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Parenthetical Citations

Giving Credit WHERE Credit Is Due

M. Stec Barrington Middle School Created 4-11-08

Why Do We Need To Use Parenthetical Citations?

A works cited list gives readers information about how to locate your sources

Parenthetical citations show what information you borrowed from each source and where to locate it in the source

Example:

McDonald’s is an extremely popular choice for Americans looking for a quick meal. “Every day about one out of fourteen Americans eats at a McDonald’s. Every month about nine out of ten American children visit one” (Schlosser and Wilson 7).

Works Cited

Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers

Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products

Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/ publicpolicy/ docs/

Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>.

Gibaldi, Joseph. “Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text.” MLA Handbook for Writers of

Research Papers. 1977. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003. 237-60.

Howard, Brian C. “Sugar or Sweetener?” E Magazine: The Environmental Magazine Mar.-Apr. 2006:

40-41. Middle Search Plus. EBSCO. Barrington Middle School Prairie Campus Lib.,

Barrington, IL. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?

direct=true&db=mih&AN=19786059&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site>.

Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast

Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006.

“Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008

<http://www.sugarysam.com/ facts.htm>.

When Not To Cite or Quote

Common Knowledge – facts or ideas most people know

Facts or ideas that are easily found in an encyclopedia, reference book and textbook

Example:One result of eating a lot of fast food is weight gain.

When To Use Direct Quotations

Statistics Shows character (humanness) Shows an opinion Interesting!!! By paraphrasing you will lose the

statement’s impact or meaning It’s imperative that you understand the

quote.

Example:

According to Schlosser and Wilson, “Dactylopius coccus costa…bugs are collected, dried, and ground into a color additive. It takes about 70,000 of the insects to make a pound of carmine, which is used to make processed foods look pink, red, or purple” (121-22).

Works Cited















Paraphrased Material

Credit must be given to others when ideas are borrowed

Paraphrased information needs the same parenthetical references as directly quoted material

Follow the same rules with the exception of the use of quotation marks

Information Needed in a Parenthetical Citation Clearly point to specific sources in the works

cited list Author name ~ be aware of duplicate names Title of work if listed this way in works cited list

Identify location of information within the source. Page number Films, television programs, recordings,

performances and electronic sources with no page numbers ~ embed the type of work within your sentence or include the title of the presentation or work

Two Places To Check For Help With Parenthetical Citations

1. NoodleTools: parenthetical citation link on the far right side of citiation listed on the bibliography screen


Example shown ~ scroll the list for specifics


2. Page 42 in the Student Planner

Practice ~ Paraphrased Material

Author’s name embedded in the text of your paper ~ place page number in parentheses:

Example:

Woods says that your chances of being attacked by a shark are one in 5,000,000 (17).

Practice ~ Paraphrase This

Taken from pg. 120 Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on

This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006.

“When flavorists create additives for kid’s foods, they usually get rid of the bitterness and increase the sweetness. Children’s flavors are often twice as sweet as those made for adults.”

Practice ~ One Possiblity

Schlosser and Wilson explain that children’s food has double the sweetness compared to adult’s food because bitter flavors are removed and sweetener is added (120).

Practice ~ Direct Quotations

Use quotation marks for all direct quotations.

Example:

Woods notes a shark attack is so rare that “odds against it have been calculated at about one in 5,000,000” (17).

Practice ~ Direct Quotations

Taken from pg. 142

Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006.

“The fast-food chains buy Coca-Cola syrup for about $4.25 a gallon. A medium Coke that sells for $1.29 contains about nine cents’ worth of syrup.”

Practice ~ One Possibility

Schlosser and Wilson explain that fast-food chains make the most money from selling soft drinks. “The fast-food chains buy Coca-Cola syrup for about $4.25 a gallon. A medium Coke that sells for $1.29 contains about nine cents’ worth of syrup” (142).

Practice ~ Parenthetical References Not Embedded In TextUse author’s last name followed by page number with parentheses when not using the author’s name or title of the work within the sentence.

Example:

“Odds against it have been calculated at about one in 5,000,000” (Woods 17).

Practice ~ Parenthetical References Not Embedded In Text

Taken from pg. 143 Schlosser, Eric, and Charles Wilson. Chew on

This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know about Fast Food. Boston: Houghton, 2006.

“In 1975 the typical American drank about twenty-seven gallons of soda a year. Today the typical American drinks about fifty-four gallons of soda a year.”

Practice ~ One Possibility

“In 1975 the typical American drank about twenty-seven gallons of soda a year. Today the typical American drinks about fifty-four gallons of soda a year” (Schlosser and Wilson 143).

Practice ~ Direct Quotation

“For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet. “

Connelly, Susan. Letter to Thomas Gaffey. 3 Mar. 2006. Washington DC: Grocery Manufacturers Association, n.d. GMA: The Association of Food, Beverage and Consumer Products Company. 2008. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.gmabrands.com/ publicpolicy/ docs/ Correspondence.cfm?docid=1626>.

Practice ~ Direct Quotation

Susan Connelly from the Grocery Manufacturers Association stated in her letter to Senator Thomas Gaffey, “For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet. “


Practice ~ Another Possibility

“For food products, GMA also supports the use of age-appropriate serving sizes to teach students about caloric intake and appropriate serving sizes. We believe an age appropriate mix of competitive foods should be offered and do not believe nutrient restrictions are the most appropriate approach to teaching children the importance of a balanced diet “ (Connelly).


Practice ~ Web Page No Author

“Sweet potatoes and yams are not the same. A yam is a large, starchy, tropical root crop grown in Asia or West Africa that can weigh up to 100 pounds. However, Southern sweet potato producers began calling their crop “yams” to distinguish it from the white-fleshed sweet potatoes grown in other parts of the country.”

“Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/ facts.htm>.

Practice ~ Web Page No Author“Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned

Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/ facts.htm>.

Practice ~ Web Page No Author“Sweet Facts about Sweet Potatoes.” Allens Family of Canned

Vegetables. Allens Inc. 12 Apr. 2008 <http://www.sugarysam.com/ facts.htm>.

“Sweet potatoes and yams are not the same. A yam is a large, starchy, tropical root crop grown in Asia or West Africa that can weigh up to 100 pounds. However, Southern sweet potato producers began calling their crop “yams” to distinguish it from the white-fleshed sweet potatoes grown in other parts of the country” ("Sweet Facts about").

Citing Indirect Sources

Best to take material from the original source When indirect source is used, ie. someone’s

published account of another’s spoken remarks

Use abbreviation qtd. in Upton Sinclair wrote, “the meat would be

shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit” (qtd. in Schlosser and Wilson 184).

Tips For Making Your Paper Easier To Read Vary the ways you use parenthetical

references Some references you may choose to embed the

author’s name or title of the work in your sentence.

Some references you may choose to put the information in parentheses at the end of your sentence

MLA Handbook states, “Keep parenthetical references as brief – and as few – as clarity and accuracy permit” (239).

Tips For Making Your Paper Easier To Read

To help the flow of your writing: Place the parenthetical reference where

you would naturally pause Preferred placement of the reference

would be at the end of a sentence Try to keep reference as near to the

borrowed material as possible Place punctuation mark after the

parenthetical reference

Works Cited













