Nationalism, Revolution, and Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship:Dictatorship:

Africa, Asia, and Latin America Africa, Asia, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939from 1919 to 1939

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The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism Modern Nationalism

New class of Westernized intellectuals Admired Western culture Resented foreigners and their contempt for colonial people Equality in economic opportunity and social class lacking for

western educated natives New urban class

Religion and Nationalism Independence or modernization? The Nationalist Quandary

Gradualist approach if the colonial regime was a source of reform If an impediment to change, independence a priority

• Incorporation of traditional way of life

Gandhi and the Indian National Gandhi and the Indian National CongressCongress First Indian nationalists were upper-class and educated

Urban Preferred reform to revolution Efforts won some measure of self-government

Indian National Congress, 1885 Sought self-determination for all Indians Religion will be a problem

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Returned from South Africa in 1915 Satyagraha, non-violent resistance Mahatma, Great Soul Government of India Act, 1921 Salt March

New Leaders and New Problems Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) The Muslim League

Nationalist Revolt in the Middle Nationalist Revolt in the Middle EastEast Mustapha Kemal and the Modernization of Turkey

Movement toward reform in Turkey Young Turks T.E. Lawrence

• Encouraged Arab nationalists during World War I Colonel Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), Atatürk

• Create a secular republic• Modernize the economy, written language, and education• Broke the political power of the Islamic religion in Turkey

Modernization in IranModernization in Iran Qajar dynasty (1794-1925)

Problems with Russian advances to the Caucasus Constitution granted in 1906 Influence of Russia and Great Britain Oil discovered, 1908

Reza Khan (1878-1944) seizes power in 1921 Wanted western style republic Pahlavi dynasty Changed the name of Persia to Iran Western-style education Rugs and oil

Nation-Building in IraqNation-Building in Iraq

Iraq emerged in aftermath of Ottoman collapse Sunnis, Shi’ites, and Kurds Placed under British control as a mandate of the

League of Nations in 1920 Resistance to British rule Discovery of oil Granted formal independence in 1932

The Rise of Arab Nationalism The Rise of Arab Nationalism and the Problem of Palestineand the Problem of Palestine Wahhabi revolt Arabs declared their independence from Ottoman rule in 1916 Mandates of the League of Nations

Iraq and Jordan assigned to Britain Syria and Lebanon assigned to France Palestine was a separate mandate

Balfour Declaration, 1917 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, created 1932

Ibn Saud Discovery of oil

Jewish immigration into Palestine

Nationalism and Revolution in Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa Marxism Outside of Europe

Marxism initially seen as irrelevant in Asia and Africa Marxist view of the colonial world Lenin and anti-colonialism Nationalist leaders did not want egalitarian society

Lenin’s strategy: Agents to spread out beyond Soviet Union; Comintern, 1919 Train agents from around the world in Moscow Rank and file of parties should be alienated workers Adapt to local values and ally with other parties Most colonial communist parties in 1930s failed Appeal of Communism

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The Northern ExpeditionThe Northern Expedition

Revolution in ChinaRevolution in China Revolution in China

Chinese Communist party (CCP), 1921 General Yuan Shikai

• Wanted to return to traditional ways Guomindang (Nationalists) and revolution

Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement New Culture Movement Aimed at abolishing the remnants of the old system and introducing Western values and institutions into

China Introduce a mix of new ideas Protest against Japanese efforts to expand its influence into the mainland Twenty-one demands by Japan in 1915 China accepted the Versailles Peace Conference decision

The Nationalist-Communist Alliance By 1920, central authority had collapsed in China Northern Expedition, 1926-1928 Shanghai massacre, April 1927 Mao Zedong

Nanjing Republic, 1928Nanjing Republic, 1928

Chiang Kai-Shek formed new republic at Nanjing Attempt to put an end to the communists The Long March Chiang and political and economic reforms Poverty in the countryside Nanjing government preoccupied with bourgeois values

with few links with the peasants New Life movement Repressive government Little success in land reform or in industrial development

““Down with Confucius and Sons”: Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change Economic, Social, and Cultural Change in Republican Chinain Republican China Slow growth in the industrial sector Assault on the old system by 1915, especially the

Confucian concepts of the family and filial piety Adoption of western culture Does not penetrate villages and rural life Challenges in culture

Japan Between the WarsJapan Between the Wars Experiment in Democracy

Introduction of democratic ideas Genro (ruling oligarchy) Expanded suffrage Marxist labor movements and ultranationalists Literature

A Zaibatsu Economy Manufacturing processes concentrated in a single enterprise Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda

Shidehara Diplomacy Need for raw materials and markets for goods Washington Conference, 1922 Diplomatic and economic means to achieve objectives

• Need for resources for heavy industry Growing feeling that the diplomacy of the1920s had failed

Latin America in the First Half of Latin America in the First Half of the Twentieth Centurythe Twentieth Century

The Latin America Economy and the The Latin America Economy and the United StatesUnited States Export of foodstuffs and raw materials European investments declined due to World War I The United States’ investments and political power grew

Feelings of hostility Good Neighbor Policy

Impact of the Great Depression

The Move to AuthoritarianismThe Move to Authoritarianism Domination by an elite minority Argentina

Hipólito Irigoyen (1852-1933) Brazil

Military overthrows the monarchy Getulio Vargas (1883-1954) Autocratic

Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Lázaro Cárdenas (1895-1970) Land redistribution Seizes oil industry

Latin American Culture Diego Rivera (1886-1957)

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

What segments of colonial society led the challenge to European imperialism? Why?

What were the key elements of Gandhi’s strategy of non-violent resistance to British rule?

Compare and contrast the approaches of Chinese Nationalists and Communists to the country’s problems after World War I.

What contributed to the entrenchment of authoritarian governments throughout Latin America in the 1930s?