PERS 2670PERS 2670Latin American StudiesLatin American Studies

The Reconquest of The Reconquest of the Iberian the Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula

IberiaIberia

The Iberian PeninsulaThe Iberian Peninsula

The ReconqestThe Reconqest

Christians of Iberia learned much as a Christians of Iberia learned much as a result of the Moslem occupationresult of the Moslem occupation

Christian spurned Moslem bent for Christian spurned Moslem bent for technology and industrious ways.technology and industrious ways.

Christian preferred to be a warrior – man Christian preferred to be a warrior – man of action – rater than farmer artesan or of action – rater than farmer artesan or trader.trader.– Saw this as moral superioritySaw this as moral superiority

Moslems had been tolerant of Christians Moslems had been tolerant of Christians and Jewsand Jews

Christians retained their religious Christians retained their religious zeal for catholicism.zeal for catholicism.

900 AD the discovery of the 900 AD the discovery of the remains of ST James in Galicia remains of ST James in Galicia gave renewed vigor to Spanish gave renewed vigor to Spanish catholicismcatholicism– Santo Iago (Santiago) became the Santo Iago (Santiago) became the

battle cry of the reconquest.battle cry of the reconquest.– 1/5 of all captured went to the 1/5 of all captured went to the

monarchmonarch– Militant orders were formed: Militant orders were formed:

powerful, effective, wealthypowerful, effective, wealthy Privileged groups of competent Privileged groups of competent

warriorswarriors Calatrava, Alcantra, Santiago, ….Calatrava, Alcantra, Santiago, ….

Poltical power was passing into Poltical power was passing into the hands of Christian monarchsthe hands of Christian monarchs

Various states formed: Catille, Various states formed: Catille, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, CataluCataluňa, ....ňa, ....

Christianity continued to expand with the help of Christianity continued to expand with the help of the papacy.the papacy.

By the middle of the 13By the middle of the 13thth century all that was left century all that was left to the Moslems was the Kingdom of Granada.to the Moslems was the Kingdom of Granada.

Alfonso, El Sabio, (King of Castille – deposed in Alfonso, El Sabio, (King of Castille – deposed in 1284) 1284) – Failed to complete thje conquest of the Peninsula,Failed to complete thje conquest of the Peninsula,– Issued the Siete Partidas: restored fundamental Issued the Siete Partidas: restored fundamental

principles of Roman Lawprinciples of Roman Law Later became the basis justice and order in Spain and the Later became the basis justice and order in Spain and the

Americas.Americas.

Moslems continued in control of Granada for Moslems continued in control of Granada for another two centuries.another two centuries.

Castilla y AragCastilla y Aragónón During the reconquest two major Kingdoms arose: Castille and Aragon.During the reconquest two major Kingdoms arose: Castille and Aragon. The Kingdom of CastilleThe Kingdom of Castille

– Evolved in Central Iberia after a series of weak monarchsEvolved in Central Iberia after a series of weak monarchs– Serfdom completely disappearedSerfdom completely disappeared– Clergy were numerous and powerfulClergy were numerous and powerful– Military orders were rich and strongMilitary orders were rich and strong– Jews and Moslems were relatively well treatedJews and Moslems were relatively well treated– Lands captured were populatedLands captured were populated– Christians failed to develop agricultureChristians failed to develop agriculture

Preferred military life, mining, livestock-raisingPreferred military life, mining, livestock-raising The Kingdom of AragonThe Kingdom of Aragon

– Evolved on the eastern coastEvolved on the eastern coast– Absorbed CataluAbsorbed Cataluñaña– Expanded overseas: Mallorca, France, Corsica, Sardinia,. Sicily, …Expanded overseas: Mallorca, France, Corsica, Sardinia,. Sicily, …– Was more European than IberianWas more European than Iberian– Establshed “Cortes”: Assembly of nobles, clergy and urban delegatesEstablshed “Cortes”: Assembly of nobles, clergy and urban delegates

A form of parliament.A form of parliament. Aragon was destined to become the junior partner of CastilleAragon was destined to become the junior partner of Castille

The Catholic MonarchsThe Catholic Monarchs In 1469 an important marriage took place: Fernando, Heir In 1469 an important marriage took place: Fernando, Heir

of Aragon, married Isabella, Heiress of Castille.of Aragon, married Isabella, Heiress of Castille. Isabella was spirited, dignified, courageous, imaginative, Isabella was spirited, dignified, courageous, imaginative,

lucky and deeply religious.lucky and deeply religious. Fernando was crafty, calculating, tricky, dishonest.Fernando was crafty, calculating, tricky, dishonest.

– Combined with Isabella, they made a formidable team.Combined with Isabella, they made a formidable team. In 1474 Isabella became Queen of Castille.In 1474 Isabella became Queen of Castille. In 1479 Fernando came into his inheritance as King of In 1479 Fernando came into his inheritance as King of

Aragon.Aragon.Note that Fernando had enjoyed power in Castille as Isabella’s Note that Fernando had enjoyed power in Castille as Isabella’s

husband, Castille was the stronger monarchy and the pair husband, Castille was the stronger monarchy and the pair emphasized more the absolute Castillian monarchy.emphasized more the absolute Castillian monarchy.

Isabella and FernandoIsabella and Fernando

The Unification of SpainThe Unification of Spain With the reign of Fernando and Isabella came a unified Spain ruled With the reign of Fernando and Isabella came a unified Spain ruled

as one kingdomas one kingdom Nobles were outmaneuvered by the monarchsNobles were outmaneuvered by the monarchs

– Became allies or were defeated and destroyedBecame allies or were defeated and destroyed Fernando became head of the three great military clerical orders: Fernando became head of the three great military clerical orders:

Santiago, Calatrava, and AlcSantiago, Calatrava, and Alcántara.ántara. Defiant towns were whipped into subjugation by the Corregidores, Defiant towns were whipped into subjugation by the Corregidores,

officials of the crownofficials of the crown– This system was to be used later in America.This system was to be used later in America.

Cortes seldom metCortes seldom met– Movement towards parliamentary assertiveness was dicouragedMovement towards parliamentary assertiveness was dicouraged– Monarch was the absolute ruler.Monarch was the absolute ruler.

Even the clergy fell under royal controlEven the clergy fell under royal control– Patronato Real: Government supervised ecclesiatical matters and Patronato Real: Government supervised ecclesiatical matters and

nominated church officialsnominated church officials This power was used later in America.This power was used later in America.

Isabel wielded absolute power over the clergyIsabel wielded absolute power over the clergy She insisted in their abiding by her high-minded She insisted in their abiding by her high-minded

ideals and disciplined the clergy.ideals and disciplined the clergy. Protestantism never attracted Spaniards.Protestantism never attracted Spaniards. Spanish clergy were zealous and efficient in the Spanish clergy were zealous and efficient in the

challenge to Chritianize millions of “pagans” in challenge to Chritianize millions of “pagans” in America.America.

1478 and 1481 Isabel and Ferdinand received 1478 and 1481 Isabel and Ferdinand received permission to establish the Inquisition in Spain , permission to establish the Inquisition in Spain , under their control.under their control.– Eliminated unworthy clergy, enforced conformity to Eliminated unworthy clergy, enforced conformity to

Christian doctrine, persecuted persons whose Christian doctrine, persecuted persons whose Christianity was suspect.Christianity was suspect.

The Spanish Inquisition: Tomas de The Spanish Inquisition: Tomas de TorquemadaTorquemada

The Conquest of GranadaThe Conquest of Granada Further consolidation of power Further consolidation of power

was accomplished by turning was accomplished by turning efforts against the remaining efforts against the remaining Moors.Moors.

The Kingdom of Granada in The Kingdom of Granada in Southern Spain was the last Southern Spain was the last stronghold of the Moslemsstronghold of the Moslems

Boabdil, the last Moorish Boabdil, the last Moorish monarch surrendered in monarch surrendered in January 1492.January 1492.

This victory brought an This victory brought an ecstatic feeling of national ecstatic feeling of national unity to Spain.unity to Spain.

It also won the admiration of It also won the admiration of the rest of Christendom.the rest of Christendom.

The City of Granada: The last Moslem city to The City of Granada: The last Moslem city to fall, leading to the unification of Christian fall, leading to the unification of Christian

SpainSpain

Consolidation and Further Consolidation and Further ExpansionExpansion

Isabella turned on the Jews Isabella turned on the Jews requiring them to become requiring them to become Christians within 4 months or to Christians within 4 months or to leave Spain.leave Spain.– Some converted, but about Some converted, but about

150,000 left for Portugal, 150,000 left for Portugal, Netherlands, etc.Netherlands, etc.

Ten years later she commanded Ten years later she commanded ½ million Moslems still left in ½ million Moslems still left in Spain to embrace Christianity or Spain to embrace Christianity or leave. Many left.leave. Many left.

In 1492, with the support of In 1492, with the support of Isabella, Columbus set sail on his Isabella, Columbus set sail on his first voyage of “discovery with first voyage of “discovery with three ships.”three ships.”– La NiLa Niña, La Pinta, and La Santa ña, La Pinta, and La Santa

María.María. In 1512 the Kingdom of Navarra In 1512 the Kingdom of Navarra

integrated to the crown of Spain.integrated to the crown of Spain.

Charles V and Phillip IICharles V and Phillip II Isabella died in 1504.Isabella died in 1504. Ferdinand continued Ferdinand continued

to rule until his death to rule until his death in 1516.in 1516.

Kingdom passed to Kingdom passed to Phillip I, Hapsburg, Phillip I, Hapsburg, who came to Spain, who came to Spain, but died shortly but died shortly thereafter. His wife, thereafter. His wife, Juana went crazy – Juana went crazy – Juana la Loca.Juana la Loca.

Succeeded by Charles Succeeded by Charles I, grandson of Isabella I, grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand.and Ferdinand.

CHARLES V (1500 - 1558)CHARLES V (1500 - 1558)"Con mi caballo hablo en alemán, con las damas de la corte, en "Con mi caballo hablo en alemán, con las damas de la corte, en

italiano; los asuntos de hombres los trato en frances, pero para hablar italiano; los asuntos de hombres los trato en frances, pero para hablar con Dios, uso solo el español"con Dios, uso solo el español"

Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) commanded a vast empire.commanded a vast empire.– Inherited from Isabella and Ferdinand the Kingdom of Spain Inherited from Isabella and Ferdinand the Kingdom of Spain

and its provinces and territories, including America.and its provinces and territories, including America.– Inherited from the Hapsburg line the Netherlands, Belgium, Inherited from the Hapsburg line the Netherlands, Belgium,

Eastern France, Western Germany, Austria, and several other Eastern France, Western Germany, Austria, and several other territories in Central Europe.territories in Central Europe.

Ruled with absolute power and maintained the ideals of his Ruled with absolute power and maintained the ideals of his catholic grandmother.catholic grandmother.

Devoted considerable attention to his overseas empire.Devoted considerable attention to his overseas empire. Supported humane policies to protect Indians from Supported humane policies to protect Indians from

exploitation and to make them Christiansexploitation and to make them Christians Supported the Conquistadores in their expansion in Supported the Conquistadores in their expansion in

AmericaAmerica Fashioned the fundamental machinery to rule America:Fashioned the fundamental machinery to rule America:

– Council of Indies, Viceroys, Missions, Convoys, mining Council of Indies, Viceroys, Missions, Convoys, mining regulations, etcregulations, etc

In 1556 Charles abdicated the throne.In 1556 Charles abdicated the throne.– Empire was divided between his brother, Ferdinand, (Central Europe), Empire was divided between his brother, Ferdinand, (Central Europe),

and his son, Phillip.and his son, Phillip. Phillip II (The Prudent King) inherited Castille, Navarre, Aragon, Phillip II (The Prudent King) inherited Castille, Navarre, Aragon,

and several other possessions including the American colonies.and several other possessions including the American colonies. In 1580 he became King of Portugal and the Portuguese In 1580 he became King of Portugal and the Portuguese

possessions in America, Africa, etc.possessions in America, Africa, etc. He was a most formidable monarch for his timeHe was a most formidable monarch for his time

– Worked tirelessly to know everything about his empireWorked tirelessly to know everything about his empire– Made decisions in accordance with his religious idealsMade decisions in accordance with his religious ideals– Established the Inquisition in America and sent the JesuitsEstablished the Inquisition in America and sent the Jesuits– Perfected the apparatus to govern and oversee the overseas empire.Perfected the apparatus to govern and oversee the overseas empire.– The close attention he gave his empire affected the way it functioned The close attention he gave his empire affected the way it functioned

and remained long after his 42 years reign.and remained long after his 42 years reign. He died in 1598, marking the end of Spain’s material grandeur.He died in 1598, marking the end of Spain’s material grandeur.

Phillip IIPhillip II

The Golden AgeThe Golden Age(El Siglo de Oro)(El Siglo de Oro)

Cultural flowering during the period of overseas expansion Cultural flowering during the period of overseas expansion and for several generations thereafter.and for several generations thereafter.

Spanish literary genius: Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Spanish literary genius: Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Calderon de la Barca, …Tirso de Molina, Calderon de la Barca, …

Spanish genius in religious issues posed by the Discovery Spanish genius in religious issues posed by the Discovery and the Reformationand the Reformation– Ignatius of Loyola and the JesuitsIgnatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

Spiritual ExercisesSpiritual Exercises Rigid self-disciplineRigid self-discipline

– Mystics: Sta. Teresa de Jesus and Sor Juana Ines de la CruzMystics: Sta. Teresa de Jesus and Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Wrote powerfully about the blazing ecstasy one can achieve by Wrote powerfully about the blazing ecstasy one can achieve by

approaching an awareness of god; spiritual bliss and joys of a approaching an awareness of god; spiritual bliss and joys of a mystical experience.mystical experience.

Persists in the character of much of the Hispanic worldPersists in the character of much of the Hispanic world Another barrier to sympathetic understanding by outsidersAnother barrier to sympathetic understanding by outsiders

Painting: Greco, Velasquez, Murillo, ZubaranPainting: Greco, Velasquez, Murillo, Zubaran Portugal also experienced a Golden Age.Portugal also experienced a Golden Age.

Paintings by Velasquez Paintings by Velasquez and El Grecoand El Greco

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRASAAVEDRA

The Decline of SpainThe Decline of Spain

Upon the death of Phillip II Spain Upon the death of Phillip II Spain continued to operate on the momentum of continued to operate on the momentum of Isabella, Charles V and Phillip II.Isabella, Charles V and Phillip II.

Soon went into decline.Soon went into decline. Why did Spain, amidst its wealth and Why did Spain, amidst its wealth and

power collapse?power collapse? Spain and Portugal were to continue to Spain and Portugal were to continue to

exercise colonial control over America exercise colonial control over America until the Wars of Independence in the 19until the Wars of Independence in the 19thth century.century.

PortugalPortugal The section of Western Hispania shared the The section of Western Hispania shared the

experience of the rest of the peninsula.experience of the rest of the peninsula. At the peak of Moslem occupation a town at the At the peak of Moslem occupation a town at the

mouth of the Douro River came to be called mouth of the Douro River came to be called Portucale, later to be used for the western part of Portucale, later to be used for the western part of Iberia, while the town became known as Oporto.Iberia, while the town became known as Oporto.

Portugal is an accident of HistoryPortugal is an accident of History– County of Portucale awarded to a French crusader, County of Portucale awarded to a French crusader,

Henry of Burgandy, for services to the crown of Leon in Henry of Burgandy, for services to the crown of Leon in fighting against the Moslems. fighting against the Moslems.

– By 1100 Henry was claiming complete independenceBy 1100 Henry was claiming complete independence– By 1140 his son was calling himself King of PortugalBy 1140 his son was calling himself King of Portugal

(Legend is that he won this right in a tournament.)(Legend is that he won this right in a tournament.)

There was little difference between Portugal and CastilleThere was little difference between Portugal and Castille– Language different in pronunciation, similar in writingLanguage different in pronunciation, similar in writing– The Portuguese were more pleasing to foreigners, more The Portuguese were more pleasing to foreigners, more

flexible, less stern, more lovable, less reservedflexible, less stern, more lovable, less reserved– Similar in cult of heroism and actionSimilar in cult of heroism and action– Less inclined to religious intoleranceLess inclined to religious intolerance

By 1249 the Kingdom of Portugal reached the southern By 1249 the Kingdom of Portugal reached the southern shores of the peninsulashores of the peninsula– Began preliminary oceanic explorationsBegan preliminary oceanic explorations

1386 Portugal and England signed the Treaty of Windsor1386 Portugal and England signed the Treaty of Windsor– Oldest diplomatic tie in Europe.Oldest diplomatic tie in Europe.– General cooperation for mutual benefit.General cooperation for mutual benefit.– Assistance in enabling Portugal to remain free of Spain.Assistance in enabling Portugal to remain free of Spain.

Portugal became an important maritime nation and a major Portugal became an important maritime nation and a major colonial power in America.colonial power in America.

IberiaIberia

Iberia - Spain and Portugal: Two colonial powers Iberia - Spain and Portugal: Two colonial powers that have played a significant role in the evolution that have played a significant role in the evolution

of Latin America.of Latin America.