Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Warm-Up Activity:During the colonial period, most people had

few rights or opportunities. Have you ever felt that way? Describe your feelings?

Divisions in Spanish Colonial Society

Independence for Haiti

• Slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) revolted because:– Enslaved Africans outnumbered their masters– White master used brutal methods to terrorize

them and keep them powerless

Haiti’s Independence

• Toussaint L’Ouverture led Africans in a revolt against the French that ended slavery and resulted in the new nation of Haiti.

• Toussaint was leader of revolution but imprisoned by the French

• General Dessalines took over the rebellion and declared the colony an independent country– First black colony to free itself from European

control

South American Wars of Independence

• Events in Europe lead to revolution in the Spanish colonies:– Motivated by Enlightenment ideals, creoles finally

revolted against Spanish colonial rule when Napoleon made his brother, who was not Spanish, king of Spain.

Creole Generals: Bolivar & San Martin

• Bolivar declared Venezuela’s independence from Spain in 1811– Used surprise tactics to defeat the

Spanish in Bogota, Colombia.

• San Martin’s Argentina declared its independence in 1816– With the help of Bernando O’Higgins,

drove the Spanish out of Chile

Creole Generals: Bolivar & San Martin

• San Martin and Bolivar met in Ecuador in 1822 – devise plan to drive Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru.– San Martin left his army for Bolivar to command– This unified revolutionary force– Under Bolivar, Peru won its independence– Spanish colonies in Latin America won their

freedom!

End of Spanish Rule in Mexico

• Creoles led revolutionary movements in most Latin American countries

• Mexico – Indians and mestizos played the leading role

“The Cry of Dolores”

• 1810 – Miguel Hidalgo, priest who believed in Enlightenment ideals, took first step toward independence in Mexico

• The Cry of Dolores – Miguel Hidalgo called upon peasants to rebel against Spanish rule.

Mexico’s Independence

• Indians and mestizos began the revolution; later, creoles, fearing the loss of privileges under a new liberal regime in Spain, supported independence.– Hidalgo was defeated in 1811– Rebels rallied around Jose Maria Morelos who led the

revolution for four years.• 1815 – Creole officer, Augustin de Iturbide

defeated him• 1821 – Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed

independence!

Central America

• Central America was part of viceroyalty of New Spain

• Declared independence from both Spain and Mexico

• United provinces of Central America

Brazil

• Independence occurred without violent upheavals• King John of Portugal in charge then his son, Dom

Pedro• Creoles of Brazil demanded independence from

Portugal• 8,000 signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to grant

independence• 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence.

Europe Faces Revolutions

How can people make their opinions heard?

Review – Congress of Vienna

• What did it do?– Restored the balance of power in Europe– Restored Europe’s monarchs to their thrones– Successful because it lasted for 40 years and

influenced world politics for the next 100 years.– Long term legacy – foreign control led to calls for

revolution.• Nationalism spread in Italy, Germany, Greece, and

other areas the Congress had put under foreign control – Result – Nationalistic feelings exploded into REVOLUTIONS!!!!

Schools of Political Thought

• Conservatives– Property owners and nobility who wanted to

maintain the traditional monarchies of Europe.• Liberals– Middle class business leaders and merchants who

wanted Parliaments in which educated voters and landowners could vote

• Radicals– Wanted dramatic change in order to give power to

the people as a whole

Nationalism Develops

• Nationalism – loyalty to one’s nation– Belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be

to a king or an empire• Nation-State – nation with its own

independent government– Defended the nation’s territory and way of life,

represented the nation to the rest of the world.

Revolutions• How did the success of the French Revolution

impact Europe?– Fueled nationalist movements and revolutions

throughout Europe

Greeks Gain Independence

• Greeks demanded independence from Ottoman Turks– A combined British, French, and Russian fleet

defeated the Ottomans and Greece gained its independence!

Nationalists Uprisings

• Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna demanded independence and self-government.– Resulted in the forced resignation of Metternich,

triggered liberal uprisings throughout German states, but revolutionaries failure to unite led to the return of conservatism.

Radicals Change France

• King Charles X of France tries to set up an absolute monarchy in France.– Led to riots that forced him to flee to

Britain and led to the replacement by Louis-Philippe, a supporter of liberal reforms.

Radicals Change France

• Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe and establish a republic– Republican government set up, but factions turn

to violence, resulting in bloody battles

France accepts a strong Ruler

• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon) is elected president of France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III.– Under this strong ruler,

prosperity, peace and stability are restored.

Reforms in Russia

• In the Crimean War, Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire– Russia is defeated by combined forces of France,

Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire– Alexander II, begins to modernize Russia

Alexander II• Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation– Serfs were legally free but remained tied to the

land through debts

Nationalism

Nationalism is the basis of world politics today and has often caused

conflicts and wars.

Breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Austrian Empire defeated by Prussia in Austro-Prussian War.

• To satisfy nationalist spirit, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states, with himself as the ruler of both – Austro-Hungarian Empire

• 40 years later, after WWI, Austro-Hungarian Empire split into several separate nation-states.

Breakup of the Russian Empire

• 370 year old empire of the czars in Russia• Policy of Russification – forcing Russian

culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire• Nationalist feeling of non-Russian peoples,

fueled by the policy of Russification, weakened the empire, which fell as a of World War I and the communist revolution

• Last Romanov czar - 1917

Breakdown of the Ottoman Empire

• Conservative Turks, angered by the Ottoman policy of granting equal citizenship to nationalist groups, caused tensions that eventually broke up the empire.

Unification of Italy

Camillo di Cavour

• How did Cavour help unify Italy?• Prime Minister of Sardinian king, worked to

expand Sardinian empire; through war, alliances, and help of nationalist rebels, succeeded; in the process, unified Italy

• Led unification process

Giuseppe Garibaldi

• How did Garibaldi help unify Italy?• Captured Sicily and united the

southern areas of Italy he conquered with kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

King Victor Emmanuel

• How did Emmanuel help unify Italy?• Pulled together northern and southern

regions of Italy and took over the Papal states unifying Italy

Realpolitik

• How did the policy of realpolitik lead to German unification?

• “The politics of reality” – tough power politics with no room for idealism.

• This policy of tough politics allowed Bismarck to expand Prussia and achieve dominance over Germany

Seven Weeks’ War

• How did the Seven Weeks’ War lead to German Unification?

• The victory over Austria Prussia control over northern Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

• How did the Franco-Prussian War lead to German unification?

• Victory over France motivated southern Germany to accept Prussian leadership.