the hut, floor 2 perch 3 lattice(d)

Evenki: haran 1

Even: hara:n 1

Negidal: haja:n 1

Literary Manchu: fargi ~ farki 2, faran|ga 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga

Meaning: 1 brave 2 silly 3 scoundrel

Literary Manchu: f/ada 3

Ulcha: parGa(n) 1

Orok: parGa 'miserly; harmful'

Nanai: farGa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga- ( ~ -rk-)

Meaning: excrement, to defecate

Spoken Manchu: faz^|@n (104, 497, 2327)

Literary Manchu: faz^|an, faz^|a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pargan

Meaning: 1 ski bedding for the foot 2 a measure of length (one centimeter)

Evenki: hargan 1, 2

Nanai: pajGa 1

Udighe: xaga 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paru-

Meaning: to faint, feel giddy

Evenki: haru:-

Even: ha:ru.-

Literary Manchu: fara-

Nanai: fari.nda-

Udighe: xau-ne-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-

Meaning: to hang

Literary Manchu: fasi-

Orok: pasi.-

Nanai: pasi.-

Oroch: xasi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-

Meaning: 1 to hurry, scurry 2 commotion, hurry (n.)

Even: hasu.l- 1

Spoken Manchu: fac^uhun 'disordered' (1065); fac^uhuru- 'to fall into disorder' (1066)

Literary Manchu: fac^i-xin, fac^u-xun 2, fac^ix/as^a- 1

Solon: pas^/igu:.· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasu-

Meaning: to press, pinch

Evenki: hasu-

Even: as asъ.qlan (Ol.) 'handful'

Negidal: xas-

169Keys of Han

Ulcha: pasala-

Nanai: pasoala-

Solon: asu.-xu. 'handful'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata, *pataka

Meaning: 1 feet pads 2 fetlock 3 sole 4 bottom 5 paw, hoof 6 sledge runner 7 butt (of tree)

Evenki: hata 1,2

Even: hat 3,4, hati.qa 2

Negidal: xata 1,2

Spoken Manchu: fat@h@, fat@q@ 'hoof' (2289)

Literary Manchu: fatan 3,4, fatx|a 5

Ulcha: pata 6

Orok: patta 7

Nanai: pata 5

Udighe: xedi 6

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata-n

Meaning: part of a weaving machine

Literary Manchu: fatan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati

Meaning: winter boots

Evenki: hati

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati(ke)

Meaning: 1 tail fin 2 fish tail

Negidal: xepki: 2

Literary Manchu: fetxe 1, fetxeku 2

Ulcha: pati. 2

Orok: pac^i., pac^i.kke 1,2

Nanai: pac^i:. 1, pac^qi. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *paxan

Meaning: bream

Ulcha: pax|a(n)

Nanai: pax|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:

Meaning: part

Evenki: ha:, ha:-n

Even: ha:ni.

Negidal: xa:

Literary Manchu: fa-li

Jurchen: far far (far-ar far-ar) 'separately' (781)

Ulcha: pa-si.; pa:ni. 'some, others'

Orok: po:

Nanai: pa-si.; poani 'some, others'

Oroch: xa

Udighe: xa(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:b-

Meaning: to add

Evenki: ha:w-

Even: ha:w-

Negidal: xa:w-

Ulcha: paji.-

Orok: poi.-

Nanai: poai.-

170Keys of Han

Solon: a:wi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:di

Meaning: separate(ly)

Evenki: ha:di 'some, part of'

Even: ha:di.-n 'some, other'

Literary Manchu: faz^|u 'space between'

Ulcha: pa:z^|i.

Orok: padi.

Nanai: pa:z^|i.

Solon: adi 'some'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kin

Meaning: liver

Evenki: ha:kin, hakin

Even: ha:qъ.n

Negidal: xa:ki.n

Spoken Manchu: fahun (91)

Literary Manchu: faxun

Ulcha: pa:

Orok: pa:g|a / pa:qa

Nanai: pa:

Oroch: pa:g|a, pa:qa

Udighe: xa`i (Корм. 304)

Solon: a:xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kta

Meaning: 1 hill, mound 2 precipice 3 sand bank

Negidal: pakta 1 ( < South.)

Ulcha: pa:qta 2

Orok: paqtai. 3

Nanai: pa:qta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:la-n

Meaning: 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor

Even: ha:linrъ. 1

Negidal: palan 2 ( < South.)

Spoken Manchu: fal@n 2 (454)

Literary Manchu: fala(n) 2

Ulcha: pala(n) 2

Orok: pa:lla(n) 2

Nanai: pala 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lan

Meaning: bifurcation, fork

Evenki: ha:la:n

Negidal: xalan

Ulcha: xala(n)

Nanai: pa:la

Oroch: xa:la(n)

Udighe: xala(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lz^|e-

Meaning: to be ashamed

Evenki: ha:lz^|e-

Even: halz^|u.-

Negidal: xalz^|a-

Literary Manchu: f/anc^i-x/as^a-

171Keys of Han

Orok: xalz^|e:-

Nanai: x|alz^|a-

Oroch: xagz^|a-

Udighe: xagz^|a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:nta- / *pe:nte-

Meaning: 1 rainworm 2 flea

Evenki: ha:nteku 2

Nanai: pe:nte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:r-

Meaning: to buy, sell

Even: ha:rat-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:t(i)-

Meaning: 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off

Evenki: hatal- 3 (Sakh.)

Negidal: pa:ti. 2 ( < South.)

Ulcha: pa:ti.-c^i.-, pa:ti.-la- 1, pa:ti. 2

Orok: pa:t-c^u.- 1

Nanai: pa:c^i.-c^i.- 1, pac^i. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebgure (/*pu-)

Meaning: ski stick, circle on ski stick

Evenki: hewgure:

Negidal: xebguje

Ulcha: pegbere(n)

Orok: pebgire

Nanai: fubguru (Bik.)

Oroch: xebbiru 'hook on walking stick'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebi-

Meaning: to squat

Evenki: hewic^-, hewe:-

Even: hewde:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pec^e-

Meaning: to be tired

Evenki: hec^e-

Even: hec^-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pec^ke-

Meaning: 1 to be surprised 2 strange, wonderful; base, vile

Literary Manchu: fec^exun, fec^uxun 2, fec^iki (n.)

Ulcha: peksi-, peske- 1

Orok: peske- 1

Nanai: pekse- 1

Oroch: peksi-, pekse- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede-

Meaning: 1 to ruddle, mark (deer, by cutting its ear) 2 dirty

Evenki: pedene:- 1 (Kamn.)

Even: hedenin 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede

Meaning: swift, energetic

Negidal: xeden

Nanai: pede

Oroch: xidus (adv.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede:-

Meaning: to ford, cross over

172Keys of Han

Evenki: hede:-

Literary Manchu: fida-, fide-

Solon: edelbu:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegdi

Meaning: 1 big, large 2 important

Evenki: hegdi 1

Literary Manchu: fuz^|un 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(le)- ( / *po-)

Meaning: young of elk, elk

Evenki: hogloka:n, heglen, hewlen

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(-n|kte) ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: 1 wart 2 callosity

Evenki: hewum 2, hen|te 1

Even: hen|tъ 1

Negidal: xewu-kte 2, xen|te 1

Spoken Manchu: fux@, fuxu 'wart, knot' (150, 2136)

Literary Manchu: fuxu 1

Ulcha: pukte 1

Orok: peukte 1

Nanai: pu:kte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe(j)m-

Meaning: boots

Evenki: hemc^ure:

Negidal: xemc^ira

Literary Manchu: foz^|i, fomo(c^i)

Jurchen: fom-c^i (556)

Orok: pe:µmo-ni. 'top of boots'

Oroch: xebbire

Solon: xoc^oro

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK-

Meaning: 1 to throw 2 to scatter, strew

Literary Manchu: fax|a- 1

Orok: pektikke- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK- / *poK-

Meaning: 1 to trample, tread 2 to kick

Evenki: hek- 1, hokc^i-, heki:-, hekc^i- 2

Even: hek- 1, he:ki- 2

Negidal: xeg|i-, xek- 1, xekile:- 2

Spoken Manchu: fuxu- (1610)

Literary Manchu: fexu- 1, f/o:qoc^o-, f/o:qoz^|o- 2

Oroch: xeki- 1

Udighe: xen|de- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pekc^u-

Meaning: acid, astringent

Literary Manchu: fekc^uxun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peKe ( < *puKe ?)

Meaning: nit

Evenki: heke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku-

Meaning: hot

Evenki: heku

Even: ho"k

173Keys of Han

Negidal: xeku-gdi

Literary Manchu: f/ak/a-n 'heat', f/aqu- 'to warm, dry'

Ulcha: pukeuli 'hot', pe:µkki- 'to bake' ( > Ud. piki-le- id.)

Orok: xekkuli, xekusi ( < Oroch.)

Nanai: peku 'hot', pi.qi.- 'to warm, heat'

Oroch: xeku, xekusi

Udighe: xekuhi

Solon: exu:gdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku-

Meaning: to be embarrassed, troubled

Evenki: hekir-

Even: hekurun|c^i-

Literary Manchu: fox|odo-, fox|oto-, fexere-; fuqz^|is^a-

Jurchen: fe-xi-lar (373)

Ulcha: peken-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pel-

Meaning: 1 to insult, mock 2 not dare

Evenki: hel- 2

Spoken Manchu: fel@- 'to murder a superior person' (741)

Literary Manchu: fele- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pelbu

Meaning: antropomorphic pendant for women's hair

Evenki: helbu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peli- (/*puli-)

Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to hurry

Evenki: helde- (dial.) 1, helin-(c^e)- 2

Even: ho"l- 1, heli:n|-(c^i)- 2

Negidal: xul- 1, xenindu- 'in a hurry'

Literary Manchu: fel/e- 1

Jurchen: ful-cwi (421) 1

Ulcha: pulikte- 1

Orok: puli- 1, pelin- 2

Nanai: pul-si- 1, penin- 2

Oroch: xuli- 1

Udighe: xuli(hi)- 1, xelin-e- 2

Solon: ul-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pem- / *pim-

Meaning: 1 to wind, be twisted 2 loop on a thread, rope

Even: hemъr- 1, hi.mqan 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pemu-n

Meaning: lip

Evenki: hemun

Even: hemъn

Negidal: xemun

Spoken Manchu: fem@n 'lips' (28)

Literary Manchu: femen

Ulcha: pemu(n)

Orok: pemu(n)

Nanai: pemu

Oroch: xemu(n)

Udighe: xemu(n)

Solon: emme

174Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/e-kte

Meaning: name of an edible root

Evenki: hen/ekte

Even: hi:.ntъ 'лилия даурская, сарана'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/-n|en

Meaning: knee

Evenki: henn|en

Even: henn|en

Negidal: hen/n|en

Ulcha: pen/e(n-)

Orok: pene, pen|e(n-)

Nanai: pein|e

Oroch: hen|n|e, hen|en

Udighe: hen|e

Solon: en|e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *penu:- / *punu:-

Meaning: to notice, guess

Evenki: henu:-

Even: he:n-

Negidal: xenu-

Ulcha: punu-

Orok: xenun-

Udighe: xo:no-, xuene- 'to be surprised'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen|-

Meaning: 1 hole in ice or snow 2 to laugh, chuckle

Evenki: hen|ke 1, hen|ne- 2

Even: hen|ke 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pep-

Meaning: 1 locust 2 earth-worm

Literary Manchu: febsexe 1, febg/e 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pepke-

Meaning: grey

Evenki: hepkeme

Even: he:wke:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *per-

Meaning: 1 to esteem 2 to wait

Evenki: heric^e- 1, heru:- 2

Even: her- 1, herut-/-c^- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere

Meaning: bottom, floor

Evenki: here

Even: her

Negidal: xeje

Spoken Manchu: fer@ (2594)

Literary Manchu: fere

Ulcha: pere(g)

Orok: pereg|, perel

Nanai: pereg, perel

Oroch: xe:

Udighe: xe:

Solon: eri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere:-

175Keys of Han

Meaning: bumble-bee

Evenki: here:ptin (Вас.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peri

Meaning: abrasion, chafe (on horse's back)

Literary Manchu: feri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *perke-

Meaning: to bind, tie round

Evenki: herke-

Even: herkъ-

Negidal: xejke-

Orok: pitu- 'man's girdle'

Solon: ekke-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *perki-n / *purki-n

Meaning: West

Jurchen: fu-ri-si (591)

Ulcha: perxi(n)

Nanai: perxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru-

Meaning: thumb

Evenki: hurug|uc^e:n

Even: ho"rъg|ъn

Negidal: xo"jen|en

Literary Manchu: ferxe

Ulcha: poro(n)

Orok: poro(n), pero(n)

Nanai: perxe

Oroch: xo:n|o(n)

Udighe: xue

Solon: orogun, urg|un

Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru-

Meaning: to despair, be troubled

Evenki: heru:-

Even: heri-

Literary Manchu: furu 'angry'

Nanai: peurekpen-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pesin

Meaning: handle

Evenki: hesin

Even: hesъn

Negidal: xesin

Spoken Manchu: fes^@n, fes@n (594)

Literary Manchu: fesin

Ulcha: pesi(n)

Orok: pesi(n)

Nanai: pesi

Oroch: xesi(n)

Udighe: xehi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-

Meaning: 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck, collect

Evenki: hetu-ke:t- 1

Even: hetъkle- 1

Spoken Manchu: fat@- 1, 4 (1165, 1575)

176Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: fata- 1, fete- 3

Ulcha: patarac^i- 2

Nanai: pata- (Он.) 4, fete- (Bik., Kur-Urm.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete-

Meaning: 1 to run quickly, hurry 2 to jump (away, off)

Evenki: heteke:n- 2

Even: heteken- 1

Negidal: xetexen- 2

Literary Manchu: finte- 2

Ulcha: peten- 2

Orok: potc^o- 2

Nanai: pete:n- 2

Oroch: xete- 2

Udighe: xetigen-e- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete-n

Meaning: fate

Literary Manchu: feten

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-ke-

Meaning: to fall, drop

Even: hetkъn|c^i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:-

Meaning: to be unable, not dare

Evenki: he:-

Even: he:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:jKe

Meaning: 1 brain 2 forehead 3 top of the head

Evenki: he:je:, heje 2

Even: he:je 3

Negidal: xe:je: 2

Spoken Manchu: fixe (5) 1

Literary Manchu: fexi 1

Ulcha: pe:je 2

Orok: pe:je 2

Nanai: pe:je 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:lbu-

Meaning: to be pregnant

Evenki: he:lbu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:te:

Meaning: 1 seal fat 2 seal skin 3 seal

Evenki: he:te: 1

Even: he:te 1, he:tes 2

Negidal: xe:te: 1, 3

Literary Manchu: fetxi 3

Orok: pe:>te 3, pe:>teske 2

Oroch: xe:te 3, xe:tekse 2

Udighe: xete 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:z^|e-

Meaning: to dance, roundelay

Evenki: he:z^|e-

Even: he:z^|e-

Negidal: xe:z^|en-

Orok: xede (n.)

177Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piabi

Meaning: a k. of sparrow

Evenki: hiwi, Yerb. he:µwi 'клест, снегирь, дрозд ореховый'

Literary Manchu: f/abqu, f/afiqu 'воробей-конопляник'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaKa

Meaning: 1 diligent, smart 2 disobedient, brave 3 to arouse

Evenki: he:µka 1

Even: hi.qa:r 2

Nanai: pikpu- 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pia-la-

Meaning: 1 part of a cross-bow 2 name of a tree (used for bows)

Negidal: pe:µlaxa 1

Literary Manchu: filan 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialaki:

Meaning: partridge

Evenki: he:µlaki:

Even: ha":li.ki.

Negidal: xe:µlaxi:.

Literary Manchu: f/elen|ku

Ulcha: pe:µla

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialki- (/-rk-)

Meaning: 1 to flash (of lightning) 2 lightning 3 to thunder

Evenki: he:µlki- 1, he:µlkin 2 (/-rk-)

Ulcha: pi.c^u.- 1

Nanai: pojqana- 1

Oroch: xa":kki- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian-

Meaning: 1 appearance, face, colour 2 face side

Literary Manchu: f/an 1

Udighe: p/a"n/ia (Bik.) 2 ( < South.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pianc^i-

Meaning: to crush

Even: henc^ik-

Negidal: xin|c^el-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian|kV

Meaning: 1 shelf 2 lower tent cover

Even: hie:µn|ku 2

Ulcha: pe:µn|Ga 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[ia]ri-

Meaning: 1 to split 2 split, crack

Evenki: hir-ke- 1, hiri-kte 2

Even: hir 2

Literary Manchu: f/ere- 1, f/ere-n, fi-qtu 2

Orok: pi:ri-kte 2

Nanai: pi.ari., Bik. fi.ri.gda mo:ni. 'name of a tree for making bows' ("трескун-дерево")

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaru

Meaning: 1 worm (in meat) 2 moth 3 beetle

Literary Manchu: f/aru 1

Ulcha: piru(n) 2

Orok: parau. 3

178Keys of Han

Nanai: pi.ro, fi.aro 2

Udighe: pa"u 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pias-

Meaning: stone

Evenki: hise

Ulcha: pe:µs 'крутой, утесистый'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pic^e-

Meaning: to sprinkle, gush forth

Even: hec^e:pkin-

Nanai: pic^ke:- (Он. 331)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pidu- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: to instigate, cause

Even: hidu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pig-

Meaning: 1 nettle, hemp 2 to peel fibre (from nettle) 3 to spin threads

Evenki: hig|a- 3

Negidal: xi:kte 1

Literary Manchu: f/e 1

Ulcha: pi:kte 1

Orok: pi:kte 1

Nanai: pi:kte 1

Oroch: xi:kte 1, xig-du- 2

Udighe: sikte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pige ( ~ *piage)

Meaning: kite

Evenki: hig|en

Even: huhen, ho"sen

Negidal: xig|e:-c^e:n

Ulcha: pic^u(n)

Orok: pe:µc^andi

Nanai: pi:c^ue

Oroch: xiwoc^o

Solon: ige:se:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-

Meaning: 1 to warm, be warmed 2 to be sun-tanned (of skin)

Evenki: hig|it- 1

Even: hig|ъt- 1

Negidal: xo:- 'пригорать'

Literary Manchu: fo- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-n

Meaning: 1 storm 2 wind

Evenki: xigin 2

Negidal: xig|in / xijin 1

Ulcha: piwsu(n) 1

Orok: sii 1

Nanai: piugi- 1 (v.)

Udighe: si: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pika

Meaning: 1 rear, buttocks 2 naked, with naked buttocks

Evenki: hikan/a 1

Negidal: xi.xan/a 1

179Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: f/aku 2 (207)

Literary Manchu: f/aqu 2

Ulcha: pi.qa 2 (Суник 1985, 225)

Nanai: piqa 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKen

Meaning: breast bone

Evenki: hiken

Even: hiken

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKi-

Meaning: to rub

Evenki: hiki-

Even: hi.k-

Negidal: xixi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilakta

Meaning: 1 a k. of hawk 2 a k. of woodpecker

Evenki: hilakta 1, 2

Ulcha: pi.laqta, pe:µlaqta 2

Nanai: pi.laqta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pil(b)-

Meaning: 1 slime 2 to eat raw fish, meat 3 ear pus

Evenki: hilbi 1, hilbika:- 2, dial. pila 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile-

Meaning: 1 thawed patch 2 open (ground)

Evenki: hile, hileke: 1, -ke:n 2

Even: hilen|e 1

Negidal: xilexe 1

Literary Manchu: fili-ta-x|un 2

Udighe: silen|e-gisi- 'to form (of thawed ground patches)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile-

Meaning: to dry under the sun

Even: hilъt-

Negidal: xilet-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilki-

Meaning: to rub, smear

Evenki: hilki-

Orok: pikki-

Nanai: pi.lqi.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilti-

Meaning: a k. of wild duck

Evenki: hiltiwir, hiltig|ir

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pim-

Meaning: sign

Evenki: him

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pimi-kte

Meaning: red bilberry

Evenki: himikte

Even: hie:mtъ

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinn|a

Meaning: scar

Evenki: hinn|a

Even: hi.nn|ъ.n

Negidal: xi.nn|an

180Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: fix|a 'ulcer'

Orok: pi.na

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi[n/r]a

Meaning: 1 thick needle 2 fish-hook

Evenki: hinna (dial. hinda, hindra) 2

Nanai: bi.nz^|a:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinu-ki:

Meaning: hazel-hen

Evenki: hinuki:

Even: hiniki

Negidal: xi:nki:

Literary Manchu: f/oxa 'chicken'

Ulcha: pinu

Orok: pinu

Nanai: pimu

Oroch: ximmui, ximui

Udighe: sumugi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pin|ta-

Meaning: to separate (from the herd, flock)

Evenki: hin|tal-

Even: hi:.ntъ.l-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piregden

Meaning: a k. of plant

Ulcha: piragda 'чубушник'

Nanai: piregde:n сирень крупная (Сем Ю.А.-Сем Л.И. 1988, 14)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piri

Meaning: steep (slope, bank)

Evenki: hir-ki

Even: hiri-le 'rock, cliff'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pirki- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: to obtain a callosity

Evenki: hirki-

Even: i.rqъ.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *piruge:-

Meaning: to pray

Evenki: hirug|e:-

Even: hirge-

Negidal: xi:g|e:-

Literary Manchu: firu-

Solon: iruge:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisa-

Meaning: to insert a wedge, to patch

Evenki: hisa:-

Negidal: xi.sa-

Ulcha: pi.sa-

Nanai: pi.sa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-

Meaning: 1 seed, offspring; kin 2 millet

Even: hese-n 1 (Okh.)

Literary Manchu: fise-n 1, fisi-ke 2

Ulcha: pikse 2

Nanai: pikse, Kur-Urm. fisxe 2

181Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-

Meaning: 1 to make a penthouse 2 penthouse 3 opposite walls from roof to ceiling

Literary Manchu: fise- 1, fiseku, fisen|ge 2

Nanai: pisoa 3 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pis(k)-

Meaning: 1 crack 2 to prick (with a fish-fork) 3 to split 4 to prick, incise 5 to tear 6 to be torn

Evenki: hismat- 4

Even: hi.sqa:n- 3

Negidal: xi.skan 1, xi.smi.ki.t- 2

Literary Manchu: pes seme 6 (borrowed < South. Tung. or with expressive p-?)

Orok: pesitc^i- 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisu- / *pusu-

Meaning: to sprinkle

Evenki: husu-

Even: hus-

Negidal: xusi-

Spoken Manchu: fusu- (1658)

Literary Manchu: fisi-, fise-, fusu-

Ulcha: pisuri-

Orok: pisitc^i-, possoli.-

Nanai: pisi-, fisi-, fuksu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pit(a)

Meaning: hard, tough

Evenki: pit ( < South.)

Literary Manchu: fita

Ulcha: pi.tam 'near, close'

Orok: pi.tamz^|i; pit 'just, soon'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pita-

Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to suffer

Evenki: hitac^il- 1

Even: hi:.t- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pix-

Meaning: to winnow, clean, husk

Ulcha: pixunde- ( > Oroch pa":xunde-)

Nanai: fixunde- (Bik.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:be:-

Meaning: to whet, sharpen

Evenki: hi:we:-

Even: hi:w-

Negidal: xi:wu-

Literary Manchu: fojfo-

Ulcha: pi:we-

Orok: pi:we:-

Nanai: pi.a-

Oroch: xi:we 'whetstone'

Udighe: sue 'whetstone'

Solon: i:we 'whetstone'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:l(a)-

Meaning: 1 strap(s) 2 to tug 3 belt 4 bridle

Even: hi.lъ.pъ.n 1

182Keys of Han

Negidal: xi:.la- 2

Literary Manchu: feleku 4

Orok: pi.tu. ( < *pil-tu) 3

Udighe: silipti 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:lu-

Meaning: to soar; to drop (of leaves)

Literary Manchu: f/ele-

Nanai: pi:luen-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poba

Meaning: 1 ten (a bundle of ten squirrels) 2 collection, gathering

Orok: po:wo 1

Nanai: poa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pode-

Meaning: 1 willow 2 elm

Evenki: hedepte 2

Literary Manchu: fodo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poga-

Meaning: to choke, pant

Evenki: hog|o-

Negidal: xog|o-

Literary Manchu: fo-do-

Udighe: xo:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pogz^|V

Meaning: 1 lower part of the back 2 tail

Evenki: hogz^|o: 1, 2

Even: hogz^|i. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poK-

Meaning: 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break

Evenki: hoko- 2

Even: hokak- 2

Orok: poqpu.- 1

Nanai: poqpi.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poKa-

Meaning: 1 short 2 sacrum (anat.)

Evenki: hokopc^o 2

Spoken Manchu: f/oh@l@n, f/ohulun 1 (2412)

Literary Manchu: foxolon 'short', faqari 'short-legged', faqac^a 'short one'

Jurchen: fo-xo-lo (691) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta

Meaning: road

Evenki: xokto

Even: ho:t

Negidal: xokto

Ulcha: poqto

Orok: pokto

Nanai: foqto

Oroch: xokto

Udighe: xokto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta

Meaning: cloth, gown

Evenki: hokto

183Keys of Han

Negidal: xokto

Literary Manchu: foqto

Ulcha: poqto

Orok: x|oqto, poqto

Nanai: poqto

Oroch: pokto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *polo-kta

Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 last year's

Evenki: holokto 1

Negidal: xolokto 2

Nanai: polo:qto 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pom-

Meaning: 1 to leave a fresh trace 2 to crawl near 3 to wander 4 scoop

Evenki: homolon- 2

Even: ho:m- 1, homi.n- 3, homъ.qa 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poma:- / *pume-

Meaning: bear

Evenki: homo:ti:, humej

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ponda

Meaning: footwear made of fish skin

Ulcha: pondo

Orok: pondo

Nanai: pondoqto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon/i- / *pen/i-

Meaning: wrinkle, to wrinkle

Evenki: hon/i-, hun/i-

Orok: peni-

Udighe: xen|iem

Solon: xon/e:su.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|dV

Meaning: 1 gudgeon 2 grayling

Ulcha: pun|gu 1

Nanai: pende: 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga

Meaning: 1 musk deer 2 musk

Evenki: hon|go 2

Even: hon|gac^an 1

Literary Manchu: fon/o 1

Ulcha: pon|Gol 2

Nanai: pon|Gol 2

Oroch: xon|golo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga

Meaning: bud, cone

Literary Manchu: bon|Gu, bon|qo

Ulcha: pon|Gorpi.

Nanai: pon|go 'bush' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *por-

Meaning: 1 to spin, turn round 2 to weave (nets)

Evenki: horol- 1

Even: herelkin- 'to turn into'

Negidal: xoji.l- 1

Spoken Manchu: for@-, foru- 1 (270, 1776)

184Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: foro- 1

Ulcha: pori- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *por-

Meaning: to hit, strike

Spoken Manchu: f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' (1582)

Literary Manchu: fori-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pora-n

Meaning: 1 top (of head), top 2 tuft, forelock

Evenki: xoron 1

Negidal: xojo(n) 1

Spoken Manchu: for@n, forun (2068)

Literary Manchu: foron 2

Ulcha: poro(n) 1

Orok: poro(n) 1

Nanai: poro 1

Oroch: xo:(n) 'space above'

Udighe: xo:(n) 'above' (postp.)

Solon: oro:· 'mountain pass'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pos-

Meaning: 1 to burst, break out 2 through

Literary Manchu: fusxu- 1

Ulcha: pos 2

Orok: pos 2

Nanai: pos, fos 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *poske-

Meaning: to kick

Literary Manchu: fesxule-

Orok: poskolo-

Nanai: puskule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pota

Meaning: willow

Orok: potoqto

Nanai: fotox|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:g- / *peg-de-

Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an awl 4 awl

Evenki: ho:g|- 1, hegde-li:- 2

Even: heg|dъk- 2

Negidal: xegde-l- 2

Literary Manchu: {fe- 'to mow (grass)'}

Orok: pu:- 3

Nanai: xoi.- 1 (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: xoi.- 1, xu:-gu 4, xegde- 2

Udighe: xegdeli- 2 (Корм. 307), xuai- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:j-, *po:j-ki- ( > *pia:-ki:-)

Meaning: 1 birch 2 larch 3 swamp, low forest

Evenki: ho:j, dial. he:j 3, he:µ-ki: 2

Even: ha":-ki.ta 2

Negidal: xe:µ-xi-ta, xe:µ-nakta 2

Literary Manchu: f/a 1

Ulcha: pe:µ 1

Orok: pe:µ 1

185Keys of Han

Nanai: pea 1

Solon: oi 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:nn|a- / *pe:nn|a-

Meaning: 1 to crush, crushed 2 to chop

Evenki: ho:n|na-, ho:n|ni:-, hon|- 2

Even: ho:n-, o:nn|a- 2

Negidal: xon|ni.- 2

Ulcha: pen| 1

Orok: pen|, pem 1

Nanai: pen|, pe:n| (adv.) 1

Oroch: xo:n|i- 2

Udighe: xuan|ni- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:r-da-

Meaning: to make an imprinted drawing on birch bark

Evenki: ho:rda-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:si-

Meaning: 1 spark 2 glowing or extinguished coal 3 ray

Evenki: ho:sin 1

Even: hosъ.n 1

Negidal: xosi.nc^a: 2

Literary Manchu: foson 3

Ulcha: posi. 1

Orok: posi.(n) 1

Nanai: posi.· 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:ti-

Meaning: 1 sense 2 to pay attention

Evenki: ho:tiwu:n 1

Even: hoti.c^i.w- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubi / *pebi

Meaning: nest

Evenki: hug|i; hewe 'шалаш'

Even: hewi

Negidal: xu:g|i:

Spoken Manchu: fei (2299)

Literary Manchu: feje

Udighe: xui

Solon: ubi:, u:wi:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubu-

Meaning: 1 to saw 2 saw

Evenki: huwu- 1, hu:wun 2

Even: hu:.-na-

Negidal: xo-

Literary Manchu: fufu- 1, fufun 2

Ulcha: pu:.- 1, pu.pu.(n) 2

Orok: pu.pu.-la-, pu:.pu.(n) 2

Nanai: po:- 1, popo 2

Oroch: xu: 2

Udighe: xu 2

Solon: o:gi, u:.gi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puc^e- ( ~ -s^-)

Meaning: 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through

Evenki: huc^e-rge- 1

186Keys of Han

Udighe: pusege- 1 ( < unattested Nan. or Ulch.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puc^i-

Meaning: red willow

Ulcha: puc^ekte

Nanai: fuc^ile (Bik.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pude-

Meaning: 1 to follow along 2 expel an evil spirit

Spoken Manchu: fed@- (1456)

Literary Manchu: fude- 1

Jurchen: fude-mij (410) 1

Ulcha: pude-c^i- 2

Nanai: pude- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[u]g-

Meaning: 1 ornament 2 drawing

Evenki: hug|ak 2, hig|erente 1

Orok: pu:ripten|i, pueripten|gi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pugi- / *puki-

Meaning: intestines, stomach

Evenki: hug|i-te / huki-te

Even: huktъ

Negidal: xuxi-n

Ulcha: puku(n)

Orok: puxi(n)

Nanai: puxi

Oroch: xu:ki

Udighe: xug|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pug(i)ju-

Meaning: 1 tinder, tree excrescence 2 convex

Evenki: hujulgen 1

Even: pogu.ra 2 ( < S.-Tung.)

Negidal: pog|ju. 1 ( < S.-Tung.)

Literary Manchu: forz^|in 1

Orok: pugju 1

Nanai: porz^|i. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puje

Meaning: wound, sore

Evenki: huje

Even: huj

Negidal: xuje

Spoken Manchu: fei (708)

Literary Manchu: feje

Ulcha: puje

Orok: puje

Nanai: puje

Oroch: xije, sije

Udighe: sie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puji-

Meaning: to nauseate

Even: hu.ji.rqi.t-

Literary Manchu: fuja-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-

Meaning: to boil

187Keys of Han

Evenki: huju-

Even: huj-

Negidal: xuj-

Spoken Manchu: fei- (348)

Literary Manchu: fuje-

Ulcha: puju-

Orok: puj-

Nanai: puju-

Oroch: xuju-si-

Udighe: xui-hi-

Solon: uji-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-

Meaning: 1 plum 2 a k. of bush

Negidal: xujumke 2

Literary Manchu: fojo:ro 1

Jurchen: fojow (107) 1

Nanai: puju 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puj(u)-, *puj-kte

Meaning: 1 small 2 child 3 junior

Evenki: hujuku:n 1, hute 2, huju-digi 3

Even: hut 2

Negidal: xute 2

Literary Manchu: f/an|Gu, fijan|u 3

Ulcha: pikte 2, pu.jan|Gu. 3

Orok: putte 2

Nanai: pikte 2, poja(n|Go) 3

Oroch: xi:tke, xiteke 2

Udighe: site 2

Solon: ute 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puK-

Meaning: completely, all

Literary Manchu: fux|ali

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puk- / *pok-

Meaning: 1 to swell, swollen 2 bubble, blister 3 cracks in skin 4 rough (of skin)

Evenki: hokoripc^u 4

Literary Manchu: fuqa 2

Ulcha: pukte- 1, poqo 2

Orok: pug|ju 1, puqa 2

Nanai: pukc^e- 1, poqa 2, fo-rini (Bik.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puka

Meaning: 1 henbane 2 fern 3 dry grass for fire

Literary Manchu: fuqtala 2, fuxen 3

Ulcha: poqo 1

Nanai: poqaqa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukc^u-

Meaning: to attack

Evenki: hukc^u-

Even: ho"c^-

Negidal: xokc^o-

Ulcha: xokc^o-

Orok: pokc^e-

Nanai: xukc^u-, fukc^u-

188Keys of Han

Oroch: xokc^o-

Udighe: xokc^o-

Solon: ekc^i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukele:-

Meaning: 1 lie 2 roll down 3 fall

Evenki: hukle:- 1, huke:l- 2

Even: hukle:- 1, hukъl- 2

Negidal: xug|le- 1

Literary Manchu: fuxese- 2

Ulcha: pulu- 2, 3

Nanai: fukulgi- (dial.) 1, puelin- 2

Oroch: xukeli- 3

Solon: ugl/a- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puke:n

Meaning: crop, craw

Evenki: huke:n

Negidal: xu:xe:n

Literary Manchu: fuqa 'navel of animals, musk bag'

Ulcha: poko

Nanai: poqo 'tear follicle' (Он.)

Udighe: xugun/a"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukti-

Meaning: to run, gallop

Evenki: hukti-

Even: ho":tu-

Negidal: xukti-

Spoken Manchu: fek@s^i- (1232)

Literary Manchu: feksi- / fekc^e-

Ulcha: pukti-

Orok: pukc^i-

Nanai: pukc^i-

Oroch: xukti-

Udighe: xukti-

Solon: ukteli:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puKur / *puKun

Meaning: cow

Evenki: hukur

Even: ho"ken, ho"ko"n

Solon: uxur 'ox' (possibly < Mong.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-

Meaning: 1 corner (of mouth) 2 cheek 3 inner side of cheek 4 gum 5 cheekbone 6 nose (of animal)

Evenki: hullir 6

Even: hulrъ.n 3

Negidal: xoli.n 1

Literary Manchu: fulz^|in 2

Ulcha: pu:.li. (Sch.) 5, pu.ltu.(n) 3

Orok: pu.lc^i. 3

Nanai: polpi.· 3 , (Bik.) felc^e 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-

Meaning: 1 to grow, blossom 2 shoot, offspring 3 horse-tail (bot.) 4 panicle 5 wild grape

Even: hul 3

189Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: fulxu- 1, fulxun 2

Nanai: polan|qa 4

Oroch: xolomu.ktA 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-

Meaning: 1 hump 2 swelling, convexity

Evenki: hulin 1, hulka 2

Even: hu.lъ.n 1

Orok: pulu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula-

Meaning: red

Evenki: xula-ma,-rin

Even: hu.lan/a:

Negidal: xolajin

Spoken Manchu: f@l@g/an, fulg/an (2419)

Literary Manchu: fulg/an

Jurchen: fula-gian (617)

Nanai: folg/a":(n)

Udighe: xulaligi

Solon: u.la:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula

Meaning: ash tree, asp tree, poplar

Evenki: hula

Even: hu.l

Negidal: xol

Literary Manchu: fulx|a

Jurchen: fulto 'каштан' (121)

Ulcha: pu.li.

Orok: pu.lu.

Nanai: polo

Oroch: xulu

Udighe: xulu

Solon: u.lu.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-

Meaning: root

Spoken Manchu: ful@x@, fuluxu (2145)

Literary Manchu: fulexe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-

Meaning: to be left, surplus

Evenki: hele-, hule-

Even: hul-

Negidal: xule-

Literary Manchu: fulu

Ulcha: pule-

Orok: pule-

Nanai: pule-

Oroch: xule-

Udighe: xule-

Solon: ule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-

Meaning: 1 to open up 2 to burst, break through

Evenki: hulen- 1, hulte- 2

Even: hultъl- 2

190Keys of Han

Negidal: xulexet- 'рыться (в вещах)', xultejkin- 2

Literary Manchu: fonto-, funto- 2

Nanai: poldoli.- 2

Udighe: xulegde- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulga-

Meaning: 1 to sacrifice 2 alms, charity 3 sacrifice

Evenki: hulga- 1

Literary Manchu: fulexu 2

Udighe: xula 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul(i)gi-

Meaning: to blow

Spoken Manchu: filixi- (2126)

Literary Manchu: fulg/e-

Nanai: fulgi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulmi-kte

Meaning: midge

Evenki: hunmi:kte

Even: humtъc^en

Negidal: xunmug|ekte

Ulcha: pulte, pumikte

Orok: pulikte, pumikte

Nanai: purmikte

Oroch: pumikte

Udighe: xumukte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puln/e-

Meaning: ashes

Evenki: hulepte:n

Even: hulte:n

Negidal: xule:pte:n

Spoken Manchu: filin|i (493)

Literary Manchu: fulen|gi

Jurchen: fule-n|i (65)

Ulcha: puneqte

Orok: punekte

Nanai: pun/ekte, (dial.) xulefte

Oroch: xulepte

Udighe: xulepte(n)

Solon: ulukte:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-sa

Meaning: blanket, sleeping bag

Evenki: hulla

Even: hu.lrъ.

Negidal: xola

Ulcha: pu.lta

Orok: pu.lta

Nanai: polta

Oroch: xukta

Udighe: xulaha

Solon: ula

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pume- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: to mix up

Literary Manchu: fumere-

191Keys of Han

Jurchen: fume 'to bundle' (856)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pum-te

Meaning: part of body around the heart

Evenki: humte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/-

Meaning: smell, to smell

Evenki: hun/n|ukte-

Even: hi:nemsi

Negidal: xun

Spoken Manchu: fun|@s@n, fun|@sun 'smelling of an animal, smelling of urine' (435, 2326)

Literary Manchu: fun, fun|san, fun|s^un

Ulcha: pu:(n)

Orok: pu:(n), pu:nig|e

Nanai: pu:·, dial. fu

Oroch: xu:(n), xu:n/

Udighe: xu(n)

Solon: u:.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/-

Meaning: to smoke

Ulcha: punz^|ic^i-, pun/ambu-

Orok: pun-

Nanai: pon|qi.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pundimi

Meaning: midge

Literary Manchu: funz^|ima

Nanai: ponz^|i.mi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/e-

Meaning: hair

Evenki: hen/ekte 'пыжик (мех молочного олененка)'

Spoken Manchu: fenix@ 'hair, fur'(2, 143, 2282), funig|e

Literary Manchu: fun/exe

Jurchen: fun-ir-xie (497)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pune

Meaning: 1 time, period 2 South

Spoken Manchu: fon 'occasion' (2649)

Literary Manchu: fon 1

Jurchen: fowan (fom-wan) do (81) 1, fAn-ti (592) 2

Ulcha: punele 2

Nanai: fo (Kur-Urm.) 1 ( < Man.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *punn|e-

Meaning: 1 to drive (deer) 2 running deer

Even: hunik 2

Ulcha: pun|ne- 1

Orok: pun|ne- 1

Nanai: pun|ne- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-

Meaning: mildew

Evenki: hun|na

Negidal: xon|nan-

Spoken Manchu: f@ntan (440)

Literary Manchu: funtan

192Keys of Han

Ulcha: pu.n|da

Orok: pu.n|da

Nanai: pon|da

Oroch: xun|na

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-

Meaning: 1 to graze, brush against 2 to shake

Evenki: hun|na- 1

Even: hun|ri- 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|k- / *pen|k-

Meaning: 1 to fade, exuviate 2 to fall off 3 pale, faded, dark

Even: hen|kъl- 1,2

Literary Manchu: fundexun 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|ku

Meaning: kerchief (for wiping off)

Spoken Manchu: fun|ku 'handkerchief' (246)

Literary Manchu: fun|ku, fu- 'to wipe off'

Ulcha: pon|qo

Orok: pukku

Nanai: pun|ku

Solon: xunku, umku, un|ku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|te

Meaning: other, someone else's

Evenki: hun|tu

Even: ho":ntъ

Negidal: xo"n|to"

Oroch: xonto, xon|to

Udighe: xon|to

Solon: entu:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pupe:-

Meaning: to go away, become separated

Even: hupe:n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-

Meaning: 1 young (boy, child) 2 children 3 family 4 breed

Evenki: hur-ke:n 1, huru: 3, huril 2

Even: hur-ken 1, hurъl 2

Negidal: xujil 2

Literary Manchu: fur-sun 4

Ulcha: purul 2

Orok: purig|e 1, puril 2

Nanai: puri 3, puril 2

Oroch: xi: 2

Solon: ukke:xe:·, urke:xe:· 1, uril 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-

Meaning: 1 to drizzle 2 slush 3 to fall (of first snow) 4 wind (changing its direction)

Even: horu.- 3, hu:.rqa 4

Literary Manchu: furana- 'запылиться'

Orok: pure:- 1

Nanai: puruekme 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-

Meaning: 1 to dive 2 to incline (the head) 3 to bow, incline

Evenki: hur- 1, 2, huric^e- 3

193Keys of Han

Negidal: xuji- 1

Literary Manchu: fura-, furi- 1

Ulcha: purin- 1

Orok: purotc^i- 1

Nanai: purin- 1

Udighe: xuilen- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur- / *per-

Meaning: 1 screw 2 to engrail 3 bore, drill 4 to gnaw (of mice, rats) 5 notch, scar

Evenki: huriwu:k 1, huril- 2, herewul 3; purul- 3 ( < *Nan.)

Literary Manchu: furdan 5

Nanai: furgi- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puraki:

Meaning: 1 wing 2 wing bone 3 feather arista

Evenki: huraki: 1, 2, 3

Even: hu.ri.qi. 2

Negidal: xo.jaxi:. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pure

Meaning: thicket, forest

Evenki: hur, hure

Negidal: xuje:n

Ulcha: pure(n)

Orok: pure(n)

Nanai: pure

Oroch: xue(n)

Udighe: xuenc^e- 'to go hunting'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri-

Meaning: to wink

Evenki: hurim-

Even: hu.rъ.m-

Negidal: xoji.m-

Nanai: pori.a 'scowling'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri- / *piri-

Meaning: to dry (over fire)

Evenki: hiriw-, huri-

Negidal: xi:-wun 'woven basket for drying fish or meat over fire'

Literary Manchu: f/arin|g/a-

Oroch: xi 'shelf over fire for drying fish'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *purka

Meaning: lasso

Evenki: hurka

Even: hu.rqъ.

Negidal: xojka

Ulcha: puc^a

Orok: pu.ta

Nanai: pojqa

Oroch: xukka

Udighe: xuka

Han-Tungus-prototype: *purke:-

Meaning: 1 to be bored 2 to be angry

Evenki: hurke:- 1

Even: ho"rken- 1

194Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: fuk/e-, fuc^e- 2

Oroch: xokkosi-

Udighe: xokoho (adv.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puru-, *purgu-

Meaning: to crush

Evenki: huru-, hurgu-, horo-

Even: hurun|-, hor-c^a-

Spoken Manchu: furu- 'to chop, to cleave' (1730)

Literary Manchu: furu-

Ulcha: pori-

Nanai: purtu 'crumbs'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pus-

Meaning: 1 to blow, blow out (fire) 2 to fan 3 fan

Evenki: hus- 1

Literary Manchu: fusxe-, fisi(xi)- 2, fusxe-ku 3

Jurchen: fu-sxe-n|u 3 (221)

Nanai: fexse- 'to shake', fexsen|ku 'bellows'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse-

Meaning: 1 trout 2 black amur (fish) 3 a k. of fish

Even: he:sъmki 1

Literary Manchu: fuseli 3

Nanai: fusuli 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse

Meaning: reason

Evenki: hohut-, hos^ut- (dial.) 'to be smb.'s equal'

Even: huse

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi-

Meaning: to shave, scrape off

Evenki: hus-

Even: hu.s-

Negidal: xos-

Literary Manchu: fusi-

Ulcha: pu.si.-

Orok: pu.si.-

Nanai: posi.-

Oroch: xusi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi(-kV)

Meaning: 1 excrescence (on a tree) 2 to swell

Even: ho":skъn- 2

Literary Manchu: fuqsuxu, fusku, fusxu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-

Meaning: to roast, grill

Spoken Manchu: fic^ix/al@- 'to singe' (379)

Literary Manchu: fuc^i-x/ala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-

Meaning: 1 lap 2 thread, rope

Spoken Manchu: f@ta: 2 (661)

Literary Manchu: futa 2 (Захаров 1079)

Ulcha: putu(n) 1

Nanai: putu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puta-

Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 light of fireflies 3 firefly 4 dark red

195Keys of Han

Evenki: huta-l- 1

Even: huta:-l- 1

Negidal: xotol-xotol 1

Literary Manchu: fataqu 4

Ulcha: pu.ta-lu.- 1, pu.ta-z^|a(n) 2

Orok: pu.tamu. 3

Nanai: potal 1

Oroch: xuta-ra":- 1

Udighe: xuta- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *putaka:n

Meaning: sack, bag

Evenki: hutaka:n

Even: hu.tqan

Negidal: xotaka:n

Literary Manchu: fintax|a

Ulcha: pu.ta(n)

Orok: pu.ta

Nanai: po:tac^a

Oroch: xuta(ka)

Udighe: xuta`a (Корм. 307)

Solon: u.txa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pute:

Meaning: 1 hole 2 to break through 3 nostril

Literary Manchu: feteri 3

Orok: pute: 1, pute:- 2

Nanai: pute:- 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *putumukte

Meaning: 1 honeysuckle, woodbind 2 strawberry

Evenki: hutumukte 1, 2

Even: hutъmtъ 1

Negidal: hutumte 1

Udighe: xutumukte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puturka:

Meaning: 1 heartwood 2 spine

Evenki: hutuka:, dial. hurka 1, 2

Even: hu.tqa 2

Negidal: xojka:n 1, 2

Udighe: xutiga 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *puz^|uri

Meaning: root, beginning

Literary Manchu: fuz^|uri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-

Meaning: 1 to stiffen 2 to fade

Evenki: huwun- 2

Even: hu:- 1, hu:.b- 2

Literary Manchu: fu- 1

Udighe: xuwe- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-

Meaning: to blow

Evenki: huw-

Even: hu:-

Negidal: xu:w-

196Keys of Han

Ulcha: pu:-

Orok: pu:-

Nanai: pu:-

Oroch: xu:-

Solon: u:-gu:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:>c^-

Meaning: to spoil (of food)

Evenki: hu:c^ilke-, huc^ilku-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:g-

Meaning: 1 mad, crazy 2 to have a troubled, disquiet sleep 3 angry bear (not sleeping during hibernation)

Evenki: hu:g|i: 1, hu:g| 3

Even: ho"kъc^en 3

Negidal: xu:g|e:c^e:n 3

Literary Manchu: fux|a-s^a- 2; foqz^|ix/an 'hot-tempered'

Nanai: pue-se- 2

Oroch: xui-si- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:ski-

Meaning: counter, opposite

Evenki: hu:ski:

Even: huwuski

Negidal: hoski:.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"g-

Meaning: to flay

Evenki: hig|-

Even: hig|-

Negidal: xig|-

Ulcha: puju-

Orok: puji-

Nanai: puji-

Oroch: si:- (Khad.)

Udighe: si:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"jmur

Meaning: dragon, monster (resembling a constrictor, crocodile or sheat-fish)

Negidal: ximu

Ulcha: pujmu(l)

Orok: pomoi.

Nanai: pujmur

Oroch: ximu, si:mu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"KV-

Meaning: sealine, rope (of horse hair)

Even: hikъr

Orok: pu:la

Nanai: po:r

Oroch: xu:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"n/-

Meaning: 1 jerboa, flying squirrel, mole 2 weasel 3 hedgehog

Evenki: hin/eki: 1

Negidal: xin/exi: 2

Ulcha: puntulc^e 3

Nanai: punc^ilke: 3 ( > Neg. punc^ulke:n id.)

197Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu":si-ke-

Meaning: 1 tablet for writing 2 tablet for cutting tobacco

Even: hi:.sъ.q 2

Literary Manchu: fusixen 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab-

Meaning: 1 to present gifts 2 to get accustomed

Evenki: sawka- 2

Even: hawqъ.- 2

Negidal: sawli.- 1

Spoken Manchu: s^ioli-, sioli- (1438) 'to invite'

Literary Manchu: soli- 'to call guests; to propose a position'

Ulcha: sau.li.- 1

Nanai: saoli.- 1

Oroch: sawli-, sauli- 1

Udighe: sauli- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabda-

Meaning: to trickle, ooze

Evenki: sawda-

Even: habdъ.-

Negidal: sabda-

Spoken Manchu: sav@d@ (2022, 2021)

Literary Manchu: sabda-

Jurchen: sada-ra

Ulcha: sabda-

Orok: sabda-

Nanai: sabda-

Udighe: sabda-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabga

Meaning: 1 bough, stick (for drying fish) 2 a k. of vice

Nanai: sabGa 1

Oroch: sabba 2

Udighe: sagba 2 (Корм. 280)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab(i)-

Meaning: 1 sign, omen 2 to plan 3 to mark, make notches

Literary Manchu: sabi 1

Jurchen: sabi-biar (861) 2

Orok: sawi.- 3

Nanai: sowo:c^a 'веха'

Oroch: sawi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-

Meaning: white-fish

Evenki: sawc^a:n

Negidal: sawc^a:n

Ulcha: sawu.

Nanai: sao

Oroch: sau:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-

Meaning: 1 to rustle, sound 2 noise, splash

Evenki: sawuda- 1

Nanai: saoGi:· 2

Udighe: safuta- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-

198Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 to shout, cry 2 to sigh 3 to pity 4 noise, sound

Evenki: sag|iso:- 1, sag|ina:- 2

Even: sag- 2 (Arm.), hagor 4 (Sakk.)

Orok: saGdan- 3

Oroch: sag|iki 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-da-

Meaning: 1 senior 2 old 3 old man

Evenki: sagda-g|i: 1

Even: hag|dъ.g| 1

Negidal: sagdi:. 2

Spoken Manchu: sah@d@ 2, 3 (848)

Literary Manchu: saqda 3

Ulcha: saGdi. 2

Orok: saGda 2

Nanai: saGz^|i. 3

Oroch: sagdi 1, 2

Udighe: sagdi 'big'

Solon: sagdi:, saddi: 1, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sagi-

Meaning: 1 to be shy, timid 2 to worry about smth.

Even: hag|ji.n|c^i.- 2

Negidal: sag|i:.ji.n- 1

Nanai: sa:go- (Он.)

Solon: sa:gildi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-

Meaning: sandbank

Evenki: sajan| (water above ice along the bank)

Negidal: sai.-c^au.

Ulcha: si.ja(n) 'sand'

Nanai: si.ja 'sand'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-

Meaning: 1 dawn 2 to dawn 3 light 4 clear, bright

Evenki: sajiru:l- 2, sajiru:lz^|ari: 1, (dial.) s^ajama 3, ha:jeme 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saja

Meaning: interval (between fingers)

Evenki: saja

Even: haja:ldo 'fingers'

Ulcha: saja(n)

Orok: saja(n)

Nanai: saja

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-

Meaning: to make notches

Negidal: saj-

Ulcha: sai.-

Nanai: sai.-

Udighe: sai-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-z^|a (~-g-)

Meaning: sieve

Ulcha: sajz^|a

Nanai: sajz^|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sajKa

199Keys of Han

Meaning: shin-bone

Literary Manchu: sajx|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saK-

Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 pile, stack 3 foot of a mountain, base of a pillar

Negidal: saksi:. 1

Literary Manchu: saqsax|un 2, saqsan 1, 2; sax|a- 'to pile, accumulate' (Lee 1958, 116)

Ulcha: saqsi. 1

Nanai: saqsi., dial. (with unclear vocalism) so:qsi. 1

Oroch: saksi 1

Udighe: sakta(n) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKa

Meaning: hunt, hunting

Literary Manchu: sax|a

Jurchen: saxa-da-mij (481)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka-

Meaning: to shake (of ground)

Nanai: saqa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakan-

Meaning: 1 pike 2 taimen

Evenki: sakanan 1

Negidal: saxanan 2

Ulcha: sakanu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka-ri:n, -li:n

Meaning: 1 black 2 dark

Evenki: sakari:n 1

Spoken Manchu: sahelin, sahel/an 2 (2429)

Literary Manchu: sax|al/an 2

Jurchen: saxa-lian (620) 1

Ulcha: sax|ari.(n) 1

Orok: sag|ari./sa:ri. 1

Nanai: sax|ari.· 1, 2

Oroch: sakai 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-pi

Meaning: axe

Ulcha: saqpi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saksa(ki)

Meaning: magpie

Evenki: saksa 'утка-саксан; кулик'

Negidal: saksa 'утка-саксан'

Literary Manchu: saqsax|a, c^aqsax|a

Ulcha: saqsi.

Orok: saqsan

Nanai: saqsi:.

Oroch: saqsan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-si-

Meaning: juniper

Literary Manchu: saqsin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakta-n

Meaning: mat

Ulcha: saqta(n)

Nanai: saqta

200Keys of Han

Oroch: sakta(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku

Meaning: 1 stale water, muddy water 2 to become turbid, make turbid (of water)

Evenki: s^aka- (Kamn.) 2

Even: saq 1, saqab- 2 (Arm.)

Nanai: saqo / saqu. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku-

Meaning: a prop (for a kettle)

Literary Manchu: saqura

Nanai: saqora

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKV

Meaning: 1 dried (of meat, fish) 2 salt

Literary Manchu: saqa 1

Udighe: sa`i 2 (Корм. 280)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sala-

Meaning: to become loose

Oroch: sala-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sal-di-

Meaning: cool wind

Evenki: saldin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *salga-

Meaning: 1 interval between legs 2 cross-road 3 to distribute

Evenki: salgan 1

Even: ha:lgъ. 1

Negidal: salga 1

Spoken Manchu: s/arixi, s^/arixi 'crotch' (134)

Literary Manchu: salz^|a 2, sarg/a 1, sala- 3

Orok: salda(n) 1

Nanai: salGa 1

Oroch: sa:ga 1

Udighe: saga 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali-

Meaning: to esteem, appreciate

Literary Manchu: sali-; sali-n 'price'

Ulcha: salu.-

Orok: sali.-

Nanai: sali.-

Oroch: sa:li-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali- / *sel-

Meaning: 1 to slight, disregard, neglect 2 to be angry

Evenki: sel- 1

Even: hel- 1

Negidal: sel- 1

Orok: sali- 2

Nanai: sali- 1 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *salk-

Meaning: 1 pole, post 2 frame of a loom 3 paddle on a ski stick

Evenki: salkamc^a 1

Even: halqъ.mc^a 1

Literary Manchu: salx|u 2

Orok: salti.nqo 3

201Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sama:-n

Meaning: shaman

Evenki: sama:n

Even: hama:n

Negidal: sama:n

Spoken Manchu: sam@n (1090)

Literary Manchu: sama(n)

Ulcha: sama:(n)

Orok: sama(n)

Nanai: sama

Oroch: sama(n)

Udighe: sama(n)

Solon: sama:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *samn|i:-

Meaning: fumigation, to fumigate

Evenki: samn|i:-

Even: hamn|i.-

Negidal: samn|i:.-

Orok: samn|i.

Nanai: samn|i.c^i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sampa-

Meaning: quick

Ulcha: sap, sapa-li.

Nanai: sampar

Oroch: sapa

Udighe: san|mu

Solon: sampal

Han-Tungus-prototype: *san/a

Meaning: bird dung

Negidal: san/an

Udighe: san/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sanz^|ika

Meaning: nose ring

Literary Manchu: sanc^ix|a

Ulcha: sanz^|ax|a

Nanai: sanz^|ax|a

Oroch: sanz^|ax|a, sanz^|ix|a

Udighe: sanz^|eha"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|a-

Meaning: hole, crack

Evenki: san|a:r

Even: han|a:r

Negidal: san|a:

Spoken Manchu: san|@ 'cave' (2361)

Literary Manchu: san|Ga

Ulcha: san|Gali.

Orok: san|Ga

Nanai: san|Gar

Oroch: san|a

Udighe: san|a

Solon: san|a:r

Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|gu-

202Keys of Han

Meaning: to enjoy other people's grief

Literary Manchu: san|gu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|n/an

Meaning: smoke

Evenki: san|n/an

Even: ha:n/

Negidal: san|n/an

Spoken Manchu: s^ian|@n (491)

Literary Manchu: s^an|g/an

Jurchen: can|-gian (619)

Ulcha: san|n/a(n)

Orok: san|na(n)

Nanai: san|n/a(n)

Oroch: san|n/a(n)

Udighe: san|n/a(n)

Solon: san|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|u-n,*san|u-ksa

Meaning: 1 cool 2 hoar-frost

Evenki: san|un 1, san|uksa 2

Even: han|u.t- 'be covered with hoar-frost'

Negidal: san|un 1, saksa 2

Ulcha: saqsa, san|aqsa 2

Orok: san|nu. 1, san|e 2

Nanai: sa:qsa 2

Udighe: san|uha" 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap-

Meaning: 1 beard, moustache 2 pubic hair

Literary Manchu: sabula 2

Nanai: sapsoqta 1 (Kur-Urm.), safala 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap-kun

Meaning: root

Even: hopkon

Negidal: sapkun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sapsV

Meaning: bank, shore

Ulcha: sapsi.

Nanai: sapsi.

Oroch: sapsa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-

Meaning: to spread out

Literary Manchu: sara-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-c^a

Meaning: a k. of plant (mountain barberry?)

Literary Manchu: sarac^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-

Meaning: 1 perch 2 grayling 3 white-fish 4 herring

Evenki: sargaka 1

Negidal: sajgati. 2

Literary Manchu: sarGa nimax|a 3

Ulcha: sarGadi. 2

Orok: saru.kki 4

Oroch: sagati 2

203Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-

Meaning: 1 upper layer of dried fish together with the skin 2 armour

Nanai: sargali (Он.) 1

Solon: sarxi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sargi-

Meaning: to splatter (of water, rain)

Evenki: sargi-

Even: hargъ.- 'to snort, pant'

Nanai: sarGi.- (Naikh.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarimi:-

Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash, eyebrow

Evenki: sarimi:- 1, sarimikta 2

Even: harъm- 1, harъmtъ 2

Negidal: saji.mta 2

Spoken Manchu: s/ulimin 2 (17)

Literary Manchu: solmin 2

Ulcha: sarumta 2

Orok: si.r(u.)mu.qta 2

Nanai: sarmaqta 2

Oroch: sa:mikta 2

Udighe: sa:mikta 2

Solon: sammikta, sarmilta, sarmitta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sari-n

Meaning: feast

Spoken Manchu: sarin, s^/arin, s/arin (960)

Literary Manchu: sarin

Nanai: sari.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpu-

Meaning: needle for weaving nets

Negidal: sapki:.

Literary Manchu: sarba, sarfu, surafu

Ulcha: sarpu.(n)

Orok: salpi. ~ sarpi.

Nanai: sarpol

Oroch: saptu; sapsan|ki 'a k. of needle'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpuki:

Meaning: chopsticks

Negidal: sapki:.

Spoken Manchu: saf@q@ (570)

Literary Manchu: sabka

Jurchen: sabu(n)xa (257)

Ulcha: salbu.

Orok: sabu:.

Nanai: sarbi:.

Oroch: sappui

Udighe: safugu

Solon: sarpa, sarpo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saru-

Meaning: 1 a sit in boat made like a tent 2 fence

Ulcha: sa:ru.(n) 1

Orok: sari.(n) 1, saru.qa 2

204Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *saz^|i:-

Meaning: to condemn

Evenki: saz^|i:-c^a-

Solon: sa:z^|ila:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:-

Meaning: to know

Evenki: sa:-

Even: ha:-

Negidal: sa:-

Spoken Manchu: sa- (1856)

Literary Manchu: sa-

Jurchen: can|-xi (353)

Ulcha: sa:wu.

Orok: sa:-

Nanai: sa:-

Oroch: sa:-

Udighe: sa:-

Solon: sa:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:c^e-

Meaning: to be careful

Evenki: sa:c^e-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:ma

Meaning: sign

Evenki: sa:me

Even: ha:m

Literary Manchu: samx|a

Orok: sama-lki.

Nanai: sa:mogda:· 'a talisman placed on the breast of the deceased so that the shaman can recognize him when taking his soul to the other world' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:r-

Meaning: 1 crumbly 2 small, split 3 to rarefy, to weed

Even: sarkama 1

Negidal: saj 2

Literary Manchu: sark/a- 3

Ulcha: sar (bi) 2

Orok: sa:r (bi:) 2

Nanai: sa:r (bi:) 2

Oroch: sar 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe-

Meaning: 1 ghost (shaman's aid) 2 idol 3 God

Evenki: sewu 1

Even: hewki 3

Negidal: sewen

Ulcha: sewo(n) ~ sewe(n)

Orok: sewe

Nanai: sewe

Oroch: sewe:(n), seweru 1, seweki 2

Udighe: sewe(n) 1, sewexi 2

Solon: sewu:· 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe

Meaning: 1 inner fat (of animals) 2 to melt fat

Evenki: sewen 1, sewe- 2

205Keys of Han

Even: hewje 'one of bear's names'

Orok: seg|ine 1

Oroch: sewe- 2

Udighe: sewesi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebu-

Meaning: to scatter (e. g. hay for drying)

Literary Manchu: so-, so:- 'to scatter, sprinkle'

Ulcha: seuseli-

Nanai: seuseli-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebz^|e-

Meaning: fun, to have fun

Evenki: sebz^|en

Even: hebz^|e:k-

Negidal: sebz^|en-

Spoken Manchu: sev@z^|@n 'pleasure, enjoyment' (1941), sev@z^|@n|@ 'enjoyable' (1942), sev@z^|@l@ 'to enjoy' (1943)

Literary Manchu: sebz^|en, sebz^|ele-

Ulcha: sebz^|eni

Orok: sebz^|en

Nanai: sebz^|eni

Oroch: sebz^|en-

Udighe: sebz^|en|ke, sebu 'interesting'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *seg-

Meaning: 1 to litter 2 litter, mat

Evenki: seg|i:- 1, sekte 2

Even: heg|- 1, heg|tъ 2

Negidal: sek- 1, sekte 2

Literary Manchu: sekte- 1, sekz^|i 2

Ulcha: segdi- 1, segdi 2

Orok: seji- 1, segz^|i(n) 2

Nanai: segz^|i 2

Oroch: segdi 2

Udighe: soktou(n) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *segep(ke)

Meaning: sable

Evenki: seg|ep

Even: heg|ъp

Negidal: seg|ep

Literary Manchu: seke

Jurchen: sep-ke (191)

Ulcha: se:pe

Orok: seppe

Nanai: se:pe

Solon: segen|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sekse-

Meaning: back of head

Literary Manchu: seksexe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele-

Meaning: 1 to wake up 2 to rejoice

Evenki: sele- 1

Negidal: sele- 1

Literary Manchu: sela- 2

206Keys of Han

Ulcha: sene- 1

Nanai: sene- 1

Oroch: sene- 1

Udighe: sele- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele

Meaning: iron

Evenki: sele

Even: hel

Negidal: sele

Spoken Manchu: sel@ (2116)

Literary Manchu: sele

Jurchen: sele (574)

Ulcha: sele

Orok: sele

Nanai: sele

Oroch: sele

Udighe: sele

Solon: sele

Han-Tungus-prototype: *selu-(mi)-

Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow

Evenki: selu, sele 2

Even: helike 2

Negidal: senmu 1, 2

Literary Manchu: selmin, selm/en (also "cock in bird-trap")

Nanai: sermi 1, 2

Oroch: semmi 1, 2

Udighe: sen|mi 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *semesik

Meaning: inner fat

Evenki: semesik

Even: hemehъk

Negidal: semesix

Literary Manchu: semsu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *semke

Meaning: 1 callus 2 to get a callus, wear out 3 rough, rare (of cloth) 4 holey 5 skimmer

Evenki: semke 1, semke- 2

Negidal: semerin|gu 5

Literary Manchu: semejen, semexun 3

Ulcha: semm bi 4

Orok: sempeke 4

Nanai: semm bi: 4

Oroch: semteke 4

Udighe: sempe- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/e-

Meaning: raw, unripe

Literary Manchu: seni-xun, sen/e-xun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/u-

Meaning: 1 front (of footwear) 2 footwear 3 heel

Evenki: senteme 2, sun/uki: 1

Even: ho"nki 1

Negidal: sen/oc^hi 3

207Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|gi

Meaning: relative by marriage

Negidal: sen|gi

Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i-n| (328)

Ulcha: sen|gi

Orok: s/en|gi

Nanai: sen|gi (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|Kule

Meaning: garlic

Spoken Manchu: sem@k@l@ 'scallion' (318)

Literary Manchu: sen|gule, sen|kule, semkele

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ku"re:

Meaning: a k. of bush, багульник

Evenki: sen|kire:

Even: hen|kъje

Negidal: sen|kije:

Literary Manchu: sen|kiri x/an 'назв. растения'

Ulcha: sen|kure

Orok: sekkure

Nanai: se:n|kure

Oroch: sen|ki

Udighe: sen|kie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ne

Meaning: 1 gill 2 fringe 3 cock's comb

Evenki: senn|en 1

Even: hen|ne 1, hen|nen 2

Negidal: se:n/n|e 1

Spoken Manchu: s@n|@l@ 'mane; comb, crest' (2280)

Literary Manchu: sen|gele 3,2

Ulcha: sene / sen/e 1, senem bi 'bearded'

Orok: sene 1

Nanai: sejn|e 1

Oroch: sene 1

Udighe: sen|e 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sep-

Meaning: to sway, shake (branches)

Evenki: sepine-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepe-

Meaning: 1 handful 2 to pinch, take a handful 3 to clutch

Spoken Manchu: sef@r@-, sev@r@- 'to grip, to grasp' (1542); sev@r@k@ 'handful, fistful' (2830)

Literary Manchu: sefere 1, sefere- 2

Nanai: sefele- 3 (Bik.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepke-

Meaning: 1 to grab (with teeth) 2 to grab 3 to nibble (of fish)

Evenki: sepke- 2

Even: hepku- 2

Negidal: sepkele- 2

Literary Manchu: seke- 3

Ulcha: sekpen- 1

Nanai: sekpen- 1

Oroch: seppe- 3

208Keys of Han

Udighe: sekpene- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *septu / * semtu

Meaning: rust

Evenki: semtu

Negidal: semti

Literary Manchu: sebden

Ulcha: septu-c^e

Orok: septu

Nanai: septu-c^e

Oroch: semtu

Udighe: semtu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sere:-

Meaning: 1 to embroider 2 threads (for embroidering) 3 embroidery

Evenki: sere:- 1, sere: 3

Even: here:- 3

Literary Manchu: sereme 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *serge-

Meaning: 1 gills 2 nose bone

Evenki: sergekte 1

Nanai: sez^|ure 2 (Kur-Urm.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sergu- ( ~ -z^|-)

Meaning: wild garlic

Literary Manchu: sez^|ulen

Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri

Meaning: decking, covering

Literary Manchu: sarx|u 'shelf'

Ulcha: seri

Nanai: seri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri(gi)

Meaning: 1 buttocks 2 coccyx, waist vertebra

Evenki: sergi 2, sirgin (Uchur) 2

Even: heri 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *seruk

Meaning: 1 bag 2 dish made of birch bark

Evenki: seruk 1

Even: he:ruk 1,2

Negidal: se:jux 1

Orok: seruku 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesi-n

Meaning: herd (of deer, wild animals)

Evenki: sesin

Even: hesъn

Negidal: sesin

Literary Manchu: sesi-le-n|ge

Orok: sesi(n)

Nanai: sesi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesu-

Meaning: to order, ask to do smth.

Ulcha: sesu-

Orok: sesu-

Nanai: sesu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sexu-

209Keys of Han

Meaning: sensitive, responsive

Ulcha: sexuli

Nanai: sexur

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:

Meaning: year, age

Spoken Manchu: se: (2725)

Literary Manchu: se

Jurchen: sejn|-n|er (82)

Ulcha: se:

Nanai: se:

Oroch: se:

Udighe: se

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:gV-

Meaning: 1 blood 2 red

Evenki: se:kse 1, (dial.) segz^|en 2

Even: he:s 1

Negidal: se:kse 1

Spoken Manchu: s^in|@ 1 (165)

Literary Manchu: sen|gi 1

Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i (512) 1

Ulcha: se:kse 1, segz^|e(n) 2

Orok: sekse 1, se:gde(n) 2

Nanai: se:kse 1, se:gz^|e 2

Oroch: se:kse 1, segz^|e 2

Udighe: sakea" 1

Solon: se:kc^e 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:m-

Meaning: to be lost

Evenki: se:m-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:me-

Meaning: 1 to get used 2 to accustom, habituate 3 to guess, be suspicious

Evenki: se:me- 1

Even: he:mgi- 2

Literary Manchu: semki- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:n

Meaning: needle hole

Evenki: se:n

Even: he:(n)

Negidal: se:n

Literary Manchu: sen

Ulcha: se(n)

Orok: se

Nanai: se:·

Udighe: sie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:r

Meaning: thin, rare

Literary Manchu: seri

Ulcha: ser bi

Nanai: se:r

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-

Meaning: 1 to chew 2 to bite

210Keys of Han

Evenki: se:µ- 1

Even: ha":-

Negidal: se:µ- 1

Spoken Manchu: s^ia- 2 (1533)

Literary Manchu: saj- 2

Ulcha: se:µ- 1

Orok: se:µ- 1

Nanai: s/a":- 2

Oroch: sa":- 1

Udighe: sa- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaba- ( ~ -p-)

Meaning: 1 rotten wood 2 to rot, coagulate

Evenki: se:µwaksa 1

Even: ha":wu.s 1

Literary Manchu: s^ubure- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaK-

Meaning: 1 to speak within oneself 2 to respond, call back

Evenki: sikine- 1 (Nep.)

Oroch: sijau- 2

Udighe: sieu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-kan

Meaning: pendants on ear-ring

Negidal: sexan

Orok: seg|a

Nanai: si.qa(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siakta

Meaning: willow

Evenki: se:µkta

Even: ha":t

Negidal: se:µkta

Literary Manchu: sajx|uwa

Oroch: sa"kta, siakta

Udighe: sakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaKu-

Meaning: loop, hinge

Ulcha: s/aqu.(n), se:µx|u.(n)

Nanai: si.ox|or

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siali-

Meaning: diligent, smart, quick

Literary Manchu: silin

Nanai: sa":li.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian

Meaning: ear

Evenki: se:µn

Negidal: se:µn

Spoken Manchu: s^an, san (25)

Literary Manchu: s^an

Jurchen: sian|-ha (497)

Ulcha: se:µ(n)

Orok: se:µ(n)

Nanai: si.a

Oroch: sa":

211Keys of Han

Solon: s^/e:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siantu

Meaning: fist

Literary Manchu: sinda-x/a- 'to clench fists'

Ulcha: se:µntu.

Orok: se:µttu.

Nanai: si.anto, si.antu.

Oroch: sa":antu, sa"ntu

Udighe: santu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian|a-

Meaning: 1 burbot 2 eel

Evenki: se:µn|a:n 1

Even: ha":n|ъ.n

Nanai: sa":n|asa, dial. sin|a, sa:na: 1

Udighe: sea" 1, dial. san|asa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-?

Meaning: all

Nanai: s/a":oxo (< Nivkh?)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaran|

Meaning: stake

Evenki: se:µran|

Even: ha":rъn|

Negidal: se:µjan|

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaru:-

Meaning: 1 lightning, rainbow 2 light

Evenki: se:µru:-n 1

Literary Manchu: s^ari 2

Orok: se:µrro, si.ro 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siasi-n

Meaning: noise, sound

Ulcha: se:µsi.(n)

Orok: se:µsi.(n)

Nanai: si.asi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sib-

Meaning: 1 to turn up (sleeves) 2 to spin, twist 3 to wrap

Evenki: sipku- 3

Even: hipku- 3

Literary Manchu: sibere- 2

Ulcha: si.baru.- 1

Orok: sipku- 3

Nanai: si.bi.ri.- 1

Oroch: sibari- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-

Meaning: 1 to smear (with clay) 2 bog, marsh 3 to poultice

Evenki: siwa- 1

Even: hi.wtag| 2

Literary Manchu: s^abarGan gida- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-

Meaning: 1 to beat a wedge in 2 wedge

Evenki: siwa- 1, siwaki: 2

Negidal: si.waxi:. 2

Spoken Manchu: s^iva: (683) 'wedge, peg, plug'

212Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: sib/a 2

Ulcha: si.wal 2

Orok: su.wal 2

Nanai: si.war 2

Udighe: soa`i 2 (Корм. 286)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibe-

Meaning: to pull out, pick out, clean a pipe

Negidal: sije-lge-

Literary Manchu: sibi-

Ulcha: sie-sie-

Orok: si:we-

Nanai: sije-si-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi-

Meaning: to thread

Evenki: s^iwike:me, s^uwike:me 'вышитый бисером' (Sym.)

Negidal: si.wla-

Literary Manchu: sujfun 'awl' ( <*sibi-pun)

Ulcha: si:-

Orok: si:wi-

Nanai: si:-

Oroch: siwi-

Udighe: su:la 'stick for stringing fish (while drying)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi

Meaning: swallow

Literary Manchu: sibirGan

Jurchen: sih-biar-xun (183)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibige:

Meaning: 1 wolf 2 bear

Evenki: siwige: 1, 2

Even: hewjo", hewje 2

Oroch: si:wi 'a mythical dog'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibsV

Meaning: lentils

Literary Manchu: sisa

Ulcha: siusi

Nanai: siusi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-

Meaning: to whisper

Evenki: siwuta:-

Even: hi.wu.lъ.n-

Negidal: si.wu.ta:-

Literary Manchu: s^u-sina-

Ulcha: si.wc^u.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-

Meaning: 1 nut tree 2 cone

Evenki: suwukic^i: 1

Nanai: siuc^ixi 2

Udighe: seutigi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sida-

Meaning: 1 young boy 2 young (of a bear, tiger)

Literary Manchu: sidan 1

Udighe: si:z^|`a 2

213Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sidu-

Meaning: to rub off, peel off

Evenki: sidi-

Even: si:.d-

Negidal: sidu-

Literary Manchu: sidu-, s^udu-

Ulcha: si.du.-

Nanai: si.do-

Oroch: si:di-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-

Meaning: 1 to peep, look out, spy 2 to appear

Evenki: sig|in- 1

Even: hie:- 2

Negidal: sig|in- 1

Literary Manchu: s^a- 1

Ulcha: si-len- 2

Orok: si.gbadda- 'to frown'

Udighe: sikpesi-, si:si- 1

Solon: s^/igi:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-

Meaning: interval

Evenki: sigdile:

Even: hidla

Negidal: sigle

Spoken Manchu: s^id@n (2575)

Literary Manchu: si, sidu

Solon: s^/igde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-

Meaning: 1 deep fog, mist 2 to cover (of fog, mist) 3 autumn

Evenki: siglama:t- 2, sig|elese(ni:) 3

Literary Manchu: siGan 1

Udighe: siga- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig- / seg-

Meaning: wild deer

Evenki: segz^|en, dial. sekserge

Nanai: segz^|i 'herd of wild swine'

Udighe: sigisa 'годовалый изюбр'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigde

Meaning: 1 spinal vertebra, sinew 2 file/ 3 mountain ridge

Evenki: sigde 1, 2

Negidal: sigde 3

Ulcha: sigde 1

Orok: sigderi 'yukola'

Nanai: sigde 1

Oroch: sigde 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigdi-pu

Meaning: metatarsus

Orok: sigz^|ipu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigi-

Meaning: ice-hole

Evenki: sigi-le:n 'frazil'

214Keys of Han

Even: hi.g|la:n

Negidal: sig|in ~ sijin

Ulcha: si(n)

Orok: si:(n)

Nanai: si

Oroch: se:µla 'snow crust'

Udighe: si:(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu-

Meaning: 1 to become silent (stop breathing or talking) 2 to stop crying 3 to breathe loudly (of a dog)

Evenki: sig|una- 1, 3

Even: hi.g|- 2

Nanai: sin|c^ien- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu:n

Meaning: sun

Evenki: sig|u:n

Negidal: sig|un

Spoken Manchu: s^un, sun (2033)

Literary Manchu: s^un

Ulcha: siu(n)

Orok: su(n)

Nanai: siu(n)

Oroch: seu(n)

Udighe: su:(n)

Solon: s^/igu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu":

Meaning: thick growth

Evenki: sig|i:

Even: hi.g|i.

Negidal: siwu:

Literary Manchu: s^a, s^uwa

Ulcha: se:µu

Orok: si:.g|i.

Nanai: si.o

Oroch: siz^|ai

Udighe: siz^|a`i, siz^|ampa`i (Корм. 284)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siK-

Meaning: 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into which the door heel is inserted)

Literary Manchu: sixin 1, six/aqu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siKe-

Meaning: short

Literary Manchu: sixete

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sikse

Meaning: evening

Evenki: sikse

Even: hi:sъr

Negidal: sikse

Spoken Manchu: c^ik@se:, c^ek@se: (2712)

Literary Manchu: sikse 'yesterday'

Jurchen: sih-ser (84)

Ulcha: sikse

Orok: ss^ekss^e

215Keys of Han

Nanai: sikse

Oroch: sikse

Udighe: sikie

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sil-

Meaning: 1 yoke belt 2 breakwater 3 dewlap 4 chock-boot 5 breast ornament

Evenki: s^iliptin 'boot straps' (dial.)

Negidal: siliptin 2

Literary Manchu: selxe 3, selxen 4

Ulcha: selc^e 5

Nanai: siliptun 1 (Он.)

Oroch: silipke 2; siliktauka 'interlacement of sledge straps'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila

Meaning: scarcely

Negidal: si.la

Literary Manchu: sal/an

Ulcha: si.la

Nanai: si.la

Oroch: si:la

Udighe: si:la

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila(-bun)

Meaning: spit

Evenki: silawun

Even: hi.lu.n

Negidal: si.lawu.n

Literary Manchu: s^olon

Ulcha: si.lopu.(n)

Orok: si.lopu.(n)

Nanai: si.lpo

Oroch: silo:(n)

Udighe: silou(n)

Solon: s^/ila- 'to roast'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sile-

Meaning: dew

Evenki: sile-kse

Even: hi:li

Negidal: sile-kse

Literary Manchu: sile-n|gi

Jurchen: sie-le-un (10), cf. siel-hi 'spring' (48) (2-431)

Ulcha: silemse

Orok: s/ile-s/ke

Nanai: sile-mse

Oroch: silen|se

Udighe: silihe

Solon: s^/iliks^/i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *silgu"-

Meaning: to tremble, shake (from fever, cold etc.)

Evenki: silgin-

Even: hilgъn-

Negidal: silgin-

Literary Manchu: s^urge-

Ulcha: silz^|un-

Orok: sildun-

216Keys of Han

Nanai: sirgun-

Oroch: siggina-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *silku"-

Meaning: to wash, clean

Evenki: silki-

Even: hilqъ-

Negidal: si.lki.-

Literary Manchu: silg/a-

Ulcha: silc^u-

Orok: siltu-

Nanai: si.lqo-

Oroch: sikki-

Udighe: siki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *silu-kta

Meaning: intestine

Evenki: silu-kta

Even: hi.ltъ.

Negidal: si.lta

Orok: si.lu.-qta

Oroch: sulukta

Udighe: sulukta

Solon: s^/ilu.kta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV

Meaning: 1 plate 2 k. of basket

Nanai: si.li.a 1, (Bik.) silfo 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV-

Meaning: helminth, worm

Negidal: silikte

Ulcha: silimbu, silekte

Orok: siloqta

Nanai: silukte

Oroch: silikte

Udighe: silikte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-

Meaning: shadow, dark place

Evenki: simn|un

Even: himn|ъn

Negidal: simn|un

Literary Manchu: silmen

Orok: simgu(n)

Nanai: sin|mu:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-

Meaning: 1 kingfisher 2 a k. of woodpecker 3 a k. of titmouse 4 eagle-owl

Evenki: senneku:n, dial. sendeku:n 2

Literary Manchu: simari, simatun 3

Ulcha: sindi 1

Orok: simiktu 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-

Meaning: to be silent, whisper

Evenki: simu:la:-

Even: hi.mu.n-

217Keys of Han

Negidal: si.mu.-

Ulcha: sim-

Orok: si.mu.-

Nanai: simu-

Udighe: sim-sim

Solon: sin-gada/ 'silently'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *simki-

Meaning: to cough, cough

Evenki: simki-

Even: hie:mkъ-

Negidal: simki-

Ulcha: sin|bi-

Orok: sipki-

Nanai: sin|bi-, simki-

Oroch: simpi

Udighe: simpi-

Solon: simki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sinn|i-

Meaning: 1 to be sorry 2 to offend, do wrong 3 to be poor, distressed 4 mourning 5 sad

Evenki: sin|ni- 1, sini- 3

Negidal: sin/n|in- 1, sin/n|ije- 2

Literary Manchu: sin|gira- 2, sinaGan 4

Jurchen: sin-na-lar 5 (375)

Ulcha: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|u-, sinewli- 3

Orok: sin|gere- 2, si:nedu- 3

Nanai: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3

Oroch: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3

Udighe: sunz^|uge-si- 2, sineha" 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-

Meaning: 1 pelvis, pelvis bone 2 swelling of deer's joints

Evenki: s^an|alran (Sym.) 1, sin|argaz^|aran 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-(ri-)

Meaning: yellow, yellowish

Evenki: sin|ama, sin|ari:n

Even: hi.n|an/a

Negidal: si.n|aji.n

Solon: s^/in|ari

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|ke:

Meaning: dark night

Evenki: sin|ke:

Even: hin|ku

Negidal: sin|kelten

Orok: sikkew, sikkelte

Udighe: sin|keu- 'to shine (of full moon)' (Корм. 286)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|kuti-

Meaning: quiet, silent

Evenki: sin|ti

Even: hi:.ku.ti.

Nanai: sin|c^ien- 'to become quiet, stop talking'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|n/a-

Meaning: big knife (on a shaft)

Negidal: sin|n/a-pun

218Keys of Han

Ulcha: si.nasu.

Orok: si.nasu.

Nanai: si.n|a-so

Oroch: sina-ku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|u-

Meaning: 1 gift 2 to present

Ulcha: si:.n|na(n)- 2, si.n|naqu. 1

Nanai: sin|le-, sun|le- (Bik.) 2, sun|le-ku (Naikh.) 1

Udighe: sun|ula- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *si; *su:

Meaning: 1 thou 2 you (your, yours) (pl.)

Evenki: si 1, su: (su-n) 2

Even: hi: 1, hu: (hu-n) 2

Negidal: si: 1, su: (su-n) 2

Spoken Manchu: s^i: (2873) 1, so:, son/ (2874) 2

Literary Manchu: si 1, suwe (suweni) 2

Ulcha: si 1, sue (sun) 2

Orok: si 1, su: (su-n) 2

Nanai: s/i 1, sue (sun) 2

Oroch: si 1, su (su-n) 2

Udighe: si 1, su: (su-n) 2

Solon: s^/i 1, su: (su-n) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-

Meaning: 1 to knead, squeeze, press 2 to bend under a heavy load

Evenki: sipc^arga- 2

Literary Manchu: sibere- 1

Orok: siperu- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-

Meaning: 1 oval-shaped, conus-shaped 2 narrow

Literary Manchu: sibsix|un 1, 2

Nanai: sikpi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipa ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: garlic

Spoken Manchu: suanda: (317)

Literary Manchu: sifa mac^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipki-

Meaning: 1 to spy, peep 2 to slander

Evenki: sipkit- 1, sipku- 2

Even: hi.pqъ.- 1

Negidal: si.pki.t- 1

Spoken Manchu: s^if@k/a- 'to study' (1853)

Literary Manchu: sibki- 1

Orok: sipkic^i- 'hide'

Oroch: sippic^i- 1

Solon: s^/irkis^/i:- 'listen, hearken'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-

Meaning: 1 spring, well 2 to strain, press out 3 to milk

Evenki: sir- 2, 3

Even: hi.r- 3

Negidal: sij- 3

Spoken Manchu: s^eri, seri 1 (2085)

219Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: s^eri 1, siri- 2

Ulcha: si.ri.- 2, 3

Orok: si.ri.- 2, 3

Nanai: sire (Bik.) 1, si.ri.- 2

Oroch: si:- 3

Udighe: sie 'bay with spring water'; si:- 2, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-

Meaning: to cut, cut out

Evenki: sir-

Even: hir-

Negidal: sij-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir

Meaning: sharp pain (in one's joint)

Ulcha: sir

Nanai: sir

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sira-

Meaning: to sew together, piece down

Evenki: sira-

Even: hirъ.q-

Negidal: si.ja-

Spoken Manchu: s^ira- 'to connect, to tie together, to join' (1699, 1763, 2959)

Literary Manchu: sira-

Jurchen: sir(a)-ru 'inherit' (425)

Ulcha: si.ra-

Orok: si.ra-

Nanai: si.ra-

Oroch: sija-

Udighe: sea"-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-

Meaning: 1 louse 2 helminth 3 worm

Evenki: sirikte 2

Negidal: sekki 3

Ulcha: si.lma 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-

Meaning: sinew, thread

Evenki: sirekte

Even: siren (Arm.)

Negidal: sijekte, sije:n

Spoken Manchu: s^ir@xe: 'fiber' (269)

Literary Manchu: sirge / sirxe, siren

Ulcha: siri, sirekte

Orok: sirekte

Nanai: sirikte (Kur-Urm.), si:re

Oroch: sije, sijekte

Udighe: sie, siekte

Solon: s^/irikte, s^/iritte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-

Meaning: 1 elbow bone 2 shin bone

Evenki: sire:k, sire:ke: 1

Even: hirъmtъ 1

Negidal: sijimte 1

Literary Manchu: sira 2

220Keys of Han

Orok: simuse 'calf of leg'

Nanai: sireme 1

Oroch: simikte 'shoulder bone'

Udighe: simikta, simukta 1

Solon: s^/irmu: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirk-

Meaning: 1 a small hillock 2 cape

Evenki: sirkun (Uchur) 2

Nanai: sirge 1 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirpa-kta

Meaning: horse's hair, bristle

Negidal: si.tpakta

Spoken Manchu: s^ika: 'tail horse-hair, horsetail' (2292)

Literary Manchu: siqa

Ulcha: si.rpaqta

Nanai: si.rbaqta ~ si.rpaqta

Oroch: sipakta, si.ppakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru-

Meaning: sand

Evenki: sirugi:

Negidal: sijun

Jurchen: sir-xe (67)

Ulcha: siru(n)

Nanai: siro(n)

Oroch: sija

Solon: s^/irukta:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru

Meaning: span between the big finger and index finger

Literary Manchu: s^uru

Ulcha: siru(n)

Orok: sirobgi, sirogbi

Nanai: siru

Oroch: sijo

Udighe: su"o"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru-

Meaning: to rotate, roll, glide

Evenki: sirun-

Even: hirun-

Negidal: siwun-

Literary Manchu: s^urde-

Orok: siso-lo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisa-

Meaning: to scrape, grub, rummage, pick out

Literary Manchu: sis^a-

Ulcha: si.sa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sise-

Meaning: 1 to baste 2 list (of clothes)

Literary Manchu: sise- 1, sisexen 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisi

Meaning: nut

Literary Manchu: sisi, sisiri

Jurchen: sisi (128)

221Keys of Han

Nanai: si.si.qta

Solon: s^/i:s^/ikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sita-

Meaning: 1 be embarrassed, perplexed 2 to tarry

Evenki: sita- 1

Literary Manchu: s^ita- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *site-

Meaning: 1 to soak (intr.) 2 slightly trickling (of woman's milk)

Negidal: site- 1

Ulcha: site- 1

Nanai: sita 2 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sitki:

Meaning: wall, side (of tent)

Evenki: sitki:

Even: hitki

Negidal: sitki:

Solon: s^/i:ttu 'summer panelling (of tent)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *six-

Meaning: 1 hollow vessel, whistle 2 to put into, insert

Negidal: sikc^u- 2

Literary Manchu: siGan / six|an 1

Nanai: si.x|a(n) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:- ( ~ -u":-)

Meaning: extinguish

Evenki: si:-

Even: hi:-w-

Negidal: si:-w-

Oroch: si:-wi-

Solon: s^/i:-gu:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:b-

Meaning: to become hoarse

Evenki: si:w-

Even: hiw-ken-

Negidal: sije-

Ulcha: si:-

Orok: si:-

Nanai: sije-

Udighe: si-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:be

Meaning: horse-tail, swamped ground where it grows

Evenki: si:we:g|

Even: hi:weg|

Negidal: siwu-kte

Literary Manchu: sib/a / sibe

Ulcha: siu-kte

Nanai: siu-kte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:, *si:l-se

Meaning: gall

Evenki: si:

Negidal: silte

Spoken Manchu: s^ilixi 'gall bladder' (93)

222Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: silxi

Jurchen: si-li-xi (516)

Ulcha: silte, si:lte

Orok: si:lte

Nanai: silte, silte:

Udighe: silihe

Solon: s^/i:lde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog-

Meaning: bullfinch

Udighe: sog|dug|u

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogda-nsa

Meaning: back

Evenki: sogdonno

Udighe: sogdu"ho"

Solon: c^ogdono/ (Ивановский)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogi-

Meaning: pock-mark

Literary Manchu: sog/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog-z^|e-

Meaning: wild deer

Evenki: sogz^|on (Тит.)

Udighe: suz^|elihe 'изюбр'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *soKa-

Meaning: to scoop, ladle

Evenki: soko-

Even: hu.qu.-

Negidal: soxo-

Ulcha: su:-su-

Orok: so:-

Nanai: so:-lo-

Oroch: soko-

Udighe: so`-lo- (Корм. 287)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sokta

Meaning: 1 yukola (part from fish's back) 2 fat, grease

Negidal: soktou 2

Oroch: soqto 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-

Meaning: pine tree

Even: holti.n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-gi

Meaning: 1 vegetables 2 sprouts (from a root)

Spoken Manchu: s^/og@, s/ogi 'greens, leafy vegetables' (303)

Literary Manchu: sogi 1, solo 2

Jurchen: sol-n|i (524) 1

Ulcha: solz^|i. 1

Nanai: solgi. 1

Oroch: soggixa 1

Udighe: sogu"ho" 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *solu"ki

Meaning: 1 kolinsky 2 ferret

Evenki: solig|a: (dial.) 1

Literary Manchu: silixi / soloxi 2

223Keys of Han

Nanai: sol/u. 1

Udighe: solu"o" 1

Solon: so:ligi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *soma

Meaning: tail fin, belly fin

Udighe: somo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *soni

Meaning: single, odd

Literary Manchu: soni-x|on, son/o

Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|a-

Meaning: to weep

Evenki: son|o-

Even: hon|-

Negidal: son|o-

Spoken Manchu: son|@- (190)

Literary Manchu: son|Go-

Ulcha: son|Go-

Orok: son|o-, son|Go-

Nanai: son|Go-

Oroch: son|o-

Udighe: son|o-

Solon: son|o-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|gi-

Meaning: 1 nose 2 tip of nose 3 nose ring

Literary Manchu: son|gix|a, son|gin, sun|gin 2, 3

Jurchen: son|gi (501) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|ka ( ~ *sonn|V-ka)

Meaning: trace

Spoken Manchu: son|q@, son|qu (2384)

Literary Manchu: son|qo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora

Meaning: basket

Spoken Manchu: sor@ (656)

Literary Manchu: s^oro

Ulcha: soro

Nanai: soro

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora-

Meaning: 1 to be soaked, wet 2 to rinse, wash

Negidal: soj- 1

Literary Manchu: sura- 2

Nanai: soro- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sori

Meaning: 1 fight, battle 2 victim 3 to shoot arrows into each other

Literary Manchu: sori- 3, sori 2

Jurchen: sori (455) 1

Ulcha: sori. 1

Orok: sori.(n) /

Nanai: sori.· 1

Oroch: so:ri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *soro-ptun

Meaning: 1 breast bone ramification 2 stomach

224Keys of Han

Evenki: soroptu:n 1

Even: horъ.pъ.n 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sosa-

Meaning: 1 diarrhoea 2 to have diarrhoea 3 birds' dung

Literary Manchu: soso- 2

Ulcha: soso 1

Orok: soso 1

Nanai: soso 3

Oroch: soso 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *soti

Meaning: tail fin

Ulcha: soti.

Nanai: soc^i:.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:-

Meaning: yellow

Spoken Manchu: sujan, suajan (2423)

Literary Manchu: suwajan, sox|on

Jurchen: so-gian (618)

Ulcha: so:gz^|o(n), som

Orok: sogdo, som

Nanai: soja, so:Gz^|o, so:la:, so:m

Oroch: sogz^|o

Udighe: soligi 'reddish' (of hair)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:

Meaning: very, verily, significantly

Evenki: so: 1

Even: ho: 1

Negidal: so: 1

Oroch: so 'word added after addressing smn.'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:ba

Meaning: bough, stick (for hanging kettle over fire)

Negidal: so:wa

Nanai: sogbin (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:da

Meaning: 1 scoop-net 2 to scoop

Literary Manchu: s^odo- 2, s^odoqu 1

Nanai: so:do: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:k-

Meaning: 1 to err, be mistaken 2 to caper, rough-house

Evenki: so:kto- 1

Even: ho:ta- 1

Orok: soqodo- 2

Nanai: so:do- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:Ka:n

Meaning: 1 copulation 2 to copulate

Evenki: so:ka:n 1

Udighe: soni- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:m-

Meaning: 1 to close 2 to hide

Evenki: so:m- 1

Even: ho:m- 1

Negidal: so:m- 1

225Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: s^/omi-, s/omi- (1556)

Literary Manchu: somi- 2

Jurchen: so-mi-biar (819) 2

Ulcha: somi.- 1

Orok: somi.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:na

Meaning: plait, crest

Literary Manchu: sonc^ox|o, sonoqdon, sonoqton

Nanai: so:no, so:noc^o

Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:n-n|a- / *so:n-da-

Meaning: young deer, deer calf

Evenki: so:nn|a:

Even: ho:nn|ъ.c^a:n

Negidal: so:nn|a-c^a:n

Orok: so:ndo(n)

Oroch: son|oc^o(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sub-

Meaning: 1 to tie, bind 2 string, rope 3 harness strap 4 mouthpiece

Evenki: suptilgi 2

Even: huhtin| 2, (Arm.) sovar 3

Negidal: sopti.n- 1

Literary Manchu: subexe 2

Ulcha: supsien- 1, su.ptan|Gi. 2, soi 4

Orok: su:- 1

Nanai: sopsi.n- 1, soptan|Gi. 2

Oroch: supti(n) 2, soi. 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube-

Meaning: 1 end, edge 2 top

Evenki: suwere: 1, 2

Even: hu:re 1, 2

Negidal: suweje: 2

Literary Manchu: subexe 1

Ulcha: suwe 2

Orok: suwe 2

Nanai: suwe, sue 2

Oroch: su-n|e 1, 2

Udighe: sue 2

Solon: sugur 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube

Meaning: 1 a 1-year-old deer 2 a roe (with thin legs)

Evenki: suju:ke:n 1, dial. s^uwin|en 2

Orok: suwe, sue 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgi-

Meaning: steam, smoke

Evenki: subgin

Even: hebgi

Negidal: subgin

Ulcha: subgi(n)

Orok: subgi(n)

Nanai: subgi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgu

Meaning: 1 fish skin 2 skin, bark

226Keys of Han

Evenki: subgu 1

Negidal: sobgu. 1

Spoken Manchu: soq@ 2 (145, 2132, 2284)

Literary Manchu: suku 2

Jurchen: su-gu (514) 2

Ulcha: sugbu 1

Orok: subgu/sugbu 1

Nanai: sobGo 1

Oroch: subbu 1

Udighe: sugbu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *subi-

Meaning: 1 false rib 2 rib gristles

Evenki: suwin 1

Even: hi.wi.na 1

Negidal: si.wi.na 1

Literary Manchu: sibexe 2

Udighe: suepti 1

Solon: suv/e:· o":tele: 'short rib'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suc^a-

Meaning: to flee

Evenki: suc^a-

Even: hu.c^-

Negidal: soc^a-

Spoken Manchu: suz^|i- (1231)

Literary Manchu: suz^|u-

Nanai: c^oc^a-

Oroch: c^oc^a-, c^uc^a-

Udighe: susa-

Solon: c^ac^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sudu

Meaning: bulging part of the shin

Literary Manchu: sudu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-

Meaning: 1 spear, arrow 2 fish fork 3 a k. of knife

Ulcha: sugbe 3

Nanai: sugbe 2

Oroch: suggudi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-

Meaning: 1 to place properly 2 to put a child into the cradle

Evenki: sug|i- 1

Orok: su:.g|atc^i.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-

Meaning: 1 breath 2 vapour 3 soul 4 sacrifice 5 hurricane, wind 6 to breathe

Evenki: sug|i: 5, sug|ina- 6

Even: hu.ji. 5

Negidal: sugde 4, sog|i:. 5

Spoken Manchu: suv@dun, suvudun 'air, vapor, steam' (351)

Literary Manchu: suqdun 1,2,3, su 5

Ulcha: sugdu- 'to place a sacrifice before an idol', su:.i. 5

Orok: sugditc^i- 'to place food in front of a deceased', su:.i. 5

227Keys of Han

Nanai: sugdu(n) 2, so:i. 5

Oroch: su:i 5

Udighe: sogdo 2

Solon: so:wi: 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suga-kta

Meaning: wormwood

Negidal: sog|akta

Literary Manchu: suku

Ulcha: soaqta

Orok: su.aqta

Nanai: so:aqta

Oroch: suakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su(g)da-

Meaning: temple; hair on the temples

Literary Manchu: sudan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugele- (/ *segule-)

Meaning: to search, search through

Literary Manchu: suwele-, seole-

Ulcha: sewlu-

Nanai: seule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugen ( ~ -b-)

Meaning: 1 gull 2 heron

Literary Manchu: suwan / suwen 1

Jurchen: su-wen (181) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugule:-n

Meaning: meat prepared for boiling

Evenki: sug|ule:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugz^|a-nsa

Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish

Evenki: sugz^|anna 1

Even: hu.z^|ъ.nrъ. 1

Negidal: sogz^|ana 1

Ulcha: su.gdata 2

Orok: sundata 2

Nanai: soGdata 2

Oroch: sugz^|asa 2

Udighe: sugz^|eha" 2

Solon: su.gz^|anda 'burbot'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suje-

Meaning: 1 lye 2 liquid strained from wine ferment

Literary Manchu: sujen

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sujKu-

Meaning: 1 to curse 2 to caper

Literary Manchu: sujxu- 2 ( > Nan. sujxu-, sojxo- id.)

Nanai: soi.-, (Kur.-Urm.) soqola- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-

Meaning: 1 dry cedar 2 branch 3 stalk (of lily etc.)

Ulcha: suktu 2

Orok: suktu 1, soqto 2

Nanai: su:ktu 2, su:ksu 4 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-

Meaning: pods or buds (of elm tree)

228Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: suqz^|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-

Meaning: 1 to break, crush 2 to harm, spoil 3 edge of ski stick 4 arrow-head

Evenki: suku- 2, sukc^a- 1

Even: hu.c^ak- 1

Orok: su:kpe, su:pke 3

Nanai: sokpi-so 4 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suka-

Meaning: 1 to hang, droop 2 aslant

Literary Manchu: suk/a- 1

Orok: su.qatc^i. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suku-

Meaning: to abut feet (in boat)

Ulcha: suc^epu(n) (n.)

Nanai: sikupu (n.)

Oroch: sukule-

Udighe: suku- 'to kick'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sula-

Meaning: to leave

Evenki: sula- / sula:-

Even: hu.la:-

Negidal: sola-pc^a-

Ulcha: solaoz^|u.-

Orok: su.law-

Nanai: solo:-

Oroch: sulagi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulaki:

Meaning: fox

Evenki: sulaki:

Even: hu.la":

Negidal: solaxi:.

Ulcha: su.li.

Orok: su.li.

Nanai: soli.

Oroch: sulaki

Udighe: sula`i (Корм. 289)

Solon: su.laki, su.laxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suldu-

Meaning: 1 to uproot 2 to tear

Evenki: sullu- (suldu-) 1

Even: hu.lraq- 1

Negidal: solol- 1

Nanai: sulde:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli-

Meaning: to sharpen, sharp

Evenki: sul-

Even: ho"l-

Negidal: sul-

Literary Manchu: s^ulixun

Ulcha: suli-

Orok: suli-

229Keys of Han

Nanai: suli-

Oroch: sulu-

Udighe: sulu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli-

Meaning: 1 hump 2 back 3 mane 4 nape

Evenki: suli:n 1, 2

Ulcha: suni 3

Orok: suli 4

Nanai: soli:, solg|on|to, sog|li:n 3

Oroch: su:li 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu

Meaning: 1 rogue 2 to mock

Ulcha: sulu 1, sulu-de- 2

Orok: su.lu.-da- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu:-n

Meaning: flame

Evenki: sulu:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum-

Meaning: grass or berry names

Evenki: sumun|i 'шикша (ягода-водяница'

Literary Manchu: somina orxo 'a grass name'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum-

Meaning: name of a wormwood-like plant

Literary Manchu: sumpa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sume-

Meaning: to hide, conceal

Evenki: sumet-

Even: hum-

Negidal: sume:t-

Ulcha: sumec^i-

Nanai: sumec^i- (Он.)

Oroch: sumec^i- 'whisper'

Udighe: sumemesi- 'whisper'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu-

Meaning: sinew

Evenki: sumu

Even: hum

Negidal: sumu

Spoken Manchu: suvu 'tendon' (170)

Literary Manchu: sube

Ulcha: sumul

Orok: sumu ~ xumu

Nanai: sumul

Oroch: sumu(l)

Udighe: sumul(i)

Solon: sumul

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu

Meaning: wet snow, rain with snow

Evenki: sumu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suna

Meaning: dog rope

Evenki: suna

230Keys of Han

Even: hu:.n|kan

Literary Manchu: suna

Ulcha: su.na

Orok: suna

Nanai: sona

Oroch: su:na 'shaman's posterior belt'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|el

Meaning: menstruation blood, dried blood

Evenki: hun|el (dial.)

Even: hun|e:l, Arm. sun|ol

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ni:-

Meaning: tussock (in a swamp)

Evenki: sun|ni:ke:g|, sumni:ke:g|

Negidal: semkeg|

Ulcha: sun|pu(n)

Orok: sun|c^i

Nanai: sun|pu, sumku, sun|ku(n)

Oroch: sompo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ta

Meaning: deep

Evenki: sun|ta

Even: hu:.ntъ

Negidal: son|ta

Ulcha: su.n|ta

Orok: su.qta

Nanai: son|ta

Oroch: sun|ta

Udighe: sun|ta

Solon: su:.nta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-

Meaning: 1 to prick 2 prickly thorn, bush 3 to stick into

Evenki: sup- 1, supire: 2

Negidal: sup- 1, supukta 2

Literary Manchu: sifi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-

Meaning: 1 to gather in a crowd 2 completely 3 all

Evenki: sup- 1, suwu:l 3

Negidal: sup 2

Ulcha: sup 2

Orok: sup 2

Nanai: sup 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *supti-

Meaning: 1 to leave behind 2 to stay behind

Evenki: supti- 1

Even: hu.ptu.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sura (sora)

Meaning: 1 flea 2 to lay eggs in deer's nose 3 insect laying eggs in deer's nose 4 bumble-bee 5 eggs of flies, insects 6 pollen

Evenki: soro- 2, soron|ki / seren|ki 3, soroptun / sereptin 4

Negidal: so:ja 1

Spoken Manchu: suran 1 (2254)

Literary Manchu: suran 1, sorok/a 4, sere 5

231Keys of Han

Ulcha: su.ra 1, sora 6

Orok: su.ra 1

Nanai: sora 1, 6

Oroch: su:a 1

Udighe: sua 1 (Корм. 288)

Solon: sora 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *surba-kta

Meaning: pimple, ulcer, scab

Evenki: surbakta

Even: hu.rbъ.t

Literary Manchu: surgi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sure

Meaning: wise

Spoken Manchu: sur@ (1991)

Literary Manchu: sure

Jurchen: su-re (753)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *surka

Meaning: fang

Evenki: surka

Even: hu.rqъ.

Negidal: sojka

Literary Manchu: suc^un wejxe

Ulcha: su.c^a

Orok: su.tta

Nanai: soi.qa

Oroch: sokka

Udighe: suka

Han-Tungus-prototype: *surki

Meaning: pregnant female animal

Evenki: surki

Literary Manchu: suc^i

Orok: suc^i

Nanai: surki

Udighe: suki (Корм. 288)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru-

Meaning: to go away

Evenki: suru-

Even: ho"r-

Negidal: so"jiwuk 'dowry' ( = Evk. suru:wuk, Evn. ho"ruk)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru

Meaning: cave, lair

Evenki: suru

Even: ho"r

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse / *susu

Meaning: 1 disorder, mess 2 abandoned village

Negidal: susu 2

Literary Manchu: suse 1, susu 2

Ulcha: suse 1, susu 2

Orok: su 2

Nanai: suse 1, susu 2

Oroch: susu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse:-gde

232Keys of Han

Meaning: a k. of plant (willow with yellow bark)

Oroch: suse:gde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *sut-

Meaning: 1 to scatter, throw about 2 to hit out, push out

Evenki: sutiga:- 2

Literary Manchu: sota- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|aki:

Meaning: cat

Evenki: suz^|aki: (Urm.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|a-ku

Meaning: 1 stick, prop, support 2 ski stick

Evenki: suz^|ax 2

Negidal: su.z^|ax| 1

Spoken Manchu: suz^|a- 'to support, to hold up' (1642)

Literary Manchu: suz^|aqu 1, suz^|a- 'to support'

Orok: su.z^|aqu. 1

Nanai: soz^|a 'a gun support', soz^|aqo 'a hanger made of three poles' (Он.)

Udighe: suz^|u-fine- 'to stand on one's elbows and knees'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:-

Meaning: 1 to mark 2 sign

Evenki: su:- 1

Even: hu.-g|a:r 2

Literary Manchu: so 'omen'

Nanai: su: 'talisman' (Он.)

Oroch: su:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n-

Meaning: 1 to stretch out 2 become lean 3 stretched (adv.) 4 to faint, lie without consciousness

Evenki: su:n- 1

Even: hu.n- 1

Negidal: sun|-gumz^|i 3

Literary Manchu: sun|-gi- 2

Ulcha: sun|-guz^|a- 4

Orok: sun- 4

Nanai: sun|-gure 3

Oroch: sun|guremdi 3

Udighe: su:.n|i:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n

Meaning: clothes

Evenki: su:n

Negidal: su:n

Orok: so:(n) ~ su:(n)

Solon: su:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:r-

Meaning: 1 different kinds of grass 2 fragrant 3 stinking

Literary Manchu: surx|o, sursen, surseri 1, sur 2

Ulcha: so:ri. 3

Nanai: so:ri. 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"ku"-

Meaning: 1 turbid, muddy 2 swamp

Evenki: siki 1

Even: hi.qu. 1

233Keys of Han

Negidal: si.xi:. 1

Nanai: suku 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke

Meaning: beetle

Nanai: sun|ke

Udighe: sin|ke

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke:-

Meaning: 1 luck (in hunting) 2 hunter's talisman 3 hunters' protecting spirit

Evenki: sin|ke:n 1

Negidal: sin|ke:n 2,3

Ulcha: sun|ke(n), su(n) ~ se:(n) 2

Orok: sukke(n) 2

Nanai: su: ~ su 2

Oroch: sin|ke(n) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|u"-

Meaning: 1 frost, hoar-frost, snow grains 2 cold

Evenki: sin|i-kse 1

Even: hi:n|ъ-lgъn 1

Literary Manchu: su(n|)- 'to be covered by frost'

Jurchen: siun|-hun (91) 2

Nanai: sun|gu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r-

Meaning: 1 to creak, screak 2 to shout, cry

Evenki: sirgi- 1

Spoken Manchu: sur@-, suru- 2 (192)

Literary Manchu: sure- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r-

Meaning: 1 yellowish, greyish 2 reddish 3 white (horse)

Even: hi.ran|an 1

Literary Manchu: suru morin 3

Nanai: su:r- 2 (Он.)

Udighe: si: 'yellow paint'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^asi-kan ( ~ -i-, -u"-)

Meaning: a k. of soup

Literary Manchu: s^asix|a(n), s^as^an, sase

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:k-

Meaning: 1 white 2 wall-eye

Literary Manchu: s^ax|un 1, 2

Ulcha: c^a:gz^|a(n) 1, c^aqi. 2

Orok: tagda(n)

Nanai: c^a:Gz^|a 1, c^a:qi. 2

Udighe: cagz|a 1 (Корм. 309)

Solon: c^ig|a/ 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:(n|)-

Meaning: white, become white

Spoken Manchu: s^/an|an (2426)

Literary Manchu: s^an|g/an, s^a-li-bu-

Jurchen: can|-gian (619)

Ulcha: c^a-m, c^a-li.n-

Nanai: c^a:-m, c^a:-la: bi

Oroch: c^a:-m

Udighe: c^a-m bie, c^a-li-gi

234Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:ta ( ~ c^-)

Meaning: burned coals, ashes

Evenki: c^a:ta:

Negidal: c^a:ta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^erin

Meaning: helmet visor

Literary Manchu: s^erin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[e]s^e-

Meaning: to scatter, spatter

Evenki: c^ic^ewe:-

Negidal: sesexen- 'to flow, stream'

Literary Manchu: sisa-

Nanai: c^ic^ike:le-; Bik. sese-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[i]c^u-ka:n

Meaning: wagtail, small bird

Evenki: c^ic^aka:n

Even: c^asqu.n

Negidal: c^i.c^axi.n

Spoken Manchu: c^ic^ike: (2239)

Literary Manchu: c^ec^ike

Jurchen: sihc^ixie 'sparrow' (158)

Ulcha: c^i.c^o(n)

Nanai: c^i.c^o:·

Oroch: c^ic^oku

Udighe: cikcigi (Корм. 310)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ic^ukta

Meaning: a young domestic animal

Evenki: c^ic^uha (Barg.) 'domestic goat'

Literary Manchu: suc^utu 'a 2-year-old foal'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ig-

Meaning: 1 to freeze, get cold 2 cold

Evenki: c^ig- (dial.) 1

Spoken Manchu: s^ahurun, sahurun 2 (2061)

Literary Manchu: s^axurun 2

Jurchen: siun|hun 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^iKe:-n

Meaning: urine

Evenki: c^ike:n

Even: c^ikъn

Negidal: c^ixe:n

Spoken Manchu: s^ik@ (108)

Literary Manchu: sike

Ulcha: c^ige(n) / c^e:(n)

Orok: c^ie(n)

Nanai: c^ie

Oroch: c^a":-c^i- 'urinate'

Udighe: cige (Корм. 310), c^ea"-kta- 'urinate'

Solon: s^/ixe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^im- ( ~ c^-)

Meaning: 1 ligament 2 to enlace, enmesh

Evenki: c^imbo:- 2

Even: c^i:mъt 1

235Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ime-

Meaning: to soak; suck

Even: c^i.mъ.l-

Literary Manchu: s^ime-

Ulcha: c^ime-

Nanai: c^ime-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^imuc^ken

Meaning: small finger

Evenki: c^imc^ike:n

Even: c^imc^en

Negidal: c^i:.mkan

Spoken Manchu: s^/umuxun 'finger' (73)

Literary Manchu: simxun, s^umxun

Ulcha: c^omoc^on

Nanai: c^umc^ue

Oroch: c^omoc^ko

Udighe: cimca`a (Корм. 310)

Solon: cimitki/, c^ime\rki/

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^i:ri-

Meaning: red copper, bronze

Evenki: c^i:rikte

Even: c^i:rit

Negidal: c^i:jikte

Literary Manchu: sirin

Jurchen: [ci]ri (573)

Ulcha: c^i:rikte

Orok: c^irikte

Nanai: c^i:rikte

Oroch: c^i:kte

Udighe: cikte (Корм. 310)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oba- ( ~ -p-)

Meaning: narrow

Literary Manchu: s^ofojo:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oba- ( ~-p-)

Meaning: 1 wrinkle 2 to wrinkle

Evenki: c^oworo:- 2

Literary Manchu: s^ufa- 2, s^ufan 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oKa-

Meaning: 1 one-eyed 2 be purblind, sandblind 3 to shut eyes, blink

Evenki: c^okoti:, c^okoro 1

Even: c^oqan|i. 1

Negidal: c^oktoxo 1

Literary Manchu: sogi- ~ soxi- 2

Ulcha: c^o:qto 1

Orok: toqto 1

Nanai: c^o:mian- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^om-

Meaning: 1 deep 2 scoop 3 to pour water over oneself 4 to submerge, fall under ice

Evenki: c^omko 2

Even: c^umku- 3

Spoken Manchu: s^umin, sumin 1 (2617)

236Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: s^umin 1

Jurchen: cu-mi-gi (695) 1

Udighe: c^ompo- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^on|-

Meaning: 1 hole, hollow, cave 2 pool, pond

Even: c^o:n|i.n 2

Negidal: c^on|doxo 1

Literary Manchu: s^onto, s^un|ku 1

Ulcha: c^o:n|do: 1

Orok: ton|do 1

Nanai: c^on|do: 1

Oroch: c^on|do:, c^on|doko 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^opa-

Meaning: 1 claws 2 to claw

Evenki: c^owo-mo 1, c^owi:la:- 2

Negidal: c^owo-ki: 1

Spoken Manchu: sov@r@q@, sov@r@qu 'claw' (2288); s^ov@r@-, sovuru- 'to grab' (1541)

Literary Manchu: s^oforo 1, s^oforo- 2

Nanai: cofola- (Bik.) 'to compress'

Oroch: c^opokto 1, c^opoktolo- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^os^a-

Meaning: 1 to arrange hair in a bunch 2 bunch, knot of hair

Literary Manchu: s^os^o- 1, s^os^ox|on 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:la

Meaning: 1 soup 2 juice

Literary Manchu: s^ula 2

Ulcha: c^o:lo(n) 1

Nanai: c^o:lo 1

Udighe: c^olo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:n|-

Meaning: 1 scoop, box, dishes 2 place for dishes

Evenki: c^o:n| 1, c^o:n|a:l 2

Even: c^o:n|a:l 2

Negidal: c^o:n|al 2

Literary Manchu: s^an|s^ax|a 1

Ulcha: c^un|ne 1

Orok: c^on|ol 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:ra

Meaning: pole, tent made of poles

Evenki: c^o:rama

Even: c^o:ra

Negidal: c^o:rami.

Literary Manchu: s^uruqu 'boat pole', s^uru- 'to swim using poles'

Nanai: c^o:ro

Udighe: c^o:lo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ugle-

Meaning: 1 water bucket made of birch bark 2 woven basket

Evenki: c^ug|len 1

Literary Manchu: s^ulxu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^uK-

237Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends

Literary Manchu: s^uki- 3, s^ukun 4

Nanai: c^uktuli- 2 (Он.)

Oroch: c^u:ku, tu:ku 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^umi ( ~ c^-)

Meaning: 1 foreland, shallow place 2 tussock

Evenki: c^umi 1, c^umdike:n, c^ummike: 2 (Вас. 529)

Negidal: c^u.mi.xa:n 1

Udighe: simb/o 2 (An.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^upa- (~c^-)

Meaning: to suck

Evenki: c^upku- 'suck out'

Negidal: c^opon- 'kiss', c^u.pka- 'soak'

Oroch: c^op(o)ko- 'kiss'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^us^u

Meaning: 1 copper 2 dark red

Evenki: c^uc^in 2

Even: c^u.c^u.rmi. 1

Spoken Manchu: sus@, s^us^@ (fian) 'violet, purple' (2425)

Literary Manchu: s^us^u 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u:kse

Meaning: juice

Evenki: c^u:kse

Even: c^u:s

Negidal: c^u:xse

Literary Manchu: s^ugi(n) ~ s^uxi(n)

Orok: su:kse ~ tu:kse

Oroch: c^u:kse

Udighe: c^u"o"n|ki

Solon: su:rc^e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u:m-

Meaning: 1 bag 2 sack

Evenki: c^e:mpu, c^emtu, c^empuli, c^ompuli 2

Literary Manchu: s^uma, s^uman 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u"ru"- (/*s^uru"-)

Meaning: 1 to rip (with claws) 2 to whet; rip off (skin, flesh) 3 knife for carving ornaments

Evenki: c^uri- 1

Literary Manchu: s^uru- 2

Ulcha: c^u:re(n) 3

Nanai: c^u:rue 3

Solon: s^/iru.xa:· 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u":ba

Meaning: 1 to spin, twist (threads) 2 thread 3 fringe

Evenki: c^i:wa- 1, c^i:wa 2

Even: sewa 2 (Arm.)

Negidal: c^i.wa- 1, c^i.wa 2

Literary Manchu: s^uwase 3

Oroch: c^iwa 2

Udighe: c^ua 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u":je

238Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 needle of a coniferous tree 2 a hair fallen out 3 to become intertwined (of hair, fur) 4 branch, firewood 5 a needle made of horn 6 fetlock

Evenki: c^i:je 1, 2

Even: c^i:.ja- 3

Negidal: c^i.ja 2

Literary Manchu: suja, sujax|a 4, sujx|on / sojx|on 5, sojlo 6

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta-

Meaning: that

Evenki: tar, tari

Even: tar

Negidal: taj

Spoken Manchu: ter@ (2878)

Literary Manchu: tere

Ulcha: ta:wu., ti.

Orok: tari

Nanai: taja

Oroch: ti:, tei

Udighe: tei, teji

Solon: taja:, tari

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tab-

Meaning: to pick up, collect

Evenki: taw-

Even: taw-

Negidal: taw-

Ulcha: tawc^u.-

Nanai: tao-san-

Oroch: taw-

Udighe: tai-

Solon: tawiz^|a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabsa-

Meaning: to caper

Evenki: tawha-, tapsa:n-

Even: tawsa-

Orok: tapsi.c^i.-

Nanai: tapsani 'get away from me!' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabu-

Meaning: fur footwear

Evenki: tawur, taubun

Even: te:wun

Nanai: toa-ma `a k. of footwear made of fish skin' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taga-

Meaning: to hitch, become entangled

Evenki: tag|a-

Negidal: ta:-

Spoken Manchu: ta- (420, 1647)

Literary Manchu: ta-

Ulcha: ta:-

Orok: ta:-

Nanai: ta:-

Oroch: ta:-

Udighe: ta-

Solon: ta:-wu:.-

239Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagda-

Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to be amazed

Negidal: tagda- 1

Literary Manchu: taqda- 2

Ulcha: taGda- 1

Orok: taGda- 1

Nanai: taGda- 1

Oroch: tagda- 1

Udighe: tagda- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagdi:-

Meaning: to pull out, tear out, uproot

Evenki: tagdi:-

Even: ta:d-

Negidal: tagdi.-

Literary Manchu: tadu-, tadura-

Ulcha: taGdi.-

Nanai: tadora-

Udighe: tagdi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKa-

Meaning: 1 completely 2 until, for a while

Literary Manchu: taqa 2

Jurchen: ta-ka (434) 2

Solon: taxati 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *takti-ka:n

Meaning: 1 cedar 2 yew 3 fir

Evenki: taktika:n 1

Literary Manchu: taqta mo: 3

Udighe: taktig|a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKu-

Meaning: to shamanize

Negidal: takoc^-

Nanai: tao-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taku-

Meaning: to repair

Evenki: taku-

Even: taq-

Ulcha: taqu.-

Orok: ta:wc^i.-

Nanai: taGo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKura-

Meaning: 1 to use 2 to send on service

Spoken Manchu: taqur@-, taquru- (1615) 1

Literary Manchu: taqura- 2

Jurchen: tah-xew-ra-xaj (401) 2

Udighe: t`aula- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taK(V)

Meaning: salt, bitter substance

Even: taq

Negidal: daksun

Literary Manchu: taqan 'mustard'

Oroch: daksu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *talgi:-g ( ~ -u":g)

240Keys of Han

Meaning: brushwood, forest with brushwood

Evenki: talgi:g|

Even: ta:lgi.g|

Negidal: talgi.x

Han-Tungus-prototype: *talpi

Meaning: thigh, hip

Ulcha: tarpi.

Orok: talpi., tali.pu.

Nanai: talpi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-

Meaning: 1 to pay 2 price

Evenki: tama- 1

Even: tam- 1

Negidal: tama- 1

Ulcha: tama- 1

Orok: tama- 1

Nanai: tama 2

Oroch: tama- 1

Udighe: tama- 1

Solon: tama- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-

Meaning: to gather, collect

Literary Manchu: tama-

Nanai: tama-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tami-

Meaning: 1 to munch 2 to inhale 3 to swallow

Evenki: tam- 1

Even: tam- 2

Negidal: tamanc^i.- Nanai: tami.- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tamV-

Meaning: shed, cover (for a hut)

Even: tamana

Nanai: tami.xi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tann|a-

Meaning: to capture, plunder

Even: tann|ъ.n-

Negidal: tann|an-

Orok: ta:na-

Udighe: tan|asi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|-

Meaning: to read, count

Evenki: tan|-

Even: tan|-

Negidal: ta:n|-

Oroch: tan|a":-, tan|i-

Udighe: tan|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|a

Meaning: bone (whitened from time)

Evenki: tan|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gu

Meaning: hundred

241Keys of Han

Negidal: tan|gu.

Spoken Manchu: tan|@ (2781)

Literary Manchu: tan|gu

Jurchen: tan-gu (663)

Ulcha: tan|Gu.

Orok: tan|Gu.

Nanai: tan|Go

Oroch: tan|gu

Udighe: tan|gu

Solon: tangu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gura-

Meaning: 1 to bow (in front of gods while praying) 2 to tell fairy-tales

Even: tan|ra:n- 2

Literary Manchu: tanz^|ura- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|u-

Meaning: 1 jackdaw 2 bird

Literary Manchu: tan|Gux|a 1

Nanai: tan|Gu.x|a 1

Udighe: tuni 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap

Meaning: through

Evenki: tapamnak

Even: tabdi.c^

Negidal: tap

Ulcha: tap

Orok: tap

Nanai: tap

Solon: tawakki- 'to pierce'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-

Meaning: to become dirty

Evenki: tapara:-

Oroch: tapti 'clay'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-

Meaning: to encourage, advise

Spoken Manchu: tav@l@- 'to soothe, to console, to comfort' (1506)

Literary Manchu: tafula-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *targa

Meaning: 1 beaver 2 tiger's cub

Literary Manchu: tarGan 2

Ulcha: tarGa 1

Nanai: tarGa 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tarmi:

Meaning: a k. of duck

Evenki: tarmi:

Negidal: tajmi:.

Literary Manchu: tarmin n/exe

Ulcha: tarmi.

Nanai: tarmi.

Oroch: tauma":

Udighe: tauma"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tasaka

242Keys of Han

Meaning: tiger

Spoken Manchu: tas@h@ (2214)

Literary Manchu: tasx|a

Jurchen: tasxa (136)

Solon: tasax

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tata-

Meaning: to stop, make a camp

Literary Manchu: tata-

Jurchen: tata- (286)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tatki-

Meaning: to hit the target

Nanai: tatki.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *taxi

Meaning: knee, knee cap

Literary Manchu: tak/a

Ulcha: tax|i.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:kan

Meaning: log, causeway

Evenki: ta:ken

Even: ta:qъ.n

Negidal: ta:kan

Literary Manchu: tux|an

Orok: to:, to:g|o

Nanai: ta:qa

Oroch: ta:ka

Udighe: ta` (Корм. 292)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:ksa

Meaning: clay

Evenki: ta:ksa

Even: ta:s

Negidal: ta:ksa

Ulcha: toaqsa

Orok: to:qso

Nanai: toaqsa

Udighe: takea"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:lgi-

Meaning: 1 far from the shore, open sea 2 bay 3 quiet sea surface 4 to become quiet (of wind, weather)

Evenki: ta:lgu- 4

Even: talargъ.n- 4, talgi.n 2, 3

Literary Manchu: talGan 3

Ulcha: talz^|i. 1

Orok: talda 1

Nanai: talgi.a 1, talGa 2, tali.-tali. 3

Oroch: tagga-la, tagga-si 1

Udighe: taga" 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:n-

Meaning: to stretch, pull

Evenki: ta:n-

Even: ta:n-

Literary Manchu: tan|giqu 'device for stretching the bow string'

Ulcha: tu.an-

243Keys of Han

Orok: to:n-

Nanai: toan-

Oroch: ta:na-

Udighe: tana-

Solon: tan-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:xVr

Meaning: 1 shell, shelled animals 2 crab-octopus 3 horned beetle

Evenki: ta:kre 3

Literary Manchu: tax|ura 1

Ulcha: tajra 1

Orok: ta:x|a 2

Oroch: taira 1

Solon: ta:xir 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-

Meaning: to put, place

Evenki: tew-

Even: tew-

Negidal: tew(u)-

Literary Manchu: tebu-

Ulcha: tew-c^i-

Orok: tewe- / teu-

Nanai: teu-

Oroch: tewu-, teu-

Udighe: teu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-

Meaning: 1 rags 2 tail on shaman's belt

Evenki: tewduke: 1

Solon: tabxa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-

Meaning: 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect

Evenki: tewej- 1

Udighe: tegbese- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tede:-

Meaning: to relate, transmit

Evenki: tede:w-

Negidal: tedew-

Literary Manchu: todo-lo 'omen, admonition'

Orok: tede- 'to notice'

Oroch: tedu- 'teach'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege-

Meaning: to sit

Evenki: tege-

Even: tъg|-

Negidal: teg|et-

Spoken Manchu: te- (505)

Literary Manchu: te-

Jurchen: teh-biar (423)

Ulcha: te:wu

Orok: te:-

Nanai: te:si.-

Oroch: te:-

Udighe: te:-

244Keys of Han

Solon: tege-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege:-r /-n

Meaning: 1 lower edge 2 edge

Evenki: teg|e:r (dial. teg|e:n) 1

Negidal: teg|en 1

Literary Manchu: ten 2

Ulcha: tene 'beginning'

Orok: te:(n) / teg|e(n) 1,2

Nanai: te:· 2

Oroch: te: 1

Udighe: te:(n) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teje-

Meaning: 1 to live 2 to be quiet, rest

Evenki: tiwa:n- 1

Even: tiwnъ- 2

Negidal: tejewan- 1

Literary Manchu: teje- 2

Nanai: tein- 2

Oroch: te:n|kuc^i- (caus.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teke-

Meaning: to tear, burst

Evenki: teke:-

Even: tъkъk-, tъkъl-

Ulcha: teke:-

Nanai: teke:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tekti

Meaning: thick (of liquids)

Negidal: tekti

Ulcha: tekti(n)

Nanai: tekc^i

Oroch: tekse

Udighe: tekti

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tel-

Meaning: 1 to cock (a cross-bow) 2 to spread a carcass, to skin 3 spreader

Evenki: telbe- 1, telge- 2

Even: telgъ- 2

Negidal: telge- 2

Ulcha: telz^|ec^i- 2

Orok: telde- 2, telbe 3

Nanai: telgec^i- 2

Oroch: tegge- 2

Udighe: tegesi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *telbe

Meaning: dirt, dirty

Negidal: telbe

Ulcha: telbeni

Orok: telbenuli

Udighe: telbeni

Han-Tungus-prototype: *teme-

Meaning: 1 big needle 2 axle 3 sledge stick 4 net 5 to hang the net

Evenki: temek 3

245Keys of Han

Negidal: teme 1, temti 4

Literary Manchu: temene ulme 1, temun 2, tomoo 1

Ulcha: temti 4

Orok: temetc^i 'черпалка'

Nanai: temc^iku 4, temnegu- 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *temi-

Meaning: to grope

Evenki: temi-

Even: temi-

Negidal: temikte-

Ulcha: temuru-

Orok: temiri-

Nanai: temiri-

Udighe: teme-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *temu-

Meaning: 1 in vain 2 barely, scarcely

Evenki: tomoku:n 1

Ulcha: tembu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|-

Meaning: to flutter, shake, wave; throw; jump

Literary Manchu: ten|gelz^|e-, ten|ki-, ten|ne-

Jurchen: tin|-da-mai 'to release' (400)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|er- / *ton|or-

Meaning: 1 a k. of butterfly 2 spider

Negidal: ton|orawki:. 1

Orok: te:nen|z^|i, tegenenz^|i 2

Oroch: ten|eje 2

Udighe: ten|e 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tep-

Meaning: 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot

Evenki: tepu:- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4

Even: tepsen|ni:- 2

Negidal: tepekele- 5

Nanai: tepete- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepe-

Meaning: 1 to catch fire, to burn 2 to burn through

Spoken Manchu: tiav@- 1

Literary Manchu: tefe- 2

Nanai: tepe- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepku

Meaning: sheath, sack

Evenki: tepku

Even: tъpkun

Negidal: tepke

Literary Manchu: tebku 'uterus'

Orok: tupo

Oroch: tekpu, tepku

Udighe: tekpu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ter-

Meaning: falcon, hawk

Even: te:rn|a, tern|e:

246Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *terbe ( ~ *turbe)

Meaning: name of an edible plant

Evenki: terwe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge-

Meaning: 1 deerskin, cloth made of deerskin 2 footwear made of deerskin

Evenki: tergekse 1

Even: tergъs 1

Negidal: tergemi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge-

Meaning: 1 to think 2 to doubt

Evenki: terge- 1

Ulcha: terge- 2

Nanai: tergede- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *terin

Meaning: back of axe

Evenki: terin

Even: terъn

Negidal: tejin

Literary Manchu: teru ; anus'

Orok: terkile- 'hit with back of axe'

Nanai: teri(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *texe:n

Meaning: root, foundation

Evenki: teke:n, teke:r

Even: teken

Negidal: teken

Ulcha: texe

Orok: tekke(n)

Nanai: texe

Oroch: teke(n)

Udighe: te:ge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-

Meaning: to set, place

Evenki: te:w-

Even: te:w-

Literary Manchu: teben {'prop'}

Jurchen: tej-bew {'set up, supported'} (437)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-

Meaning: 1 to catch up with 2 to walk behind 3 to run in leaps

Evenki: te:wul- 1

Even: tewut- 2

Udighe: tau-ma"na- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:be-

Meaning: 1 to catch 2 to embrace

Evenki: tewe- / te:we:- 1

Even: tew- 1, tewel- 2

Negidal: tewen- 1

Spoken Manchu: tiv@l@-, tevil@- (1494)

Literary Manchu: tebel/e- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:l-

Meaning: to sober up, come to one's senses

247Keys of Han

Evenki: te:l-

Even: tel-

Orok: te:li-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:mu

Meaning: 1 raft 2 boat

Evenki: te:mu 1

Even: tem 1

Negidal: tem 1

Literary Manchu: temc^iku 2

Ulcha: temu(n) 1

Orok: temu 1

Nanai: temu 1, temc^ie 2

Oroch: temmu 1, temtig|e 2

Udighe: temtige 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:n|-

Meaning: 1 plain, lowland 2 low bank 3 pool 4 wide lake

Evenki: te:n 1, ten|ki: 1

Even: ten|kъ 'forest'

Negidal: ten| 2

Literary Manchu: ten|gin 4

Orok: ten|esi 'mountain pass'

Nanai: te:n|ki 3

Oroch: ten|ki 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:rge:-

Meaning: pool, swamp

Evenki: te:rge:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:ri:

Meaning: 1 couple, pair 2 equal

Evenki: te:ri: 1

Even: te:ri 1

Negidal: te:ji: 1

Nanai: terini 2

Oroch: te:ji: 1

Udighe: tie 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tia- (*taj-)

Meaning: to swim, float

Evenki: ti:- / c^i:- `to slip, slide'

Even: ta":-

Negidal: te:µc^u-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiaku

Meaning: 1 hen 2 quail

Even: ta":qc^aqa 2

Spoken Manchu: c^oqo: 'chicken' (2198)

Literary Manchu: c^oqo 1

Jurchen: tixo (161) 1

Nanai: c^i.qo 1

Oroch: c^oko 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiam-

Meaning: sledge bow

Negidal: te:µmka:n

Ulcha: te:µmbu.

Orok: c^i.mbo

248Keys of Han

Nanai: c^i.amboa

Oroch: te:µmbua

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiap

Meaning: extremely, completely

Nanai: ti.ap

Oroch: tiap

Udighe: tofu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiar-

Meaning: to melt (fat), roast

Even: ta":r-

Negidal: te:µj-

Spoken Manchu: c^ar@- (382)

Literary Manchu: c^aru-

Orok: c^i.ru.-

Nanai: c^i.ro-

Oroch: tiru-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tias-

Meaning: quite, completely

Negidal: te:µs

Ulcha: te:µs

Orok: tes

Nanai: ti.as

Oroch: ta":s, tias

Udighe: tea"si

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tibn|a

Meaning: male deer, elk

Evenki: tin|er

Ulcha: t/an|a

Oroch: tipan|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tige ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: dish(es)

Evenki: tig|e

Negidal: tige

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiki-

Meaning: to fit, be placed into

Ulcha: tiki-

Nanai: c^i.qi.-

Oroch: tiki-

Udighe: tixi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKi ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: hair on skin

Evenki: tikikta

Even: ti:ken

Negidal: ti.kta

Oroch: tikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti-kte

Meaning: louse

Spoken Manchu: c^ixe: (2255)

Literary Manchu: c^ixe

Ulcha: tiqte

Orok: tikte

Nanai: c^ikte

249Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKu-n-, *tiKu-l-

Meaning: to be angry

Evenki: tikul-, tikun-

Even: ti.qu.l-

Solon: tegul-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tilka-

Meaning: to splatter, overflow

Evenki: tilka-

Even: ti.lqъn-

Ulcha: c^i.lc^an-

Nanai: c^i.lqa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tim-

Meaning: 1 calm (of weather) 2 calm, silent 3 to speak silently, move lips 4 night silence (in the forest)

Evenki: temelken 4

Even: ti.mъ.rъ.n 1, timne- (folkl. ti:nme-) 3

Nanai: c^i.mo-c^i.mo 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *timre

Meaning: 1 crumbs 2 flour made of dried meat

Evenki: timre

Even: ti:mrъ

Negidal: timne

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tip-

Meaning: 1 to rise (of dust, smoke) 2 dirt, smear (with dirt, clay)

Evenki: tipi:- 1, tipa- 2

Negidal: ti.p- 2

Spoken Manchu: c^iva- 2 (2440)

Literary Manchu: c^ifa- 2

Ulcha: c^i.ptan 2

Orok: c^i.pa 2

Nanai: c^i.pc^a 2

Oroch: tipa 2

Udighe: tefakta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tire:-

Meaning: to press, insert, make a support

Evenki: tire:-

Even: tiruke-

Negidal: tije:-

Literary Manchu: c^ir-ge-

Ulcha: tire-

Orok: c^ire-

Nanai: c^ire

Oroch: tije-

Solon: tir(e)-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirga ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: midday

Evenki: tirga

Even: ti.rgъ.n

Negidal: ti.dga

Oroch: tigga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirgi:-

Meaning: 1 to walk 2 (to ride) quickly 3 easily gliding

250Keys of Han

Evenki: tirgi:- 1

Literary Manchu: c^ir (seme) 2

Nanai: c^irgiliec^igde (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-

Meaning: head pillow

Evenki: tiru:

Even: tiru

Negidal: tiju:

Spoken Manchu: c^unuku (520)

Literary Manchu: c^irku

Ulcha: tireptu(n)

Orok: tireptu(n)

Nanai: c^iren|ku

Oroch: tireptu(n)

Udighe: tiu, tieu

Solon: teru

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-kse

Meaning: fish roe

Evenki: tirukse, tire:kse

Even: ti:s

Negidal: tise

Literary Manchu: c^erguwe, c^erxuwe

Orok: tersu 'нерестилище'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tisu:-

Meaning: 1 to clear the way for a caravan; help a child learn to walk 2 to drive deer

Evenki: tisu:- 1

Even: ti.sъ.sъ.n- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-

Meaning: to become full (of moon)

Evenki: ti:-

Negidal: ti:.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-

Meaning: to deprive, take away

Evenki: ti:-

Even: te:µ-

Negidal: ti.-z^|ajama `thief'

Ulcha: ti:-

Nanai: c^i:-

Udighe: ti:-

Solon: ti:-n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:nu-

Meaning: yesterday

Evenki: ti:newe

Even: ti:niw

Negidal: ti:nuwej

Orok: c^ine / c^in/e:

Oroch: tinew

Udighe: tinenen|i

Solon: ti:nug|, ti:nuge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *toga

Meaning: fire

Evenki: tog|o

251Keys of Han

Even: tog|

Negidal: tog|o

Spoken Manchu: tua: (476)

Literary Manchu: tuwa

Jurchen: towi (21)

Ulcha: tawa

Orok: tawa

Nanai: tao

Oroch: to:

Udighe: to:

Solon: togo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *togar

Meaning: big span

Evenki: tog|or

Even: tog|ъ.r

Negidal: tog|oj

Literary Manchu: to:

Ulcha: tawali

Nanai: tawar

Oroch: to:

Udighe: to:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tokta-

Meaning: 1 to hit, knock 2 to chop 3 sound of knocking

Evenki: tokto- 1,2

Even: towta- 1,2

Negidal: tokto- 2

Literary Manchu: toq seme 3

Ulcha: tu.qtu.ri- 1

Nanai: tokto- 2

Oroch: tokto- 1

Udighe: tokto- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola-

Meaning: to kindle (a torch)

Literary Manchu: tolo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola

Meaning: frog eggs

Negidal: tolo

Oroch: tolo

Udighe: toli

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolga

Meaning: sleigh (with dogs)

Evenki: tolgoki:; tolgodo:- 'to go in a sleigh'

Negidal: tolgoxi.·

Nanai: tolki.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolki-n

Meaning: dream

Evenki: tolkin

Even: tolqъ.n

Negidal: tolki.n

Spoken Manchu: t/olixin (529)

Literary Manchu: tolgin / tolxin

Jurchen: tol-xin (356)

252Keys of Han

Ulcha: tolc^i.(n)

Orok: tolc^i.(n)

Nanai: tolki.·

Oroch: tokki

Udighe: to`si- 'to dream' (Корм. 296)

Solon: tolkis^/i:- 'to dream'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-

Meaning: 1 to spin 2 thread

Evenki: tomko- 1

Even: tomko- 1

Negidal: tomko- 2

Literary Manchu: ton|Go 1

Jurchen: to-n|o (250) 1

Ulcha: ton|pi.- 1

Orok: toqpo- 1

Nanai: tompo- 1

Oroch: tompo- 1

Udighe: tompo- 1

Solon: ton|xo- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-n

Meaning: boat made of planks

Evenki: tomkon

Even: to":mkin 'oar'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|-

Meaning: 1 to bend (a branch) 2 cradle's bow 3 cylindric vessel

Evenki: ton|o- 1

Literary Manchu: tun|gi 'a k. of bow'

Nanai: ton|ma 2

Udighe: tun|z|a` 3 (Корм. 297)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|al-

Meaning: 1 round 2 smth. round

Evenki: ton|ollo 2

Even: ton|ъ.lrъ. 2

Negidal: ton|gulikin 1

Orok: ton|Golto 'loop'

Nanai: ton|gokpi.a 1

Oroch: tun|epke 'ring'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|da

Meaning: straight, honest, true

Evenki: ton|no

Negidal: ton|no

Spoken Manchu: tond@ (2376, 2484)

Literary Manchu: tondo

Jurchen: ton|-do (407)

Ulcha: ton|do

Orok: ton|do

Nanai: ton|do

Oroch: ton|no(n)

Udighe: to:n|do

Solon: tondo:xo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *top(V)g-

253Keys of Han

Meaning: knee

Evenki: tuwnuke, tug|unuke 'ankle bone'

Spoken Manchu: t/ovix/a, t/ov@g/a: (136)

Literary Manchu: tobg/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tora-ki: (~-u":)

Meaning: boar

Evenki: toroki:

Negidal: toroki:.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tox-

Meaning: 1 wheel, hoop 2 to go round, turn round 3 curved, bent

Evenki: tokor- 2, tokc^ika- 3

Negidal: toxoj- 2, tokc^oka 3

Literary Manchu: tox|oro 1

Orok: to:roli.- 'to grind'

Nanai: toxoriqo 'pulley' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *toxan

Meaning: button, buckle

Negidal: toxon

Literary Manchu: tox|on

Ulcha: tox|o(n)

Orok: toqo, tox|o(n)

Nanai: tox|o

Udighe: toho

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:Ki:

Meaning: elk

Evenki: to:ki:

Even: to:ki.

Negidal: to:ki:.

Literary Manchu: tox|o

Ulcha: to:

Orok: to:

Nanai: to:

Oroch: to:ki

Solon: to:xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lg-

Meaning: 1 deep place close to the bank 2 whirlpool 3 backwater

Evenki: to:lga: 1, dial. to:lga:n 2

Even: to:lgu 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lga-

Meaning: 1 to stop 2 to collide

Evenki: to:lga- 1

Orok: toldoqpi.n- 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:li

Meaning: belt, strap for trousers

Evenki: to:l

Literary Manchu: toli

Udighe: tolixe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:l-po-

Meaning: sinciput, top of head

Orok: tolpomu.

Nanai: to:rpoa

254Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ma

Meaning: a k. of plant similar to potato

Oroch: to:ma

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ri:-

Meaning: 1 wages, dowry 2 to hire

Evenki: to:ri: 1

Even: tori. 1

Negidal: to:ji:. 1

Spoken Manchu: t/uri- 2 (968)

Literary Manchu: turi- 2, turigen, turixen `rent'

Ulcha: tori.(n), turi(n) 1

Orok: tori. 1

Nanai: tori. 1

Oroch: toji 1

Udighe: toi 1

Solon: turgunde:- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:sa-

Meaning: white spot on animal's forehead

Evenki: to:sa-la:n, dial. to:ha-kta

Literary Manchu: tosi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuba

Meaning: jackdaw, rook

Ulcha: towa, tu.wa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tube-

Meaning: 1 fruit 2 berry 3 blue-berry

Evenki: tewukte 2

Even: tъwtъ 2

Negidal: tewu-kte 2

Spoken Manchu: t/uf@xi, t/uv@xi: 1 (323)

Literary Manchu: tubixe 1

Jurchen: tuwi-xe (525) 1

Ulcha: tuikte 3

Nanai: c^uikte 3

Oroch: c^ikte 3

Udighe: teukte 3

Solon: tuwik 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tubu- ( ~ -p-)

Meaning: 1 to step, trample 2 stirrup 3 track

Evenki: tu:(w)- 1

Even: to":- 1

Negidal: tu.asan 3

Literary Manchu: tufon, tufun 2

Jurchen: tuw-fu (231) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuc^u- / *c^uc^u-

Meaning: 1 to scrape (skin) 2 scraper

Evenki: c^uc^u-le:- 1, c^uc^u-n 2

Even: c^o"t-le- 1, c^o"c^u-n 2

Negidal: c^oc^o- 1, c^oc^on 2

Orok: tottolo- 1, totto-, tuttu- 2

Nanai: tuc^u-le- 1, tuc^u 2

Oroch: c^oc^o-lo- 1, c^oc^o(n) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tude-

255Keys of Han

Meaning: to be constipated

Evenki: tude-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuga- (~ -b-)

Meaning: 1 to see 2 to check 3 to beware

Even: tewun|c^i- 3

Spoken Manchu: ta:- 1 (173)

Literary Manchu: tuwa- 1

Jurchen: tonz^|u-lar (804) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tugde-

Meaning: to reach

Ulcha: tugdi-

Oroch: tugde-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuge-

Meaning: 1 cloud 2 winter

Evenki: tu:ksu, tu:kse 1, tug|e 2

Even: to"g|ec^in 1, tug|e-ni 2

Negidal: tokso 1, tuwe, tug|e 2

Spoken Manchu: tukusu (2009), t/uxi (2010)

Literary Manchu: tugi 1, tuweri 2

Jurchen: tuje-n|i (6), tu-e-li 2

Ulcha: tewekse 1, tue 2

Orok: teweske 1, tuwe 2

Nanai: tukse 1, tue 2

Oroch: tokso 1, tuwe, tue 2

Udighe: toko" 1, tue 2

Solon: tukc^u 1, tugu 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tujba-

Meaning: adze, scraper

Even: ti.baq

Literary Manchu: tujbalaqu, tujpan

Ulcha: tu.jba(n)

Nanai: tojba

Oroch: ti:ba

Udighe: ti:bo, tuibo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuju-

Meaning: 1 to give 2 to give a feast

Evenki: tuju- 2

Even: to"j- 2

Negidal: tojo- 2

Literary Manchu: tuwe-de-, teo-de- 'to resell, exchange'

Jurchen: tuju-xe 1 (428)

Ulcha: tuju- 2

Orok: tojo- 2

Nanai: tuju- 2

Oroch: tojo- 2

Udighe: tuju- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuK-

Meaning: 1 prop (in a tent) 2 bars, shelves (in a wooden baking device)

Evenki: tukta 1

Even: toqъ.ru.qan 1

Literary Manchu: tuqda 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKala / -ra

256Keys of Han

Meaning: wild onion, Lilienzwiebel

Evenki: tukala

Even: to"kъr

Negidal: toxoj

Literary Manchu: tuk/a(n) da

Oroch: tokoi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuki-

Meaning: to fish

Ulcha: tu:kic^i- 'рыбачить ночью в узкой протоке ставной сетью'

Nanai: tukiec^i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuksa-

Meaning: 1 to run 2 hare

Evenki: tuksa- 1, tuksa-ki: 2

Even: tu:.s- 1

Negidal: toksa- 1, toksaki:. 2

Literary Manchu: toqsaqa 'bastard'

Ulcha: toqsa 2

Orok: tu.qsa- 1, tu.qsa 2

Nanai: toqsa 2

Oroch: tuksan 2

Udighe: tukea"- 1, tuksa 2

Solon: tu.kc^a:n- 'jump, leap', tu.tc^axi, tu.rc^axi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKu-

Meaning: 1 calf, young of deer 2 to bear

Evenki: tuku-c^e:n 1

Even: tu:- 2

Literary Manchu: tuqs^an 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuku- ~ *taku-

Meaning: funnel (for pouring liquid)

Ulcha: tuqu.(n), taqu(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-

Meaning: 1 to wade 2 to cross (a mountain ridge)

Evenki: tuldun- 2

Orok: tolo- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-

Meaning: 1 to promise 2 to contemplate 3 plan, intention

Even: tuleg- 1, tulbajal- `look at smth. peacefully'

Literary Manchu: tulbi- 2, tulbin 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-

Meaning: 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large torn ram skin

Evenki: tulduli- 2

Even: tu.ldъ.q- 1

Literary Manchu: tulxu 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tule-

Meaning: to skewer; to set up

Evenki: tule-

Even: tul-

Negidal: tule-

Ulcha: tule-

Orok: tule-

Nanai: tule-

257Keys of Han

Oroch: tule-

Udighe: tule-

Solon: tulu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulge

Meaning: wolf

Solon: tu:lge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuli:-

Meaning: exterior, external side

Evenki: tuli:-n

Even: to"l-de-

Negidal: tulgi-

Spoken Manchu: tiuli- (2590, 3028)

Literary Manchu: tul-gi-

Jurchen: tuli-le (601)

Ulcha: tuli

Orok: tulie(n)

Nanai: tulie

Solon: tulergi, tul-de:li:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulu ( ~ u")

Meaning: horse's breast

Literary Manchu: tulu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tum-

Meaning: 1 clever 2 to understand

Evenki: tumnac^i: 1

Negidal: tumku-n 1

Oroch: tumne- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumin

Meaning: spittle

Evenki: tumin

Even: tumnin

Negidal: tomon

Udighe: tumin|i- 'to spit out'

Solon: tomi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumn|u-

Meaning: top of head

Evenki: tun|ulke:n, temulke:n

Even: ten|elek, tun|elek

Spoken Manchu: tun|un

Nanai: tembilku

Oroch: tumaxa

Udighe: temuge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu-n/ga

Meaning: five

Evenki: tunn|a

Even: tu.nn|ъ.n

Negidal: ton/n|a / tun|n/a

Spoken Manchu: sunz^|a: (2739)

Literary Manchu: sunz^|a

Jurchen: cunz^|a (640)

Ulcha: tu.n/z^|a

Orok: tu.nda

Nanai: tojn|ga

258Keys of Han

Oroch: tun|a

Udighe: tun|a

Solon: ton|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-

Meaning: 1 lake 2 backwater

Evenki: tun|er 1, tun|uke 2

Even: to"n|e:r 1

Negidal: to"n|e:r 1

Literary Manchu: tun|gu 'abyss, deep place'

Udighe: ton|i, tun|i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-

Meaning: 1 to warn 2 to know 3 to tell

Evenki: tun|ni:- 1, tun|e- 2

Literary Manchu: ton|gi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|de (~-r-)

Meaning: willow

Ulcha: tun|de

Orok: tun|de

Nanai: tun|de

Oroch: tun|de

Udighe: tun|de

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|ke

Meaning: 1 cover of kettle 2 roof

Spoken Manchu: tuxe: 'pan lid, kettle lid' (586); tug|e 2

Literary Manchu: tuxe 1

Nanai: tun|ke 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-si-

Meaning: 1 bear's head 2 bear's forehead 3 name of a mythical predator (fox-like, devouring tigers and dragons)

Evenki: tun|suku 1

Negidal: texseke 2

Literary Manchu: tun|situn 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tup-

Meaning: 1 excrescence on a tree trunk 2 saddle bow

Evenki: tupuka 1

Orok: tu.pqa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi-

Meaning: to spit, spittle

Spoken Manchu: c^iv@l@- (36, 408)

Literary Manchu: c^ife-le-

Ulcha: ti.pu.(n)

Orok: tu.pi.n

Nanai: topi.n-

Oroch: tupin-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: woven basket

Literary Manchu: tubi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-

Meaning: 1 to be born, grow 2 to go out 3 herd of deer during coupling 4 bear family

Evenki: turku- 2, turi: 3

Even: to"ri 4

Spoken Manchu: tiuc^i- 'emerge, appear' (1184)

259Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: tuc^i- 1, 2

Jurchen: tuj-ti-mij (714) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tura:ki:

Meaning: crow, rook

Evenki: tura:ki:

Even: tu.rъ.qi.

Negidal: tora:xi:.

Nanai: tora:ki.

Oroch: tuaxi, tuwaki

Udighe: tua`i

Solon: tura:ki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ture:-

Meaning: to curse; to speak

Evenki: ture:-

Even: to":re-

Negidal: tu:je:-

Solon: tu:re:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turga-

Meaning: prop, support

Evenki: turga

Even: to.r

Negidal: tojga, tuju

Ulcha: tu.z^|aku.

Nanai: tojGa

Oroch: tugia- 'to prop'

Udighe: tuga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turgun

Meaning: reason, cause

Evenki: turgun

Spoken Manchu: turuxun (2915)

Literary Manchu: turgun

Jurchen: tu-ru-wen-

Ulcha: turgu(n)

Nanai: turgu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turi-

Meaning: 1 gooseberry; black currants 2 peas, beans

Evenki: turikta 1

Literary Manchu: turi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turki

Meaning: sleigh, narta

Evenki: turku

Even: tu.rqi.

Ulcha: tu.c^i.

Orok: tu.tc^i.

Nanai: toki.

Oroch: tukki

Udighe: tuxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-ku-

Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to swoop (of a wind gust)

Evenki: turku- 1

Udighe: tuku- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku-

260Keys of Han

Meaning: to get caught (in a trap, net)

Evenki: turku-

Negidal: tojki.-

Ulcha: tu.c^u.-

Orok: tu.tu.-

Nanai: tojqo-

Oroch: tokko-, tukku-

Solon: tu.kku.ta:· bi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku- / *turke-

Meaning: be unable

Evenki: turku-

Even: turku-

Negidal: tujku-

Ulcha: teten-

Orok: teten-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turu

Meaning: pole, mast; sacred pole, place

Evenki: turu

Negidal: tojo

Spoken Manchu: tura: 'post' (460)

Literary Manchu: tura

Jurchen: tur-ra (208)

Ulcha: tu.ra

Orok: toro

Nanai: toro, tora

Oroch: tu:

Solon: to"ro" 'door-post'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *turV

Meaning: 1 earth 2 lump of earth

Evenki: tur 1(dial.)

Even: to":r

Negidal: tu:j 1

Nanai: tur-qa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tut[a]-

Meaning: to run

Evenki: tutu- 'crawl away'

Even: tut-

Negidal: tutu- 'crawl'

Ulcha: tu.tu.-

Orok: tu.ta-

Nanai: tutu-

Oroch: tutu-

Udighe: tutu-

Solon: tute-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-

Meaning: to stay, remain

Spoken Manchu: tuta- 'to stay behind, to remain behind' (1180)

Literary Manchu: tuta-

Jurchen: duta-xun (720)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-ril-

Meaning: to get scabs

261Keys of Han

Evenki: tutaril-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tute-

Meaning: sword, spear

Evenki: tuteke:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tux-

Meaning: to take into arms

Evenki: tuk-

Even: to.k-

Ulcha: tu:wu-le-

Nanai: tuxi-si-

Udighe: tugele-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:kre

Meaning: 1 clavicle 2 upper rib

Evenki: tu:kre 1

Even: to"kъr 1

Negidal: tuxse 2

Udighe: tuhe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:ri:-

Meaning: 1 to hold, support 2 support (n.)

Evenki: tu:ri:-n 1

Even: to"r- 1

Negidal: tuju 2

Ulcha: turu-wen- 1

Orok: toro-n|olo- 1

Nanai: turi-n-,turu:- 1

Oroch: turi- 1

Solon: teru:· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:te-

Meaning: a 4-year-old elk

Evenki: tu:teke:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"gde-le:-

Meaning: 1 to cross a bridge 2 bridge, log

Evenki: tigdele:-, digde- 1, tigdele:n 2

Even: tildraun 2

Orok: tugdule 2, tugdule- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"jn|e(-pun)

Meaning: staff

Evenki: tijewun

Even: tijun

Negidal: tijewun

Spoken Manchu: teifun (676) 'walking stick, staff'

Literary Manchu: tejfun

Ulcha: tinepu(n)

Orok: tein|geptu(n)

Nanai: tunepu

Oroch: tijo:, tijeu(n)

Udighe: tiu, tieu(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"K-, *tu"gde

Meaning: 1 rain 2 to fall, drop

Evenki: tigde 1, tik- 2

Even: ti:d 1, tik- 2

Negidal: tigde 1, tik- 2

262Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: tuxe- 2

Jurchen: tu-ho- 2

Ulcha: tugde 1, tu:- 2

Orok: tugde / tugz^|e 1, tu:- 2

Nanai: tugde 1, tu:- 2

Oroch: tigde 1, ti:- 2

Udighe: tigde

Solon: tiki- 2, tegde- 'to rain'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ksa

Meaning: house cover made of birch bark

Evenki: tiksa

Even: ti.s

Negidal: ti.ksa

Literary Manchu: tuqsa

Ulcha: tu.i.qsa

Nanai: ti.sa (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: tuksa

Udighe: tukea", tuka"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"la-

Meaning: 1 to become exhausted 2 to stop growing, weaken 3 to miss time, opportunity

Evenki: tila- 1

Even: ti.l- 2

Literary Manchu: tuli- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"pa, *tu"p-ken

Meaning: 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail

Evenki: tipken 1

Even: tipkir, tipken 1

Negidal: tipke:n 1

Ulcha: tukpe(n) 1

Orok: tupke(n)/-kpen 1

Nanai: tukpe 1

Oroch: tipa 2, tippe 1

Udighe: tikpe(n) 1

Solon: tikke:su 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"re:-(kse)

Meaning: boot-top

Evenki: tire:kse

Negidal: tijekse

Literary Manchu: ture

Ulcha: turekse

Orok: tureske

Nanai: turekse

Oroch: tijekse

Udighe: tiehe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ru"

Meaning: straps

Evenki: tiri:

Even: ti.ri.

Literary Manchu: turu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u-

Meaning: 1 this 2 that

Spoken Manchu: eva: (2620, 2884) 1

263Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: u-ba 1

Udighe: u-ti 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ub(u)-

Meaning: 1 to panic 2 to quarrel

Evenki: upc^u- 2

Nanai: obosa- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^-

Meaning: 1 case, fate 2 time, season

Even: u.c^i.q 1

Literary Manchu: uc^uri 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^e-

Meaning: diarrhoea

Evenki: uc^en

Negidal: uc^el- (v.)

Ulcha: uc^e

Nanai: uce (Bik.)

Udighe: use

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^ik(te)

Meaning: 1 sheath 2 ornaments on sheath

Literary Manchu: uc^iqa 1

Orok: uc^ikte 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uda-

Meaning: 1 pregnant 2 to bear calves 3 first-born child 4 birth pains 5 placenta

Evenki: udaja 4, udac^a:n 5

Even: odandra"- 2

Negidal: odi.n 1

Orok: u.di.ma 3

Oroch: udama 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *udi:-

Meaning: 1 to ornament 2 ornament

Evenki: udi:- 1

Negidal: uditkan 2

Orok: uz^|i 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *udu-n

Meaning: rain (with wind)

Evenki: udun

Even: u.dъn

Oroch: udu(n)

Solon: u.du.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-

Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to mount

Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|- 2

Even: o"g|ъ- 1, u:- 2

Negidal: uvi- ~ ug|i- 1, okc^a-la:- 2

Literary Manchu: ve-si- 1

Jurchen: wi-si (594) 1

Ulcha: uji- 1, u:.- 2

Orok: ui, uwu 1, u:.- 2

Nanai: uwu-j 1, o:- 2

Oroch: ui-si 1, u:- 2

Udighe: ui- 1, u:-na- 2

264Keys of Han

Solon: ug|e-sxi: 1, ugu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-

Meaning: 1 gall 2 to rot 3 rotten

Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|le:- 2

Even: ugo 1, u:l- 2

Orok: u:g|ledixe 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-da-

Meaning: 1 dry larch 2 building made of dry larch 3 boat

Evenki: ugdal 1, ugda:n 2, ugda-ksa 3

Even: u.dan 2

Negidal: ogda 3, ogdan 2

Ulcha: u.Gda 3

Orok: u.Gda 3

Nanai: oGda 3

Oroch: ugda 3

Udighe: ugda 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uge:(r)- / *ug-be(n)

Meaning: 1 wave 2 jet 3 river rift

Evenki: u:g|e 1, dial. uwe:, uwge-

Negidal: uwe: 1, ubge-n 3

Literary Manchu: were-n 2

Ulcha: ugbe(n) 3

Nanai: we 1, ugbe 3

Oroch: uwe 1, 2

Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), ue 1, 2, ugbe(n) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi(r)-

Meaning: 1 herd 2 pasture 3 yard 4 gate 5 garden

Evenki: ujur 2 (Nep.), ug|uwa, uwuwa 1 (Olk., Tng.)

Even: ujire: 4

Orok: ujru 2

Udighe: uhi (Корм. 303), uji 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi:

Meaning: few

Evenki: ug|i:-kun

Negidal: og|i:.

Ulcha: oi.

Orok: oji

Nanai: oi.

Oroch: uji

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uji-

Meaning: to bind, knot together

Evenki: uj-

Even: uj-

Negidal: uj-

Ulcha: ui-

Orok: uj-

Nanai: ui-

Oroch: uji-, uju-

Udighe: uji-pti 'a k. of rope'

Solon: uji-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujKam

Meaning: 1 mountain ram 2 a k. of horned animal

265Keys of Han

Evenki: ujam 1

Even: u.jama 1

Negidal: ojamka 2

Literary Manchu: wejxen 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uju-

Meaning: alive

Spoken Manchu: veixun (695)

Literary Manchu: wei-xun

Ulcha: uju(n)

Orok: uju(n)

Nanai: uju

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujV

Meaning: to swim (of birds)

Evenki: uju-,uju-kta-

Negidal: oji.-jan-

Orok: onno:-

Nanai: on/oan-, ojana-

Udighe: wujan-, ujan-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK-

Meaning: 1 to get wet, wet 2 to wash

Evenki: uksu- 1

Even: oqti.- 2

Ulcha: uksi- 1

Nanai: uksi- 1

Oroch: uksi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK-

Meaning: 1 unity, accord 2 kin; successors

Literary Manchu: uxe 1, uqsun 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uki:

Meaning: crib, fish-pot, fish basket

Evenki: uki:

Even: u:kit

Negidal: uxi:

Literary Manchu: uku

Nanai: uki

Oroch: uki

Udighe: uki

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uKu-

Meaning: 1 female 2 daughter-in-law

Evenki: uku-c^e:n 1

Even: uki 1

Negidal: uxi 1

Literary Manchu: uki 1, uxen 2

Ulcha: we-c^e(n) 1

Orok: uwe-c^e(n) 1

Nanai: we-c^e 1

Oroch: we:c^ke 1

Udighe: guasa` 1 (Корм. 223)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-

Meaning: to sew

Evenki: ulli:-

Negidal: uli-

266Keys of Han

Spoken Manchu: ifi- (271)

Literary Manchu: ufi-, ifi-

Ulcha: urpi-

Orok: ulpi-

Nanai: ulpi-

Oroch: ippi-, uppi-

Udighe: ulihi-

Solon: uldi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula-

Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 river

Evenki: ula- 1

Even: u.l- 1

Spoken Manchu: ula: 'large river' (2090)

Literary Manchu: ulGa- 1, ula 2

Jurchen: ula (49) 2

Orok: u.la- 1

Nanai: u.lari.ko: (dial.) 'wet'

Udighe: ula- 1

Solon: u.lakku:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula

Meaning: 1 hemp 2 millet

Literary Manchu: olo 1

Nanai: ula 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula-n

Meaning: 1 frazil 2 glade, polynia

Evenki: ula:n 1

Negidal: olan 2

Ulcha: ula(n) 2

Nanai: ola 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule-

Meaning: good

Literary Manchu: ulin 'goods'

Ulcha: ule(n)

Orok: ulin|ga

Nanai: ule:· (Он.)

Udighe: uligdiga` 'beautiful' (Корм. 301)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:-

Meaning: to boil

Evenki: ule:-

Even: o"le:-

Negidal: ule:-

Ulcha: ulu-si-

Orok: ule:-

Nanai: ulu-

Udighe: olokto-

Solon: o"lo":-, ulo":-, elo":-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:k

Meaning: lie

Evenki: ule:k

Even: o"le:k

Negidal: o"lo"x

Literary Manchu: uluken

267Keys of Han

Oroch: oloki- (v.)

Solon: o"lo":x, elo":x

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgu-ki:

Meaning: chipmunk

Evenki: ulguki:

Ulcha: ulz^|i

Nanai: ulgi

Oroch: ugguka":

Udighe: ugz^|ixi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgumV (/*ulmugV)

Meaning: 1 pheasant 2 gull

Evenki: umn|e:ti: 2

Even: o":mn|e:ti 2

Negidal: o"mo"ti 2

Spoken Manchu: ol@h@m@, ol@hum@ 1 (2250)

Literary Manchu: ulx|uma 1

Jurchen: ulhu-ma (188) 1

Ulcha: olGoma 1

Nanai: olGomi. 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uligan

Meaning: pig

Negidal: olgi.n

Spoken Manchu: v@l@g/an (2195)

Literary Manchu: ulg/an

Jurchen: ulhian (162)

Ulcha: orgi.(n)

Orok: orgi.(n)

Nanai: olgi.a

Udighe: wage

Solon: ulge:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-

Meaning: to feed

Evenki: uli:-

Even: uli-

Literary Manchu: ulebu-

Nanai: uli-

Udighe: ulikte 'sacrificial fat' (Корм. 301)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-

Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar

Evenki: uli:- 1, uli:wun 2

Even: u.li.n- 1, u.li.wu.n 2

Negidal: oli.n- 1

Nanai: ulbe(n) 2

Udighe: ulimagda 'big delved boat

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:n-(kta)

Meaning: wild apple

Evenki: uli:kta 'wild apple', ulukta 'bird-cherry'

Literary Manchu: uli 'pear; rowan'

Ulcha: unikte

Nanai: un/ikte

Udighe: ulin|kie

Solon: uli:tte

268Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-(k)se

Meaning: meat

Evenki: ulle

Even: ulъd

Negidal: ule

Ulcha: ulse

Orok: ulise

Nanai: ulekse

Oroch: ukte

Udighe: ulehe

Solon: uldi, ulde

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uma-kta

Meaning: 1 brier 2 a sp. of berry 3 cornel

Even: umtъ.c^an 2

Literary Manchu: umpu 3

Ulcha: omaqta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ume- / emu-

Meaning: one

Evenki: umu:n

Even: o"mъn

Negidal: emen

Spoken Manchu: em@ (2734)

Literary Manchu: emu

Jurchen: emu (636)

Ulcha: u.m

Orok: umu:ke

Nanai: emu(n)

Oroch: om

Udighe: omo

Solon: emu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *um(i)-

Meaning: to drink

Evenki: um-

Negidal: om-

Spoken Manchu: iomi- (403)

Literary Manchu: omi-

Jurchen: umi-La (534)

Ulcha: u.mu.wu.

Orok: umi-

Nanai: omi-

Oroch: imi-

Udighe: umi-

Solon: ime-, imi-, emu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *umi:-

Meaning: to gather

Evenki: umi:w-

Even: u.mi.w-

Literary Manchu: im/a-

Ulcha: u.mu.c^i.-

Orok: u.mmu.-

Nanai: omo:-

Oroch: umu-

269Keys of Han

Udighe: u:mu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu-

Meaning: hole, nest

Evenki: umde:-k, umuk

Even: umre:ke:n, u.mak

Negidal: omu.

Ulcha: omon

Orok: omo

Nanai: omo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu:-kta

Meaning: egg

Evenki: umu:kta

Even: u.mtъ.

Negidal: omu.kta

Spoken Manchu: um@han (332)

Literary Manchu: umx|an, umGan

Ulcha: omu.qta

Nanai: omaqta

Oroch: umukta

Udighe: umukta

Solon: u.matta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *unde(ken)

Meaning: 1 board 2 horizontal pole in the house 3 house covering

Evenki: une, uneke:n 3

Even: unen 'dwelling place', dial. unipkin 2

Literary Manchu: undexen 1

Orok: une 3

Nanai: undexe

Oroch: un/i 3

Udighe: waneha" 2

Solon: unexe:· 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/i ( ~ u"-)

Meaning: small river, brook

Ulcha: u.n/i.

Orok: un/i 'river'

Nanai: on/i.

Oroch: un/i

Udighe: un/i "An/uj river"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/n|u-

Meaning: to smell

Evenki: unn|u-

Even: unn|u-

Negidal: un/n|u-

Ulcha: un/e-

Orok: unene-

Nanai: ujne-

Udighe: un|efe- (Корм. 303)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-

Meaning: 1 pit, hole 2 lair, den

Evenki: un|ulu 1

Negidal: on|olo 1

Literary Manchu: on|Gola, un|Gala 1, un 2

270Keys of Han

Ulcha: on|Golo 1

Nanai: on|Golo 1

Oroch: on|go 1

Udighe: on|go 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-

Meaning: 1 to cry, weep 2 to sing

Evenki: un|a- 2, un|ki:- 1

Even: u.n|/a":-u.n|/a": 1 (onom.)

Nanai: un|gu- 'to say, tell' (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-se, *un|nu-

Meaning: 1 palate 2 sinew in deer's neck 3 aorta, breast bone 4 Adam's apple, craw 5 region under the shoulderblade

Evenki: un|re:n 2, unn|un 1

Even: o"nn|ъlъk, un|ne 3

Negidal: u:n|ele 4

Orok: un|ele 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa

Meaning: flour

Negidal: opa

Spoken Manchu: ufa: (294)

Literary Manchu: ufa

Jurchen: wu-fa (531)

Ulcha: upa

Orok: upa

Nanai: opa

Oroch: upa

Udighe: ufa

Solon: u.g|o:·, uon 'bread'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa

Meaning: adze

Literary Manchu: efexun

Nanai: ofali, ufali

Oroch: upa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *upsi

Meaning: 1 shaman clothes 2 belt made of badger's skin

Negidal: upsi 1

Ulcha: upsi 1

Nanai: ufsi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *upVkte

Meaning: 1 lung(s) 2 down, light feather(s) 3 spleen 4 brisket (of a bear)

Even: o"bdъ 3

Negidal: opkoli. 4

Spoken Manchu: ufuxu 1 (85)

Literary Manchu: ufuxu 1

Ulcha: upte 2

Orok: upukte 2

Nanai: upulte 2, upke 3 (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: upukte 2

Udighe: ofokto 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ur

Meaning: 1 male 2 elk (2 y. old) 3 1-year-old deer

271Keys of Han

Evenki: ur 1, urikc^a:n 2

Negidal: ojc^a:n 2

Literary Manchu: urges^en 3

Nanai: ojc^a 2

Oroch: uric^a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ura- / *ur-ke

Meaning: 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk) top, cream 3 door

Evenki: urke 3

Even: urkъ 3

Negidal: ujke 3

Spoken Manchu: uc^i: 3 (451)

Literary Manchu: oro- 1, oroqu 2, uc^e 3

Ulcha: uc^e 3

Orok: ute 3

Nanai: ujke 3

Oroch: ukke 3

Udighe: uke 3

Solon: ukke, urke 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure-

Meaning: 1 to grow 2 sprout 3 bush

Evenki: uruktu 3

Literary Manchu: ursan 2

Jurchen: uru-xe 'ripe' (539)

Nanai: ure- 1, urekte 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-

Meaning: 1 truth 2 to justify 3 to agree

Evenki: ure:- 3

Even: o"re- 3

Negidal: uje:- 3

Literary Manchu: uru 1, urgin 'sample, form'

Jurchen: uru-le-be (831) 2

Solon: urubu- 'to learn (of soldiers)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-

Meaning: 1 to be similar, resemble 2 similar

Evenki: ure:- 1

Even: ure:c^ 2

Orok: urexe 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri

Meaning: 1 stomach, belly 2 breast collar 3 inner fat 4 maw 5 upper layer of yukola

Evenki: ur, uri-gde 1; uri-ptun 2; orik 4

Even: ur 1, orъqъn 3

Negidal: uji-pun 2

Ulcha: uru-ptu(n) 2

Orok: uritte 'fish belly'

Nanai: ori.x|ta 5

Solon: orxi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri:-

Meaning: to scoop, dig out

Evenki: uri:-

Even: uri-

Negidal: oji.-

272Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: wara-

Orok: uri-

Nanai: ori.c^i.-; ori. 'scoop'

Udighe: ui-

Solon: oru:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru-

Meaning: to enjoy, be merry

Evenki: uru:wsi:-

Even: o"rus-

Spoken Manchu: uruxun 'joy' (1929)

Literary Manchu: ur-gun 'joy'

Jurchen: wur-hul-z^|e-rie (372)

Orok: uru-lz^|ini-

Solon: urun-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru:-

Meaning: 1 to gather, collect 2 crowd, gathering

Evenki: uru:w- 1, uru:wu: 2

Negidal: oju.w-

Orok: uru-

Solon: oru.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *us-

Meaning: 1 herd, flock 2 game, wild animal

Evenki: usun|a 1

Even: u.su. 1

Ulcha: uselte 2

Orok: uselte 2

Nanai: uselte 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *us(a)

Meaning: 1 bad 2 to become sad 3 hate 4 guilt, crime 5 to be sick 6 to be unable, not want

Evenki: usa 1, use:- 5, use:-c^e- 6

Even: u.s 1,4, o"se- 5, 6

Negidal: osa 1

Spoken Manchu: usa- 'to be sad, to grieve' (1933)

Literary Manchu: osx|a 1, usa- 2

Jurchen: usu-g|a-buren (384) 3

Ulcha: osisi- 6

Nanai: osisi- 6

Han-Tungus-prototype: *usi:-

Meaning: 1 to bind 2 belt, rope, binding 3 to lace

Evenki: usi: 2, usi:- 1

Even: usi 2, us- 1

Negidal: usi: 2

Literary Manchu: us^e 2, us^e- 3

Ulcha: uesemse 2

Orok: ussi- 1

Nanai: use 2

Oroch: usi 2

Udighe: uhi 2

Solon: us^/i: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ute:-n

Meaning: house, dwelling

Evenki: uten

273Keys of Han

Even: u:te:n

Negidal: u:te:n

Orok: utemi

Oroch: u:tec^eken

Udighe: utuli, utulu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *util-

Meaning: to understand

Even: u.tъ.l-

Negidal: oti.l-

Literary Manchu: utulixequ 'unattentive'

Ulcha: u.ti.li.-

Orok: uttuli.-

Nanai: otoli.o-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *utumuk

Meaning: back of head

Evenki: utumuk

Even: o"to"mo"ho"k

Orok: utumu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *utu-n / -r

Meaning: 1 swamp 2 tundra 3 low bushes

Evenki: utun 1, 2

Orok: uterikte 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:n/i-

Meaning: to shamanize

Negidal: u:n/i-

Orok: u:nz^|in-

Nanai: un-

Oroch: un/i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:re

Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake

Evenki: u:re 1

Negidal: uje 1

Ulcha: were(n) 2

Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), uje

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:ri-

Meaning: recently, formerly

Evenki: u:r, u:ri

Even: o":r

Negidal: uj

Orok: o:ra-pc^i

Oroch: uja-da

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"b-

Meaning: 1 to hate, abhor 2 to panic 3 to be ashamed

Evenki: ibz^|a- 3

Spoken Manchu: uv/a- 'to dislike' (1904)

Literary Manchu: ub/a-, ib/a- 1

Nanai: obosa- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l-

Meaning: 1 fistula, hollow nutshell 2 anus

Even: i.mni. 2

Literary Manchu: ulu 1

Oroch: i:lmini 2

274Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l(k)e-

Meaning: 1 to measure 2 to understand 3 to transmit, relay, teach

Evenki: ilke- 1

Even: ilke:- 1

Negidal: ilke:t- 1

Spoken Manchu: ulixi- 2 (1860)

Literary Manchu: ulxi- 2, ula- 3

Jurchen: uli- 3

Nanai: ilkec^i- 1 (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: ile:c^i- 1

Udighe: ilewesi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"n-

Meaning: 1 notch on an arrow 2 scar, mark (on face) 3 wrinkle (on face)

Evenki: inn|u 3

Even: i.nn|atu. 2

Literary Manchu: wen 1

Nanai: u:· 1 (Он.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"re:-kte

Meaning: 1 larch 2 rod, willow rod

Evenki: ire:kte 1

Even: ire:t 1

Negidal: ije:kte 1

Ulcha: urekte 2

Orok: urekte 2

Nanai: urekte 2

Oroch: ijekte 2

Udighe: jakta 2

Solon: ire:kte, ire:tte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"se

Meaning: 1 seed 2 to grow 3 field ready for ploughing

Evenki: isew- 2

Even: isu- 2

Negidal: isew- 2

Spoken Manchu: usu: 1 (330, 1158, 2143)

Literary Manchu: use 1, usi-n 3

Jurchen: use 1, usi-in (50) 3

Ulcha: use 1

Nanai: use 1

Oroch: usi 1

Udighe: jehu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"t-

Meaning: 1 to ferment bread 2 jam, cream

Evenki: itke- 1

Literary Manchu: uta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *u":(g)-

Meaning: to knead, press

Evenki: i:-

Even: i:-

Negidal: i:-

Literary Manchu: uje-

Nanai: ui-

275Keys of Han

Oroch: ibbe 'soft'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *wa:- ( = *eba:-)

Meaning: to kill

Evenki: wa:-

Even: wa:-, ma:-

Negidal: wa:-

Spoken Manchu: va:- (739)

Literary Manchu: wa-

Jurchen: wa-du-lar (459)

Ulcha: wa:wu.

Orok: wa:-

Nanai: wa:-

Oroch: wa:-

Udighe: wa:-

Solon: wa:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-

Meaning: 1 to buy 2 to complain, start a lawsuit

Literary Manchu: x|abs^a- 2

Ulcha: x|apsi.- 2

Orok: x|aw- 1, x|apsi.- 2

Nanai: x|apsi.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-

Meaning: to rub, wipe off

Evenki: aw-

Even: aw-

Negidal: aw-

Ulcha: x|a:wu.-

Orok: x|aw-

Nanai: x|ao-

Oroch: au-

Udighe: au-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-

Meaning: 1 to go mad 2 evil spirit 3 to grizzle 4 to be angry, clamorous

Evenki: awu:l- 4

Even: awu.r- 4

Literary Manchu: abura- 4

Ulcha: x|au.n, x|abdari. 2, x|au.n- 1

Orok: x|au.-s 'замертво'

Nanai: x|ao 'dizziness', x|oan- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabda(-nsa)

Meaning: leaf

Evenki: abdanna

Even: ebdъnrъ

Negidal: abdana

Spoken Manchu: af@h@ (2137)

Literary Manchu: abdaxa / afaxa

Jurchen: ha-[bxa] (119)

Ulcha: x|abdata

Orok: xamdata

Nanai: x|abdata (Nkh.), x|aftaca (Bik.)

Oroch: abdasa

276Keys of Han

Udighe: abdeha"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabu-l-

Meaning: to swell

Evenki: awul-

Even: awu.l-

Negidal: awu.l-

Literary Manchu: ajbi-

Ulcha: x|au.li.-

Orok: x|awli.-

Nanai: x|aolo-

Udighe: auli-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu-z^|an-

Meaning: to gape, open mouth

Negidal: awz^|an-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu"-

Meaning: stem, stalk

Evenki: ag|i(n)

Even: ag|

Negidal: ag|i.(n)

Literary Manchu: af/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xac^in

Meaning: 1 kind, sort, variety 2 various

Spoken Manchu: hac^in 1 (2558)

Literary Manchu: x|ac^in 1

Jurchen: ha-c^e-jin 'thing'

Ulcha: x|ac^i.(n) 1

Orok: x|atc^i.(n) 2

Nanai: x|ac^i.· 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xac^u-kan

Meaning: kettle

Literary Manchu: x|ac^ux|an, x|anc^ux|an

Ulcha: x|ac^oa(n)

Orok: x|ac^u.g|a(n)

Nanai: x|ac^ox|a

Oroch: xac^ua(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadaga-

Meaning: to turn back, move back

Evenki: adag|a:-

Even: adag|-

Negidal: adag|a:n-

Ulcha: x|adan-

Nanai: x|ada:n-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadu"-

Meaning: to be worn out, become thin, fragile

Evenki: adi:n|- 'to diminish'

Even: ad-

Orok: xadu.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aju:

Meaning: knucklebone

Evenki: aju:, aju:ka:n

Solon: aju:.xa:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaK-

277Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate

Negidal: aki.- / kaki.- 1

Ulcha: x|aqpa-lu.- 2

Orok: x|aqpa- 2

Nanai: x|a:Ga- 1, x|aqpa:- 2

Udighe: akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-

Meaning: to become rotten, bitter

Literary Manchu: aqs^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-

Meaning: 1 to menstruate 2 dirt 3 rust, mould 4 to rust, mould

Evenki: akapc^u- 1

Even: oqu., aqu:.sa 3, oqu:.-, aqu:.- 4

Solon: aku. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aKa(k)ta

Meaning: cross-bow, bow

Even: akata, akota

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xakta-

Meaning: 1 to castrate (a deer) 2 castrated deer

Evenki: akta- 1, aktaki: 2

Even: a:t- 1, ata 2

Negidal: aktawc^a: 2

Orok: x|aqta 2

Nanai: x|aqta- 1, x|aqtaqto 2

Solon: attamal 'testiculi'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaku-kan (/*k-)

Meaning: doll

Ulcha: x|aqu.a(n)

Orok: x|oqo(n)

Nanai: aqoa

Oroch: xakua

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala-

Meaning: tug, belt

Evenki: alag|

Even: al

Negidal: ala, alan

Ulcha: x|ala

Orok: x|ali.

Nanai: x|ala

Oroch: ala

Udighe: ala

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ala

Meaning: tasty, sweet

Evenki: ala

Even: alъ.qe:µ

Negidal: alagdi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala:-

Meaning: to wait

Evenki: ala:-c^-

Even: alac^-

Negidal: ala:c^-

Spoken Manchu: iali- (1439, 3034)

278Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: al/a-

Ulcha: xala-c^i.-

Orok: xala:-c^i.-

Nanai: xala-c^i-

Oroch: ala:-c^i-

Udighe: ala-si-

Solon: ala:s^/-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)al-dan

Meaning: frazil (in spring, close to the shore)

Negidal: aldan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaldi-

Meaning: to hack, polish

Evenki: aldi-

Even: aldъ.-

Negidal: aldi.-

Literary Manchu: anz^|i-

Ulcha: x|aldi.-

Orok: x|alz^|i.-

Nanai: x|alz^|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)algi-n

Meaning: otter (male)

Negidal: algi:.

Literary Manchu: algin

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xali:-

Meaning: bog, swamp

Evenki: ali:kta 'тальник (на гольцах)', 'поросль (на

гари)'

Literary Manchu: x|ali

Orok: x|a:lc^i.

Nanai: x|alo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-

Meaning: snow (falling in flakes)

Evenki: alunti

Negidal: altami.

Orok: x|alu.qta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-kta

Meaning: 1 membrane, dandruff 2 birch bark

Evenki: alukta 1

Even: altъ 1

Negidal: alta 1

Literary Manchu: alx|uwa 1, alan 2

Orok: x|alu.qta 1

Nanai: x|aloqta 1

Oroch: alukta 1

Udighe: alu, alukta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *[x]amu:-

Meaning: 1 faeces, dung 2 to defecate 3 snuff, thief (in a pipe)

Evenki: amu:-n 1, amu:-n- 2

Even: amu. 3

Negidal: amu.n 1, amu.t- 2

Spoken Manchu: ham@ (100) 1, ham@t@- (101) 2

Literary Manchu: x|amu 1, x|amu-ta- 2

279Keys of Han

Ulcha: amu. 1, amc^i.- 2

Orok: amu.(n) 1, amu.- 2

Nanai: amo 1, am-c^i.- 2

Oroch: amu. 1

Udighe: amu- 1, amukta- 2

Solon: amu.· 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)ikta

Meaning: mint; name of a geranium-like plant

Evenki: ani:, anikta

Negidal: ani:.kta 'willow-herb'

Oroch: anikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)u-

Meaning: 1 to accuse 2 to tease

Evenki: anu:- 1

Negidal: anut- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an|uli:

Meaning: deer skin (with fading hair)

Evenki: an|uli:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap-

Meaning: fish bladder

Evenki: kapata

Negidal: a:pi.

Ulcha: x|a:pa

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapina(bu)

Meaning: wasp, bee

Ulcha: x|apuna

Orok: x|api.nawu.(n)

Oroch: xapinu

Udighe: afuna`u (Корм. 209)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)apka:-

Meaning: oak tree

Negidal: apka:-kta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap-ki-

Meaning: to strangle, throttle

Evenki: apki-

Even: apqъ.-

Negidal: apku.-

Orok: x|aqpi.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapki-

Meaning: to block, partition

Negidal: apki:.

Ulcha: x|aqpali.

Orok: x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe:

Nanai: x|aqpi.-

Udighe: afikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapsa

Meaning: 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat

Evenki: awsa 1, 2

Even: awsъ. 2

Negidal: awfsak 1

Literary Manchu: absa 1, 3

Orok: x|apsaw 2

280Keys of Han

Nanai: xapsio (Он.) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapu- ~ *xopu-

Meaning: foam

Literary Manchu: x|ofon ~ x|afun

Udighe: afuti

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ar-

Meaning: 1 shoot, bud; fang 2 tooth of a saw 3 a flower name

Evenki: arga:-wa:kte 3 (?)

Spoken Manchu: ar@h@n (625) 2

Literary Manchu: arGan 1,2, arsun 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)arabgi:

Meaning: larva of a gad-fly

Evenki: arawgi:

Even: arъ.bgъ.n

Negidal: aji.bgi.n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xara-musa

Meaning: thigh covers, stockings

Evenki: aramus

Even: arъ.mrъ.

Negidal: ajmos

Orok: x|amu.sa

Oroch: am(u)su

Udighe: amuhi

Solon: aramus^

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarba

Meaning: 1 shallow place, shoal 2 shallow 3 ebb, ebb-tide 4 to become shallow

Evenki: arba 1,2

Even: arbati. 1

Negidal: ajba- 4

Ulcha: x|alba 2

Nanai: x|arba 1,2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xargan

Meaning: chock (for processing fish skins)

Nanai: x|az^|Ga (Kur-Urm.)

Oroch: xaiga(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xar-ku"-

Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to sting

Evenki: arki- 2

Even: arqъ.- 2

Negidal: ajki.- 2

Ulcha: x|ac^o- 1, 2

Orok: x|a:tu.-la- 2

Nanai: x|ajqo- 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu-

Meaning: 1 to sweep 2 fan 3 broom

Evenki: arpul- 1, arpuki: 2

Even: arpaki. 2

Negidal: atpu.- 1, atpu.xi.· 2

Literary Manchu: arfuqu 2

Ulcha: x|arpu.- 1, x|arpu. 3

Orok: x|arpu.ri.- 1, x|arpu. 3

281Keys of Han

Nanai: x|apoli.- 1, x|apol 3

Oroch: appu- 1, appu(i) 3

Udighe: akpu- 1, akpun|ku 2, 3

Solon: arpuku 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu- / *xarpi-

Meaning: 1 to rasp, plane 2 plane, knife

Negidal: atpu.gda 2

Orok: x|alpi.n- 1

Nanai: x|arpi.c^i.- 1

Oroch: appili 2

Udighe: afili 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa-

Meaning: to pursue, drive

Evenki: asa-

Even: asi.-saw-

Negidal: asa-

Literary Manchu: asax|a fasax|a 'in a hurry'

Ulcha: x|asa-

Orok: x|asa-

Nanai: x|asa-si.-

Oroch: asa-

Udighe: aha-

Solon: asa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa-ki:

Meaning: wing

Evenki: asaki:

Even: asi.qi.

Negidal: asaxi:.

Spoken Manchu: as@h@ 'wing, fin' (2293)

Literary Manchu: asx|a

Ulcha: x|asali.

Orok: x|asa

Nanai: x|asar

Oroch: asi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasi:-kta

Meaning: fir-tree

Evenki: asi:kta

Even: asta

Ulcha: x|asta

Orok: x|asi:qta

Nanai: x|asi.kta

Oroch: asikta

Udighe: ahikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)asu-

Meaning: 1 to chop, cut off 2 to bite

Evenki: asu- 2

Literary Manchu: asix/a- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasu-

Meaning: 1 net, trap 2 to fish

Spoken Manchu: as@ 1 (664)

Literary Manchu: asu 1

Ulcha: x|asc^u.- 2

282Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n-gi-

Meaning: other, other side

Even: a:n|i.li.

Negidal: an|i.-li.

Ulcha: x|an|Gi.-la

Orok: x|an|ne:

Nanai: x|an|Gi.a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n|ga-kura

Meaning: 1 elder 2 red bilberry

Ulcha: x|an|Gaqu.ra 1

Orok: x|an|Gattu.ra 1

Nanai: x|a:n|Goa 1

Oroch: an|an|ka": 1

Solon: an|ara:ldi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:ri-

Meaning: border, hem

Ulcha: x|a:ri.c^a

Nanai: x|a:ri-, x|a:ric^a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebe-

Meaning: 1 bay 2 lake

Evenki: ewere:n 1

Negidal: ewejen 2

Ulcha: xewe(n) 2

Orok: xewere(n) 1

Nanai: xewe 1, 2

Oroch: ewe 1

Udighe: ewe 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebi:- / *kupi:- / *xupi:-

Meaning: 1 to play 2 jolly, merry 3 to pity 4 to humiliate

Evenki: ewi:- 1, ewle:n- 3

Even: ewi- 1, ewe 2

Negidal: ewi:- 1

Spoken Manchu: ifi- 1 (1357)

Literary Manchu: efi-, ef/e- 1

Ulcha: xupi- / kupi- 1

Orok: xupi- 1

Nanai: xupi- / kupi- 1, xeule:n- 4

Oroch: ewi:-

Solon: ugi:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebti-

Meaning: rib

Evenki: ewtile:

Even: ewutle

Negidal: ewtile

Spoken Manchu: ef@c^i (84)

Literary Manchu: ebc^i

Ulcha: xeuntile, xeuptile

Orok: xewc^ile

Nanai: xeuc^ile

Oroch: eutile, eutule

Udighe: euntile

Solon: o":tele:

283Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebu-

Meaning: 1 side 2 across, traverse, to the side

Evenki: ewunki: 2

Even: ewunki 2, ewutle 1

Negidal: ewunki 2

Jurchen: xe-bew 2 (603)

Ulcha: xeundi 2

Orok: xeundei 2

Nanai: xeunz^|i 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eburen

Meaning: corpse

Literary Manchu: u:ren, oren, eoren

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xedu"-n

Meaning: wind

Evenki: edin

Even: edъn

Negidal: edin

Spoken Manchu: udun (2052)

Literary Manchu: edun

Jurchen: hedu-un (5)

Ulcha: xedu(n)

Orok: xedu(n)

Nanai: xedu(n)

Oroch: edi(n)

Udighe: edi(n)

Solon: edi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xegu"n

Meaning: nine

Evenki: jeg|in

Even: ujun

Negidal: ijeg|in

Spoken Manchu: uin, ujun (2743)

Literary Manchu: ujun

Ulcha: xuju(n)

Orok: xuju(n)

Nanai: xuju

Oroch: xuju(n)

Udighe: jeji

Solon: jegi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeje-

Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to float, flow

Evenki: eje- 1

Even: eje:n- 2

Negidal: eje:-n- 2

Spoken Manchu: ei- 'to flow, to overflow' (1807)

Literary Manchu: eje- 2

Ulcha: xeje-n- 2

Orok: xeje-n- 2

Nanai: xeje- 2

Oroch: eje- 2

Udighe: eje- 2

Solon: eji- 2

284Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xel-

Meaning: 1 bat 2 flying squirrel 3 swallow

Evenki: elduki: 1

Even: elduki 2, 3

Ulcha: xele 1

Orok: xelei 3

Nanai: xelegdexi, xeregdepi 1

Oroch: xelegduki 1

Udighe: elugduge 1

Solon: eligde:· 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelde-gde ( -gz^|e)

Meaning: a k. of fox

Negidal: xeldegde ( < South. Tung.)

Ulcha: xeldegz^|ie(n)

Orok: xeldegde, xeldekte

Nanai: xeldegz^|e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eleke:-s

Meaning: at first, in the beginning

Evenki: eleke:s

Even: elъkъs

Negidal: elexes

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelgen/e

Meaning: 1 waist 2 interval

Evenki: en|en/e: 1

Even: en|ъn/ 1, e:lgъ 2

Negidal: en|en/e: 1

Ulcha: xen|gi 1

Orok: x|en|geje 'armpit'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elke:n

Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 domestic deer

Evenki: elke:n 1

Even: ie:lken, elken 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeln/i

Meaning: mortar

Literary Manchu: xel/en

Ulcha: xen/i

Nanai: xen/i ( > Neg. xen/i)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elu:-

Meaning: 1 to hatch 2 egg

Evenki: elu:- 1

Even: oln|a 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemer

Meaning: 1 sharp 2 easy going

Evenki: emer

Even: emъr

Negidal: emejigdi

Ulcha: xomburu(n) 2

Orok: xemberu 1,2

Nanai: xemberu 2

Oroch: xemberu 2

Udighe: emei 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemn|e

285Keys of Han

Meaning: wide

Evenki: emn|e

Even: emn|ъ

Negidal: emn|e

Ulcha: xem, xum 'all'

Orok: xemge

Oroch: emme

Udighe: en|me

Solon: emme

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemu-gde

Meaning: 1 belly 2 intestines

Evenki: emugde 2

Even: emdъ 2

Negidal: emugde 1

Ulcha: xemde 1

Orok: xemugde 2

Nanai: xemde 1

Udighe: emugde 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/e

Meaning: dull side of blade

Ulcha: xen/e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ene-ku":

Meaning: sheath, scabbard

Evenki: eneki:

Even: en/ki

Negidal: enexi:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)enn|e-

Meaning: young of deer, horse (one year old)

Evenki: en|neke:n

Even: e:nken

Negidal: en|nexe:n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en-te-

Meaning: 1 to beware 2 attentively, slowly

Even: ente- 1, e:ntukuke:n 2

Literary Manchu: entexeme 'always, eternally'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/u"-

Meaning: light (not heavy)

Evenki: en/i:-mku:n, en/um

Even: ejim

Negidal: en/imkun

Literary Manchu: eni-xun

Ulcha: xen/u

Orok: xen/u-mi

Nanai: xen/u

Oroch: xen/imi

Udighe: enimese` (Корм. 314)

Solon: enikku:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|-

Meaning: 1 free 2 to walk out into open space

Evenki: en|i:- 2

Ulcha: xen|gel(i) 1

Nanai: xen|gel 1

286Keys of Han

Udighe: en|ez^|i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|e:-

Meaning: to peer, investigate

Even: en|e:li-, en|e:t-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|ge

Meaning: beak

Literary Manchu: en|ge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|(-gu-)

Meaning: to be burnt

Evenki: en|gure:-

Nanai: xe:n|gi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|gu-kte

Meaning: wild onion

Evenki: un|ukte, en|ukte

Even: en|ut

Negidal: en|ukte

Literary Manchu: un|ge, en|gule

Ulcha: xez^|ikte

Nanai: xez^|ukte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xep-

Meaning: 1 to sprinkle 2 to get wet

Evenki: epe-, epti- 1

Even: eb- 1,2, e:pte- 1

Negidal: epti- 1

Literary Manchu: ebe- 2

Orok: xepic^c^i- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xepe/u-

Meaning: to break, destroy

Evenki: ew-

Spoken Manchu: efel@ (1660)

Literary Manchu: efule-, efele-

Nanai: xepu-li-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xereki:

Meaning: frog

Evenki: ereki:

Even: eriki

Negidal: ejexi:

Literary Manchu: erxe

Ulcha: xere, xereke

Orok: xere

Nanai: xere

Oroch: e:ki

Udighe: e:xi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xerekte

Meaning: skin

Evenki: erekte 'skin, bark'

Even: ertъ

Negidal: ejekte

Ulcha: xerekte

Orok: xerekte

Nanai: xerekte

Oroch: e:kte

287Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xere:-

Meaning: 1 around 2 to walk around, turn around

Evenki: ere:li: 1

Even: erъl- 2

Negidal: eje:l- 2

Ulcha: xereli- 2

Orok: xereli- 2, xere-li 1

Nanai: xeri- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)erge

Meaning: a k. of box

Evenki: erge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri-

Meaning: 1 price 2 wake, ritual celebration (after death) 3 payment to a judge

Even: e:ri 1

Nanai: xerge 2, xeru: (Он.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri- / *xeru-

Meaning: 1 to rake up 2 to sweep

Evenki: eru- 1

Even: er- 1

Negidal: ej- 1

Literary Manchu: eri- 2

Ulcha: xeru- 1

Orok: xeri- 1

Nanai: xeti- 1 (*xer-c^i-)

Oroch: ei- 1

Udighe: eju, ejeu 'shovel'

Solon: eru:· 'shovel'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xesi-n

Meaning: string in net edge

Spoken Manchu: xes^@n, xes@n 'brim; strap' (2606)

Literary Manchu: xes^en 'edge (of net etc.)'

Ulcha: xesi(n)

Nanai: xesi

Oroch: xesi(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xete-

Meaning: 1 to overcome, win 2 to be stubborn, contend 3 to fulfil, accomplish

Evenki: ete- 3

Even: et- 1

Negidal: etic^e- 2, ete- 3

Spoken Manchu: et@- 'to win' (803)

Literary Manchu: ete- 1

Jurchen: hete-xe (794) 1

Ulcha: xete- 1

Orok: xete- 1

Nanai: xete- 1

Oroch: ete- 1

Udighe: ete- 1

Solon: ete- 1, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eti-

Meaning: 1 old man 2 father-in-law

Evenki: eti-rke:n 1, etki: 2

288Keys of Han

Even: eti-ke:n 1, etki 2

Negidal: eti-xen 1, etki: 2

Solon: etikke:· 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)etu-

Meaning: strong, hard

Spoken Manchu: et@xun (2501)

Literary Manchu: etu-xun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xetu"-

Meaning: to tear apart

Evenki: eti-

Even: eted-

Ulcha: xetu-li-

Orok: xetu:-

Nanai: xetu-li-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xez^|e-

Meaning: to rip, unrip

Evenki: ez^|e-

Even: ez^|-

Negidal: ez^|e-

Ulcha: xez^|e-li-, xez^|e-c^e-

Orok: xede-c^i-

Nanai: xez^|e:- (intr.) (Он.)

Oroch: ez^|e-ti-

Udighe: ez^|e-si-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xe:ri:-

Meaning: to shout, call

Evenki: e:ri:-

Even: e:ri-

Negidal: e:ji:-

Jurchen: xeRse-be 'language' (762)

Ulcha: xe:r-si-

Nanai: xe:r-si-

Solon: e:ri:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xia (*xai)

Meaning: 1 what 2 who

Evenki: e:µku:n 1, e:µ 2

Even: a":q 1

Negidal: e:µxun, e:µkun 1, 2; e:µwa 1

Spoken Manchu: ai 1 (2896)

Literary Manchu: ai / ja 1, 2

Ulcha: x|aj 1

Orok: xai 1

Nanai: x|ai. 1

Solon: i: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iag-

Meaning: cold (sickness), influenza

Evenki: e:µg|

Even: a":g| 1

Negidal: e:µg|

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xial-

Meaning: 1 coal 2 black

Evenki: e:µlla 1

289Keys of Han

Even: a":lrъ 1

Negidal: e:µla 1

Spoken Manchu: jac^in| 2 (2427)

Literary Manchu: jac^in 2, jax|a 1

Jurchen: hia-xa (66) 1

Ulcha: se:µlta 1

Orok: se:µlta 1

Nanai: si.alta 1

Oroch: (i)jakta 1

Udighe: jalaha 1

Solon: ilge, ilc^i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiap-

Meaning: 1 deer calf 2 deer herd

Evenki: e:µvka:n 1

Even: a":vqan 1, a":vta 2

Negidal: e:µvka:n 1

Orok: se:µpo, se:µpu.g|a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iaru:-n

Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 cubit, measure of length 3 ridge of deer's shoulder bone

Evenki: e:µru:n 1, 2

Even: a"rъ.n 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiba-gda

Meaning: ash tree

Negidal: i.wagda

Literary Manchu: ibadan

Ulcha: si.waGda

Nanai: si.waGda

Oroch: iwagda

Udighe: jog|da

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xidar

Meaning: bitter, acid, biting

Evenki: idari-pc^u

Even: i.dъrsi.

Negidal: i.dasi

Literary Manchu: idars^a- 'to feel chest pain'

Ulcha: si.darsi.

Orok: si.da:ru.li.

Nanai: si.darsi.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xigdi-

Meaning: to comb

Evenki: igdi-

Even: i.d-

Negidal: i.gdi.-

Literary Manchu: iz^|i-

Jurchen: hir-di-xun 'comb' (549)

Ulcha: sigdu-

Orok: sigdi-

Nanai: sigz^|i-

Oroch: igdi-

Solon: idda-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)igz^|a-

290Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 yellow 2 grey

Evenki: igz^|a-ma, -rin 1

Even: i.g|z^|aqa 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil-

Meaning: 1 loop for a billet on deer's neck (to keep him from straying) 2 fur collar 3 halter, headstall

Evenki: inman, inmar 3, ilte: 1

Even: i.nmъ.r 3

Literary Manchu: ilten 2

Ulcha: sini 2

Orok: sinni 2, si.lma 3

Oroch: sili 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xila-

Meaning: to blossom, flower

Evenki: ila-, ilag|a

Negidal: i.lag|a-, i.lag|a

Spoken Manchu: il@ha: (2139)

Literary Manchu: ila-, ilx|a

Jurchen: hil-g|a (118)

Ulcha: si.la-, si.la

Orok: si.la-, si.lla

Nanai: si.la-, si.laqta

Oroch: ilakta

Udighe: ila-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ila-

Meaning: to burn, kindle

Evenki: ila-

Negidal: i.la-

Literary Manchu: jila-

Oroch: ila-

Udighe: ila-

Solon: ila-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ile ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: person

Evenki: ile

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ilga-

Meaning: 1 diligent 2 brave 3 handsome 4 crafty 5 to develop, become firm

Evenki: ilga-n 1,2,3,4

Even: i.lgъ.rъ.lbъ.- 5

Spoken Manchu: il@damun|@ 'good-looking, prim' (2525)

Literary Manchu: ildamu 3,4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil(i)-

Meaning: to plait, braid

Evenki: ilc^a-

Even: i.lc^a:-

Negidal: i.lc^a-

Ulcha: si.lu.-

Orok: si.li.-

Nanai: si.li.-

Oroch: ilic^a-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xilkun

Meaning: summer salmon

291Keys of Han

Evenki: ilkun

Negidal: i.lku.n

Ulcha: si.lc^i.n

Nanai: si.lki.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiln|u"

Meaning: tongue

Evenki: inn/i

Even: ienn|ъ

Negidal: in/n|i

Spoken Manchu: ilen|@, iln|i

Literary Manchu: ilen|gu

Jurchen: hilen|-n|u (499)

Ulcha: sin/u

Orok: sinu

Nanai: s/irmu, sin|mu

Oroch: in|i

Udighe: in|i

Solon: in|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)im-

Meaning: 1 gown 2 a k. of ritual hat

Literary Manchu: im/antu 2

Oroch: imz^|a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xima-n|sa

Meaning: snow

Evenki: imana

Even: i.mъ.nrъ.

Negidal: i.mana

Spoken Manchu: niman|@ (2025)

Literary Manchu: niman|gi

Jurchen: hima-n|i (17)

Ulcha: si.mana, si.mata

Orok: si.mana, si.mata

Nanai: si.mana, si.mata

Oroch: imasa

Udighe: imaha

Solon: imanda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximn|e-kte

Meaning: bird-cherry

Evenki: inn|e:kte

Negidal: imn|emke:n

Literary Manchu: jen|ge

Ulcha: sin/ekte

Orok: sin|ekte

Nanai: sin|e:kte

Oroch: imepe

Udighe: in|ofo

Solon: in|ekte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximu:-n|kse

Meaning: fat

Evenki: imu:kse

Even: imrъn, imdъn

Negidal: imukse

292Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: imen|gi

Jurchen: ji-miun|-n|u (526)

Ulcha: simse

Orok: simure

Nanai: s/imukse

Oroch: imukse

Udighe: imoho

Solon: imukc^e, imuc^c^e

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xinda-?

Meaning: come

Orok: sinda-/xinda-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin/-n|a-

Meaning: hair, fur

Evenki: inn|akta

Even: i.nn|ъ.t

Negidal: enn/akta

Literary Manchu: in|Gax|a

Ulcha: si.n/akta

Orok: si.naqta

Nanai: si.n|aqta

Oroch: in|aqta

Udighe: in|akta

Solon: in|akta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)in|a:

Meaning: 1 sand (on a shallow place) 2 pebbles 3 small stone 4 shallow place

Evenki: in|a: 1, 2

Even: i.n|a 1, 2

Negidal: i.n|a: 2

Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, n/ohun 1 (2111)

Literary Manchu: jon|gan 1

Oroch: in|o 2

Udighe: in|o 4

Solon: in|a: 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin|u":-

Meaning: 1 cold 2 to freeze

Evenki: in|inipc^u 1

Even: in|ъn/si 1

Negidal: in|inigdi 1

Ulcha: sin|gun- 2

Orok: sin|gu:- 2

Nanai: si:n|gu- 2

Oroch: in|en/i 1

Udighe: in|inihi 1

Solon: inigigdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ipke-

Meaning: to order, tell, lure

Evenki: ipku-, ipke-

Even: ipkъn-

Udighe: ikpele- (Корм. 237)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir-

Meaning: dandruff

293Keys of Han

Even: irit

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xir-

Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 to rub horns 3 *'newborn animal' > 'new'

Evenki: irki, ire: 1, irkeki:n (dial.) 3

Even: irc^e-, irkъ- 2

Negidal: ijun 1, iskekin 3

Spoken Manchu: ic^e: 'new' (2544)

Literary Manchu: iren 1, ic^e 3

Jurchen: hi(i_)c^e (85) 3

Ulcha: suru(n) 1, sic^eu(n) 3

Orok: sitc^e- 2, sitc^e- 3

Nanai: siru 1, s/iku(n) 3

Oroch: iju 1, ikken 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir- ~ (x)u"r-

Meaning: ancient, former

Even: ir-be:t

Negidal: ij

Solon: ire:kte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirege

Meaning: file

Evenki: ireg|e:

Even: irge

Negidal: i:g|e: ~ ijeg|e:

Ulcha: siru

Orok: si:ro

Nanai: siru

Oroch: jo

Udighe: jue

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirga-

Meaning: gad-fly

Evenki: irgakta

Even: i.rgъ.t

Negidal: i.jgakta

Spoken Manchu: iz^|a: (2262)

Literary Manchu: iz^|a

Ulcha: si.z^|aqta

Orok: si.z^|i.qta

Nanai: si.Gaqta

Udighe: iga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ise-

Meaning: 1 to crush 2 to beat 3 to butt, quarrel

Evenki: is^e- (dial.) 1

Negidal: isi-kte- 1

Literary Manchu: isele- 2

Oroch: isa":mec^i- 'перетягивать (друг у друга, держась за противоположные концы веревки, - игра)'

Solon: is^/ilz^|i- 'to contest'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xisi-

Meaning: 1 larch 2 cypress

Evenki: ismama 1

Even: i.sъ.g| 'forest'

Negidal: i.s, i.sma 1

294Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: isi 1

Jurchen: hisi (105) 2

Ulcha: sisi 1

Orok: si.si. 1

Nanai: si.si. 1

Oroch: isi 1

Udighe: ihi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)it-

Meaning: 1 shallow place 2 ditch

Literary Manchu: itan 1

Solon: i:tra: 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ite

Meaning: board (on bottom of the birch-boat)

Evenki: ite

Negidal: i:te

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iti

Meaning: 1 custom, order 2 to organize, prepare 3 occasion

Evenki: iti(n) 1, itig|a:- 2

Even: i.tqa 1, i.tu.-, i.tъ.g|- 2

Negidal: i.tqa 1

Oroch: i:ti 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:b-

Meaning: handle (of axe), shaft (of arrow)

Even: iw-den

Ulcha: si:

Orok: si:

Nanai: si:

Oroch: i:

Udighe: i: (i_i)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:Keri

Meaning: 1 spine, spine marrow 2 bone

Evenki: i:ke:ri 1

Even: ikъri 2

Negidal: i:xej 2

Literary Manchu: ikursun 1

Ulcha: sieri 1

Orok: se:ri 1

Oroch: ikei 1

Udighe: ixe 'кожа, пленка (темного цвета вдоль хребта рыбы); боковина рыбьей тушки с хребтом и хвостом' (Корм. 240)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:(l)-

Meaning: to pass

Evenki: ilte(n)-

Even: ie-, iel-

Negidal: ilten-

Ulcha: si:-

Orok: si:-

Nanai: si:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:ru"-kte

Meaning: ant

Evenki: i:rikte

Even: hi:rit

295Keys of Han

Negidal: i:kte

Spoken Manchu: jur@ imah@ (2268)

Literary Manchu: jerxuwe

Ulcha: sinono

Orok: sirukte

Nanai: silukte (contaminated with *silV- 'ant')

Oroch: i:kte

Udighe: ikte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ob-

Meaning: 1 to become spoiled (of meat) 2 to get tired, exhausted 3 to get poor

Evenki: obdo- 1

Even: obdъ.- 2

Negidal: obolo- 3

Literary Manchu: uba- 1, obdoqo jali 'spoiled, tasteless meat'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobani:

Meaning: armpit

Evenki: og|oni:, owon/i:

Even: og|ni., owni.

Negidal: og|oni.

Literary Manchu: obix/a jali 'meat from the region of shoulderblades'

Ulcha: x|awa(n)

Orok: x|awani.

Nanai: x|awani.

Solon: owoni:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobu-r / *xebu-r

Meaning: coffin

Spoken Manchu: hov@ (752)

Literary Manchu: x|obo

Ulcha: xeuli

Nanai: xeur, xewur

Udighe: xau

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xod-

Meaning: to end, finish

Evenki: od-

Even: od-

Spoken Manchu: vaz^|@-, vaz^|i- (1759)

Literary Manchu: waz^|i-

Ulcha: x|odi.-

Orok: x|oz^|i.-

Nanai: x|oz^|i-

Oroch: odi-

Udighe: wadi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odinsa

Meaning: 1 summer skin of deer 2 to fade (of skin)

Evenki: odinna 1

Even: odъ.ndъ.- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odu

Meaning: wonder

Evenki: odu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok-

296Keys of Han

Meaning: to sing

Even: og|ъ.t-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oKi-

Meaning: place where skin is cut off from deer's shank

Evenki: oki:-kta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol- / *xul-

Meaning: 1 dance, move in dancing 2 climb down, out (from a vehicle, boat) 3 bend (of a river) 4 to walk around, turn round

Evenki: olo-nmu:- 1, uli-sin 3

Even: u.li.na 3

Negidal: oli.-si.n- 4

Ulcha: x|olon- 2, x|o:li.- 4

Orok: x|u.lon- 2, x|o:li.- 4

Nanai: xulun- 2, xo:li.- 4

Oroch: xolon-o- 2 ( < Orok.), uli- 4

Udighe: xoli- 4 ( < Nan.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola-

Meaning: oak

Nanai: xoron|kola

Oroch: olon|ki:

Udighe: olon|ko"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola-

Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to sully

Literary Manchu: x|ojla- 2

Ulcha: xolo- 2

Orok: x|oloqto 1

Nanai: x|olo- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)olbu-

Meaning: soul of the dead; shadow

Evenki: elbu, olbu-n

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-ksa

Meaning: 1 bark 2 board 3 coffin

Evenki: oldaksa, uldaksa 1, 2

Even: oldu.s 3

Negidal: oldokso 3

Ulcha: x|oldoqso 2

Orok: x|oldoqso 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-n

Meaning: 1 side 2 thigh

Evenki: oldo:n 1, 2

Even: olda:n 1

Negidal: oldon 1

Ulcha: x|oldo(n) 1

Orok: x|oldo(n) 1

Nanai: x|oldo 1

Oroch: ogdo(n) 1

Udighe: ogdo(n) 1

Solon: oldo 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolga

Meaning: 1 to dry 2 dry

Evenki: olgo- 1, olgokin 2

Even: olgъ.- 1, olgъ.qъ.n 2

297Keys of Han

Negidal: olgo- 1, olgokin 2

Spoken Manchu: ol@h@-, ol@hu-1 (1814), ol@h@ 2 (1815)

Literary Manchu: olGo- 1, olx|on 2

Ulcha: xolz^|o(n) 2

Orok: xoldoxo 2

Nanai: x|olGo- 1, x|olGoqto /u. 2

Oroch: oggipta 1

Udighe: ogo- 1, ogo`u 2 (Корм. 274)

Solon: olgo- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol-sa

Meaning: 1 fish 2 boiled fish

Evenki: ollo 1

Even: olrъ. 1

Negidal: olo 1

Ulcha: xolto(n) 2

Orok: xolto 2

Nanai: xolto 2

Oroch: okto 2

Udighe: oloho 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoma-

Meaning: tent, summer-house

Negidal: omo:xa:n

Ulcha: x|omi.ra(n)

Nanai: x|omara

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xomi:-

Meaning: 1 hunger, hungry 2 drought 3 to be hungry

Evenki: omi:-kin 1

Even: omъ.t- 3

Negidal: omi.xi:.n 1

Literary Manchu: omi-n 1, 2

Ulcha: x|omc^i.- 3

Nanai: x|omi. 1, 2

Udighe: omisi- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)on-

Meaning: 1 to search (for lost deer) 2 to wait 3 domestic reindeer trained for searching wild deer

Evenki: oni:- 1, ondo:gdo 3

Even: o:nmъ.t- 2, onda:- 1, ondad 3

Negidal: ondogdo 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xondari

Meaning: wall mat

Negidal: xondoj ( < South.), onara-wu 'полка вдоль нар'

Ulcha: x|ondori.

Orok: x|ondori.

Nanai: x|ondori.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon/i-

Meaning: sand, dirt

Even: on/i.n|

Orok: xon|oqto

Oroch: on/okto

Udighe: on/okto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xonta-kta

298Keys of Han

Meaning: hemp

Evenki: onokto

Literary Manchu: x|unta

Ulcha: x|u.ntax|a

Nanai: x|ontaxa

Oroch: onokto

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon|a-

Meaning: 1 nose 2 front part (of boat) 3 nose bridge

Evenki: on|okto 1

Even: on|ъ.t 1

Negidal: on|okto 1

Spoken Manchu: xon|q@ 2 (1272)

Literary Manchu: x|on|qo 2

Ulcha: x|on|qo 2

Nanai: qon|toro 1, x|ondax|a 3, x|o:n|qo 2

Oroch: xon|ko 2 (possibly < Manchu)

Solon: onokto 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)or-

Meaning: 1 red bilberry 2 black currant

Evenki: ora:n|l/a: 1

Even: o:rba:t 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xorin

Meaning: twenty

Evenki: orin

Negidal: oji.n

Spoken Manchu: orin (2754)

Literary Manchu: orin

Jurchen: horin (655)

Ulcha: x|ori.(n)

Orok: x|ori.(n)

Nanai: x|ori.·

Oroch: oi

Udighe: waji

Solon: ori

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oru-

Meaning: to flame up

Evenki: orumna-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xosi:-kta

Meaning: 1 to scrape 2 claw, finger-nail

Evenki: osi:- 1, osi:kta 2

Even: osi.- 1, ostъ. 2

Negidal: osi:.- 1, o:tta 2

Spoken Manchu: was@q@l@m, was@qulu- 'to scratch, to claw' (1574)

Literary Manchu: wasixa 2

Ulcha: x|osi.- 1, x|osta 2

Orok: x|osi.- 1, x|osi.qta 2

Nanai: x|osaqala- 1, x|osaqta 2

Oroch: xosi- 1

Udighe: wahi- (Корм. 218) 1, wai-li- 1, waikta, wahikta 2

Solon: os^/i:- 1, u.s^/i:kta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ot-

Meaning: to shout, cry

299Keys of Han

Evenki: otutka-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoz^|a-

Meaning: 1 edge, end 2 slanting, slant

Evenki: oz^|o 2

Even: oz^|an- 2

Negidal: oz^|o- 2

Spoken Manchu: uz^|an 1 (2605)

Literary Manchu: uz^|an 1

Orok: x|odo- 2

Nanai: x|oz^|i.a- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oz^|u

Meaning: oestrum

Even: oz^|u.

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)o:b-

Meaning: 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off

Evenki: o:vda- 1

Spoken Manchu: ov@-, ovu- (1691) 3

Literary Manchu: obo- 3, obon|gi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:li:

Meaning: raven, crow

Evenki: o:li:

Even: oli.nz^|a

Negidal: o:li:.

Nanai: x|oli:.

Oroch: oli

Udighe: wali

Solon: ol/e:, oli:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:ri-kta

Meaning: excrements (of deer)

Evenki: o:rikta

Even: o:ri.t

Orok: xori.qta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:sa

Meaning: 1 skin from deer's feet 2 animal's paw

Evenki: o:sa 1

Even: o:sъ.l 1

Negidal: o:sa 1

Spoken Manchu: vas^@q@, vas@q@, vas^@qu, vas@qu 2 (2287)

Literary Manchu: os^oxo 2

Ulcha: x|osoli. 1

Orok: x|oso 2

Nanai: x|o:so: 2, x|o:sol 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:si-kta

Meaning: star

Evenki: o:si:kta

Even: o:si.qat

Negidal: o:sikta

Spoken Manchu: us^iha: (2037)

Literary Manchu: usixa

Jurchen: hosi-xa (12)

Ulcha: xosta

300Keys of Han

Orok: wasi.qta

Nanai: xosaqta (диал.)

Oroch: xosakta

Udighe: waikta, wahikta

Solon: o:s^/ikta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ub-ga:

Meaning: burrow, hole

Evenki: ubga:

Even: u.bgu.q, dial. o:wa

Negidal: obga- 'пролезать под снегом (о птицах)'

Literary Manchu: o 'armpit'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xubgu

Meaning: vein, artery

Evenki: ug|

Even: ug|

Negidal: ubgu

Orok: x|obGoli.

Solon: o:g 'heart'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xub(u)te

Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 rotten, to rot

Evenki: upte 2

Even: ut- 2

Negidal: ukte 1, ukte-

Literary Manchu: ibte, ibete 1

Ulcha: xute 1

Orok: xu:te 1

Nanai: xu:te 1

Oroch: u:te 1

Udighe: ute 1

Solon: u:telde 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-)

Meaning: 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn

Evenki: uc^in- 2

Even: u.c^an|kat- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uc^a-

Meaning: to stumble

Evenki: uc^awan-

Even: u.c^c^on|c^i.-

Negidal: oc^ag|an-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuda

Meaning: 1 to buy, hire 2 to lend 3 trade 4 to trade, barter

Evenki: udi- 2

Spoken Manchu: uda- (1409)

Literary Manchu: uda- 1

Jurchen: xu-da-sia-maj (418) 4

Ulcha: x|u.da 3

Nanai: x|uda 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xude-ki:

Meaning: board for cutting skins; a stick for sewing

Evenki: udeki:

Even: udeki

Negidal: udexi

301Keys of Han

Ulcha: xude

Orok: xude(n)

Nanai: xude

Oroch: udeki

Udighe: udexi (Корм. 300)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xugdi

Meaning: 1 wide 2 capacious

Ulcha: xugdi 1

Orok: xugz^|i 1

Nanai: xugz^|i 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuge

Meaning: 1 frame, poles round the hearth 2 board on edge of bed 3 first lower log in house, threshold

Evenki: ug|e 3

Even: u: 1

Negidal: ug|e 2

Ulcha: xue 2

Orok: xue, xuwe 1

Nanai: xue 2

Udighe: we:, ue (Корм. 219), we, ue 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuja

Meaning: a k. of fish

Orok: x|ojodo 'кунджа', x|ojo 'таймень'

Nanai: x|ojz^|a 'sheat-fish'

Oroch: ojo 'кунджа'

Udighe: ojo 'кунджа'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuK-

Meaning: 1 to peel (bark, rind) 2 peels, rind

Evenki: uk- 1

Even: u.q- 1

Negidal: okli:- 1

Ulcha: x|oGdi.qta 2

Oroch: uki- 1

Udighe: ukki- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uK-

Meaning: 1 ice-hole, glade 2 river rift 3 river

Evenki: uktel 1, uksi 2

Even: oqa:t 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ukt-

Meaning: 1 weeping, grief 2 angry 3 to insult

Literary Manchu: uqtu 1, uqtun 2

Oroch: ukta- 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uk-ti-

Meaning: to be hungry

Evenki: ukti-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-

Meaning: to wrap

Evenki: ukuli:-

Even: uk-

Negidal: uxil-

Literary Manchu: uxu-

Jurchen: hu-xun-mij am-si-da-lar 'to contain' (764)

302Keys of Han

Ulcha: xuku-

Orok: xukulitc^i-

Nanai: xuku-

Solon: uxuli:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu-

Meaning: hill

Evenki: ukuri:

Literary Manchu: uquda, uqada

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu-

Meaning: 1 weak 2 stupid

Literary Manchu: uxu-ken 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-n / *kuku-n

Meaning: breast (fem.)

Evenki: ukun

Even: o"kъn

Negidal: o"xo"n / o"ko"n

Spoken Manchu: oh@ 'armpit'(67)

Literary Manchu: oxo, oGo 'armpit'

Ulcha: kue(n), kuku(n)

Orok: qu:(n), qo:(n)

Nanai: ku:(n)

Oroch: oko(n)

Udighe: koso` (Корм. 251)

Solon: uxu 'milk'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulbu"-

Meaning: to bind, to arrange

Evenki: ulbu-

Even: ulbъ-

Negidal: ulbul- 'to move in a tandem'

Orok: ulbumz^|i 'in a tandem'

Nanai: xuelbi-

Oroch: ubbuna-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuldu"

Meaning: 1 warm 2 to heat 3 flame

Evenki: uldi 3

Spoken Manchu: venz^|exun, venz^|@xun 'agreeably warm' (2058)

Literary Manchu: wenz^|e- 2

Ulcha: xuldu 1, xuldu:- 2

Orok: xuldu 1

Nanai: xul'd'i 1

Udighe: ugdi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule-

Meaning: 1 canal, ditch, duct 2 whirlpool 3 pool

Even: u:l, ulgin 3

Literary Manchu: ule-n 1

Orok: xulu-pti 2

Nanai: xuler 'pit in river bottom' (Он.)

Oroch: u:le 1

Udighe: u:le 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule:-

Meaning: to dig

Evenki: ule:-

303Keys of Han

Even: ul-

Negidal: ule:-

Literary Manchu: uldefun 'wooden shovel'

Ulcha: xule-

Orok: xule-

Nanai: xule-

Udighe: ule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulgu-

Meaning: reed

Evenki: ulgukta

Negidal: ojgokto

Spoken Manchu: ol@h@ (2157)

Literary Manchu: ulx|u

Ulcha: x|olGaqta

Orok: xu.ldu.qta

Nanai: x|olGoqta

Oroch: ugukta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uli-n

Meaning: chest, chest bone, collar bone

Evenki: ulin

Even: o"lken

Literary Manchu: ulxun, ulku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulki-

Meaning: 1 to mix, stir 2 support for feet in a boat

Evenki: ulki:- 1, ulki 2

Even: u.lqu.- 1

Negidal: ulki 2

Literary Manchu: urki 2

Orok: xulc^i 2

Oroch: ukki 2

Udighe: uki 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuln|u-

Meaning: navel

Evenki: un|ure:

Even: inn|o", in|n|o"

Negidal: un|n/o-n

Spoken Manchu: ulun|u (94)

Literary Manchu: ulen|gu

Ulcha: xujmu

Orok: xu:nu

Nanai: xujmu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulu-ki:

Meaning: squirrel

Evenki: uluki:

Even: o"liki

Negidal: o.lo.xi:

Literary Manchu: ulxu

Ulcha: xolo

Orok: xolo / xulu

Nanai: xulu

Oroch: oloki

Udighe: oloxi

304Keys of Han

Solon: uluxi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum-

Meaning: 1 to soak 2 to besmear (face)

Evenki: umi:- 1

Even: umi- 1

Literary Manchu: x|umara- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum-

Meaning: lean, weak

Evenki: umda:n

Even: u.mnaku.

Ulcha: x|omdo(n), x|u.mdu.(n)

Orok: x|u.mana

Nanai: xumdu

Oroch: umana

Solon: u.mina:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuma:-n,-kin, *xum-nu

Meaning: 1 marrow 2 metatarsus

Evenki: uma:n, uma:kin 1

Even: u.mъ.n 1, u:.nmъ. 2

Negidal: oman 1, onmu. 2

Spoken Manchu: um@han| (332) 1

Literary Manchu: umGan, umx|an 1, umuxun 2

Ulcha: xoma(n) / xu.ma(n) 1

Orok: xu.ma(n) 1, xu:mnu: 2

Nanai: xoma 1

Oroch: uma(n) 1, umnu 2

Udighe: uma(n) 1

Solon: u:.ma:· 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum(p)-

Meaning: 1 to soften 2 smth. rotten 3 softened birch bark 4 rotten birch

Evenki: umdu- 1, ubguc^e: 4

Negidal: umdus-umdus 2

Nanai: x|omdo (Naikh.) 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-

Meaning: upside down

Evenki: umuski:

Even: umuski:

Negidal: umne-pki:

Literary Manchu: umusixun

Ulcha: xumesi

Orok: xumusei

Nanai: xumesi

Oroch: umse-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-

Meaning: to dig, bury

Negidal: umu-

Spoken Manchu: umu- 'to burry, to fill' (1747)

Literary Manchu: umbu-

Ulcha: xumu-

Orok: xumu-

Nanai: xumu-

305Keys of Han

Oroch: umu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/a-

Meaning: 1 ladle 2 thimble 3 finger 4 wooden bucket

Evenki: un/aptun 2, un/aka:ptun 3

Even: u.n/an 2, u.n/iqъn 3

Negidal: onka:n 1, on/axa:n 3

Spoken Manchu: xuni 'wooden pail' (580)

Literary Manchu: xun/o 4

Ulcha: x|on/a(n) 1

Orok: x|u.n/a 1

Nanai: x|on/a 1

Oroch: un/a 1, un/aka(n) 3

Udighe: un/a` 3, un/a`ptin 2 (Корм. 302)

Solon: u.naxa:· 1, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)unda-

Meaning: 1 sinew on the back 2 belt

Evenki: una: 1

Even: a"inapin 'украшение на переднике'

Negidal: o:nan 1, on/apun 2

Literary Manchu: unda 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/i-

Meaning: to envy, become sick of envy

Evenki: uni-

Even: o"n/-

Negidal: un/i-

Ulcha: xun/i-

Nanai: xun/i-

Udighe: un/i- 'to become sick'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xunz^|i-

Meaning: 1 wooden quiver 2 a vessel made of birch bark

Evenki: unz^|ika:n 2

Nanai: xonz^|i (Он.) 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)un|-

Meaning: head (of kin, clan), chief

Spoken Manchu: un|an (1012)

Literary Manchu: un|gu, un|Ga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|-da-

Meaning: ice crust on snow

Evenki: un|nan

Even: u:.nъ.n

Negidal: o:n|nan

Literary Manchu: undan

Nanai: x|on|da

Udighe: un|na; on|o- 'to freeze'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|i:-kta

Meaning: blood vessel

Evenki: un|i:kta

Even: u.n|tъ.

Negidal: on|ta:, on|ikta

Ulcha: x|on|Gi.qta

Orok: x|u.mu.qta

Nanai: x|on|gi.qta

306Keys of Han

Udighe: umakta, umukta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|ke- / *kun|ke-

Meaning: to bow

Evenki: un|ke:-

Negidal: ken|ket-

Spoken Manchu: xen|kil@-, xin|kili- 'to kowtow' (1446)

Literary Manchu: xen|gile-

Jurchen: ken|-ke-le-mij (751)

Ulcha: ken|kele-

Nanai: ken|kele-

Udighe: xen|ki-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|Vl-

Meaning: 1 worm 2 grub

Evenki: un|ul 1

Even: un|ъl 1, 2

Negidal: un|il 2

Spoken Manchu: imah@, nimah@ 1 (2173)

Literary Manchu: um/axa / im/axa 1

Jurchen: wu-mia-xa (166) 1

Orok: xun|guli 2

Nanai: xun|guli 2

Oroch: umuli 2

Udighe: un|ulu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup-

Meaning: 1 all 2 to gather

Evenki: upkat 1, upu:re:- 2

Negidal: opkal 1

Ulcha: x|u.pala- 2

Orok: x|upala- 2

Nanai: x|opala- 2

Oroch: x|upala- 2

Udighe: ufal, ufalahi 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup-

Meaning: film on fish eggs

Nanai: xuperemse

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)upara-

Meaning: to neglect, mistake

Spoken Manchu: ufar@- (1761)

Literary Manchu: ufara-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupu-n|ksa

Meaning: soot

Evenki: uwuksa

Orok: xumesike

Nanai: xufekse

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupuru

Meaning: 1 rift (in river) 2 bridge

Evenki: o:ran 1

Jurchen: hufuru 2 (Doerfer MT 136)

Nanai: xurfu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur-

Meaning: 1 bear 2 gopher 3 bear's flesh (as food) 4 young tarbagan

Evenki: urike 2, urka- 3

307Keys of Han

Even: u.rka- 3, urgeg|e 4

Negidal: ujguli 1

Ulcha: xuz^|uli 1

Nanai: xujgulue 1

Oroch: ugguli 1, urike 'fox-seal'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur-

Meaning: 1 to copulate (of deer) 2 to be jealous

Evenki: orgoli:- 2; uri:-n 'rival (in love)'

Even: u.rli.- 2

Negidal: ojali.- 2

Ulcha: x|oralsi.- 2

Orok: x|u.rali.- 2, x|ori.- 1

Nanai: x|oralsi.- 2

Oroch: xora" 'one of two wives'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur-

Meaning: to dry (meat)

Evenki: urgan- 1

Literary Manchu: uc^a-lax|a jali 'dried meat'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur-

Meaning: piebald (horse)

Literary Manchu: urlu

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura-kta

Meaning: 1 bark 2 outer skin

Even: u.rtъ. 1

Literary Manchu: urix|a 2

Ulcha: xu.raqta 1

Orok: x|u.raqta 1

Nanai: x|oraqta 1

Udighe: wakta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura:-

Meaning: to save, be saved, recover

Evenki: ura:-

Even: u.r-

Negidal: ojaji.-

Ulcha: x|ora-

Orok: x|u.ra-

Nanai: x|ora-

Oroch: uwa-, uja-

Udighe: wajagi- (Корм. 217), uja-

Solon: u.rgi:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xure:

Meaning: mountain

Evenki: ure

Even: urekc^en

Negidal: uje:

Spoken Manchu: vexe: 'stone, rock'(2110)

Literary Manchu: wexe 'stone'

Jurchen: h(i)ur-xe (52) 'stone'

Ulcha: xure(n)

Orok: xure

Nanai: xure(n)

Oroch: uwe, ue

308Keys of Han

Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), we, ue

Solon: ure

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurge

Meaning: heavy

Evenki: urge

Even: urgъ

Negidal: ujgegdi

Spoken Manchu: uz^|in (2848)

Literary Manchu: uz^|en

Jurchen: hu(i_)z^|e (395)

Ulcha: xuz^|euli

Orok: xude:

Nanai: xuige

Oroch: ugge

Udighe: ugehi

Solon: uggerdi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuri-

Meaning: grey

Evenki: uri-m

Negidal: o:ji.n

Ulcha: x|oj-pu.(n)

Nanai: x|o:-gz^|o, (Он.) xo:rbor

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurid-

Meaning: a vessel for berries

Evenki: uridi:k

Nanai: x|ordax|i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uri:-

Meaning: station, dwelling place

Evenki: uri:-ki:t

Even: o"rikit

Solon: uri:le

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurk-

Meaning: 1 soot 2 sulphur

Literary Manchu: xurku 2

Ulcha: x|orx|i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurke-

Meaning: belly (of fish)

Even: o"kenre

Negidal: ujkene

Ulcha: xuc^e(n)

Nanai: xujke

Oroch: ukkese

Udighe: ukihe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurum-sa

Meaning: 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes

Evenki: urumn|a: 1

Even: u.ru.mrъ. 1

Negidal: ojomn|a 1

Ulcha: x|oromsa 1

Orok: x|oropsa 1

Nanai: x|oromsa 1, 2

Udighe: un|a" 1

309Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurumu"-

Meaning: short

Evenki: urumku:n

Even: urumkun

Negidal: ujumku:n

Ulcha: xurmi

Orok: xurdumi

Nanai: xurm'i.

Oroch: u:mi

Udighe: umasa` (Корм. 302)

Solon: uru:n|ku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuru:

Meaning: 1 hoof 2 handful

Evenki: uru:n 1, uru: 2

Ulcha: x|u.ru. 2

Orok: x|u:.ru. 1, x|u.ru. 2

Nanai: x|o:ro 1, x|oro 2

Oroch: u:-n|ki 1

Udighe: u: 1, 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusa-kta

Meaning: milt, roe

Evenki: uhakta (dial.)

Negidal: o:sakta

Literary Manchu: usata

Ulcha: x|osaqta

Nanai: x|osaqta

Udighe: wahakta (Корм. 218), wajakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusi-kta

Meaning: 1 acorn 2 oak-tree 3 big nut

Evenki: usikta 2

Literary Manchu: usix|a 3

Nanai: x|osaqta 1

Udighe: uhikta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusu- / *xuse-

Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 weapon (for throwing) 3 snare

Evenki: use: 2

Even: us 2

Negidal: use 2

Literary Manchu: wesen 3

Ulcha: x|osoli. 2

Nanai: x|osoli. 1

Oroch: usuli 2

Udighe: wuhende- 'to throw (weapon)'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xus^i / *kus^i

Meaning: knife

Evenki: uc^i

Literary Manchu: kus^i

Ulcha: kuc^e(n)

Orok: kuc^e(n)

Udighe: kusige

Solon: usxe

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xus^i:- ( ~ -c^-)

310Keys of Han

Meaning: to twist, roll, entangle

Evenki: uc^i:-

Even: u.c^-

Negidal: oc^-

Ulcha: x|oc^i.a-

Orok: x|u.tc^i.-

Nanai: x|oc^i.-

Udighe: usi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ut-

Meaning: 1 old 2 earlier, before 3 old age

Evenki: utaka:n 3; utu 1, ute:le 2

Even: ute 1, o":tel 2

Negidal: ute:le 2

Udighe: uteli 2

Solon: utaci 'grandfather'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utinn|e

Meaning: wood fire

Evenki: utinn|e

Even: uto"n|n|o"

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xutu-

Meaning: to itch

Evenki: utuni-

Even: u.tu.n/-

Negidal: otoxon-

Ulcha: x|otu.rsi.-

Nanai: x|otorsi.-

Oroch: xutunsi-

Udighe: utunihi-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utu, -ke

Meaning: 1 knife on a shaft 2 a k. of arrow

Evenki: utu, utut 2, utke:n 1

Even: o"tken 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utur-

Meaning: to reel, turn round

Evenki: utur-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|a

Meaning: 1 trace, track 2 to trace, follow tracks

Evenki: uz^|a 1, uz^|a- 2

Even: u.z^| 1, u.z^|- 2

Negidal: oz^|a 1

Ulcha: xoz^|a- 2

Nanai: xoz^|a- 2

Oroch: uz^|a- 2

Udighe: uz^|a- 2

Solon: u.z^|i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|u"k

Meaning: 1 urinary bladder 2 anus

Evenki: uz^|ik 1

Even: uz^|ik 1

Negidal: uz^|ix 1

Ulcha: xuz^|u 1

Orok: xudu(g|u:) 1

311Keys of Han

Nanai: xuz^|u 1

Solon: uz^|ixi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:(be)

Meaning: membrane scraper

Evenki: u:

Even: o:.

Negidal: u:

Ulcha: xu:e

Nanai: xue

Udighe: u:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:kte

Meaning: nit

Evenki: u:kte

Even: o":t

Negidal: u:kte

Ulcha: xuktu

Orok: xuktu

Nanai: xuktu

Udighe: ukte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:l-

Meaning: to sound, resound

Evenki: u:l-ta-

Even: u:.l-dъ.-

Negidal: ol-bu.n-

Ulcha: xol-di.-

Orok: xu.l-bu.n-

Nanai: xo:l-z^|i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:n/e:-

Meaning: 1 to bind (a pack, to a pack) 2 long wool (for binding, felting) 3 silk string (for binding) 4 knot (on a thread)

Evenki: u:n/e:- 1

Even: o":n/e- 1

Literary Manchu: un/e-le 2, un/e-ri 3

Orok: xunikte 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u:rkan-

Meaning: to lose consciousness, be knocked out

Evenki: u:rkan-

Even: u:.rqъ.n-

Negidal: ojkan-

Udighe: ukana-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"j(k)e

Meaning: horn

Evenki: ije

Even: i:j

Negidal: i:je

Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32, 2279)

Literary Manchu: weixe / uixe

Jurchen: huje-xe (602)

Ulcha: xuje

Orok: xuje

Nanai: xuje

Oroch: ije

312Keys of Han

Udighe: je:

Solon: i:je

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"l-

Meaning: 1 to lend 2 to change, exchange 3 to barter 4 to supply 5 to borrow

Evenki: ildu- 1

Negidal: i.ldu.- 1

Spoken Manchu: hulas^@- 2 (1425)

Literary Manchu: x|ulas^a- 3

Jurchen: xu-la-gi (833) 2

Nanai: x|olasi.- 2, (Bik. x|olsi.-)

Oroch: igdu-mac^i- 4

Udighe: idu- 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"lme

Meaning: needle

Evenki: inme

Even: inmъ

Negidal: inme

Spoken Manchu: unu: (266)

Literary Manchu: ulme

Jurchen: hiul-me (249)

Ulcha: xulme(n)

Orok: xulme

Nanai: xurme

Oroch: imme

Udighe: in|me

Solon: imme

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"m-

Meaning: 1 strap, tie 2 to girdle

Evenki: imenne 1

Even: imъnru 1

Negidal: imenne 1

Literary Manchu: im/ele-, um/ele- 2

Solon: imende 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"ni:-

Meaning: to carry on the back

Evenki: ini:-

Even: inu-

Negidal: ini:w- 'навьючить'

Literary Manchu: unu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"r-

Meaning: to ripen

Evenki: ir-

Even: ir-

Negidal: ij-

Spoken Manchu: ur@-, uru- (391)

Literary Manchu: ure-

Ulcha: xuru-

Orok: xuri-

Nanai: xuru-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rbe

Meaning: spawn, to spawn

313Keys of Han

Evenki: irbe

Ulcha: xulbi-

Nanai: xurbe-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"reme:- ( ~ -i-)

Meaning: to visit, come as a guest

Evenki: ireme:-

Negidal: ijeme:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgi-

Meaning: 1 to raise, feed 2 food, food supply

Evenki: irgi:- 1, irgise 2

Even: irgъ- 1, issъ 2

Negidal: iggi- 1,isse 2

Spoken Manchu: uz^|i- 1 (2338)

Literary Manchu: uz^|i- 1

Ulcha: xujse 2

Orok: xujse 2

Nanai: xujgie- 1, xujgese 2

Oroch: iggi- 1, iggixe 2

Udighe: igisi- 1

Solon: iggi-, irgi- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgu"

Meaning: tail

Evenki: irgi

Even: irgъ

Negidal: i:g|i / idgi

Spoken Manchu: unc^ix@n, unc^/ux/un, iunc^/ux/un (2291, 2607)

Literary Manchu: unc^exen

Ulcha: xuz^|u

Orok: xudu

Nanai: xuigu

Oroch: iggi

Udighe: igi

Solon: iggi, irgi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se

Meaning: 1 hunter 2 man 3 male 4 to be anxious, worry about smth.

Evenki: isegdin 1, is^iganil- (V-L) 4

Even: iseg|de 2

Negidal: isegdin 1

Ulcha: xuse(gdi) 2

Orok: xusenne 2

Nanai: xuse 3

Solon: is^/ige:- 4

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se-

Meaning: to vomit

Evenki: ise-

Even: is-

Negidal: ise-

Ulcha: xuse-

Orok: xuse-

Nanai: xuse-

Oroch: ise-

314Keys of Han

Solon: is^/iri:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":- (*xu"b-)

Meaning: to sound

Evenki: i:-

Even: i:-

Negidal: i:-

Ulcha: ujsi-

Orok: uji-

Nanai: xuj-si-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":kte

Meaning: tooth

Evenki: i:kte

Even: i:t

Negidal: i:kte

Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32)

Literary Manchu: weixe

Jurchen: juj-xe (495)

Nanai: xukte(le)

Oroch: ikte

Udighe: ikte

Solon: i:tte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":nc^e:-n

Meaning: elbow

Evenki: i:c^e:n

Even: iec^en

Negidal: i:c^e:n

Ulcha: unc^e(n)

Orok: u:ite

Nanai: xujc^e

Oroch: i:c^o(n)

Solon: i:nc^e:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ab-

Meaning: 1 arrow for a cross-bow, bolt 2 anvil 3 hammer

Even: z^|a:bdaw 3

Ulcha: z^|abdu.(n) 1, z^|au.du. 2

Nanai: z^|abdu 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abdar

Meaning: a big snake

Evenki: z^|abdar

Even: z^|abdъ.

Negidal: z^|abdan, z^|abdar

Spoken Manchu: z^|av@z^|i 'python' (2272)

Literary Manchu: z^|abz^|an

Ulcha: z^|abda(n)

Orok: dabda

Nanai: z^|abz^|a

Oroch: z^|abda

Udighe: z^|abda

Solon: z^|agda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abuka

Meaning: ear-flaps, headgear

Ulcha: z^|awa

315Keys of Han

Nanai: z^|au.a

Oroch: z^|awa, z^|auka

Udighe: z^|auga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agari

Meaning: bear's head; bear (3 y. old)

Evenki: z^|ag|ari

Negidal: z^|ag|askac^a:n

Literary Manchu: z^|ajra 'медведица (самка медведя-муравьеда)'

Nanai: z^|a:ri.

Udighe: z^|a:i

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agda

Meaning: pine-tree

Evenki: z^|agda

Even: z^|ag|dъ.

Negidal: z^|agda

Spoken Manchu: z^|ah@d@, z^|ah@da: (2158)

Literary Manchu: z^|aqdan

Ulcha: z^|agda

Nanai: z^|a:Gda

Solon: z^|agda

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|al-

Meaning: 1 to overflow (of sea, river) 2 to be agitated, wave (of sea) 3 spirit - master of the sea

Evenki: z^|alki- 2

Even: z^|a:l-, z^|a:lqab- 1

Negidal: z^|alalgun 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ala-n

Meaning: 1 joint 2 shoe straps 3 generation; world 4 plummet

Evenki: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptun 2

Even: z^|alъ.n 1, z^|alъ.pki.r 2

Negidal: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptin 4

Spoken Manchu: z^|al@n 1 (75)

Literary Manchu: z^|ala(n) 1, 3

Jurchen: z^|a-la-an (848) 3

Ulcha: z^|ala(n) 1, 3

Orok: dala(n) 1, 3

Nanai: z^|ala 1, 3

Oroch: z^|ala(n) 1, 3

Udighe: z^|ala(n) 1, 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-

Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 to wet with spittle, take into mouth

Evenki: z^|aliksa 1, z^|alma- 2

Even: z^|alsъ. 1

Negidal: z^|alsa 1, z^|alma- 2

Ulcha: z^|i.lau.qsa 1

Orok: z^|elusqa 1

Nanai: z^|i.loqsa 1

Oroch: dileske, duluksa 1

Udighe: z^|aleha" 1

Solon: z^|alikc^i 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-kta

316Keys of Han

Meaning: 1 hawthorn 2 willow

Evenki: z^|alikta 1

Negidal: z^|a:lta 1

Ulcha: z^|atala 2

Orok: da:taqta 1

Nanai: z^|alaqta 2

Udighe: z^|alikta 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alka

Meaning: 1 fine snow 2 to fall (of fine snow)

Negidal: z^|alka- 1, z^|alka 2

Udighe: z^|aka- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alu(-m)

Meaning: full

Evenki: z^|alum

Even: z^|alu.-

Negidal: z^|alum

Spoken Manchu: z^|alu: (2629)

Literary Manchu: z^|alu-

Jurchen: z^|aw-lu-xa (726)

Ulcha: z^|alu.(n)

Orok: dalu.mz^|i.

Nanai: z|alo

Oroch: z^|alu-

Solon: z^|alu.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|amu

Meaning: brier

Spoken Manchu: z^|am@r@ (2166)

Literary Manchu: z^|amu, z^|amuri

Udighe: z^|amukta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|an|(g)-

Meaning: 1 be in need, straitened 2 loan, as a loan

Literary Manchu: z^|an|Gala- 1

Solon: z^|an-da, z^|an-c^i 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apa-

Meaning: to catch, take hold

Evenki: z^|awa-

Even: z^|aw-

Negidal: z^|awa-

Spoken Manchu: z^|af@-, z^|av@- (1522, 1539)

Literary Manchu: z^|afa-

Jurchen: z^|afa-biar (364)

Ulcha: z^|apa-

Orok: dapa-

Nanai: z^|apa-

Oroch: z^|awa-

Udighe: z^|awa-

Solon: z^|awa-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apka

Meaning: 1 shore 2 space, interval, crack 3 near

Evenki: z^|apka 1

Even: z^|apqъ. 2

Negidal: z^|apka 2

317Keys of Han

Literary Manchu: z^|aqa- 'to make cracks, intervals'

Ulcha: z^|aqpa 3

Orok: daqpa / dapqa 2

Nanai: z^|aqpa 2, 3

Oroch: z^|appa 2, 3

Udighe: z^|akpa- 'to pile up'

Solon: z^|akka 1, z^|ikka 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|aPku

Meaning: quiver

Literary Manchu: z^|abqu

Ulcha: z^|apau.(n)

Nanai: z^|afu.

Oroch: z^|apku

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a-pkun

Meaning: eight

Evenki: z^|apkun

Even: z^|apqъn

Negidal: z^|apku.n

Spoken Manchu: z^|aqun (2742)

Literary Manchu: z^|aqun

Jurchen: z^|a(h)kun (643)

Ulcha: z^|aqpu(n)

Orok: z^|aqpu.(n)

Nanai: z^|aqpo

Oroch: z^|appu(n)

Udighe: z^|akpu(n)

Solon: z^|akku.·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-kta

Meaning: hawthorn

Ulcha: z^|araqta

Nanai: z^|ari.qta

Oroch: z^|arakta

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-n

Meaning: for, for the sake of

Evenki: z^|arin

Literary Manchu: z^|alin

Solon: z^|a:ri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|axar(a)

Meaning: gravel, pebbles

Literary Manchu: z^|ax|ara, z^|ax|ari

Nanai: z^|ax|ar

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|a-

Meaning: to carry on back

Spoken Manchu: z^|/az^|i- (1606)

Literary Manchu: z^|az^|a-

Nanai: z^|az^|a-

Solon: z^|iz^|a:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i-

Meaning: cheekbone

Literary Manchu: z^|az^|in

Ulcha: z^|az^|i.qta

Nanai: z^|an|z^|i.x|ta

318Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i- (~-ia-)

Meaning: 1 to heap up 2 thicket

Literary Manchu: z^|az^|i- 1, z^|az^|ixi, z^|az^|uri 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|iki

Meaning: a k. of fish

Negidal: z^|ac^i.n 'big pike'

Literary Manchu: z^|az^|igi, z^|az^|ixi 'судак'

Nanai: z^|az^|i.x|i.· 'верхогляд'

Oroch: z^|adigi 'name of a fish'

Udighe: z^|oz^|ug|o 'sea goby'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a:m-

Meaning: 1 argument, quarrel 2 to argue

Literary Manchu: z^|aman 1, z^|amara- 2

Nanai: z^|a:mora 1, z^|a:mora- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ec^e-n

Meaning: boundary; border

Spoken Manchu: z^|ec^@n (1033)

Literary Manchu: z^|ec^en

Jurchen: z^|ei_-c^en (44)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eje

Meaning: 1 sharp point, blade 2 sharp

Evenki: z^|eje 1

Even: z^|ej 1

Negidal: z^|eje 1

Literary Manchu: z^|ejen 1

Jurchen: z^|o-n-be (801) 2

Ulcha: z^|eje 1

Orok: deje 1

Nanai: z^|eje 1

Oroch: z^|eje 1

Udighe: z^|e: (Корм. 232), z^|ie 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eki

Meaning: always, constantly

Negidal: z^|ek

Ulcha: z^|ek-z^|ek

Nanai: z^|ek

Oroch: z^|e, z^|eki

Udighe: z^|e 'at this time'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-

Meaning: 1 to become quiet (of a sound), hidden 2 to miss

Evenki: z^|eliw- 2

Even: z^|e:l- 1

Negidal: z^|eliw- 2

Nanai: z^|elu- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-

Meaning: 1 name of a plant 2 juniper

Evenki: z^|ulkire:, z^|ulke ( < *z^|elu-ke?) 2

Literary Manchu: z^|elmin 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele- / *z^|elu-

Meaning: 1 lie, deceit 2 secret

Evenki: z^|elum 2

Even: z^|elъm 2

319Keys of Han

Negidal: z^|elum 2

Literary Manchu: z^|ele 1, z^|endu 2

Ulcha: z^|ele(n) 1

Orok: z^|ele(n) 1, z^|elum-

Nanai: z^|ele 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele-ki:

Meaning: ermine

Evenki: z^|eleki:

Even: z^|iliki

Negidal: z^|elexi:

Literary Manchu: z^|elken

Ulcha: z^|ieli(n)

Orok: z^|el/ei

Nanai: z^|eli

Oroch: z^|eleki

Udighe: z^|elexi

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|em- ( ~ -ia-)

Meaning: orbed, spheric

Evenki: z^|embeme

Negidal: z^|en|ge-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|emku

Meaning: swamp, a k. of swamp plant

Evenki: z^|emku

Negidal: z^|en|ku

Orok: z^|empu

Nanai: z^|en|ku

Udighe: z^|empu (Корм. 236)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e-p-

Meaning: to eat

Evenki: z^|ep-, z^|eb-

Even: z^|eb-, z^|ep-

Negidal: z^|ep-

Spoken Manchu: z^|e- (392)

Literary Manchu: z^|e-

Jurchen: z^|e-fu (535)

Ulcha: z^|epuwu

Orok: deptu-

Nanai: z^|eb-, z^|ep-

Oroch: z^|epte-

Udighe: z^|o-, z^|e-, z^|epte-

Solon: z^|eg-, z^|eb-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|erin

Meaning: edge

Literary Manchu: z^|erin

Ulcha: z^|erin

Nanai: z^|eri

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ese:

Meaning: custom

Evenki: z^|ese:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:k- (*z^|iak-)

Meaning: 1 fitting 2 to fit

Negidal: z^|e:k 1, z^|e:k- 2

320Keys of Han

Ulcha: z^|e:k 1

Orok: z^|i:k, z^|e:k 1

Nanai: z^|e:k 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:lge

Meaning: crack, narrow passage

Evenki: z^|e:lge

Nanai: z^|elge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:ri-

Meaning: to boast

Ulcha: z^|eru-

Orok: de:ri:-

Nanai: z^|e:ri-

Oroch: z^|eri-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i- ( ~ *di-)

Meaning: to come

Spoken Manchu: z^|i- (1172)

Literary Manchu: z^|i-

Jurchen: di-xexe-gi (678), di-hul (712)

Ulcha: diwu

Nanai: z^|i-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iab-

Meaning: to respond, answer (a call, request)

Evenki: z^|a:w-

Even: z^|a:w-

Spoken Manchu: z^|av@-, z^|avu- (1292)

Literary Manchu: z^|abu-

Orok: darra-

Oroch: z^|a:-

Udighe: z^|ieu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iaka

Meaning: 1 coin, money 2 valuables, things

Evenki: z^|aka 2

Negidal: z^|axa 1, 2

Spoken Manchu: z^|iha: (1412) 1

Literary Manchu: z^|ix|a 1, z^|aqa 2

Jurchen: z^|ie-xa (575) 1, z^|a-xa 2

Ulcha: z^|aqa 2

Orok: z^|aqa, z^|aqqa 2

Nanai: z^|aqa 2

Oroch: z^|aka 2

Solon: z^|aka 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ian-

Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze 2 to extinguish 3 to heat 4 torch 5 glowing coals

Evenki: z^|a:nn|e- 1

Literary Manchu: jan|Ga 4

Orok: dandalli.- 2

Nanai: jan|Gor/a- 3

Udighe: z^|an|a 5

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|(i)arami ( ~ d-)

Meaning: otter

Orok: darami.(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ibge

321Keys of Han

Meaning: slow, sluggish; miserly

Literary Manchu: z^|ibge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ig-

Meaning: 1 running fast; race horse 2 to streak

Evenki: z^|ig|ar 1

Even: z^|i.g- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ija- / *z^|ije- ( ~ -g-)

Meaning: 1 millet 2 porridge

Negidal: z^|a:kta 1

Spoken Manchu: z^|e: bel@ 'millet (Setaria italica)' (286)

Literary Manchu: z^|e 1

Jurchen: che-(po-le)

Nanai: z^|iekte 1

Oroch: z^|iekte, z^|ekte 1

Udighe: z^|akta 1

Solon: z^|akta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ila-

Meaning: swift (not freezing) river current, ice-hole

Literary Manchu: z^|ilan, z^|ulan

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ild-

Meaning: 1 to glance, be wide open (of eyes) 2 star 3 big-eyed

Evenki: z^|ildara:n-, z^|ildarga- 1, (Kamn.) z^|ildawki: 2

Even: z^|i.ldaku. 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|

Meaning: very, extremely, really

Evenki: z^|in|

Negidal: z^|in|

Literary Manchu: z^|in, z^|in|

Ulcha: z^|in|

Orok: z^|in|

Solon: z^|in|-ki 'real'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|-

Meaning: 1 to understand 2 attentive, conscious

Evenki: z^|iktew- ( < *z^|in|-ktew-) 1

Ulcha: dinile 2

Nanai: z^|in|ire, z^|iksi- 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-

Meaning: 1 to be pinched, stopped (as a saw in the wood) 2 to stick into, stop up 3 dense(ly)

Evenki: z^|ipteme 3

Even: z^|i.pqu.n 3

Negidal: z^|i.p 3

Literary Manchu: z^|ifubu- 1, z^|ife- 2

Ulcha: z^|ip 3

Orok: z^|ip 3

Nanai: z^|ip 3

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-ku- ( ~ -u"-)

Meaning: to dusk

Even: z^|ipku-

Negidal: z^|ipku-, z^|ipkil-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ipu-c^a:n

Meaning: fur coat (worn on bare body)

322Keys of Han

Evenki: z^|ipuc^a:n

Spoken Manchu: z^|if@c^a:, z^|iv@c^a: 'fox fur coat' (225)

Literary Manchu: z^|ibc^a(n)

Solon: z^|ibc/a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir-

Meaning: 1 dense, without intervals 2 close, near

Literary Manchu: z^|ira 1

Ulcha: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-)

Nanai: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir-

Meaning: a very big number

Literary Manchu: z^|iri, z^|irun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|irA

Meaning: anvil

Evenki: z^|ira

Negidal: dije:-n

Literary Manchu: z^|erin

Ulcha: dere(n)

Nanai: z^|ire:·

Oroch: darasu, deresu

Udighe: z^|ile, z^|i:le (Корм. 233)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:-

Meaning: to cut off a slice, slice

Evenki: z^|i:-

Even: z^|i-

Negidal: z^|i 'piece of meat'

Ulcha: z^|u:-

Nanai: z^|i.lax|a 'small piece'

Oroch: z^|i:-

Udighe: z^|i:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:b

Meaning: house, dwelling

Evenki: z^|u:

Even: z^|u:.

Negidal: z^|o:

Literary Manchu: z^|eofi 'round hovel thatched with straw or birch bark'

Ulcha: z^|u:.(g|)

Orok: du:.-qu.

Nanai: z^|o:

Oroch: z^|u(g)

Udighe: z^|ugdi

Solon: z^|u:g|

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|oba-

Meaning: to suffer, be poor

Evenki: z^|owo- / z^|og|o-

Even: z^|ow- / z^|og|-

Negidal: z^|obo-

Spoken Manchu: z^|ov@-, z^|ovu- (1944)

Literary Manchu: z^|obo-

Jurchen: z^|o-bo-hun (844) 'grief, sorrow'

Ulcha: z^|obo-

323Keys of Han

Orok: z^|obbo-

Nanai: z^|obo-

Oroch: z^|obo-

Udighe: z^|o:-

Solon: z^|owo-, z^|ogo-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obga

Meaning: 1 harpoon 2 to cut, cut out

Evenki: z^|ewge 1

Negidal: z^|obgo 1

Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|o:- 2

Ulcha: z^|oGbo 1

Orok: z^|obbo 1

Nanai: z^|obGo 1

Oroch: z^|obbo 1

Udighe: z^|ob`o; z^|ogbo 1 (Корм. 233)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obi

Meaning: a k. of fish (salmo lenoc)

Negidal: z^|ojo; z^|owlatka:n 'a small taimen'

Nanai: z^|oi.

Udighe: z^|u"iso, dial. z^|aun|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ola

Meaning: stone

Evenki: z^|olo

Even: z^|ol

Negidal: z^|olo

Ulcha: z^|olo

Orok: z^|olo

Nanai: z^|olo

Oroch: z^|olo

Udighe: z^|olo

Solon: z^|olo

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ori-

Meaning: 1 to take aim 2 to show

Spoken Manchu: z^|/ori- 'to point to' (1341)

Literary Manchu: z^|ori- 1, 2

Orok: z^|ori.- 1

Nanai: z^|ori.- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:

Meaning: gall

Evenki: z^|o:

Even: z^|o:

Negidal: z^|o:

Orok: z^|o:

Nanai: z^|o:l

Oroch: z^|o:

Udighe: z^|o: (Корм. 233)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:m- (/ *z^|o:n-)

Meaning: to remember

Evenki: z^|o:n-, z^|o:m-kit-

Even: z^|o:n-, z^|o:man-

Negidal: z^|on-

Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|ono-

324Keys of Han

Ulcha: z^|ombu.-

Orok: do:ndu.-

Nanai: z^|o:mbo-

Oroch: z^|o:mbu-

Udighe: z^|on|i-

Solon: z^|o:n-, z^|o:mu:.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:n|i-

Meaning: to resound, echo; to imitate

Even: z^|o:n|i.-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uba-n

Meaning: ten

Evenki: z^|a:n

Even: z^|a:n-nu.

Negidal: z^|a:n

Spoken Manchu: z^|uan (2744)

Literary Manchu: z^|uwan

Jurchen: z^|uwa (645)

Ulcha: z^|u.wa(n)

Orok: z^|o:n

Nanai: z^|oa

Oroch: z^|a:(n)

Udighe: z^|a:(n)

Solon: z^|a:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ube-

Meaning: two

Evenki: z^|u:r

Even: z^|o":r

Negidal: z^|u:l

Spoken Manchu: z^|u: (2736)

Literary Manchu: z^|uwe

Jurchen: z^|uwe (637)

Ulcha: z^|uel(i)

Orok: du:

Nanai: z^|u:, z^|uer

Oroch: z^|u:

Udighe: z^|u:

Solon: z^|u:r

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ubu ( ~ -g-)

Meaning: for, for the sake of

Evenki: z^|ug|u ~ z|uwu

Even: z^|uwu

Negidal: z^|uwu-du:

Literary Manchu: z^|u-lefun

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udakta / *z^|edukte

Meaning: 1 piece of meat (without bones) 2 tree mushroom

Evenki: z^|edukte, dial. dedukte 1

Orok: du.daqta / z^|u.z^|aqta 2

Oroch: dudakta 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udura

Meaning: a pig (looking like a wild grey or white pig)

Literary Manchu: z^|udura

325Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u-ga

Meaning: in summer, summer

Evenki: z^|ug|a

Even: z^|u.wu.ni.

Negidal: z^|oa

Spoken Manchu: z^|/uari (2727)

Literary Manchu: z^|uwari

Jurchen: z^|uha (268)

Ulcha: z^|u.a

Orok: du.wa

Nanai: z^|oa

Oroch: z^|uwa

Udighe: z^|ua

Solon: z^|u.ga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugde-n

Meaning: alder

Evenki: z^|ugden

Even: z^|o":de:keg|, z^|ogdakag|

Negidal: z^|ugde:n

Literary Manchu: z^|uqden, z^|ekde 'a k. of tree'

Orok: z^|uegde

Oroch: z^|ugde(n)

Udighe: z^|ugde(n)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugd[u]-

Meaning: to hit, push, kick

Evenki: z^|ugdu:-

Negidal: z^|u:kte-

Literary Manchu: z^|oqz^|a-

Nanai: z^|ugz^|ukule-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge-

Meaning: wasp, bee

Evenki: z^|ug|uk(te), z^|uwuk(te), z^|uwun

Even: z^|ewъt

Negidal: z^|ewekte, z^|eg|ekte

Nanai: z^|ewe

Solon: z^|u:kte

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge:-

Meaning: to exchange

Evenki: z^|ug|e:-lge-

Even: z^|ug|e:n-met-/c^-

Negidal: z^|ug|e-t-

Literary Manchu: z^|uwe-n 'debt'

Jurchen: z^|ui_-mu-sun- 'to lend' (443)

Ulcha: z^|ue-c^i-

Orok: due-li-

Nanai: z^|ue-c^i-

Oroch: z^|uwe-c^i-

Udighe: z^|ue-si-

Solon: z^|ugut-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugu:-

Meaning: to carry, transport

Evenki: z^|ug|u:-

326Keys of Han

Even: z^|ug|u-

Negidal: z^|ug|u-

Spoken Manchu: z^|o:- (1239)

Literary Manchu: z^|uwe-

Orok: du:-ri-

Oroch: z^|u-si-

Udighe: z^|u:-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ujar-

Meaning: bitter, acid

Evenki: z^|e:µri-pc^u

Even: z^|u.i.r, z^|u.ji.r

Negidal: z^|ojaji.-gdi.

Spoken Manchu: z^|/us^/uxun (431)

Literary Manchu: z^|u-s^u-xun

Ulcha: z^|u.ju.r-si.

Orok: du:.re

Nanai: z^|ojor-si.

Oroch: z^|ui-si

Udighe: z^|u:hi 'sour' (Корм. 235)

Solon: z^|is^/il- 'to turn sour'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uK-

Meaning: to stop

Even: z^|o"kъr-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke

Meaning: 1 hardly, barely 2 simple, usual

Evenki: z^|upke:ki: 'enough'

Spoken Manchu: z^|ukun 'on bad terms, bad' (2507)

Literary Manchu: z^|uken 1, 2, z^|uki 'enough'

Ulcha: z^|uke(n) 1

Nanai: z^|uke:· 1

Oroch: z^|ukke, z^|uke 1

Udighe: z^|uke 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke

Meaning: ice

Evenki: z^|uke

Even: z^|o"k

Negidal: z^|uxe

Spoken Manchu: z^|uxe:, z^|uxu: (2029)

Literary Manchu: z^|uxe

Jurchen: z^|u-xe (272)

Ulcha: z^|u:, z^|ue

Orok: duwe, duke

Nanai: z^|uke; z^|ogbor 'piece of ice on earth'

Oroch: z^|uke

Udighe: z^|ugde (Корм. 235), z^|uge

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-

Meaning: 1 road 2 corner

Negidal: z^|oxon 2

Spoken Manchu: z^|oh@n 1 (1244)

Literary Manchu: z^|uGun 1

Jurchen: z^|u-huj (57) 1

Ulcha: z^|oqo(n) 2

327Keys of Han

Nanai: z^|oqo 2

Oroch: z^|oko(n) 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-n

Meaning: otter

Evenki: z^|ukun

Even: z^|o":kъn

Negidal: z^|uxin

Orok: do:kso

Nanai: z^|uku(n)

Oroch: z^|u:ku(n)

Udighe: z^|ugu

Solon: z^|u:xu:·

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ul-

Meaning: wedge

Evenki: z^|ulamaptin

Even: z^|ulъmtin|

Ulcha: z^|ilemec^e

Udighe: z^|olomopti (Корм. 234)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ule

Meaning: front, front part

Evenki: z^|ule:

Even: z^|ul

Negidal: z^|ul-le:

Literary Manchu: z^|ule-ri; z^|ulkun 'hollow under neck'

Jurchen: z^|ule (z^|ule-le) (598)

Ulcha: z^|uli

Orok: duli, dulde

Nanai: z^|ule

Oroch: z^|ule:-du

Udighe: z^|ule: (Корм. 235), z^|ulie

Solon: z^|ulde:-du

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulV-

Meaning: 1 smooth 2 naked

Evenki: z^|ula:-kin 2

Even: z^|u.laqqan 2

Solon: z^|ulu-bre:x 1, z^|u.la:xi 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulz^|i-

Meaning: chain

Negidal: z^|ulz^|ixe:n

Ulcha: dulz^|i(n)

Orok: dulz^|ig|e

Nanai: z^|ulz^|ie:

Oroch: z^|ugga"(n), z^|ugz^|e(n) 'chain; rope for binding animals'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|un-

Meaning: pulse, vein

Literary Manchu: z^|un

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|up(u)ku

Meaning: hollow under neck

Evenki: z^|upku

Negidal: z^|ipkun

Literary Manchu: z^|ofox|o 'wedge, gore, denticle'

328Keys of Han

Nanai: z^|upku 'otter's breast'

Udighe: z^|okpo 'breast bow'

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ur-

Meaning: to stand still

Even: z^|u.r-u.l-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urga- / *z^|urge-

Meaning: 1 ethic, moral 2 honest 3 brave 4 justice

Even: z^|urri 3

Spoken Manchu: z^|ur@han 4 (1041)

Literary Manchu: z^|urGan 4, z^|urGanGa 2

Oroch: z^|ugge 1

Solon: z^|u.rgana 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urku

Meaning: 1 rapid, swift stream 2 fairway

Even: z^|u.rqu. 1

Negidal: z^|ojku. 2

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uru:-, *z^|ura-n

Meaning: 1 to draw 2 a scratch, line

Evenki: z^|uru:- 1

Negidal: z^|ojan 2

Spoken Manchu: z^|/uz^|/u-, z^|/uz^|/i- 1 (1315, 2380)

Literary Manchu: z^|iz^|u- 1

Ulcha: z^|u.ra(n) 2

Nanai: z^|ora 2

Oroch: z^|urara 'striped'

Udighe: z^|u:nda- 1

Solon: z^|uri:- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uti:

Meaning: sweet

Evenki: z^|uti:

Even: z^|ut

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uz^|a-

Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 niggling, peddling

Literary Manchu: z^|uz^|u-ra- 2

Ulcha: z^|u.z^|a- 1

Nanai: z^|oz^|a- 1

Oroch: z^|uz^|a- 1

Udighe: z^|uz^|a- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u"ksi- / *z^|u"kte

Meaning: 1 blue-berry 2 berry

Evenki: z^|iksin|e: 1, z^|ikte 2

Negidal: z^|ikte 1

Literary Manchu: duqsi 1

Ulcha: z^|uste 1

Orok: dusikte 1

Nanai: z^|usikte 1

Oroch: z^|ikte 1

Udighe: z^|ikte 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u":(n)-

Meaning: to grit teeth

Evenki: z^|i:n-

Literary Manchu: z^|u(n)-

329Keys of Han

Han-Tungus-prototype: {*mi(a)re:-}

Meaning: to marry

Evenki: mire:-

Even: mierъn-

Negidal: mije:n-

Ulcha: miren-

Orok: mi:ren-

Nanai: marin- (dial.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: {*sil-

Meaning: 1 to choose 2 to test 3 to promise, warn, report

Evenki: sinma- 1, silba- 3

Even: hi:.nmъ.- 1, hi.lbъ.- 3

Literary Manchu: simne- 2

Orok: si.lma- 1

Solon: s^/ilba:- 3


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