Looking back at photosynthesis
sugarsC6H12O6
CO2
ATP
ADP
H2O
O2
sunlight
CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2light
energy + ++
SugarBuilding
Reactions
Energy Building
Reactions
Plants make both: ATP sugars
ATP
What is energy in biology?
Whoa! Hot stuff!
Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy
CO2 + H2O + heatfuel
(carbohydrates)
O2
“Burn fuels” to make energycombustionmaking heat energy by burning fuels in one step
ATP
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
respirationmaking ATP energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps
food(carbohydrates)
O2
Using ATP to do work?
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
Whoa! Pass me
the glucose& oxygen!
Can’t store ATP too unstableonly used in cell
that produces itonly short term
energy storage carbohydrates & fats
are long term energy storage
ATP
ADP + P
work
A Body’s Energy Budget
eatfood
synthesis
• resting energy• activity• temperature
control{• growth• reproduction{
storage• glycogen• fat{
ATP
Harvesting energy stored in food Cellular respiration
breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen
formula shows glucose, but that is just an example could be other sugars, fats or proteins
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O26CO2 6H2O ATP+ + + + heat
What do we need to make energy? The “Furnace”
mitochondria
Fuel food
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
The Helpers oxygen
“aerobic” enzymes
O2
food
ATP
Make ATP!Make ATP!
All I do all day…And no one
even notices!
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs/Citric acid cycle
3. Electron transport chain
2 32
AerobicAnaerobic
Three Stages
2
Breaking it down… Step 1 = _____________
Anaerobic Occurs in
cytoplasm Glucose in Pyruvate,
2 NADH, and 2 ATP out
glycolysis
Let’s keep on trucking… Step 2 = ____________
aka Krebs cycle – the merry-go-round of energy!
Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria Pyruvate, ATP, and
NADH inin 2 ATP, carbon dioxide,
hydrogens, and energized electrons outout
Citric acid cycle
The big finale! Step 3 = __________________
Aerobic Occurs in mitochondria
Stair step release of energyrelease of energy from
electrons used to makemake 32 ATP and water
Electron transport chain
There are two types of respiration:
What if oxygen is missing? Can’t complete aerobic respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm
alcohol fermentation yeast
glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol
make beer, wine, bread
lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals
glucose ATP + lactic acid make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue
O2
but only makes a net of 2 ATP!
but only makes a net of 2 ATP!
The BIG picture• Oxygen, glucose, and water in
• Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water out
How are they connected?
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +
Respiration
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
Photosynthesis
H2O
Energy cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
sun
The Great Circleof Life!
Where’s Mufasa?
glucose O2CO2
plants
animals, plants
ATP
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Food synthesized Food broken down
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Energy of glucose released
Carbon dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in
Also produces glucose Also produces H2O + ATP
Requires light Does not require light
Needs chlorophyll Occurs in all cells
Happens in the cytoplasm !!!
2 Pyruvic Acid
Alcohol Fermentation Used to make bread and alcohol products
uses yeast
Produces CO2 and alcohol In making bread alcohol burns off and
CO2 makes bread rise In producing alcohols, the alcohol is used
to produce the beverage, CO2 is released
No oxygen present in some plants or fungi-Anaerobic Fermentation--Alcohol
Fermentation
2 Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation Used to make yogurt and some cheeses –
the producer of these is bacteria
OR When muscles are overly exerted the
oxygen is depleted in the cells. Lactic acid then builds up in animal cells and causes muscle fatigue and sore muscles the next day.
No oxygen present in animals and some bacteria.
Anaerobic Fermentation--Lactic Acid Fermentation
2 Pyruvic Acid
2 Lactic Acid
We use lactic acid fermentation
When we don’t have enough oxygen for our ATP requirements in our muscles. Short – bursts of energy – anaerobic exercise
The lactic acid is what causes cramps when you don’t stretch (increase blood flow to the muscle)
This lactic acid has to go back to the liver where it is turned back into glucose. Oxygen Debt – You have to continue to breathe hard in order to make more ATP to convert lactic acid back to glucose.
Important in the Fight or Flight mechanism in animals !
Electron Transport Chain
This is our friend NADH
Putting it all together Making a living…
sunlight leaves = solar collectors photosynthesis
gases: CO2 in & O2 out stomates = gases in & out
H2O roots take in water from soil pulled up by leaf evaporation
nutrients roots take in from soil
Leaf Structure
H2O CO2
CO2
O2 H2O
phloem (sugar)xylem (water)
stomate guardcell
palisadeslayer
spongylayer
cuticleepidermis
gases in & out water out
transpiration O2
Stomates Function of stomates
CO2 in
O2 out
H2O out
guard cell
stomate
Xylemcarry water up from roots
Phloem: food-conducting cells
carry sugars down to wherever they are needed Extra stored in roots
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid-(Muscle Lab)(animals & bacteria)
Without Oxygen
With Oxygen
Without Oxygen
Ethanol—Yeast & Apple Juice Mini-Lab-(only some fungi and
some plants)
CELLULAR AEROBIC RESPIRATION
CYTOPLASM
(2)
Pyruvic Acid
+2 ATP +2 ATP +about 32 ATP
ABOUT 36 ATP !
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic = does not require oxygen (Fermentation) – Breaks down glucose only
partially and creates a total of 4 ATP and net of 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation—animals, bacteria Alcoholic Fermentation—fungi like yeast, plants
Occurs in the cytoplasm Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic = requires oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria Breaks down glucose completely and creates
a total of 38 ATP and a net of 36 ATP Requires 2 ATP to activate the cycle
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