Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

AmericaClaims a Continent

Pre-EuropeanNative People of Texas

Spanish TexasOf all Spanish provinces New Spain was the largest stretching from Mexico to Oregon,

the southern coast of North American including parts of South Carolina and Georgia, and the Caribbean Islands.

Characteristics of Spanish Colonization:Rabid Exploitation

____________________ __________

Native PopulationHarsh treatmentSwept aside, enslaved or eradicatedImposed a new religion – Roman Catholicism

Taught native population of oppression by Egyptians, Romans, etc.Lauded attempts by “rebels” to cast of the chains of oppression

Israel against PharaohHebrews against Herod

Spanish Texas1680 – Pueblo Revolt

Spanish forced to retreat from __________Establish a more compact line along the Rio Grande including __________

French trading and exploration1670's La Salle and the French1716 St. Denis in East Texas1772 New Regulations for the Presidios1800 Settlements two roads

SettlementsSan Antonio de BexarLa Bahia del Espiritu Santo (Goliad)Nacogdoches

RoadsEl Camino Real (Old Spanish Trail [OST])Atascosito Road

Spanish Texas

Spanish Texas

Colonizing TexasSafety in numbers but no numbers without guarantee of safety1749 – Apaches and Spanish agree to détente – first attempt to settle Texas by

colonists rather than by soldiers and priests. Ranches and irrigated farms along the San Antonio River expand in the 1750s.

Failure:AllegedlyInhospitable nature of the Great Plains and piney woods of East Texas

Reasons:____________________Government PoliciesAdvantages to foreign rivalsMissions retarded civilian __________ growth

Spanish TexasDecline of the Spanish in New SpainClass Conflict

Penisulares (from Iberia) and Criollos (Spanish blood born in North America.MestizoIndian

Spain made one last attempt to populate Texas in 1803 but it came to naught because of __________ Politics

Planned to import several thousand settlers in 1804When that plan failed, local officials turned to Indians from the United States

European PoliticsNapoleon in Europe, 1808-1814French control of SpainConfusion in New Spain: peninsulares – remain loyal to Spain; criollos – form new colonial governmentCriollos outnumber peninsulares 10-1; peninsulares depose criollos governor which angers criollos

Spanish Texas

Rebellion and Revolution, 1810-1820Hidalgo’s rebellion of 1810

Juan Bautista de las Casas: 1811 – led revolt in Texas (Bexar)Subdeacon Juan Manuel Sambrano: 1811 – “counter-revolt” agains de las CasasGutiérrez de Lara & Augustus Magee: 1811-1814 – support from “Orleans Territory: capture Nacogdoches and move to San Antonio where they are defeated at the battle of the Medina River 18 August 1814

Conservative rebellion on 1820

Spanish & Mexican TexasConstitution of 1812 restored by Ferdinand VII hoping to bring __________ and calmRevolutionaries remain active - Vicente GuerreroPlan de Iguala - 24 February 1821

Called for an independent Mexico with __________ ___________________ of the Catholic faith without toleration for other and rights and properties of the clergyEquality of Peninsulares and American CriollosWith Spain itself turning to a constitutional monarchy, Agustín de Inturbide and Vincente Suerrero sign the Plan de IgualaPlan de Iguala receives widespread support and the viceroy signs the Treaty of Córdoba

Treaty of Cordova - 24 August 1821Older and inactive revolutionariesNew criollo chieftains formed since the death of MorelosOfficers of the royal governmentCatholic church and supportersWith Mexican independence, Spanish Texas becomes Mexican Texas

Mexican TexasImmediately broke into two factions by late 1823:

__________ (states rights – Jeffersonians of the early US) __________ (strong central government –Federalists of the early US)

7 May 1824 the states of Coahuila and Texas combined to form Coahuila y Texas José Erasmo Seguín speaking for most Tejanos __________ Seguín is out voted by the more populous Coahuilans

18 August 1824 National Colonization Law Federal Law left most details of colonization to the __________ Two restrictions:

Foreigners must settle more than 30 miles from the coast Foreigners must settle more than 30 miles from an international border

03 October 1824 Constitution of 1824 Very much like but in many respects much more _______ than the United States

Constitution Emphasis on state rather than central power results in strong appeal to ______ in

Texas

Colonizing TexasEmpresarios:

Austin FamilyMosesStephen F.

The Old Three Hundred2nd, 3rd and 4th Grants

OthersDewittDeLeonZavalaMilamExeter & Williams

Population increase:1820 – total population about 2,0001834 – approximately 20,000 Anglos

Colonizing TexasSlavery

• East Texas becomes an extension of the old south – Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia

• North Texas attracts immigrants from the upper south – Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia

• Central Texas becomes a mixture of both including many Tejanos

Many slaveowners moved to Texas bringing slaves with them.Mexican tradition dating from 1813 stated “slavery is forbidden forever” but Mexico lacked the means to enforce it in TexasAs Mexico formed national and state constitution from 1821 to 1827 the official stance was frequently __________ and __________

Colonization Law of 1823 for Austin’s first colonyPermitted SlaveryCalled for emancipation of slaves born in Texas at age 14

National Congress of 1824Prohibited importation of slaves as merchandiseDid not address slaves as property

Colonization Law of 1824 and Constitution of 1824 remain neutral concerning slavery

Colonizing TexasSlavery

Colonizing TexasSlavery

State Constitution of Coahuila y TexasArticle 13 – “From and after the promulgation of the Constitution in the capital of each district, no one shall be born a slave in the state, and after six months the introduction of slave under any pretext shall not be permitted.”Arguments in favor of slavery contended that settlers could not be attracted unless slavery was protectedJosé Antonio Navarro introduced a bill in the state legislature allowing settlers to “free” their slaves and sign them to ___ ___ indentured service contracts – noting a lack of agricultural workers the bill is passed in 1828

Colonizing TexasSlavery

16 September 1829 – President Vicente Guerrero emancipates all slaves in the Republic of Mexico in honor of Mexico’s __________ __________Ramón Múzquiz – the political chief at San Antonio – appeals for Texas __________Governor of Coahuila y Texas approves the __________ an forwards it to President Guerrero exempts Texas from emancipation on 2 December

Early Symptoms of Rebellion

Mier y Terán“Inspection tour” of Texas 1828-1829Evidence of Mexico’s increasingly precarious hold on Texas“If the colonization contracts of Texas by North Americans are not suspended, and if the conditions of the establishments are not watched, it is necessary to say that the province is already definitely delivered to the foreigners.”

Attempted Spanish at Tampico temporarily disrupts Mexican response to Terán’s report

Law of 6 April 1830• Prohibited _____________ from the United States• Ended all ______________ contracts not fulfilled• Outlawed bringing slaves into Mexico under any guise• Called for the collection of customs duties on imports and exports (from which Texas settlers

had been exempt since an act of 29 September 1823. Mexican official see these steps as necessary to ensure continued control of

their province __________ in Texas considered it an insult with potentially disastrous

consequences __________ disagreed with the government – intent on developing their

own province the Tejanos did not approve of ending immigration from the United States

While it turned the Anglos (Texians) against the national government of Mexico it did not cause serious problems between the __________ and the __________

Early Symptoms of Rebellion

Early Symptoms of RebellionThe Representacion dirijida por el ilustre ayuntamiento de la Ciudad de Bexar.This document written between 6 and 19 December 1832 by the ayuntamiento of San Antonio was “the only public statement of major issues affecting Texas and the Tejanos misgivings about the centralist government.”Issues:

neglect by the national and state __________prohibition against __________ by North Americansphysical __________ between the citizens of Texas and Saltillolack of a local __________lack of ____________________ military presence__________ rule within Texas

After being prepared by forty-nine Bejarenos seven members signed the document and it was sent to Goliad, Gonzales, Nacogdoches and San Felipe for endorsement. These Tejanos were seeking their rights and privileges as Mexican citizens: something very akin to what the citizens of the thirteen English North American colonies had done prior to 1775.

General Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaPresident of Mexico eleven times – never more than 2½ yearsOpportunistOriginally a Federalist many colonists supported Santa Anna – Texians and Tejanos supported his move during and after the Anahuac/Velasco incident of 18323 January 1833 – took over national government from Bustamente: elected president 3 months later by Mexican states

Allowed his vice president Gómez Farías to introduce liberal reforms for two yearsOnce Santa Anna determines that the military and religious leaders are against liberal reforms of Farías, Santa Anna “becomes” a centralist, wins the support of the military and clergy and acquires absolute power in April 1835Discharged the existing congress, refilling it with centralists subject to himAbolished the Constitution of 1824 – which he formerly supported and championedEradicated the states replacing them with departments run by officials whom he appointedBy October 1835, Santa Anna is seen as all-powerful

Rebellion in MexicoOn April 12, 1834, the Jalisco Legislature invited the states of Querétaro, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Tampico and Durango to form a coalition to defend themselves against the Federal rule of General Antonio López de Santa Anna. During that summer, a mob of about sixty to eighty men, through intimidation and threats, persuaded the leaders of Guadalajara to resign. Through such manipulation, the Federal Government kept Jalisco under heel.

Revolution in MexicoOn May 11, 1835, the Zacatecas militia, under the command of Francisco Garcia, was defeated at the Battle of Guadalupe by the Federal forces of General Santa Anna. Soon after this victory, Santa Anna's forces ransacked the city of Zacatecas and the rich silver mines at Fresnillo. In addition to seizing large quantities of Zacatecan silver, Santa Anna punished Zacatecas by separating Aguascalientes from Zacatecas and making it into an independent territory. Aguascalientes would achieve the status of state in 1857. The loss of Aguascalientes and its rich agricultural terrain would be a severe blow to the economy and the spirit of Zacatecas.

Rebellion in Mexico

On January 17, 1840, a constitutional convention was held at the Oreveña Ranch near Laredo: the convention decided that the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas would withdraw themselves from Mexico and would form their own federal republic with Laredo as the capital. The short-lived republic was defeated a short eight months later by Mexican forces and forced to return to the Mexican Republic.

Rebellion in MexicoIn 1840, the local Congress approved a declaration of independence of Yucatán. Governor Santiago Méndez blocked it saying that Yucatán would again recognize the rule of the central government in Mexico City if the Mexican Constitution of 1824 were reinstated. Santa Anna refused to recognize Yucatán's independence and Governor Méndez ordered all Mexican flags removed from Yucatecan buildings and shipping in favor of the flag of the "sovereign nation of the Republic of Yucatán." The Yucatecan Constitution was modeled in part on the 1824 Mexican Constitution and the Yucatán state constitution of 1825.Santa Anna barred Yucatecan ships and commerce in Mexico and ordered Yucatán's ports blockaded and in 1843 he sent an army to invade Yucatán. The Yucatecans defeated the Mexican force, but the loss of economic ties to Mexico hurt Yucatecan commerce. Governor Miguel Barbachano used the victory as a time to negotiate with Santa Anna's government from a position of strength. Yucatán agreed to rejoin Mexico so long as various assurances of right to self-rule and adherence to the 1825 Constitution within the Peninsula were observed by Mexico City. The treaty reincorporating Yucatán into Mexico was signed in December 1843.