Nationalist Revolutions

Latin American RevolutionsRevolution in Haiti

It was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European control.

It was basically a slave revolt Toussaint L’ Ouverture led the revoltJanuary 1, 1804-it was declared an independent countryJean-Jacques Dessalines took up the fight for Toussaint

L’Ouverture

HispaniolaHispaniola is made up of Haiti and the

Dominican Republic…..

Latin American Colonial SocietyPeninsulares-Men who were born in Spain, and held high political offices.

In this way, Spain was able to keep the loyalty of its colonial leaders.Creoles-Spaniards born in Latin America, and they had limited political

power, but they did have military power.Mestizos-Persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry.Mulattos-Persons of mixed European and African ancestryAfricans Indians or Natives Indians were of very little value to the Spaniards, and were severely

oppressed.

Simon Bolivar

“The Liberator”Venezuelan CreoleBrilliant GeneralVenezuela and ColombiaWrote Bolivia’s Constitution“I will not rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to the will of Spain”

Jose de San MartinLatin American Revolutionary1816-Argentina declared its independence from SpainSan Martin and Bolivar will join forces in Latin

AmericaSan Martin is considered to be the liberator of

Argentina, Chile, and PeruSan Martin dies in Europe

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule In Mexico, Indians and Mestizos played the

leading role.

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos were key revolutionaries .

In 1821, Mexico declares its independence from Spain.

Independence in BrazilAfter Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula,

the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil.Brazil served as the capital of the Portuguese

empire for 14 years.1822-creoles demanded independence from

Portugal.After 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition, Dom

Pedro agreed to rule, and he officially declared Brazil’s independence.

Brazil is independent…bloodless revolution!

Revolutions Disrupt EuropeRadicals, Liberals, and Conservatives contribute

to a new movement-NationalismLanguage, Religion, Culture, History,

Territory….Nationalism is the belief that one should be loyal

to a nation of people who share a common history and culture.

Nation-state-a nation has its own independent government.

1848 Revolutions-considered failures..increased nationalistic tensions.

Unification of ItalyGiuseppe Mazzini organized Young Italy-he

wanted to free Italy from foreign rulers.Count Cavour unified northern ItalyGiuseppe Garibaldi unified southern Italy“The Red Shirts”The area around Rome was the last to join

the “unified” Italy.Italy faced political instability and economic

problems

Unification in GermanyOtto von BismarckRealpolitik-”the politics of reality”Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in

German unification.1871-German Unification is achieved.King Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser.Germans called this the Second Reich.Bismarck had achieved Prussian dominance

over Germany and Europe by “blood and iron”

Revolution in the ArtsRomanticism-feelings, thoughts, and emotionsRomantics rejected the rigid, orderly worldFocus on the imagination and the supernaturalCherished Folk TraditionsBeethoven-Romantic ComposerThe Brothers GrimmEmily Bronte-Wuthering HeightsMary Shelley’s Frankenstein

Shift to RealismIndustrialization……….huge impact on everyday

life in Europe-show life the way it really is…Paintings showed images of real working people.Charles Dickens-see p. 243The first practical photographs were

called .......daguerreotypesWilliam Talbot-invented a type of light sensitive

paper that could be used to produce many prints from one negative.

Photography was the art of the new industrial age.

Impressionists React Against Realism

Characteristics of ImpressionismArtists wanted to give their impression of a

subject or a moment of time.The used bright, shimmering colors to

capture a moment seen at a glance.Impressionists showed a more positive view

of the new urban society in Europe.Edouard ManetClaude MonetPierre-Auguste Renoir