Download ppt - Matina Souretis Horner

Transcript
Page 1: Matina Souretis Horner

Matina Souretis HornerMatina Souretis Horner

1939-1939-

(third from right)

Ryan DuBois

Joe Kennedy

Woori Shin

Page 2: Matina Souretis Horner

OverviewOverview

BiographyBiography

Historical AntecedenceHistorical Antecedence

Problems She FacedProblems She Faced

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Strengths and WeaknessesStrengths and Weaknesses

Follow-up studies and variationsFollow-up studies and variations

National Recognitions and AwardsNational Recognitions and Awards

Page 3: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

1930 Thematic Apperception Test1930 Thematic Apperception Test

1939-1945 World War II1939-1945 World War II

July 28, 1939 Matina Horner bornJuly 28, 1939 Matina Horner born *Roxbury, Massachusetts*Roxbury, Massachusetts

*Greek Parents*Greek Parents

Page 4: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

Boston Public schoolsBoston Public schools

Girl’s Latin SchoolGirl’s Latin School

Page 5: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

19611961 B.S. B.S. Cum laudeCum laude Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania

* Interested in Experimental Psychology* Interested in Experimental Psychology * Studied “Need Achievement”* Studied “Need Achievement” * Married to Joseph L. Horner* Married to Joseph L. Horner

Page 6: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

1963 M.S. University of Michigan1963 M.S. University of Michigan 1963 The Equal Pay Act1963 The Equal Pay Act 1963 The Feminist Movement 1963 The Feminist Movement 1964 Civil Rights Act 1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 National Organization for Women 1965 National Organization for Women

Page 7: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

1968 Ph.D University of Michigan1968 Ph.D University of Michigan * * Research Assistant in Psyc Dept.Research Assistant in Psyc Dept. * Lecturer in Social Relations Dept. * Lecturer in Social Relations Dept. * Conducted Research at University* Conducted Research at University “ “Women’s motivation toward achievement” Women’s motivation toward achievement”

1969 “Fear of Success”1969 “Fear of Success”

1969 the faculty of Harvard University 1969 the faculty of Harvard University * Lecturer in the Dept of Social Relations* Lecturer in the Dept of Social Relations

Page 8: Matina Souretis Horner

History: Matina HornerHistory: Matina Horner

1972-19891972-1989

President at Radcliffe CollegePresident at Radcliffe College 1972 Equal Rights Amendment 1972 Equal Rights Amendment

1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments

1973 Roe v. Wade1973 Roe v. Wade

1978 1st time in history1978 1st time in history

Women > Men at CollegeWomen > Men at College

Page 9: Matina Souretis Horner

Problems…Problems…

President at Radcliffe President at Radcliffe

* complex Harvard-Radcliffe relationship* complex Harvard-Radcliffe relationship

* Admission Policy* Admission Policy

A Freak AccidentA Freak Accident

“ “Stumbling blocks into stepping stones”Stumbling blocks into stepping stones”

Page 10: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

BackgroundBackground1953: John Atkinson and David McClelland use TAT techniques to 1953: John Atkinson and David McClelland use TAT techniques to isolate “need for achievement” as a distinct psychological isolate “need for achievement” as a distinct psychological characteristic characteristic

However, over the course of the next ten years, little research was However, over the course of the next ten years, little research was conducted on women’s motivation to achieve – the little that was conducted on women’s motivation to achieve – the little that was produced conflicted or confusing results produced conflicted or confusing results

Only consistent finding was that women had significantly higher test Only consistent finding was that women had significantly higher test anxiety scores than menanxiety scores than men

This clue, along with the lack of empirical evidence supporting This clue, along with the lack of empirical evidence supporting traditional assumptions about women’s intellectual capabilities, traditional assumptions about women’s intellectual capabilities, motivated Horner to investigate motivated Horner to investigate achievement motivationachievement motivation in women in women

Page 11: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Traditional HypothesisTraditional Hypothesis: Women’s lack of achievement in : Women’s lack of achievement in comparison to men related to differences in aggressioncomparison to men related to differences in aggression

FreudFreud: : Femininity equated to “the repression of aggressiveness, which is Femininity equated to “the repression of aggressiveness, which is imposed upon women by their constitutions and by societyimposed upon women by their constitutions and by society.”.”

StorrStorr: : ““It is highly probable that the undoubted superiority of the male sex in It is highly probable that the undoubted superiority of the male sex in intellectual and creative achievement is related to their greater endowment intellectual and creative achievement is related to their greater endowment of aggression…The hypothesis that women, if only given the opportunity of aggression…The hypothesis that women, if only given the opportunity and encouragement, would equal or surpass the creative achievements of and encouragement, would equal or surpass the creative achievements of

men is hardly defensiblemen is hardly defensible..””

Page 12: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Horner sought to test these assumptions. Horner sought to test these assumptions.

Horner’s hypothesisHorner’s hypothesis: Many women experience a : Many women experience a fear fear of successof success which inhibits their ability to achieve which inhibits their ability to achieve. . This This fear is due to the anticipation of negative social or fear is due to the anticipation of negative social or cultural consequences as a result of achievement. cultural consequences as a result of achievement. Women worry about social rejection or being perceived Women worry about social rejection or being perceived as “unfeminine,” deviant, or undesirable, which as “unfeminine,” deviant, or undesirable, which subsequently affects their behavior with regard to pursuit subsequently affects their behavior with regard to pursuit

of achievementof achievement..

Page 13: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

1964 – Horner’s first experiments in women’s 1964 – Horner’s first experiments in women’s motivationmotivation

Methodology and Procedure:Methodology and Procedure:- Recruited 88 female and 90 male students from the U. of MichiganRecruited 88 female and 90 male students from the U. of Michigan- Administered standard TAT tests for measuring individual motivation Administered standard TAT tests for measuring individual motivation

to achieve, then asked participants to complete a fictional story to achieve, then asked participants to complete a fictional story about “John” or “Anne,” a student in medical school who is at the top about “John” or “Anne,” a student in medical school who is at the top of his/her class. Male subjects wrote about John, while females of his/her class. Male subjects wrote about John, while females wrote about Anne.wrote about Anne.

- Purpose was to test for what Horner called “negative success Purpose was to test for what Horner called “negative success imagery” and compare the frequency of occurrence in both groups imagery” and compare the frequency of occurrence in both groups

Page 14: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Horner’s categorization of negative success imageryHorner’s categorization of negative success imagery::

a)a) ““Negative consequences because of the success”Negative consequences because of the success”

b)b) ““Anticipation of negative consequences resulting from the Anticipation of negative consequences resulting from the success”success”

c)c) ““Negative affect because of the success”Negative affect because of the success”

d)d) ““Instrumental activity away from present of future success, Instrumental activity away from present of future success, including leaving the field for more traditional female work”including leaving the field for more traditional female work”

e)e) ““Any direct expression of conflict about success”Any direct expression of conflict about success”

f)f) ““Denial of effort in attaining the success” (including cheatingDenial of effort in attaining the success” (including cheating

g)g) ““Denial of the situation described by the cue”Denial of the situation described by the cue”

h)h) ““Bizarre, inappropriate, or nonadaptive responses to the situation Bizarre, inappropriate, or nonadaptive responses to the situation described by the cue”described by the cue”

Page 15: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

ResultsResultsWhereas only 8% of the male Whereas only 8% of the male subjects’ stories about John subjects’ stories about John contained negative success contained negative success imagery, 65% of the female imagery, 65% of the female subjects described Anne’s subjects described Anne’s future in negative terms future in negative terms

ConclusionConclusionMany women did indeed harbor Many women did indeed harbor fears of success due to fears of success due to apprehensions about negative apprehensions about negative cultural or social consequencescultural or social consequences

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Male Female

Absence ofNegativeContent inStory

Presence ofNegativeContent inStory

Page 16: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

1968: Part II of Horner’s study (also conducted 1968: Part II of Horner’s study (also conducted in 1964 with the same group of participants) is in 1964 with the same group of participants) is publishedpublishedSought to test for differences in performance Sought to test for differences in performance between men and women in competitive versus between men and women in competitive versus non-competitive environmentsnon-competitive environmentsHorner’s hypothesisHorner’s hypothesis: Due to a motive to avoid : Due to a motive to avoid success, women will perform better in non-success, women will perform better in non-competitive situations than in competitive ones, competitive situations than in competitive ones, particularly if the opponent is male. particularly if the opponent is male.

Page 17: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Methodology and Procedure:Methodology and Procedure:- Horner put all the students together in a large Horner put all the students together in a large

competitive group and administered a series of tests competitive group and administered a series of tests (both verbal and arithmetic). She then randomly (both verbal and arithmetic). She then randomly assigned the 88 men and 90 women into one of three assigned the 88 men and 90 women into one of three other competitive conditions: same-sex competition, other competitive conditions: same-sex competition, opposite-sex competition, or working alone, and opposite-sex competition, or working alone, and performed the same test. She then compared the results performed the same test. She then compared the results of each subject’s performance in the two different of each subject’s performance in the two different environments.environments.

Page 18: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Examples of Testing ContentExamples of Testing Content

Page 19: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Examples,cont.Examples,cont.

Page 20: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Results:Results: The majority The majority of men got better of men got better scores in competition scores in competition than when alone. For than when alone. For the women, the the women, the opposite was true – opposite was true – fewer than 1/3 got fewer than 1/3 got significantly higher significantly higher scores in competition. scores in competition. However, the women However, the women who were low in FOS who were low in FOS performed better in performed better in competition (93 competition (93 percent), whereas percent), whereas women high in FOS women high in FOS performed better performed better alone (77 percent).alone (77 percent).

Female Fear of Success & Female Fear of Success & Performance in Test Condition 3 Performance in Test Condition 3

(Subject Works Alone)(Subject Works Alone)Better Performance Better Performance

AloneAloneBetter Performance Better Performance

in Competition in Competition (Large Group)(Large Group)

High High FOSFOS 1313 44

LowLow FOS FOS 11 1212

Page 21: Matina Souretis Horner

Research and DiscoveriesResearch and Discoveries

Horner’s Conclusion:Horner’s Conclusion:““These findings suggest that most women will fully explore their These findings suggest that most women will fully explore their intellectual potential only when they do not need to compete – and intellectual potential only when they do not need to compete – and least of all when they are competing with men. This was most true least of all when they are competing with men. This was most true of women with a strong anxiety about success…we can see from of women with a strong anxiety about success…we can see from this small study that achievement motivation in women is much this small study that achievement motivation in women is much more complex than the same drive in men.”more complex than the same drive in men.”

Page 22: Matina Souretis Horner

Strengths and WeaknessesStrengths and Weaknesses

Strengths of Horner’s FindingsStrengths of Horner’s FindingsA number of subsequent studies replicated her experiment and obtained the A number of subsequent studies replicated her experiment and obtained the same resultssame results

Provided an empirical base for discussion and research into women’s Provided an empirical base for discussion and research into women’s achievement motivationachievement motivation

Undermined sexist notions about the supposed inferiority of the female Undermined sexist notions about the supposed inferiority of the female intellect, which were widespread but had a weak foundation of empirical intellect, which were widespread but had a weak foundation of empirical evidenceevidence

Use of each subject as his/her own control in condition 3 of the competitive Use of each subject as his/her own control in condition 3 of the competitive environment testing ensured that variations in individual ability did not skew environment testing ensured that variations in individual ability did not skew the measurement of achievement motivationthe measurement of achievement motivation

Page 23: Matina Souretis Horner

Strengths and WeaknessesStrengths and Weaknesses

Weaknesses of Horner’s FindingsWeaknesses of Horner’s FindingsA number of subsequent studies did A number of subsequent studies did notnot support Horner’s findings support Horner’s findings

When the first experiment was re-done with all subjects instructed to write When the first experiment was re-done with all subjects instructed to write about both John about both John andand Anne, the tendencies were the same for both genders Anne, the tendencies were the same for both genders (men also wrote negatively about Anne, while women also wrote positively (men also wrote negatively about Anne, while women also wrote positively about John), leading some psychologists to argue that the subjects were about John), leading some psychologists to argue that the subjects were merely reflecting the cultural stereotypes of their timemerely reflecting the cultural stereotypes of their time

Study of competitive environments did not take into account complex social Study of competitive environments did not take into account complex social dynamics (i.e. sexual attraction and its effect on behavior) when looking at dynamics (i.e. sexual attraction and its effect on behavior) when looking at mixed-gender competitionmixed-gender competition

David Tresmer argued that Horner did not use the most appropriate David Tresmer argued that Horner did not use the most appropriate methods of statistical analysis, and that the findings were not statistically methods of statistical analysis, and that the findings were not statistically significant when evaluated properlysignificant when evaluated properly

Page 24: Matina Souretis Horner

Horner’s InfluenceHorner’s InfluenceFollow up Studies & VariationsFollow up Studies & Variations

Olsen & Willemsen (1978)Variation: Ann or John achieving success in a class of all males vs. class with half males and half femalesLooked for negative consequences regarding protagonist’s own feelings, other people’s views/opinions, and other outcomes both positive and negative (grades go down, elected class president, is mugged, wins boy or girl of their dreams, etc.) Found no evidence of “fear of success” as a personality trait Negative outcomes exist in the environmentNeed for analysis of cultural institutions instead of more “John and Ann” cues

Page 25: Matina Souretis Horner

Horner’s Influence (continued)Horner’s Influence (continued)

Feather and Simon (1973)Feather and Simon (1973)Anagram test followed by Horner’s cues for success storiesAnagram test followed by Horner’s cues for success stories

Subjects that wrote fear of success stories that passed the test rated Subjects that wrote fear of success stories that passed the test rated external factors such as luck or test difficulty as less important causes of external factors such as luck or test difficulty as less important causes of successsuccess

Subjects that wrote fear of success stories that failed anagram test rated Subjects that wrote fear of success stories that failed anagram test rated those same external factors as more important causes of failure.those same external factors as more important causes of failure.

Results indicated that women wrote more fear of success stories than men, Results indicated that women wrote more fear of success stories than men, but Horner’s percentages were significantly different. (Women 65% vs. 35%; but Horner’s percentages were significantly different. (Women 65% vs. 35%; Men 9% vs. 25% )Men 9% vs. 25% )

Page 26: Matina Souretis Horner

Horner’s Influence (continued)Horner’s Influence (continued)

Cherry and Deaux (1978)Cherry and Deaux (1978)Variation: Success in a non-traditional fieldVariation: Success in a non-traditional field

Ann’s story was the same, but John’s read “After first term finals, John finds Ann’s story was the same, but John’s read “After first term finals, John finds himself at the top of his nursing school class”himself at the top of his nursing school class”

Significantly more fear of success stories were written to the John cue than Significantly more fear of success stories were written to the John cue than to the Ann cueto the Ann cue

Fear of success is not a predominantly female concern. Women and men Fear of success is not a predominantly female concern. Women and men both anticipate negative consequences for individuals who violate sex-role both anticipate negative consequences for individuals who violate sex-role norms.norms.

Page 27: Matina Souretis Horner

Taking it to the StreetsTaking it to the StreetsHorner’s work after studiesHorner’s work after studies

1969: Joined Harvard faculty1969: Joined Harvard faculty

1972: Became president of Radcliffe1972: Became president of Radcliffe

Leveling the playing field

Harvard lowered percentage of men in student body from 80% to 70%

1975: Declaration that Harvard and Radcliffe would no longer have limits on how many women could be admitted

Page 28: Matina Souretis Horner

National RecognitionNational Recognition

1979: Appointed by President Carter to the 1979: Appointed by President Carter to the President’s Commission for the National President’s Commission for the National Agenda for the 80’sAgenda for the 80’s

Served as chairperson for the Task Force Served as chairperson for the Task Force on the Quality of American Life in the on the Quality of American Life in the following yearfollowing year

Page 29: Matina Souretis Horner

Post RadcliffePost Radcliffe

June 1989: Horner resigned as president of June 1989: Horner resigned as president of Radcliffe (17 years as president)Radcliffe (17 years as president)

Positions held since retirementPositions held since retirementNamed to Board of Directors for both Neiman Marcus and the Named to Board of Directors for both Neiman Marcus and the Boston Edison CompanyBoston Edison Company

Executive V.P. of TIAA-CREF in New YorkExecutive V.P. of TIAA-CREF in New York

Board of Trustees for Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Board of Trustees for Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions (Became Chair in 1995)Health Professions (Became Chair in 1995)

Page 30: Matina Souretis Horner

Post RadcliffePost Radcliffe

Awards receivedAwards received1990: Received Distinguished Bostonian Award 1990: Received Distinguished Bostonian Award by the Boston Chamber of Commerceby the Boston Chamber of Commerce

1990: Received Ellis Island Medal of Honor 1990: Received Ellis Island Medal of Honor (Outstanding qualities in personal and (Outstanding qualities in personal and professional life, yet maintaining the richness of professional life, yet maintaining the richness of the recipient’s cultural heritage)the recipient’s cultural heritage)

Page 31: Matina Souretis Horner

SummarySummary

Matina Horner was a pioneer in studying Matina Horner was a pioneer in studying women’s motivation for success.women’s motivation for success.Did research that sparked countless Did research that sparked countless follow-up studies into motivation for follow-up studies into motivation for success of both men and women.success of both men and women.Made huge strides for women’s equality at Made huge strides for women’s equality at Harvard and Radcliffe.Harvard and Radcliffe.Excelled in both halves of her professional Excelled in both halves of her professional life.life.

Page 32: Matina Souretis Horner

ReferencesReferences

Infoplease.com. (n.d). Infoplease.com. (n.d). Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.Women's Rights Movement in the U.S. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womenstimeline1.htmlBookrags.com. (n.d). Bookrags.com. (n.d). Matina Souretis Horner Biography.Matina Souretis Horner Biography. Retrieved Retrieved June 17th, 2008, from June 17th, 2008, from http://www.bookrags.com/biography/matina-souretis-horner/McCain, Nina. (1989, March 6). McCain, Nina. (1989, March 6). Matina Horner Moves on Now, Matina Horner Moves on Now, Which Way Will Radcliffe Move? Women Found a Place at Harvard Which Way Will Radcliffe Move? Women Found a Place at Harvard under Her. under Her. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from The Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8110926.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d). U.S. Infoplease.com. (n.d). U.S. History Timeline 1900-1949. History Timeline 1900-1949. Retrieved Retrieved June 21, 2008, June 21, 2008, http://www.infolease.com/ipa/A0903596/htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d). U.S. Infoplease.com. (n.d). U.S. History Timeline 1950-1999. History Timeline 1950-1999. Retrieved Retrieved June 21, 2008, June 21, 2008, http://www.infolease.com/ipa/A0903597/html