Latin American Independence thinkers
and leaders
19th century
Andresbello
NEOCALSICISM & ROMANTICISM
Andrés Bello(1781-1865)
• The most versatile of all Latin American humanists during this period is the Venezuelan polymath.
• A great thinker who published major prose works in the humanities, law, philosophy, education, and philology.
• His most well known work is the Castilian Grammar Intended for the Use by Americans (1847).
Latin American Independence1803 – 1898
•The first quarter of the 19th century was spent becoming independent from each region's original European masters.
•During this period the humanities continue to exist and to be produced; however, it is dramatically overshadowed by the monumental figures of the independence leaders themselves.
Liberators
1.José de San Martín (1778-1850)
2.Simón Bolívar (1743-1804)
3.Fray Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811)
4.José María Morelos (1765-1815)
5.José Martí (1853-1898).
José de san martín
José de San MartínArgentinian Liberator of Southern Cone of South
America
• 1778 -1850 • September 18, 1810 Buenos Aires • May 14, 1811 Paraguay • 1816 Brazil attacked Uruguay, and they
captured Montevideo.• February 12, 1818 Chile.• July 28, 1821 Peru.• 1822 San Martín went to Guayaquil,
Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
SIMón
BOLíVAR
• 1783 - 1830.
• Followed social and political doctrines of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract.
• Fusion of the governments of both England (monarchy) and the USA (federal republic).
• 1815-16 Went to Haiti to asked the free Haitian leader, Alexandre Petion, for support.
SIMóN BOLívarVenezuelan Liberator of Northern South America
SIMóN BOLívarhis thoughts
1. Latin America (L.A.) lacks a "political attitude";2. (L.A.) has a heritage of neglect and ill treatment from
Spain.3. (L.A.) are "passive”.4. (L.A.) has been governed by incompetent
subordinates.5. Democracy and republics are not appropriate for
(L.A.)6. (L.A.) does not need a monarchy, but it does need
paternalistic governments.7. Many small republics would suit (L.A.) better than the
idea of manifest destiny, which was guiding the United States.
8. Mexico should lead all of (L.A.) , and should model an ideal for all of Latin America; but this result would not be possible throughout Latin America due to the obstacles of geography and climate differences.
SIMóN BOLívarVenezuelan Liberator of Northern South America
• 1821 Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia –Panamá- and Ecuador)
• 1822 Bolívar meets with José de San Martín in Guayaquil (Ecuador).
• *August 11, 1825 Bolivia (Upper Perú).
• 1828 Proclaimed himself dictator. It all ended in 1830.
PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO
Padre (father) Hidalgo
• Fray Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811).• Internal exile in his home town of Dolores. • On September 16, 1810 (Mexican
Independence Day) he made his famous "Grito de Dolores" (independence proclamation of Dolores).
• Father Hidalgo led an army composed of 50,000 native soldiers*.
• 1811, he was captured by the Spanish army and executed.
• *Mexico became a republic in 1824.
José maría morelos
José maría morelosHero of Mexican Independence
• 1765 - 1815.
• He led the second phase of the Mexican War of Independence.
• Like Miguel Hidalgo, was a Catholic priest.
• Leads the second, third, and fourth independence campaigns until his death.
• Morelos is considered the major hero of Mexico's independence campaigns.
José martí
José martí“Father of modernismo”
• He is one of the great Latin American modernistas.
• Born in 1895• 1877 Moved to Guatemala, and he wrote
the play Patria y Libertad: a drama indio (Country and Liberty: an Indian Play).
• 1878 He returned to Cuba, where he signed the Pacto de Zanjón at the end of the failed Cuban Ten Years’s War of independence against Spain.
• 1880 He worked in New York City as the leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
• 1881 He moved to Venezuela.
José martíPublications & speechs
• 1891 Published his famous article “Nuestra América / Our America” in La Revista Ilustrada (New York), in which he spelled out the modernista ideal of pride in Latin America as a place distinct.
• 1891 In Tampa, Florida, he gave two patriotic speeches at the Cuban-American Club Ignacio Agramonte in Ibor City, Tampa, Florida, and Herman Norman painted one of the famous portraits of Martí.
• 1892 Founded Patria, a Cuban journal of letters and politics.
Latin American Romanticismcharacteristics
1. A focus on the individual.
2. A dedication to personal and political liberty and freedom.
3. Passion in terms of emotions and the expression of individuality that may include suffering.
4. Appreciation for and treatment of new subject matters in art and ideas that include extremes such as the sublime or the ideal on the one hand and the ugly or grotesque on the other hand.
Latin American Romanticismcharacteristics
5. Lyricism in music and poetry including melodramatic personal styles and melodrama in the theater or drama.
6. Foregrounding of sensitivity (la sensibilidad; lo sensible) to nature, the poor and the sick, etc.
7. Discovery or inclusion in the humanities of what traditional Latin American society, which had been dominated by culture from France, Spain, and Portugal, had been seen as exotic (i.e., coming from Asia, Oceania, or the Middle East, etc.).
Gertrudis goméz de
avellaneda(Cuba 1814-
1873)
Gertrudis goméz de avellanedaFeminist
• Sab, (1841)
• According to the cannon: This novel can be compared to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) in that both novels are literary protests against the practice of slavery.
• However, in Sab, the writer draws a parallel between the subjugation of the slave and the second-class status of women. She writes: Como los esclavos, ellas arrastran pacientemente su cadena y bajan la cabeza bajo el yugo de las leyes humanas. (Like slaves, women patiently drag their chains and lower their heads under the yoke of human laws.)
• Sab was banned in Cuba.
Gertrudis goméz de avellanedaFeminist
•Dos Mujeres, (Two Women) (1842)
•Her second novel was the equally controversial because it challenges the benefits of marriage.
•“Deals with great topics of the 19th century: arranged marriages, adultery, infidelity, female education, women’s roles in patriarchal societies.” (María de los Angeles Ayala)
Dos Mujeres, (Two Women) (1842)
•Examined women's roles in religion, history, government, and the intellectual sphere.
•Avellaneda was denied membership in the Royal Spanish Academy because of her gender, but she enjoyed enough success to earn a living from her writing. She was a popular figure in Cuba and Spain, and both countries claim her as part of their national literary heritage.
•José Martí (Cuba)
•1875 Ismaelillo
•Beginning of modernismo
•Rubén Darío (Nicaragua)
•1888 Azul
•1916 (end of modernismo)
Modernismo (2)
José martí: PUBLICATIONS AND SPEECHES:
• 1882 Ismaelillo, modernista poetry.
• 1889 "Mother America”
Washington, D.C.
• 1891 Versos sencillos, modernista poetry.
• 1891 Article “Nuestra América / Our America” in La Revista Ilustrada (New York).
• 1891 Gave two patriotic speeches in Ibor City, Tampa
• 1892 Founded Patria.
Rubén darío“end of modernismo”
• He was illegitimate and that his heritage includes white, black, and indigenous forebears.
• In1888, his first major publication, Azul, which contains both prose and poetry.
• From this time onward he worked as a diplomat and journalist.
• He was a prolific, creative, innovative, and protean poet from Nicaragua.
• Dies in 1916.
Rubén darío(1867-1916)
AZUL (1888) • Carries no moral purpose, describe no feats of
heroism, and do not use any clichéd Spanish themes.
• The stories adopt a new worldly-wise tone, often suggesting Paris.
• Evokes an erotic, sensual mood; creates vivid, ethereal images, and describes the artist and the unappreciated role of art in a bourgeois society.
• Describes nymphs, fairies, and other characters that become symbolic or mythic.
Modernism (1875-1916)
•Modernism appeared at a time when traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, and many other social organizations were being made obsolete by the new economic, political, and social ideals of an emerging industrial world. •Humans have conquered the planet through technology. No longer was it God performing miracles, but man, who changed his world through the very tools he had created. •Through Modernism, the arts shifted focus from the divine to the mundane, reviving the stagnating schools of art and thought.
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