Language and Culture Lecture Three

Culture Fusion

Culture Fusion What we will be talking about: The many different types of Fusion that take

place between Chinese cultures and other cultures

The advantages and disadvantages of this fusion

Is this fusion helpful or harmful?

Types of Fusion Language Fusion Cuisine Fusion Tourist Fusion Medicinal Fusion (next week)

Language Fusion Chinese has started to be recognized as a

upcoming super power which has sparked the interest for many to learn how to speak Chinese

English is a universal language but in order to do business and close deals without an interpreter, many people are trying to learn the language

Language Fusion In order to work for places such as the United

Nations, you are required to know more than one language at least (3 is ideal)

Because a lot of business trades and deals are being done with China at a rapid pace and a lot of attention is being focused on China’s economy and social standing, it would be beneficial to be able to communicate with important members of the country in their mother tongue

Language Fusion English has also made its way into the

Chinese culture Sayings such as “ok” “bye-bye” “no problem”

are words that are frequently used instead of using the Chinese version of these words

Increasingly, the use of idioms are being used by Chinese ESL learners in order to converse more naturally with English native speakers

Language Fusion Idioms: A group of words established by

usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g., raining cats and dogs).

Examples of some idioms: A Chip On Your Shoulder:

Being upset for something that happened in the past.

Idioms A Dime A Dozen:

Anything that is common and easy to get. Close but no Cigar:

To be very near and almost accomplish a goal, but fall short.

A Piece of Cake: A task that can be accomplished very easily.

Idioms Eighty Six:

A certain item is no longer available. Or this idiom can also mean, to throw away

On The Fence: Undecided. Hold Your Horses:

Be patient. No Dice:

To not agree. To not accept a proposition.

Idioms Icing On The Cake:

When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have.

Let Bygones Be Bygones: To forget about a disagreement or argument

When It Rains, It Pours: Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a huge storm.

Discussion Are there any idioms that you are familiar

with either because you hear them often or because you use them yourself? Explain

5 minutes

Language Fusion The rise of ESL schools in China has a

significant impact on the fusion of Chinese and Western Culture

When learning English you also learn the basic communication practices of the Western World (Canada, United States, Great Britain and other English speaking countries)

Language Fusion Cultural mistakes are said to make people

more uncomfortable than grammatical mistakes

This means that along with the ESL teaching, there is an element that includes cultural education

Language Fusion Culture is a key part of every language which

makes it virtually impossible to teach a foreign language without also teaching students about the culture

You cannot teach a language separate from its culture

Learning about the culture along with the language helps students gain a deeper insight into the language that you are learning

Language & Culture Language and culture are closely associated

with each other which means that as much as culture has an affect on language, language has an effect on culture.

Discussion (10 minutes) How has learning English helped you to learn

more about Western cultures? Do you think that you would be as

knowledgeable in Western culture if you had not studied English as a second language?

How have you benefited from learning about Western culture?

Tourism and Language Fusion Subway Tour guides (great wall, forbidden city) Silk market (Fusion of Chinese culture with

Western Languages) Great wall tour

Tourism and Language Fusion Subway System When I first got to China and knew nothing at

all about the subway system, the fact that they used English helped my journey

Much more relaxed knowing that they speak in Chinese first and then also in English for tourists who may be riding the subway

Tourism and Language Fusion Subway Signs The signs on the subway for each stop are

written in Chinese Characters but also in Pin Yin for people who are not native speakers and cannot understand how to read Characters

They do not make Western names for the stations when helps you learn how to say certain words properly

Tourism and Language Fusion Subway automated voice is also helpful if you

want to know how a certain subway stop is pronounced

You can listen to them say the name of the station and then repeat after them, this is the easiest way to get familiar with some Chinese words

Tourism Culture Fusion Beijing has a lot to offer in terms of tourism

culture fusion This means that there are many traditional

Chinese landmarks and attractions that represent the history and culture of China for tourists

Tourists are able to experience and learn about the Chinese culture with the help of tour guides who speak and understand English

Tourism Culture Fusion Forbidden City: there is so much to learn and

see that a tour guide is often helpful to explain the significance of the certain parts of the forbidden city

This allows tourists to experience Chinese culture in their native language (there are tour guides that speak many different languages)

Great Wall Tour Maybe people come to Beijing to see and

climb the Great Wall of China Most people are taken on a tour of many other

places along with the Great Wall so that they can learn more about the Chinese culture

Example: Jade factory, silk factory, pearl factory, Dr. Tea Olympic stadium

Great Wall Tour On this tour, tourists learn about how pearls

are made, how to tell real jade from fake jade, how silk is made, drink and learn about Chinese tea, and they can even get good massages and meet traditional Chinese doctors who can help them

Silk Street

Silk Street Silk Street (Chinese: 秀水街 ; pinyin: Xiùshuǐjiē, aka Silk Market, Silk Street Market) is a shopping center in Beijing that accommodates over 1,700 retail vendors, notorious among international tourists for their wide selection of counterfeit designer brand apparels.

Silk Street The Silk Street attracts approximately 20,000

visitors daily (from 9am to 9pm) on weekdays and between 50,000 and 60,000 on weekends as of 2006

The original outdoor Xiushui Market (a.k.a. Silk Alley) was located in Xiushui Dongjie, south-east of Ritan near the First Embassy Area of Beijing

Silk Street It attracted 20,000 locals and foreigners on

weekends and reaped a total annual sales volume of 100 million Yuan (US$12.5m).

Perfect blend of western culture and Chinese culture

The silk market offers many traditional Chinese goods as well as many Western goods

Silk Street In order for people to work at the Silk Market

they have to know many different languages due to the amount of tourists that shop there daily

Many vendors are multilingual and are able to lure you in and bargain with you for a sale

This fuses the well known Chinese art of bargaining culture with the Western World

Silk Street Bargaining is not often seen in the Western

World unless you are in a Chinese part of town so foreigners often get addicted to the thrill of bargaining

You are able to enjoy Western meals and food chains at or around the Silk market as well as traditional Chinese food

Discussion (5 minutes) Where are some other places where you are

likely to see culture fusion in China? Do you think that the Culture Fusion through

tourism is helpful or hurtful to the overall image of China?

Cuisine Fusion In China: McDonald’s, KFC, Nike and Coke

are some English words that are very popular in the Chinese language

In the West: words like “kowtow and wok” and “dim sum” have become very popular in the West

Cuisine Fusion American Chinese cuisine refers to the style

of food served by many Chinese restaurants in the United States. This type of cooking typically caters to Western tastes, and differs significantly from the traditional Chinese cuisine.

Cuisine Fusion There are many Chinese specialties that are

not actually seen in China such as “chicken balls” and “red sauce”

American Chinese food typically treats vegetables as a side dish or garnish while cuisines of China emphasize vegetables

Cuisine Fusion Stir frying, pan frying, and deep frying tend to

be the most common Chinese cooking techniques used in this cuisine, which are all easily done using a wok.

There are a lot more steamed and boiled traditional foods in China which are not in the West at all

An entirely new kind of Chinese cuisine was created for the Western World

Examples of Western Chinese Dishes Almond chicken - chicken breaded in batter

containing ground almonds, fried and served with almonds and onions

General Tso's Chicken— chunks of chicken that are dipped in a batter and deep-fried and seasoned with ginger, garlic, sesame oil, scallions, and hot chili peppers.

Examples of Western Chinese Dishes Sesame chicken— boned, battered, and deep-fried

chicken which is then dressed with a translucent red or orange, sweet and mildly spicy sauce, made from soy sauce, corn starch, vinegar, chicken broth, and sugar.

Fortune cookie —fortune cookies have become sweetened and found their way to many American Chinese restaurants. Fortune cookies have become so popular that even some authentic Chinese restaurants serve them at the end of the meal as dessert and may feature Chinese translations of the English fortunes.

Fortune Cookie

Chicken Balls

Western Influence

McDonald’s first McDonald's in China in Shenzhen in

1990 During 2008: China was the No 1 growth

market for McDonald's, with 960 restaurants and over 60,000 employees.

2010: 165 new restaurants in the country with a plan to add up to 200 outlets in 2011.

McDonald’s half of all new McDonald's restaurants to be

opened in the next three years in China will feature Drive-Thru’s to appeal to China's increasingly mobile population

McDonald’s delivery in China and not in Canada (cater to the high demand in China)

KFC

KFC KFC has more of the Culture Fusion than

McDonald’s by introducing dishes that have never been seen in the Western World

use of local ingredients -- both in its management team and on its menus.

hired Chinese managers to build partnerships with local companies in its expansion drive and used their expertise to offer an array of regional dishes that appeal to domestic tastes

KFC KFC customers can purchase a bowl of congee, a

rice porridge that can feature pork, pickles, mushrooms and preserved egg, as well as buy a bucket of its famous fried chicken.

3,200 KFCs and 500 Pizza Huts in 650 Chinese cities --stretching from the tropical southern island of Hainan to the North Korean border and the desert oases of the ancient Silk Road. KFC’s target: to lift that number fivefold to 20,000.

KFC in Tian’anmen Square China’s embrace of Yum’s brands -- and vice

versa -- is most apparent in the center of Beijing, where Colonel Sanders meets Chairman Mao in Tiananmen Square. On the ground level of the three-story KFC, an elaborate mural of the Great Wall greets diners.

KFC On the second floor, the decor is meant to

resemble a hutong -- the traditional Beijing neighborhoods that are disappearing to make way for high-rise office and apartment blocks. The third floor doubles as a gallery for local photographers and painters. A plaque at the entrance describes it as “an exchange channel between KFC fast-food culture and Chinese folk culture.”

KFC While other foreign companies entering China

recruited American or Southeast Asian-born Chinese managers, Yum hired Chinese from Taiwan, who speak the same Mandarin Chinese as mainlanders and understand their culture better

Discussion (10 Minutes) Do you think that it is better if Western Food

Chains come to China and try to integrate with the Chinese Cuisine like KFC? Or would you prefer if it stayed typically Westernized like McDonald’s?

Do you often eat at Western chain restaurants? Why or Why not?

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has

formed a unique system to diagnose and cure illness.

understanding of the human body is based on the holistic understanding of the universe as described in Daoism, and the treatment of illness is based primarily on the diagnosis and differentiation of syndromes.

With Traditional Chinese Medicine… feel it through the qualities of its pulse at the

wrist. We can look inside the body through the appearance of the tongue. We smell and listen to diagnostically significant changes. And finally, we interact directly with the patient to locate issues within their awareness.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine In traditional Chinese medicine the theory of five

elements is used to interpret the relationship between the physiology and pathology of the human body and the natural environment.

the five elements are in constant move and change, and the interdependence and mutual restraint of the five elements explain the complex connection between material objects as well as the unity between the human body and the natural world.

Traditional Chinese Medicine the visceral organs, as well as other organs

and tissues, have similar properties to the five elements; they interact physiologically and pathologically as the five elements do.

Traditional Chinese Medicine The order of mutual promoting among the

five elements is that wood promotes fire, fire promotes earth, earth promotes metal, metal promotes water, and promotes generates wood. In this way each of the five elements has this type of mutual promoting relationship with the other, thus promoting is circular and endless

Traditional Chinese Medicine Each of the five elements also shares this

restraining relationship with the other. Mutual promoting and mutual restraining are two aspects that cannot be separated.

If there is no promoting, then there is no birth and growth. If there is no restraining, then there is no change and development for maintaining normal harmonious relations.

Traditional Chinese Medicine The aspects involved in each of the five elements are

follows: Fire: draught, heat, flaring, ascendance, movement,

etc. Wood: germination, extension, softness, harmony,

flexibility, etc. Metal: strength, firmness, killing, cutting, cleaning

up, etc. Earth: growing, changing, nourishing, producing,

etc. Water: moisture, cold, descending, flowing, etc.

Yin and Tang Theory Traditional Chinese Medicine is based on the

5 elements and the Yin and Yan theory It is believed that there is a dark side and a

bright side to an object anything that is moving, ascending, bright,

progressing, hyperactive, including functional disease of the body, pertains to yang

Yin and Yang Theory characteristics of stillness, descending,

darkness, degeneration, hypo-activity, including organic disease, pertain to yin.

Yin and yang are always in conflict however, they are dependent on one another (without cold there would be no hot, etc)

human life is a physiological process in constant motion and change through yin and yang

Yin and Yang Theory If everything is normal: yin and yang are kept

within certain bounds, reflecting a dynamic equilibrium of the physiological processes

When the balance is broken, disease occurs. Typical cases of disease-related imbalance include excess of yin, excess of yang, deficiency of yin, and deficiency of yang.

Acupuncture The practice of acupuncture is based on the

theory of meridians. According to this theory, qi (vital energy) and blood circulate in the body through a system of channels called meridians, connecting internal organs with external organs or tissues.

Acupuncture By stimulating certain points of the body

surface reached by meridians through needling or moxibustion, the flow of qi and blood can be regulated and diseases are thus treated. These stimulation points are called acupuncture points, or acupoints.

Moxibustion is a form of fire heat treatment that stimulates specific acupuncture points of the body.

Herbal Therapy Herbal therapy is very popular within the

Chinese culture There are about 600 different herbs in

common use today. The herbs have two different elements,

temperature characteristics of the herb and taste properties of the herb

Herbal Therapy Temperature Characteristics: namely hot (re),

warm (wen), cold (han), neutral (ping), and aromatic.

Taste properties: namely sour (suan), bitter (ku), sweet (gan), spicy (xin), and salty (xian).

Herbal Therapy Warm herbs can be used with individuals suffering

from Heat disorders warm energy must be mixed with herbs with

Cool/Cold energy so that the overall balance of the mixture is on the Cool side

Cool herbs can be used with people with Cold disorders as long as the overall balance of the mixture is war

Neutral herbs are those that are neither hot nor cold, so they are often considered gentle herbs.

Western Medicine relies heavily upon industrially produced

medications and a strict devotion to the formal scientific process

all types of conventional medical treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and physical therapy.

Treatments and medications pass a strict review before a patient can receive them

Western Medicine This can be anything from surgery to taking a

painkiller for a headache (Tylenol or Advil) Western medicine likes to use technology to

isolate the smallest possible particle that may be diseased all the way down to the electrical charge of a molecule.

Chinese medicine looks at the larger perceptions unique to our human senses.

Western Medicine Chinese medicine makes diagnosis without

lab tests. Unlike TCM practices, Western Medicine

does not listen to what the body is saying Western approach tends to change the

environment and the Eastern way is to prefer to adapt to the environment.

Fusion More recently, there has been a change in

patients More westerners are willing to try out TCM

because they are becoming more concerned with what chemicals they put into their bodies

In the same breath, there are many Easterners who are turning to Western Medicine for instant relief

Fusion You can often hear people in China tell you

that they will go to a Traditional Chinese doctor for some things but if they have something like a headache, they would just prefer to take the Western medication because they believe in it more

Fusion In the West, more people are becoming

fascinated by acupuncture and herbal remedies

These practices speak to people who are getting older in the west or people who are simply more comfortable with herbal and natural remedies

Fusion You can see in the West that people are not

only interested in the TCM but they are also interested in many herbal and medicinal teas that are said to help certain parts of the body

This has become fascinating to people in the West because they feel like they can have more control over their bodies

Fusion Teas for weight loss from China are becoming

very popular and are even being featured on popular television shows

Teas that are good for reducing blood pressure and stress are very popular among the older generations

There are increasingly more and more tea shops that are gaining a lot of revenue because of this new market

Oolong Tea Oolong Tea may help reduce cholesterol

build-up in the bloodstream. Oolong Tea may help burn fat and thus, may

contribute to slimming. Oolong Tea can help prevent heart ailments. Oolong Tea can be used for treatment of

digestive disorders.

Oolong Tea Oolong Tea can promote longevity by

stimulating bodily functions and strengthening the immune system.

Oolong Tea may promote healthier and stronger bones, protecting people from such diseases as osteoporosis.

Oolong Tea can also fight against tooth decay.

Pu‘er Tea Pu’er tea is known to help lower blood

cholesterol levels. Pu’er tea may help boost the flow of blood

and help enhance circulation. Pu’er tea may help inhibit the formation and

growth of cancer cells. Pu’er tea aids in the proper digestion of food.

Pu‘er Tea Pu’er tea may help invigorate the spleen. Pu’er tea is known to help break down and

thus reduce fat in the system. Pu’er tea may help remove toxins. Pu’er tea may help heal aches and pains.

Chrysanthemum Tea Chrysanthemum Tea may help lower blood pressure

and consequently also help in the treatment of other related ailments, i.e. angina and other heart problems.

Chrysanthemum Tea may help relieve headaches. Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the treatment of

colds, fever and the flu.

Chrysanthemum Tea Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the treatment of

such skin problems as acne, boils and sores. Chrysanthemum Tea is believed to contribute to

clear vision. Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the alleviation of

dizziness. Chrysanthemum Tea is believed to contribute to

alertness.

Green Tea healing and preventive processes that cater to

diseases like cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, infections, impaired immune functions, and cardiovascular diseases

improving the cholesterol rate in the body human body is cleansed from toxins that

usually cause a lot of health problems

Green Tea rich in EGCG or epigallocatechil gallate. This is a

powerful anti-oxidant that inhibits cancer cell growth and kills present cancer cells without harming the rest of the healthy tissues in the body.

prevents the abnormal formation of blood clots in wounds

effective burning of calories when mixed with caffeine and the prevention of tooth decay and food poisoning because of its ability to destroy bacteria as well.

Discussion Do you prefer Western Medicine or

Traditional Chinese Medicine? Why Do you often drink tea? Which teas do you

drink the most?

Homework Take pictures this weekend of places that you

notice are symbols of culture fusion. Post this on your blog and write about the fusion and if you like it or dislike it and why.

Worth 5%