Manifest DestinyChapter 15

15.1 IntroManifest Destiny:

‘obvious fate’

John O’Sullivan wrote in a newspaper in 1845:

“manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent.”

Video Clip:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2eI-ujEeos

15.2: Louisiana Purchase America’s first

opportunity to expand was past the Mississippi River

By 1800: thousands of farmers were settling new land

To get their crops to markets, they would float them down the Mississippi River to New Orleans

Once the crops got to New Orleans: ships to Europe or the East Coast

15.2: LouisianaAcross the

Mississippi River was an area that was unexplored and huge!

Louisiana Territory: N-S: Canada down to

Texas! E-W: Mississippi River-

Rocky Mtns

1st claimed by: France

2nd: Spain after the French and Indian War

3rd:  Napoleon convinced Spain to return it to France(1800)

15.2: Louisiana Purchase

15.2: LouisianaNapoleon:  French

Plans for the land:  settle it with thousands of French farmers

Farmers would raise food for the slaves who were French, working in the Caribbean.

This alarmed American farmers!

New Orleans, a port city, was part of Louisiana(French rule) 2nd largest in the world https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UjmqXkramM

If Napoleon closes the port to American goods, farmers would have no way to get their crops to the market!

15.2: “A Noble Bargain”President: Jefferson

1803: sent James Monroe to France

Offer to buy New Orleans for $7.5 million!

Napoleon had changed his mind

A few years earlier: slave revolt in modern day Haiti French Caribbean colony Former slaves defeated the

French French were trying to take

the colony back Result: Napoleon no longer

needed Louisiana

Haitian Revolution: (12 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A_o-nU5s2U

15.2: “A Noble Bargain” France and Britain were

on the brink of war

Napoleon knew he might lose Louisiana to the British

Rather than lose it, he decided to sell it

Napoleon's offer to sell Louisiana stunned Jefferson

Instead of just getting a city, he would be getting an area of land the size of what the United States was at that time.

April 30, 1803: Monroe signed a treaty for $15 million!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMh8RCqJf9U

15.2: Purchase DebateTo most Americans:

Louisiana Purchase looked like the greatest deal in history

Doubled the country’s size 2-3 cents per acre!

Not all approved: Worried that such a large

country would be impossible to govern

Politicians in the East thought they would lose power

Convinced Louisiana would be carved into new states and would out vote the eastern states in Congress

15.2: Purchase DebateSome said that the

Constitution did not state anything about purchasing foreign territory

Some said it was unconstitutional!

Late 1803: Senate voted to ratify the Louisiana Purchase treaty.

Frontier farmers said: “You have secured to us

the free navigation of the Mississippi. You have procured an immense and fertile country; all this done without war and bloodshed.”

15.3: FloridaAfter getting

Louisiana, Jefferson wanted more land!!!

Florida: colonized by Spain in the late 1500s

1800s: diverse population:Seminole IndiansSpanish ColonistsEnglish TradersRun Away Slaves

15.3: Florida1804: Jefferson sent

two diplomats to Spain to buy Florida

Spain’s answer: no deal!

Many wanted the US to take over Florida

Slave owners in Georgia were upset Their slaves would run

over the border to Florida

Seminole Indians would welcome the run away slaves

Seminole Indians raid their land

Spanish government could do nothing to stop the raids on farms in Georgia

15.3: Andrew Jackson Invades Florida

1818: President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to Georgia

He had orders to end the raids by the Seminole Indians and ex slaves

Jackson was told he could chase them back into Florida

He did not have permission to invade the Spanish Colony

Jackson marched into Florida with 1,700 troops.

15.3: Andrew Jackson Invades Florida

Jackson, over a few weeks:had captured

nearly every military post in the colony

arrested, tried and executed 2 British subjects for stirring up Indian attacks

Replaced the Spanish governor with an American

Later Jackson said: Sorry I didn’t execute

the Spanish governor.

***Spain demanded that Jackson be called back to Washington and be punished for his illegal invasion.

Jackson video: 45 min

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaxY0iksrtQ

15.3:Govern or Get Out!Fearing war,

President Monroe asked his cabinet for advice

Most agreed that he should apologize to Spain and remove Jackson

Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams

Convinced Monroe to send a blunt message to Spain, instead of apologizing.

Either govern Florida properly or get out!

15.3:Govern or Get Out!Spain feared war, so

they got out!

1819: Spanish government agreed to give Florida to the US

In exchange, US agreed to pay off $5 million in settlers claims against Spain

US also agreed to honor Spain’s longtime claim to Texas

Not a lot of Americans were happy that Spain would now get to own Texas

“Texas was worth 10 Florida's!”

Senate ratified the Florida treaty 2 days after it was signed

15.4: Americans Comes to Texas

Moses Austin: banker and businessman Dreamed of starting an

American colony in Spanish Texas

1821: Spanish officials granted Austin a lot of land

Moses died that year, so his son Stephen took over his father’s dream!

Stephen arrived in Texas, just as Mexico declared its independence from Spain

Texas is now part of Mexico!!!

15.4: Americans Comes to Texas

Mexican officials agreed to let Austin to start his colony

Under some conditions: had to choose only

moral and hardworking settlers

Had to promise to become Mexican citizens and to join the Catholic church.

Austin agreed to the terms

1827: he had attracted 297 families

Soon known as the “Old Three Hundred”

15.4: Rising Tensions Austin’s colony was

becoming a huge success

Many people were flocking to Texas

1830: 25,000 Americans in Texas Only 4,000 Tejanos

Texans of Mexican decent

Tensions began to rise between these two groups

Americans had some complaints: Many were slaveholders

MX outlawed it in 1829 Used to governing

themselvesResented taking orders

from Mexican officials Unhappy that all official

documents had to be in SpanishMost of them were

unwilling to learn Spanish

15.4: Rising Tensions Tejano complaints:

Unhappy American settlers had come to Texas illegally

Many of the new immigrants showed little respect for Mexican culture

Had no intention on becoming citizens

Mexican government: Closed Texas to further

American immigration Sent troops to Texas to

assert their authority and enforce immigration laws

15.4: Texans Rebel Some called for a

revolution

Stephen Austin: Others asked the

Mexican government to reopen Texas immigrations and make it a separate Mexican state

Then, Texans could run their own affairs!

1833: Austin traveled to Mexico Presented the Texans

demand to the new head of the Mexican government

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Dictator in charge of

Mexico

15.4: Texans Rebel Santa Anna didn’t want

to bargain with Austin

Threw him in jail for promoting a rebellion

1835: Austin was released from jail Texans rose up on

revolt

Santa Anna was determined to crush the rebels He marched north with

about 6,000 troops

The Alamo Late Feb 1836: most of

Santa Anna’s army reached San Antonio, TX

Town was defended by about 180 Texan volunteers and Tejanos

The Alamo Alamo: old mission

Texans took it over

Texans watched as Santa Anna raised a black flag “Expect no mercy” Santa Anna wanted the

Texans to surrender

Texans answer: cannon shot!

Santa Anna’s troops began surrounding the Alamo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dxGZhv4u8Y

2:47

The AlamoSanta Anna’s troops

began surrounding the Alamo

Texans were outnumbered 10 to 1!

William Travis and James Bowie were co commanders for the Texans

Travis sent messengers to towns in Texas Pleaded for

reinforcements Vowed to NOT

abandon the Alamo

Reinforcements never came

The Alamo 12 days: Mexicans

pounded the Alamo with cannonballs

March 6: Santa Anna gave orders to storm the fort

Texans tried to get Santa Anna and his troops to retreat with constant rifle fire

90 minute battle!

By the end of the day, every one of the Alamo’s defenders was dead

Santa Anna’s orders: execute everyone on the spot who is still alive!

Texas Wins Its Independence

Sam Houston: commander of the Texan Revolutionary Army Santa Anna and his army

were pushing on thru Texas

Houston decided to lure Santa Anna and his army deeper into TexasHe was hoping to

make it harder for him to get supplies

Texas Wins Its Independence

April: Santa Anna caught up with Houston near the San Jacinto River

Santa Anna expected the Texans to attack at dawn, so he kept his troops up all night long An attack didn’t happen! The weary troops relaxed Santa Anna even went to

his tent to take a nap!

Texas Wins Its Independence

Later on in the afternoon: Houston and his troops staged a surprise attack

Yelling: “Remember the Alamo”

Santa Anna fled, but he was captured the next day

In exchange for his(Santa Anna) freedom, he ordered all remaining troops out of Texas

Texans had won their independence!

To Annex Texas or Not?Texas is now an

independent country: Lone Star Republic Single star on its flag

Most Texans were Americans and they wanted to become part of the United States

To Annex Texas or Not?Texas remained

independent for 10 years

People in the US were divided over whether to annex Texas or notAnnex: to add

territory to a country

Southerners: eager to add another slave state

Northerners: opposed slavery and wanted to keep Texas out!

Others: feared that it would lead to a war with Mexico

To Annex Texas or Not?James Polk is now

president Strong believer in

Manifest Destiny

Congress voted to annex Texas 1845: Texas became

the 28th state

15.5: Oregon Country Oregon Country: Rocky

Mountains to the Pacific Ocean

North: Russian Alaska

South: Spanish California and New Mexico

1819: Oregon was claimed by 4 nations: Russia Spain Great Britain US

15.5: Oregon Country Spain was the first

country to drop out US signed a treaty to

purchase FloridaSpain had to give up

its claim to Oregon

1825: Russia drops out Agreed to limit its claim

to the territory that lays north of the 54 40’ parallel of latitude

Today that line marks the southern border of Alaska!

Britain and the US are left Joint occupation of

Oregon

Discovering Oregon America’s claim to

Oregon was based on the Lewis and Clark Expedition(1804-1806) Two explorers who went

to the Oregon Coast They thought many

people would follow, but the route was really hard

If time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc9tG9aD3P4 (45 min)

Discovering Oregon 1824: fur trapper

Jedediah Smith found a better way to get there He found a passage

through the Rocky Mountains: South Pass

South Pass: low and flat enough for wagons to use in crossing the Rockies

Oregon Fever First settlers in Oregon

were missionaries Few Native Americans

were converted

Fertile soil and towering forests attracted more settlers

1843: 1,000 pioneers packed their belongings into covered wagons and headed for Oregon

1844: nearly twice as many people made the long journey

All of Oregon or Half?President Polk didn’t

want Oregon enough to risk starting a war with Britain Agreed to a

compromise treaty that divided Oregon in half at the 49th parallel

The line is currently the western border between the US and Canada

15.6: War with Mexico President Polk wanted to

expand the US as far as he could! Wanted California and

New MexicoFirst colonized by

Spain, but then became Mexican territories

Polk was hoping these territories would soon become for sale due to Mexico declaring its independence in 1821

Polk sent a representative to Mexico to try and buy the territories

MX officials refused to even see him!

War Breaks Out in Texas Congress had voted to

annex Texas Relations between US

and MX turned bad MX: annexation of Texas

was an act of war!

Texas and MX couldn’t decide on a border

Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border on the south and west

MX: wanted the border to be at the Nueces River 150 miles NE of the Rio

Grande

War Breaks Out in Texas April 25, 1846: MX

soldiers fired on American troops who were patrolling the Rio Grande River

16 Americans were killed/wounded

Congress declared war on Mexico

The Fall of New Mexico and California

Americans took control of New Mexico without firing a single shot

John C. Fremont launched a rebellion against Mexican rule in California Americans arrested and

jailed General Mariano Guadalupe VallejoMexican commander

for Northern California

Americans raised a flag showing a grizzly bear sketched in blackberry juice Known as the Bear Flag

Republic With in weeks, all of

California was under American control!

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Early 1848: MX and America signed the Treaty of Guadalupe

MX: agreed to give up Texas and a region called the Mexican Cession Present day states:

Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and California

Parts of: Colorado, Wyoming

MX gave up half of all its territory US paid MX $15 million Also promised to protect

80,000 -100,000 Mexicans living in Texas and in the Mexican Cession

Some people didn’t want all this land: “It is not worth a dollar.” Senate voted 38-14 to

take the land!