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Page 1: Locomotion and Support
Page 2: Locomotion and Support

Locomotion Act, ability, or power of moving

The musculoskeletal system gives animals the ability to move

Provides form, support, stability, and movement to eh body

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Bones Made of collagen and calcium salts

Bones change shape when osteoblasts (bone-building cells) and osteoclasts (bone-breaking cells) remodel them.

Joints are held together by ligaments

The connective tissue that attach muscles to bones are tendons.

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Exoskeleton Encloses the bodies of arthropods

Supports the important internal organs and protects them from being damaged

Insects shed their exoskeleton to increase in size

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Endoskeleton Found in all vertebrates

Made up of phosphate and calcium

Important to maintain the body shape, supports the soft-body tissues and protects the internal organs from getting injured

Certain parts store minerals

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Hydrostatic Consists of internal body fluids in the confined body

cavity

The fluid is held under pressure in compartments and surrounded by muscles

This ensures the shape of soft-bodied organisms like earthworms and sea anemones.

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Human Skeleton

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Axial Skeleton Is the part of the skeleton that

forms an imaginary line down the back bone of the body

Is made out of

-skull

-vertebral column

-sternum and ribs

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Appendicular Skeleton

Scapula- flat, triangular-shaped bone that forms the basis of the shoulder

Humerus- articulates with the scapula to form a ball-end socket joint at the shoulder

Ulna- longer bone of the forearm that articulates with the humerus

Radius- flattened, slightly curved bone in the hand

Pelvic Girdle- provides connection between the axial skeleton and hind limbs

Femur- largest bone in the human body. Forms a hind joint at the knee

Fibula- shorter and smaller bone, giving support to the leg

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An organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body

Muscle cells (fibers) move by lengthening and contracting, a process that generates much of the body heat needed for survival

Muscular System

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Three Types of Muscle Skeletal Muscle Smooth or Visceral Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Muscle

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Striated voluntary muscles

Attached to bones by dense, fibrous connective tissue called tendons

Important in maintaining posture, providing support and allowing for movement

Skeletal Muscle

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Muscles are made up of muscle bundles, which subdivide into muscle fascicles

Within each muscle fascicle are units called muscle fiber cells

Within each muscle fiber are contractile fibrils called myofibrils

A single myofibril is subdivided intro sarcomomeres or contractile units

Organization of Skeletal muscle

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The functional unit in a muscle cell

Inside a sarcomere, there are two protein filaments Actin: thin filament Myosin: thick filament

Interaction of both proteins cause muscle contractions

Sarcomere

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Found in the heart

Its action is beyond conscious control

When the skeletal muscles are exercised, they send signals to the heart via nerve cells to provide more oxygen

Cardiac Muscle

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Found throughout the body (in the walls of blood vessels, the digestive tract, and internal organs)

Involuntary

They respond to demands for increased oxygen from the skeletal muscles by narrowing or widening blood vessels

Smooth Muscle

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Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that usually connect muscle to bone

Ligaments refer to fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones Ex: head and neck, wrist, thorax, pelvis, knee

Ligaments

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1. A nerve impulse is sent to a skeletal muscle.

2. The neuron sending the impulse releases a neurotransmitter onto the muscle cell.

3. The muscle depolarizes.

4. Depolarization causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions.

5. These calcium ions cause the actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other.

6. The muscle contracts.

How does a muscle contract?

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InvertebratesSponges

Cnidarians

Nematodes

Flatworms

Annelids

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Hydrostatic Skeleton Many invertebrates have these skeletons.

As mentioned earlier, three types of skeletons: exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton.

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How it Works Exterior muscles contract along the body of the

organism, causing the fluid filled chamber inside to move.

Similar to peristalsis in the human intestine.

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Nematodes Locomotion in nematodes

RoundwormsImportant: Nematodes and annelids have a one way digestive track although they are invertebrates

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Annelids Earthworms are annelids

Have better locomotion than nematodes because they are segmented, so they can control their peristaltic waves of motion better.


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