Air Pollution
And
Delhi
M.P.George
Scientist D
Delhi Pollution Control Committee
Air Pollution in Delhi
M.P.George
Scientist D
Delhi Pollution Control Committee
Delhi an Unique City
• Landlocked city with 1434sq.Km. Area
• Population aprox. 17 million
• Vehicular Population 8million
• Vehicle daily entering from other states0.15million trips
• Extreme climate 2◦ C to 46◦C
• Rains only in Monsoon or Scanty winter rains .
• 26 types of vehicle moves on same road space
• 798339Million ton Petrol and 946228Million tons Diesel used in 2009/10
2Delhi Pollution control Committee
• Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station
• R K Puram, DPCCwww.pwc.com
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station
Civil Lines, DPCC
Monitoring Stations
CAAQMS Type
R. K.Puram Residential
Punjabi Bagh Residential
Mandir Marg Residential
Civil Lines Residential / Hot spot ?
Anand Vihar Hot Spot
IGI Airport Hot spot
Five stations were started in Oct 2010 and Anand Vihar in June 2012
Parameters Monitored by DPCC
Gaseous pollutants
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxide
Ozone
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Benzene
Toluene
P-Xylene
Others
Formaldehyde
Mercury
Particulates
PM2.5
PM10
Metrological
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Vertical Wind Speed
Humidity
Solar Radiation
Temperature
Pressure
Different Technologies used by DPCC
• DPCC have Six CAAQMS.
• 4 working on Conventional Technology.
• 2 on DOAS based Open Path Technology for gaseoussampling.
• For Particulate all the stations are working onβ-attenuation based principle.
• All the technology approved by USEPA.
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(DOAS)
• Uses the unique absorption of specific electromagneticenergy wave lengths by chemicals in the ultra Violet(UV),Visible (V) and near infrared (NIR) spectrum to identify andquantify individual chemicals .
• The system includes a light emitter that collimates the lightfrom a source lamp, a transmitting telescope a telescope thatcollects the attenuated light beam , a spectrometer , a singleor multichannel receiving/detector unit and a control andprocessing computer.
• Light Path used at Civil Lines is 120 m and at IGI airport 180m.
Conventional technology
• Separate analyzer for each gas is installed and air sucked through manifold to a analyzers and analysed for specific gas/ parameters.
Present Status: Trend Analysis
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Month
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
CO
(mg/
m3
)
C6H6 CO
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and COat R.K. Puram station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Month
020406080
100120140160
NO
2,S
O2
,O3
& N
H3
(µg/
m3
)
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at R.K. Puram station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at R.K. Puram station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at Mandir Marg station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
CO
(mg/
m3
C6H6 CO
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and COat Mandir marg station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
NO
2, S
O2
, O3
, NH
3 (
µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at Mandir Marg station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at Punjabi bagh station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
CO
(mg/
m3
)
C6H6 CO
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and COat Punjabi bagh station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
NO
2,S
O2
, O3
, NH
3 (
µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at Punjabi Bagh station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at Anand vihar station during winter(oct-feb) from 2012-2015
Month
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-…
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-…
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-…
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-…
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-…
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
C6H6 CO
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and CO at Anand vihar station during winter(oct-feb) from 2012-2015
CO
(mg/
m3
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
NO
2, S
O2
, O3
, NH
3 (
µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at Anand Vihar station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at Civil Lines station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
Month
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-…
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-…
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-…
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-…
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-…
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
C6H6 CO
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and CO at civil lines station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
50
100
150
200
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
NO
2, S
O2
, O3
, NH
3 (
µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at Civil lines station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
PM10 PM2.5
PM
10
an
d P
M2
.5(µ
g/m
3)
Monthly variation in concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at IGI Airport station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
Month
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
CO
(mg/
m3
)
C6H6 CO
C6
H6
(µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of C6H6 and CO at IGI Airport station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan
-11
Mar
-11
May
-11
Jul-
11
Sep
-11
No
v-1
1
Jan
-12
Mar
-12
May
-12
Jul-
12
Sep
-12
No
v-1
2
Jan
-13
Mar
-13
May
-13
Jul-
13
Sep
-13
No
v-1
3
Jan
-14
Mar
-14
May
-14
Jul-
14
Sep
-14
No
v-1
4
Jan
-15
Mar
-15
May
-15
Jul-
15
Sep
-15
No
v-1
5
NO2 SO2 O3 NH3
NO
2, S
O2
, O3
, NH
3 (
µg/
m3
)
Monthly variation in concentration of NO2, SO2, O3, NH3at IGI Airport station during winter(oct-feb) from 2011-2015
Cause of Air Pollution in Delhi
Major Source of Air Pollution
• Vehicles
• Road Re-suspension dust
• Construction Activities
• Trans-state movement of pollutants
• Industrial sources
• Thermal power stations – 2- Coal based
– 3- Gas Based
Population Growth
S.No Item 1981 1991 2001 2011
1 Total Population 6220406 9420644 13850507 16753235
2 Average Annual Exponential
Growth Rate
4.25 4.15 3.85 1.92
3 Density of Population 4194 6352 9340 11297
Geographical Location
• The State of Delhi is spread over an area of 1483 square kilometer.• situated amidst the ranges of Himalaya and the Aravalli. ( 23.38 ◦ N
and 77◦ E.) The state stands at the northern part of India with states like Haryana and Uttar Pradesh sharing their borders with Delhi.
• The climate is a monsoon-influenced, with about 797.3 mm of rain. • Although winters are generally mild, Delhi's proximity to
the Himalayas results in cold waves. Delhi is notorious for its heavy fogs during the winter season. In December, reduced visibility leads to disruption of road, air and rail traffic.
• Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0.2 °C (28.04 °F) to 49 °C (120 °F)
Registered Vehicles YEAR Cars and Jeeps Motorcycle/Sco
oters
Auto rickshaw Taxis Buses Goods vehicles Total
2005-06 1466641 3062536 73644 20693 43500 141996 4508026
2006-07 1589872 3299838 74189 24958 46581 149972 5185410
2007-08 1729695 3578199 75297 30704 52763 160726 5627384
2008-09 1859370 3797943 83948 40072 55148 175250 6011731
2009-10 2013680 4055229 86482 45240 58047 193205 6451883
2010-11 2173323 4342403 88181 57958 61471 209370 6932706
2011-12 2343113 4644146 88197 69780 64033 228886 7438155
Industries
• Delhi has 32 notified industrial areas and 17 redevelopment areas.• coal as fuel is permitted only for thermal power stations or /and the
industries which have electrostatic precipitator as pollution controlsystem.
• Delhi has 2 thermal power stations namely the Badarpur andRajghat power stations. The Rajghat power station is also currentlyin the process of being closed down.
• Industries in Delhi are using clean fuel like PNG or diesel, and theuse of.
• Thus it is seen that Delhi does not have any other major airpolluting industry.
• As per the receptor modeling and source apportionment, thecontribution to PM10 concentration from industries is about 8.8%.
Inter State Transport of Pollutants
• The geographical location of Delhi is also a major reason for the high particulate matter (PM 10). In summers, the dust storms bring fine particles from Rajasthan and in winter due to calm and stable condition and very low mixing height, causing pollutants to accumulate. Moreover at the same time, wind as a factor is a carrier of several pollutants from geographically distant origin points of the pollutants, as seen in October 2012 when the emission from the agricultural burning in Punjab and Haryana loomed over the city for almost 2 weeks as anticyclone conditions trapped the pollutants above Delhi.
• It is also relevant to mention that the commercial vehicular fleet of Delhi is operating on clean fuel like CNG while the vehicular fleet in NCR region is dependent on Diesel. The industrial emission from the industrial areas just near the boundary of the state also contributes to the higher concentration of pollutants.
• Leaf and biomass burning is banned in Delhi though it’s a common trend in the villages of NCR and nearby states.
What is Haze
• Haze is defined an accumulation in the lower strataof atmosphere of widely dispersed and extremelyfine, solid or liquid particles or a mixture of both.
• The inherent quality of haze is that it lends to the airan opalescent or turbid appearance that subduescolors, caused due to high concentrations ofNitrogen dioxide in the air.
24Delhi Pollution control Committee
What is Smog
• The term "smog" was first used in London during the early1900's to describe the combination of smoke and fog. Whatwe typically call "smog" today is a mixture of pollutants but isprimarily made up of ground-level ozone.
• A form of air pollution produced by the reaction of sunlightwith hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and other gasesprimarily released in automobile exhaust. Alsocalled photochemical smog.
• Major smog occurrences often are linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds. Weather and geography affect the location and severity of smog.
25Delhi Pollution control Committee
Recent Delhi Smog/ Haze
• The fog/smog/haze has enveloped Delhi since 28 Oct 2012.Though the conditions had improved slightly on 3 Nov 2012due to winds and vertical mixing, it re-intensified on 4thNov.
• Such re-intensification was mainly due to stagnation ofdust/smog/pollutants over Delhi and adjoining areas. Thelocal atmosphere on 4th Nov has shown more stabilitycompared to all other days of this spell. In view of thefavorable combination of advection of pollutants and localconditions, 4th Nov was the worst day of the current spell,when thick fog/smog/haze enveloped IGI Palam andSafderjung airports
26Delhi Pollution control Committee
Observations
• There is no increase in contribution of pollution loadfrom the known source of pollution in Delhi .
• As power situation is improved during the said periodcontributions from D.G.sets was minimal
• Delhi has one of the most stringent emission norms forthermal power stations all over India i.e. 50mg/Nm3.
• Construction activities supervised for dust suppression .• No major changes were observed in pollutant
concentration from last years for same periods .• Leaf burning is banned in Delhi .• Use of Coal as fuel is banned in Delhi with exception to
thermal power stations
27Delhi Pollution control Committee
NASA Image of 12th October
28Delhi Pollution control Committee
29Delhi Pollution control Committee
• The Air Quality Health Index provides anumber from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level ofhealth risk associated with local air quality.Occasionally, when the amount of airpollution is abnormally high, the number mayexceed 10. The AQHI provides a local airquality current value as well as a local airquality maximums forecast for today, tonightand tomorrow and provides associated healthadvice.
What is Particulate Matter?
Particulate matter (PM) describesa wide variety of airbornematerial. PM pollution consists ofmaterials (including dust, smoke,and soot), that are directlyemitted into the air or result fromthe transformation of gaseouspollutants. Particles come fromnatural sources (e.g., volcaniceruptions) and human activitiessuch as burning fossil fuels,incinerating wastes, and smeltingmetals.
Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/
module3/distribu/distribu.htm
How is PM Regulated?
PM is one of the six EPA “criteria pollutants” that have beendetermined to be harmful to public health and the environment.(The other five are ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbonmonoxide, and lead.)
PM
Where Does PM Originate?
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors
such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), which are transformed through
atmospheric chemistry to form PM.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources
(vehicles)
VOCs, NO2, PM
Stationary Sources
(power plants, factories)
NO2, SO2, PM
Area Sources
(drycleaners, gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources
(forest fires, volcanoes)
PM
Determinants of PM Concentration
• Weather patterns
• Wind
• Stability (vertical movement of air)
• Turbulence
• Precipitation
• Topography
• Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving
currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of
smokestack emissions.
The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely stable layer of the atmosphere that forms over areas.
Temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. These inversions involve layers of hot air sitting above cooler air near ground level. When particles accumulate in the air layer, they are unable to rise into the atmosphere where winds will disperse them.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/apti/
course422/ ce1.html
1930: Meuse River Valley, Belgium
• An inversion led to a high concentration of pollutants during a period of cold, damp weather
• Main sources: zinc smelter, sulfuric acid factory, glass manufacturers
• 60 deaths recorded
1948: Donora, Pennsylvania
• Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley
• Main sources: iron and steel factories, zinc smelting, and an acid plant
• 20 deaths observed
1952: London
• Killer fog (right)
• Primary source: domestic coal burning
• 4,500 excess deaths recorded during week- long period in December
The Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution due to Inversions
Establishing a particle size definitionfor irregularly shaped particlesnecessitates the use of astandardized measure referred to asthe aerodynamic diameter,measured in microns or micrometers(μm), a unit equal to one millionth ofa meter. The graph at the right showsthe distribution of the 4 main particlesize categories, with the categorieshistorically and currently regulatedby EPA indicated below. Bycomparison, a human hair isapproximately 70 microns indiameter.
Top: Modified from Online Reference Module by JR
Richards et al. http://registrar.ies. ncsu.edu/ol_2000.
Bottom: U.S. EPA. Office of Research and Development.
Particulate Matter: Aerodynamic Diameter
Size is important to the behavior of PM in the atmosphere and human body and determines the entry and absorption potential for particles in the lungs. Particles larger than 10 mm are trapped in the nose and throat and never reach the lungs. Therefore, particles 10 mm in diameter or less are of most concern for their effects on human health. Particles between 5 and 10 mm are removed by physical processes in the throat. Particles smaller than 5 mm reach the bronchial tubes, while particles 2.5 mm in diameter or smaller are breathed into the deepest portions of the lungs.
Image: PM2.5. By D. Hershey. From New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dar/baqs/micro
/two.html
Particulate Matter: Size Matters
Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of action. It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in causing PM-related health effects. Theories include the following:
4. PM causes inflammation of lung tissue, resulting in the release of chemicals that impact heart function;
5. PM causes changes in blood chemistry that results in clots that can cause heart attacks.
1. PM leads to lung irritationwhich leads to increase permeability in lung tissue;
2. PM increases susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogensleading to pneumonia in vulnerable persons who are unable to clear these infections;
3. PM aggravates the severity of chronic lung diseasescausing rapid loss of airway function;
How Does PM Cause Health Effects?
The reason for hazy condition in Delhi in last half ofOctober and in first part of November . May beinduced due to the atmospheric conditions prevailedslow wind sped, low temperature and high Humidity .These atmospheric condition led to highconcentration of particulate, oxides of nitrogen as thepollutant are unable to disperse due to inversionphenomena .
41Delhi Pollution control Committee
Steps Taken To Control Air Pollution
• Environment Fee on Diesel Sale in Delhi –Rs.0.25/liter sale introduced in 2008.
• Air ambience fund is used to provide subsidy on VAT and Road Tax refund for battery operated vehicles .
• Availability of Low Sulfur Diesel-Diesel with 50ppm Sulfur is made available from April 2010.
• Introduction of Euro IV
• Incentives (VAT refund ) for conversation /Replacement of Light goods vehicle on Clean fuel mode
• Mandatory emission Control System On Industries
• Promotion of Gas based Power plant and closer of coal based power Plant
• Curb on leaf and biomass burning
42Delhi Pollution control Committee
• Development of ambient air monitoring Network and availability of Real time Air Status in Public domain.
• Extensive mass awareness schemes through Eco clubs and by Audio & Visual media .
• Targeted campaign like “Say No To Crackers”.
43Delhi Pollution control Committee
STEPS INITIATED
Steps Taken To Control Air Pollution
• Environment Fee on Diesel Sale in Delhi –Rs.0.25/liter sale introduced in 2008.
• Air ambience fund is used to provide subsidy on VAT and Road Tax refund for battery operated vehicles .
• Availability of Low Sulfur Diesel-Diesel with 50ppm Sulfur is made available from April 2010.
• Introduction of Euro IV
• Incentives (VAT refund ) for conversation /Replacement of Light goods vehicle on Clean fuel mode
• Mandatory emission Control System On Industries
• Promotion of Gas based Power plant and closer of coal based power Plant
• Curb on leaf and biomass burning
• Development of ambient air monitoring Network and availability of Real time Air Status in Public domain.
• Extensive mass awareness schemes through Eco clubs and by Audio & Visual media .
• Targeted campaign like “Say No To Crackers”.
• Gasoline Benzene reduced to 1%
• Gasoline lead phased out
• Pre-mixed 2T oil in retail outlets
• Continuous phasing out of 15 years old commercial vehicles.
• Establishment of emission norms of vehicles BS IV emission norms - from April 2010 for four wheeled vehicles (except plying on National Permits/ All India Tourist Permits/ Inter State Permits) complying with Bharat Stage IV/ Euro-IV emission norms and 2 and 3 wheelers complying with Bharat State III/ Euro-III emission norms are being registered in the Delhi.
• Introduction of Rapid Mass Transport Systemi.e. Delhi Metro Rail.
• Measures taken for controlling pollution fromThermal Power Plants and other industries.Coal Based I. P. Thermal Power Plant has beenclosed down and closing of Rajghat PowerHouse in Delhi is under consideration.
• Air ambience fund is an unique initiative taken for control of vehicular air pollution in the city. The initiative is based on POLLUTER PAYS principle in which Rs.0.25 per litre fee had been introduced on diesel sale in NCT-Delhi. The reason for undertaking creation of Air Ambience Fund was to discourage use of diesel and promote zero tail-pipe emission vehicles such as battery operated vehicles as well as conversion of vehicles into cleaner fuel such as CNG. Air ambience fund (collected from diesel sale) has so far been utilized for providing 29.5 % subsidy in sale of battery operated vehicles.
• Retrofitting/replacement of diesel goods vehicles with CNG fuel by providing VAT refund as incentive.
• Vehicular Pollution under Control Checking Repeated Centers has been interlinked for monitoring. There are around 550 such centres around the city. All these centres are computerized and proper network is there.
• 1600 MW gas based power plant is under progress
• Construction of Flyovers for free flow of traffic and to make congestion free crossings.
• Sustained plantation of saplings and their protection, to enhance the green cover.
• All the operational incinerators for treatment of Bio-medical Waste have installed Air pollution control device (VenturiScrubber) to control the emissions.
IIT-K Study
Odd –Even Experiment
Delhi
Air Quality Monitoring During January 1, 2016-January 15, 2006
• During Odd –Even restriction period DPCCmonitoring Air Quality at different locations toassess the Air Quality in Delhi.
• Monitoring will be undertaken by 3 layersystem:-
• CAAQMS:- The real time monitoring network of6 station of DPCC will be operational andgenerate data regularly which will be availablein public domain. These analyzers and systemsare as per CPCB Guidelines and approved byUSEPA for Ambient air monitoring andfunctional since October, 2010.
• Manual Monitoring:- This is undertaken byShri Ram Institute for Industrial Researchusing PM10 and PM2.5 samplers at 20locations as per schedule attached. The preevent monitoring will be completed by 31st ofDecember, 2015. The manual monitoring isalso undertaken as per CPCB Norms and thevalues collected at each location for 8 hours(12:00 Noon to 08:00PM).
• Sensor Based Monitoring: For this monitoring differentmanufacturers are approached to provide samplers.These samplers were calibrated though the valuesgiven by sampler is only indicative and cannot becompared with NAAQS as the standards are timeweighted while this monitoring is only for few minuteduration.
• This monitoring will be undertaken during 10AM-8PMfor 20 minutes at a location. These analyzers areworking on different principal i.e. Light scatteringtechnology though this technology is used but notapproved by USEPA or by CPCB.
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Concentration of PM10 on 1st -6th January (2014-2016)
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Concentration of PM2.5 on 1st -6th January (2014-2016)
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1-Jan 2-Jan 3-Jan 4-Jan 5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan 8-Jan
R.K Puram PM2.5 & WS
PM 2013
PM 2014
PM 2015
PM 2016
WS 2013
WS 2014
WS 2015
WS 2016
EPCA Comments on Odd-Even
Thanks….
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