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SyaratSyarat Dan Terma Penggunaan E-Book Ini

Produk : "E-Book" Peta Minda Untuk Sains UPSR

Syarat Penggunaan Produk

Dengan pembelian produk ini anda telah bersetuju dan mengakuiuntuk mematuhi syarat dan terma bagi penggunaan produk ini.

Produk ini diterbitkan oleh Mohd. Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad dandilindungi dibawah Akta Hak Cipta 1987.

Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyebarkan produk ini dengan apa-apacara sekalipun. Produk ini hanya untuk kegunaan peribadi andasendiri.

Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk menyalin-ulang mana-mana bahagiandalam produk ini atau mengeditnya menggunakan perisian lain tanpakebenaran daripada pihak penerbit. Sebarang perbuatan untukmenyebarkan produk ini secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja akanmenyebabkan hak anda untuk menggunakan produk ini terbataldengan serta-merta.

Penafian Penerbit

Produk ini dihasilkan untuk menyediakan maklumat berkaitan subjekyang dinyatakan. Kami telah berusaha sedaya upaya agar maklumatyang dihasilkan dalam produk ini adalah tepat.

Walau bagaimanapun, pihak kami tidak akan bertanggungjawabterhadap perubahan maklumat semasa berkaitan dengan subjek yangberkenaan kerana perubahan maklumat sentiasa berlaku sepanjangmasa. Pembelian dan penggunaan produk ini adalah tanggungjawabanda sepenuhnya. Kami tidak akan bertanggung jawab terhadapsebarang liabiliti dan risiko kerugian sepanjang penggunaan produk ini.

Tiada jaminan bahawa produk ini mampu mengubah kehidupanpengguna dari segi kebolehan dan sebagainya kerana ianya bergantungkepada usaha pengguna itu sendiri. Pengguna adalahbertanggungjawab sepenuhnya di atas tindakan sendiri yang dilakukanberdasarkan kandungan di dalam produk ini. Tujuan utama produk iniadalah untuk perkongsian maklumat semata-mata.

Xi

Lesen: Kegunaan sendiri Jangan sebarkan Kegunaan anda sahaja

Hak Cipta Terpelihara Mohd Nasarruddin Bin Ahmad

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Sebelum mendudukipeperisaan anda akanhanya lakukan ulangkajipantas yang merumuskankesemua bahagian ingatan.

Ulangkaji semula darimasa ke semasamengikut keperluan anda.Masa yang diambil akanmenjadi semakin singkatkerana ingatan andasemakin mantap.

Ulangkaji peta mindaanda seberapa kerapyang mungkin.Abaikan bahagianyang anda telah ingat.Baca bahagian yanganda terlupa.

Baca semula peta mindaanda keesokan harinyauntuk mengisi semulaingatan yang telah hilang

Selepas 1 jam prosespembelajaran, andaseharusnya mengulangkajisemula selama 10-30 minit.

CARAPENGGUNAAN

A

Sebagai contoh,sila lihat petaminda yangpertama di mukasebelah iaitu"Basic Needs"

ii

Nota yang terdapat dalam peta minda ini hendaklahdibaca menurut turutannya. Ia bermula dengancabang utama yang berlabel dengan huruf bersaizbesar seperti:

dan seterusnya.CBA

Ia bermula dengancabang utama

iaitu "OF HUMANS"

A

Ini diikuti oleh katakunciyang bercambah daricabang ini iaitu rantingyang berlabeliaitu "Food"

1

Ulangi langkah yang samabagi ranting , dansebelum anda pergike cabang utama berlabeliaitu "OF ANIMALS" untukmeneruskan bacaan.

2 3 4

B

Ranting "Food" pula akan bercambahmenjadi ranting kecil yangmengandungi fakta yang berturutanyang berlabel danseterusnya. Habiskan membacaturutan yang fakta-fakta yangbercambah di sebelum, anda pergike ranting yang berlabeliaitu "Water".

ca b

2e

2 31 4

4

3

2

5

1 6

BE-book Peta MInda untuk SAINS UPSR adalah dalamformat PDF. Untuk membukanya komputer anda harusmempunyai program Adobe Acrobat Reader. Jika tidakmuaturunkan dari:http://get.adobe.com/reader/

Gunakan pencetak warna untuk supaya gambar yangdipaparkan adalah berwarna dan menarik untuk dibacasebelum dijilidkan. Ini adalah kerana warna berupayameningkatkan ingatan. Apabila dicetak, mukasuratnyaadalah dalam saiz A4. Walaupun boleh dibaca oleh matakasar, jika anda mahukan saiz huruf yang lebih besar, andaboleh membuat salinan fotokopi ke kertas A3 denganpembesaran 141% untuk paparan yang lebih besar danjelas. Selepas itu bolehlah dijilidkan menjadi buku.

SALINANKERAS,

PENJILIDAN DANPEMBESARAN 2

1MENGULANGKAJI

PETA MINDAANDA

C

Kajian telah menunjukkanbahawa ingatan akan

berkurang mengikut masa yangtertentu.Sebagai persediaan

bagi peperiksaan, andaharuslah mengulangkaji peta

minda anda dari masa kesemasa. Ini membolehkan anda

untuk memperbaiki bahagianyang kurang diingati, atau

mengingatkan semula bahagianyang terlupa .

CARA 12

c

d

ab

e

Saiz A4

KEJAYAANAKAN MENANTI

ANDA !

3

3

Penjilidan

Saiz A3

Fotokopi

141%

Penjilidan

www.petaminda.com

COMPETITION AMONG PLANTS..............................33IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION ............................33ANIMALS EXTINCTION............................................. 34ENDANGERED SPECIES............................................ 34PREVENTING ANIMALS EXTINCTION.....................34IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ONENVIRONMENT............................................................34

UNIT 2: FORCE

PUSH OR PULL.........................................................35EFFECTS OF FORCES..............................................35FRICTION.....................................................................35ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION..................................... 36DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION............................... 36

UNIT 3: MOVEMENT

SPEED..........................................................................37RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE, TIME ANDSPEED..........................................................................37

UNIT 4: FOOD PRESERVATION

FOOD SPOILAGE....................................................... 38FOOD PRESERVATION PURPOSE........................... 38FOOD PRESERVATION METHOD............................. 38IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PRESERVATION ..............38

UNIT 5: WASTE MANAGEMENT

WASTE TYPES AND SOURCES................................39IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL................................ 39PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL.................................... 39HARMFUL EFFECTS OF IMPROPERWASTE DISPOSAL ....................................................39WASTE DISPOSAL IN LOCAL AREA....................... 40DECAYING WASTE......................................................40ADVANTAGES OF DECOMPOSING WASTE.............40DISADVANTAGES OF DECOMPOSING WASTE.......40IF WASTE DO NOT DECOMPOSE............................40

UNIT 6: ECLIPSES

ECLIPSE OF THE MOON...........................................41ECLIPSE OF THE SUN...............................................41

UNIT 7: MACHINES

MAIN TYPES................................................................42WHEEL AND AXLE..................................................... 42LEVER..........................................................................42WEDGE.........................................................................42PULLEY........................................................................43GEAR............................................................................ 43INCLINED PLANE........................................................43SCREW.........................................................................43COMPLEX MACHINES................................................44APPRECIATING MACHINES........................................44

iii

UNIT 1 : BASIC NEEDS

OF HUMANS..................................................................1OF ANIMALS ................................................................1OF PLANTS..................................................................1

UNIT 2: LIFE PROCESSES

IN HUMANS.................................................................. 2IN ANIMALS................................................................. 3IN PLANTS...................................................................4

UNIT 3: PROTECTION

IN ANIMALS................................................................. 5IN PLANTS...................................................................5

UNIT 4: MEASUREMENTS

LENGTH....................................................................... 7MEASURING TECHNIQUES........................................7AREA............................................................................ 7VOLUMES....................................................................8MASS............................................................................8TIME............................................................................. 8IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD UNITS....................... 8

UNIT 5: MATERIALS

MATERIALS AROUNDS US........................................ 9PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS..................................9CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS........................... 9TRANSPARENT, TRANSLUCENT AND OPAQUEMATERIALS................................................................. 9CHOOSING SUITABLE MATERIALS..........................10COMBINED USES OF MATERIALS........................... 10NATURAL AND MAN-MADE MATERIALS.................. 10RUSTING...................................................................... 11REUSE, REDUCE, RECYCLE..................................... 11

UNIT 6: THE EARTH AND THEUNIVERSE

CONSTITUENTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM............12SIZE AND DISTANCE.................................................. 12PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM......................... 12

UNIT 7: TECHNOLOGY AROUND US

HUMAN LIMITATIONS................................................. 13DEVICES...................................................................... 13DEVICES TO OVERCOME LIMITATIONS.......,......... 13DEVELOPEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY(1)..................13DEVELOPEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY(2)..................14SOLVING PROBLEMS................................................ 14ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF TECHNOLOGY...................................................... 14

YEAR 4

UNIT 1: MICROORGANISMS

UNSEEN LIVING THINGS............................................15TYPES..........................................................................15CHARACTERISTICS....................................................15USES............................................................................ 15HARMFUL EFFECTS..................................................16PREVENTION OF DISEASES.................................... 16

UNIT 2: SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES

SPECIES...................................................................... 17ANIMALS' SURVIVAL..................................................17PLANTS' SURVIVAL................................................... 18

UNIT 3: FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

ANIMALS' FOOD........................................................19FOOD CHAIN............................................................... 19FOOD WEB..................................................................19FOOD WEB IMPORTANCE.........................................18

UNIT 4: ENERGY

ENERGY USES............................................................ 20ENERGY SOURCES.................................................... 20ENERGY FORMS.........................................................20ENERGY TRANSFROMATION....................................21RENEWABLE ENERGY............................................... 21NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY...................................... 21USING ENERGY WISELY.............................................21SAVING ENERGY..........................................................21

UNIT 5: ELECTRICITY

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY.....................................22ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.............................................22HANDLING ELECTRICITY...........................................22

UNIT 6: LIGHT

LIGHT TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE.................... 23SHADOWS................................................................... 23REFLECTION OF LIGHT............................................ 23EVERY DAY LIFE APPLICATIONS............................ 24DEVICES...................................................................... 24

UNIT 7: HEAT

TEMPERATURE...........................................................25EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER............................. 25APPLICATIONS OF EXPANSION ANDCONTRACTION........................................................... 25ENERGY TRANSFROMATION....................................25

YEAR 5UNIT 8: STATES OF MATTER

MATTER....................................................................... 26PROPERTIES OF MATTER........................................26CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER...........................26FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION RATE.........26THE WATER CYCLE................................................... 27IMPORTANCE OF WATER CYCLE............................ 27WATER RESOURCES................................................. 27HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT AFFECTS WATERRESOURCES............................................................... 27KEEPING WATER SOURCES CLEAN........................27

UNIT 9: ACID AND ALKALI

PROPERTIES OF ACIDIC AND ALKALISUBSTANCES..............................................................28ACIDIC SUBSTANCES.................................................28ALKALINE SUBSTANCES.......................................... 28NEUTRAL SUBSTANCES........................................... 28

UNIT 10: CONSTELLATIONS

SCORPION...................................................................29BIG DIPPER..................................................................29SOUTHERN CROSS....................................................29IMPORTANCE OF CONSTELLATIONS.....................29

UNIT 11: THE EARTH, THE MOON AND THE SUN

ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH.................30ROTATION AND MOVEMENT OF MOON..................30MOVEMENT OF EARTH AND MOONAROUND THE SUN......................................................30SHADOW LENGTHS AND POSITIONS THROUGHOUTTHE DAY....................................................................... 30DAY AND NIGHT OCCURRENCE................................ 30PHASES OF THE MOON............................................31LUNAR CALENDAR.....................................................31

UNIT 12: STRENGTH AND STABILITY

SHAPES OF OBJECTS IN STRUCTURES................32STABILITY....................................................................32STRENGTH.................................................................. 32

UNIT 1: INTERACTION AMONG LIVING THINGS

GROUP ANIMALS........................................................33SOLITARY ANIMALS.................................................. 33INTERACTION TYPES................................................33COMPETITION AMONG ANIMALS............................ 33

YEAR 6

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At least 1.5litres everyday

b

To stay alive

Water is absorbedthrough the roots

Helps to removewaste productsfrom body

Body consist of70% water

Helps to carrydigested food toother parts of body

A

2

3

To stay alive

Controls bodytemperature

a

OF HUMANS

4

OF ANIMALS

Helps growth

Gives energyto do work

To stayhealthy

b

c e

A diet that has correctamounts of all kinds of food

2

Contains 7classes of food

3Examples: rice,chicken, meat,vegetables & fruits4

Helps to repairdamaged body tissues

FOOD

1

b

c

d

Replace water lossthrough sweating andurination.

e

To breathe andget energy

f

Drink water, soup, milk,fruit juice and beverages.

2

Eat juicy fruits(water melons,oranges)and vegetables (celery,carrots)

3

Chest movements help us tobreathe in (inhale) and breatheout (exhale) through the nose.

AIR

A place to live

Protect fromdangers

SHELTER

Storms

1

a

b

a

b c

Lightning

2

Extreme cold / heat

3

To grow

To stay healthy

To get energyd

bc

Helps to carrydigested food toother parts of body

Helps to remove wasteproducts from body

Controls bodytemperature

a

bcTo breatheand getenergy

AIR

d

B

C

1

To protectfrom danger

a

To protect fromextreme weather

2

3

SHELTER

1

4

Birds

23

4

Shelter types

5 6 78

9

10

11

a

b

c

a

WATER

OF PLANTS

To stay alive

To make theirown food andgrow

leaves

stems

roots(some plants)

AIR

ab

c

To make their ownfood and grow

To control theirtemperature

When there's no waterplants wilt and die

WATERa

c To make their ownfood and grow

b

Without sunlight,plants wilt and turnyellowish.

SUNLIGHT

Ants

BirdsWasps

Nest

Bears

Bats

Swallows

Caves

Snakes

Rats

EarthwormsHoles

Bees

Hives

Rabbits

Hutch/Burrows

Spiders

Cobweb

Duck

Goose

Chicken

Pen

Hamster

BirdCage(pets)

Do gKennel

HorseStable

d

d

a

Snail will die althoughthere is water and airbecause there is no food.

FOOD

e

WATERd

Part of leave covered bythe black paper becomesyellow because it does notreceive any sunlight.1

2

3

BASICNEEDS (1/1)

YEAR 4 UNIT 1

Balanced diet

1

Flats/apartments

Kampung house

Protect fromextreme weather

BungalowTerraced house

LonghouseHutIgloo

d

Shelter types

1

2

3

45

67

Absorbedfrom

a

ac

b

d

b

c

Hole

Wetcotton

Rat will diealthough thereis food and airbecause thereis no water.

Hole

Food

Rat dies althoughthere is food andwater becausethere is no air

The tadpole dies becausethe layer of oil prevents airentering the water.

Animals willdie without air

2

1

Grass under box becomesyellowish because there is nosunlight under the box.

blackpaper

Layer of oil

Food Water

Transparentp l as t i cb a g

Although thereis water, theplant will wiltbecause thereis no air.

Prevents airf romentering thelea ves

1

WaterIntake

In ha la t i on Ex ha la t i on

1

Goat

CowBarn

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Delay response to stimuli

Taking illegal drugs withoutdoctor's prescription

lose control

Cause addiction

affects logical thiinking

Overdose can cause braindamage & death

DrugAbuse

Addicted alcoholic

Make peopledrunk

Affects logical thinking

Cause liver failure

Delay responseto stimuli

Lose control of oneself

DrinkingAlcohol

Carcinogens(causes cancer)

nicotine(causes addiction)

Tar(toxic chemical)

Ciggarettescontains

Stained teeth

Addiction

Lung cancer

Breathingdifficulty

Lost ofappetite Bad breath

CanCause

Smoking

BAD BEHAVIOUR

To produce newgeneration offsprings

To ensure the continuityof human species

Reproduce bygiving birth

Family tree shows relationships between members.

REPRODUCTION

Smell : nose

Sound : earsLight : eyesTouch : skin

Taste : tounge

For survival

To protectfrom danger

Stimuliand

Organs

Removal ofundigestedfood in form offaeces

Removedthroughanus

Faecesformed inthe largeintestines

Excretedby lungsIn exhaled air

CarbonDioxide

Excretedby lungs

In exhaled air

Urea

Mineral saltsWater

Contains

Excreted bysweat glands

UreaMineral salts

Water

Excreted bykidneys

Contains

Sweat

WaterVapour

Urine

Lungs

Kidney

Skin

WasteMaterials

Organs

Decreases whenwe relax

Increases duringexercise

Number of chestmovements in aperiod of timeBreathing

Rate

ExhalationInhalation

Mechanism

Chest risesoutwards &upwards

LIFEPROCESSES

(1/3)

YEAR 4 UNIT 2

nose

mouthwindpipe

1

2

3

4 lungs

Organs

BREATHING

EXCRETION

DEFECATIONRESPONSE

TOSTIMULI

INHUMANS

a

Air : nose mouth windpipe lungs c

Oxygen from airenters lungs

d

Chest lowersinwards a

Diaphragmrelaxes

b

Air : lungs windpipe mouth nose c

Carbon dioxideleaves lungs

d

Diaphragmcontracts

b

A

4 32

5

16

c

a

b

a

b

c

a

b

ca

b

c

a

b

d

c

a

b

2

3

1

2

1

3

2

1

3

2

1

4

234

15

2

1

2

34

1

56

2

34

1

5 6

a

b

a

b

a

bab

FirstGeneration

Father Mother

MeElder brother Younger sister Younger brother

SecondGeneration

Grandfather

ThirdGeneration

Grandfather GrandmotherGrandmother

ac bd

e

f

a

cb

1

32

1

32

Large intestines

Anus

2

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grows into

lay hatches

Adult Young

Eg g

rat

give birth

ratpup

grow

give birth

grows into

Adult Young

Cockroach

PrayingMantis

Dragonfly

Otherexamples

Has NO larvaand pupa stage

gr as sh op pe r

e g g s

n y m p hGrasshopper

BeesMosquitoes

Flies

Otherexamples

Has larva andpupa stage

Butterf ly

BirdsMammals

Animals withkidneys

Frog Animals ThatLay Eggs

Othermammals

Fish

Animals ThatGive Birth

Shapes

Sizes

Weights

Stages of growthin animals

AnimalsChange

LIFE-CYCLE

Eggs Chicks Youngs

Water Carbondioxide

Excrete

spiracles

air tubes In insects

Trachealstructure

Carbondioxide Water

Excrete

Milk frommothers'mammary glands

Offsprings’Food

Spinyanteater

Platypus

MammalsThat Lay

Eggs

Human

Elephant

Rhinocerous

Whale

OneOffspring at

One time

Rats

Cats

Dogs

ManyOffsprings at

One time

Offsprings grow inmothers' womb before birth Mammals

only

GivingBirth

Turtles

DO NOT TakeCare Eggs

and Youngs

Snakes

Take CareEggs, NOT

Youngs

Take care eggsand youngs HensDucks

Few EggsAt One Time

Frogs

Fish

Many EggsAt One Time Fish

Amphibians

Birds

Reptiles

Insects

EggLayingAnimals

LayingEggs

TadpolePrawn Crab

Aquaticanimals

urea

mineral salts water

uric acid

Excrete(in urine)

MammalsAnimals with

thick skin

urea

mineral salts

water

Excrete(in sweat)

Reptiles

Mammals

Birds

Amphibians

Animals withlungs

To get rid undigestedmaterialsTo stay healthy

REPRODUCTION DEFECATION

Skin

Lungs

Kidney

Gills

Organs

EXCRETION

Oxygen is absorbedand carbon dioxide isget rid off at the gills.

In fish,tadpoles

Water that containsoxygen enters the mouthof fish and flows outthrough gills.

Lung books

In crabs,spiders andscorpions

Lungs looklike bookpages

Lungbooks

In frogs,salamandersworms

Oxygen from air entersthe body directly throughthe moist skin.

Moist skin

whale

dolphin

turtle

birdsmammals

Most Landanimals

Some aquaticanimalsBreathe out carbon

dioxide and waterBreathe in oxygen

B

BreathingStructures

BREATHING

INANIMALS

1

a b

Gills

c

Then enters air tubesand to body cells

Air entersspiracles at sidesof insect's bodies

f r og

e g g s

t ad p ol e

ta d po l ew i t hl e g s

Stages

Baby turtles findtheir own foodafter hatching

LIFEPROCESSES

(2/3)

YEAR 4 UNIT 2

but terf lye g g

p u p acat erp i l lar(larva)

Stages

2

1

43 2

5

Frog eggs

Fish eggs

a

ab

a

b

ab

c

d

2

34

1

5

2

34

1

2

34

1

5

6

2

3

4

1

5

6

2

3

1

2

1

2

1

34

a b

Lungs

ab

a

bab

a

b

c

a

b

a

b

ab

aba

b

cd

e

a

bab

c

a

b

ab

c

d

a

bc

a

b c

a

b

c

1 2

1

3

2

4

1

32

1

1

3

2

4

12

121

32

4

a

13

2

1

3

2

3

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Watermelon

Rose

BryophyllumBegonia

Aloe vera

Ferns

Mosses

Mushrooms

Grow into new plantsin moist places

Carried by wind

Small and light

By non-flowering plants

TapiocaSugar caneHibiscus

Bougainvillae

Examples

Cutings planted in soil

Buds on stem growinto new plants

BambooPineappleBanana

Grow more quickly than seeds

Examples

New shoots that grow from buds

At base of parent plants

Suckers

C

a

1

2

1

RESPONSETO

STIMULIStimuliTypes

Gravity

Touch

Roots of plants growdownwards towardswater at the bottom.

Roots of plants growupwards towards themoist cotton wool.

Beaker A Beaker Bdrying agent

moist cottonwool

water

ab

Sunlight

3

4

Water

Beaker A

Plants grow uprightbecause light iscoming from the top. Plants bent towards the lamp

that produce the light.a

b

Beaker B

2

REPRODUCTION

Form new plants1

Prevent extinction

Ensure survival of species

Supply food to animals

PURPOSE2

3

4

b

StemCuttings

PapayaDurianMaize

MangoRambutan

From fruits of flowering plants

Seeds germinate intoseedlings then young plants.

Seeds

1

Plantswith one

seed

2

abcd

flowers fruits seeds

Plantswith many

seeds

Sucker

Sucker

a

b

cd

12 3

3

Bud grows intonew plant

a

b

c

1234

5

Examples

Spores underleaves

Sporeslike flower

Sporesunder gills

Spores

a

b

c

d

e

1

23

4

Are usually thick

Buds at edge growinto new shootsExamples

Leaves

ReproductionMethods

5

ab

c

1 23

41

2

12

3

Bud grows intonew shoots

a

IN PLANTS

LIFEPROCESSES

(3/3 )

YEAR 4 UNIT 2

Sucker

4

Petri dish A Petri dish B

moist cotton wool

Roots of plants grow downwardstowards gravity.

Mimosa plant

Leaflets of mimosa plantfold up when touched.

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Tail inkanggaroo rat

t a i l

H u m pi nc a m e l

Hippopotamus

Squir re l

Keep bodies cool

Increase surface area

b

Attack by humansand other animals

ElephantHippopotamusB uf f a l o

1

FROMDANGER

A

B Spines

SPECIALCHARACTHERICTICSAND BEHAVOIUR

12

34

5

6

1211 10 9 8

713

b

Rhinoceros

Thick skin

2

a

Prevent enemiesinjuring them

Thickand

hard skin

Hide heads andlegs in shellswhen attacked

a

ElephantTortoise

1

Examples

Turtle

Snail

Examples

b

Hardshells

Hard shells

21

3

Prevent enemiesinjuring them

Pangolin

CrocodileExamplesHard

scales

ab

2

1

Hard scales

a

To kill or weakenenemies

bPoisonousstings/venom

Scorpion

Centipede

Bee

2

1

3

To keep awayenemies by raisingspinesa

b

Porcupine

Porcupinefish

Examples

2

1

Use horns/antlers to attackenemies

a

b

Horns/antlers Rhinoceros

DeerGoat

1

2Examples

3

To protect themselves/youngs

ab

Sharp claws/talons

1 Bear

Eagle

Lion2

3

Examples

Tal on s

Have same shape / skincolour with surroundings

a

b

Camouflage

1 Zebra

Stick insect

Chameleon

23

5

Examples

Moth

Spots look likeeyes to fr ightene n e m i e s

Squirt black inkto confuseenemy

aSmokescreen

1

SquidOctopus

Examples

2

a

To outrun theirenemies whenattacked

HorseAntelopeGiraffe

b

123

Examples

Strongand

muscular legs

a

Enemies areafraid to attack

ZebrasElephantsMonkeys

b

123

Examples

Living inherds

aRepel enemies.Prevent fombeing eaten

Skunk

Bed bug

Cockroach

b

1

2

3

Examples Releasingstinks

aSting to repelenemies

Seaanemone

Jellyfish

Poisonoustentaclesb

1

2

C

Examples

1

b

1

Lose body heat faster

Wrinkledskins

23

Examples

a

Increasesurface area

Lose bodyheat faster

Example

Desert fox

Long ears

Longears

123

abca

c

Canchange tofood andwater

1Keepanimalalive fordays

Storefat

23

Examples

h u m p

ab

During the dayrest in holes orunder rocks

1

Wallowingin mudholes

Keep awayfrom heat2

Desert fox

s n a k e s

Examplesd

e

2

f

Long eye lashesprevent entering ofsand in sand storm

Long ear hairsprevent entering ofsand in sand storm

Broad, flathooves preventfrom sinking intosand

Camel'sspecial

features

a

b c

Rhinoceros

B uf f a l o

a

b

b

a

Extreme hot

E le ph an t ' swr in k leds k i n

2

LIVING INEXTREMEWEATHER

Keep bodytemperaturefixed

1

a

a

Examples

Thick fur

b

S h e e p Polar bear

2

Keep bodywarm

b a

Thick fatlayer under

skin

Examples

Polar bearPenguin

W a l r u s

S e a l

W h a l e

c

d

e1

2

Prevent heatloss from body

2

1

Small ears

S e a l

ab

W a l r u s

Small ear

Examples

Sleep thoughoutcold season

c

Examples

a

b

B e a r

Fox

c

Examples

1

2 Hibernation

Avoid extreme weather

Extreme cold

Look for food

a

bExamples

MigrationS w a n s

Swal lows

12

3

PROTECTIONIN ANIMALS

(1/2)

YEAR 4 UNIT 3

Curling into shape ofa ball so that enemiescannot attack

a

b2

3

ExamplesCurling

up

millipede

pangolin

1armadillo

Hippopotamus'swr in k leds k i n

wr in k leds k i n

c l a w s

2

Survival

To continueliving

To prevent speciesfrom extinction

By having special1. Characteristics2. Behaviours

a b c

Arctic fox

4

Also has1. sharp eyesight2. strong beak

14

Snake

4

Examples

1

5

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rose t ho rn s

stems

Hurt animals thattry to eat/destroy

To protect frombeing eaten

C a c t u s

W at e rm e l o n s

P u m p k i n

C a c t u s

P i n e

Cuasar ina

C a c t u s

Aloe veral e av e s

b a o b a btrunk

b a n a n as t e m

Ban ana

H ya ci nt h Duringhot daysBan ana

L e m o n

c a c t u s

th ic kl e av e s

c

A

To protect frombeing damaged From predators

(humans and animals)

NATURALDEFENCE

4

aWhen touched

Mimosa plantExpose thornson stem

Foldingleaflets

a

1 2

3 Sticky Bitter Poisonous

Cause itchiness

Example

Latex

b

1 2 3

5

4

papaya

yam

jackfruit

Examples

c

1

6

stems

leaves

fruits

Excretedat

a1b

c

a

b

c

stemsa

2Thorns leaves

fruits

Foundat

c

b

3

duriana

cactusb

c

bougainvillea

d

pineapple

emimosaf

aloe verag

t ho rn s

Examples

tho rn

tho rn

t ho rn s

Cause itchiness

1

diarrhoea

a

2 leaves

fruits

Foundat

c

b

3 bambooa

sugar cane

b

pumpkin

c

Examples

fine hairs

Fine hairs

f i n eh ai r s

nauseadeath

sapfruits

Ping pongfruit

flowersstalks

Yellowfrangipani

Poison ivy

If eaten maycause

Poisonoussubstances

123

Foundin

Toadstoolmushrooms

Examples

abc

abc

d

abc

d

Prevent animalsfrom eatingMarigold

Tobacco leaves

Rafflesia flower

a

c

Bad smell

b

Examples 1

2

ADAPTATIONTO NATURE

B

TYPESOF

NATURALDEFENCE

INDRY

REGIONS

Grow deepin soil

Searchingfor water

Obtain andStore water

Long roots

a b c

To store water

Thick andsucculent

stems/leaves

1

2

a

b

2

def

a

bExamples

12

3

4

bl o n gro ot s

1

1Example

1

th ic ks t e m sa

aExamples1

2

3

Needleshapedleaves

2

Preventexcessivewater loss

aExamples

Hairyleaves1

23

3

a

Examples1

2

WaxyLeaves

b

Examples1

2

a

Curlingof Leaves

Break treestems

Uproot treesa

b

Do notbreake as i l y c

C o co n u tP a l m

Examples

SeparatedLeaves

ModifiedLeaves

STRONGWINDS

R e d u c er es i st a nc eto wind

P a d i

L a l a n g

LongLeaves

R e d u c er es i st a nc eto wind

ThinLeaves

Examples

4

1

a

b

c

1

2

ab

1

2

2

1a

b

W i t hs t a n dstrong winds

C o co n u tExample

Strongtrunks

ModifiedStems

S tr on gtrunk

2

Bent easi ly

Sugar cane B a m b o o

Examples

Long/flexiblestems

Bent easi ly

Soft stems

P a d i R e e d L a l a n g

Examples

cb

a

1

2

121 2a

a b

a cb

3

AdaptationMethods

D ur ia n

Flame ofthe forest

ModifiedRoots

Strongbuttress

roots

Examples

Maize

Examples

b

a

1

1

Prop rootsb

a

ab

1

leafletsf o ld e d

Mangrove

PROTECTIONIN PLANTS

(2/2)

YEAR 4 UNIT 3

321

6

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15 m

More accurate

Foot

Less accurate

Ruler

Measuring tape

In metric system

Use standard units

A

length

1

SpanCubitArm span

Use bodyparts

Paper clips

Matchsticks

Straws

Strings

2

Distance betweentwo points

a

1 23

4

b

MEASURINGLENGTH

Use objects

1

2

Examples

c

1

2Usemeasuring

toolsa

b

Examples

d

millimetres (mm)aThick nessof book

b

Very shortlength

Length ofi n s e c t

Examples

centimetres (cm)a

b

Examples

Shortlength

Length of book

Height ofbo t t le

20 cm

18 cm

Height oft r ee

Length of room

metres (m)a

b

Examples

Longerlength

16 mm

} 10 mm

3

6 m

kilometres (km)

ab

Very longlength

D i s t a n c ebetween houseand school = 5k m

Distance betweenmoon and earth =383,000 km

Examples

a

b

ab

1

2

3

4

5

Standard Units

1

1 centimetre = 10 millimetres1 metre = 100 centimetres

1 kilometre = 1000 metresab

c

Relationships

different lengthsa b

c

d

LENGTH

MEASURINGTECHNIQUES

B

Use ruler ormeasuring tape

Place one end ofobject at zeromark of ruler/tape

Place eye vertically onmark (correct position)to take reading

StraightObjects

1

2

Do not place eye at position A or B(incorrect position) because thereadings are not accurate.

A ( X ) B ( X )

3

12

Use string to tracethe curve surface

Place string on rulerto measure length

Make mark on stringCurvedobject

Using string& ruler

Wrap the measuring tape around theobject and read the scale that meetsthe zero mark on the tape.

Usingmeasuring tape

Reading = 63 cm

a

b

a

Reading = 2.4 cm4

1

2

3

1

a

b

C

1

The size of thesurface of an object

Bigger objects havebigger surface area.

a

1 cm10 mm}

1 mm

In metric system

a

1

squaremillimetres

(mm2)

squarecentimetres

(cm2)

squaremetres ( m2)

squarekilometres( km2)

Standard Units

AREA

Area of asmall squareon graphpa pe r

Area of apiece ofpa pe r

Area of a room

Area of adi st r i c t

Example

2

Very smallarea

1

2

Smallarea

1

2

1

2

Largearea

Very largearea

Example

Example

b

c

d

e

2

Example

Areas of squaresand rectangles

3

a

Area = length X width

A rectangle

W i d t h

L e ng t h

A square

L e ng t h

W i d t h

b

c

dL e ng t h = 10 cmW i d t h = 5 cmA r e a = 10 cm x 5 cm

= 50 cm2

Example1

b

MEASUREMENTS(1/2)

YEAR 4 UNIT 4

7

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2

Bigger objects havebigger volumes

The amount ofspace taken by an

object 1

a

D

VOLUMES

2

cubic millimetres(mm3)

Volume ofsugar cube

cubiccentimetres(cm3)

V o l u m eof pencilbo x

cubic metres(m3)

Volume ofswimming pool

1

a

bExample Very smallvolumes

a

bSmall

volumes

Example

3

Standard Units forvolumes of solids

a

b

Example

Largevolumes

Length = 5 cmWidth = 2 cmHeight = 4 cmVolume = 5 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm

= 40 cm3

VOLUMES OFCUBOIDS

Volume =length X width X height

ExampleHe ig ht

Length W i d t h

3

VOLUMES OFLIQUIDS

a

cd

b

a

A Cuboid

Litre (l)

1 litre (l) = 1000 millilitres (ml)

Standard Units forvolumes of liquids

b

1 2 3

Mililitre (ml)

Smallvolumes

Largevolumes

1

cup

bowl

pail

bottle cap

tablespoon

Measuring liquidvolumes

2 beaker

a

b c

d

f

Measuringcylinder

Accuratec

Use measuringcylinder

Place at level surface

Place eye at lowerpart of meniscus

Read at lowest partof meniscus

MeasuringTechniques

a

b

bc

d

E

1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)

1 kilogram (g) = 1000 grams (g)

Standard Units

MASS

MEASURINGMASS

kilogram (kg)

gram (g)

1

Heavier objectshave more mass

a

The amount ofmatter in an

object

a

1

Very lightobjects

Heavyobjects

2

3

45

bc

Beam balance

Compressionbalance

Lever balanceElectronic balanceBathroom scale

MeasuringTools

1

2

3

45

Lightobjects

Place object on panPlace eye at samelevel as pointer

1

2

Take reading whenpointer stops moving 3 Measuring

Techniques

TIME

F

The periodbetween two

events

12

1

Second (s)

Minute (min)Hour (hr)

23Very short

timeLonger

timeVery longtime

ab

1

1 day = 24 hours (hr)6

1 hour (hr) = 60 minutes (min) = 3600 seconds (s)

5

1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s)

4

Standard Units

Pendulum swing

Dripping water

Use processthat repeats

itself

1

2

3

Pulse

MeasuringTools

Sundial

Hourglass

Candleclock

Waterclock

c

MEASURINGTIME

2

Ancienttimes

Stop watch

Wristwatch Alarm

clock

Wall clock

Digital clock

Clocks

Moderntimes

a

b

c

d

a b

1

21

2

3

Pocket watch

3

Watches

IMPORTANCEOF STANCARD

UNITS GAccuracy in measurement

Consistency in measurement

Useful in internationalcommunication

1

2

3

MEASUREMENTS(2/2)

YEAR 4 UNIT 4

bottleLess

accurate e

a

b

2

8

Lowest part ofmeniscus.Reading = 42.0 cm3

e

incorrect X

incorrect X

correct

milligram(mg)

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Examples

Examples

From trees

furni tureb o a t paper

A

Objects

ke y kni fe c o i n

ObjectsFrom rocks

MetalWood

bo t t le

g l a s s

mirrorFrom sand

Objects

Glass

Objects

From crude oil(petroleum) co nt a i ne r

ru ler

t oy sPlastic

MATERIALSAROUND US ObjectsRubber

tyre

b a l l

g l ov e s

From rubbertree sap (latex)

Objects

From animal skin

s h o e s

b e l t

wal let

Leather

From cotton,wool

c l o t h ecu r t a i nt ow e l

ObjectsFrom earth

Clay

v a s ebr i ck

t i l e s

B

1 2 3

4

5

678

ab

a

b

a

b

ab

aab

allows electricity topass through copper wire

iron nails

steel knife

ca rb on

aMetals

Examples

Non-metals

Conductelectricity b

allows heat to passthrough a lu m i ni u m

s t e e l

aMetals

bw o k

p o t

Cookingutensilsdo not sink in water

aExamples

PROPERTIES OFMATERIALS

a

Examples

a

Examples

Absorbwater

Examples

aFloat onwater

b

Can bestretch

Conductheat

becomes wet when incontact with water

t ow e l

t i s s u epaperna pp y

b ot t le s

c on ta in er s

Plastics

furni tureWood

Objects

Cloth/Fabric

b

WoodCloth

Can bepulled andstretched

Returns tooriginalshape whenreleased(Elastic)

rubber band

Rubber

spr ing riders

b

preventfromgettingwet(Waterproof)

a

Do notAbsorbwater

b

u mb r e l l ara in co att en t

Plastic

Spring

Made of glassand clear plastic

Object placed behindcan be seen

glass door Allows lightto passthrough

Glass

Plasticplastic sheet b

c

bc

1

2

3456

7

Materials that allowelectricity and heat topass through

Materials that allowelectricity to pass through

Z i n c

I r on

P l a s t i c

C

ab

Electricconductors

MetalsC op pe r

Aluminium

S t e e l

Examples

Materials thatallow heat topass through

Heatconductors

c

Examples

Iron woks t e e lp o t

Metals

steel base

e le ct r i ci ro n

a ba b

1

2

1

2

1

2

12

1

12

1

2

Good conductors ofelecricity are ALSOgood conductors of heat

CONDUCTORSd

Materials thatDO NOT allowelectricity andheat to passthrough

2a CONDUCTORS

ANDINSULATORS

1

b

Materials thatdo not allowelectricity topass through

12

12

Materialsthat do notheat to passthrough

Heatinsulators

ElectricinsulatorsExamples

INSULATORSc1

2

1

2

R ub be rW o o d

C la y Non-Metals

D

TRANSPARENT,TRANSLUCENT,

ANDOPAQUE

MATERIALS

a

Materials that allow mostlight to pass through

Objects behindcan be seen clearly

b

TRANSPARENTMATERIALS1

2

Examples

TransparencyContainers

ClearPlastics

To seecontents

Uses

To projectimage onlargers c r e e n

ClearGlass

Measuringcontainers

To seecontents tom e a s u r ev o lu m e sac cur ate ly

lightbulb

bea kerMe asu r i ngcy l ind er

Uses

a

Materials thatallow somelight to passthrough

Objects behindcannot be seenclearly (blurred)

b

Tracingpaper

Certain plastic

Lamp shade(thin cloth)

Frosted glass Examples

To prevent theinside of houseseen clearly fromo ut s i de .

To makecopies ofd ra w i ng s

MATERIALS(1/3)

YEAR 4 UNIT 5

TRANSLUCENTMATERIALS

a

Materials thatdo not allowany light topass through

b

Objectsbehind cannotbe seen at all

Forms ashadowwhen lightshines on it

c

OPAQUEMATERIALS d

c

1

2

3

roof tiles

To dispersel ig h t

To prevents un l i gh ten ter i ngh o u s e

hat

To provides h a d e

Examples

clothe To protectb od y

containers

To keepc o n te n t su n s e e n

windscreen

For drivers tosee clear ly

To illuminatesu rr ou nd in gs

w ir e s

F ab r i c

G l a s s

4

2

3

1

4

2

3

1

9

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conductorof heat

hard andstrong

Plastic containers

E

F

G

1CHOOSINGSUITABLE

MATERIALS

a

prevent heat fromleaving/entering

b

Trapped air in insulatorsslows down heat flow to/from materials

c

cotton wool

paper

coconut husk

cloth / towel

Wrappingwith insulator

polystyrene containersKEEPING

THINGS HOT/COLD

Useinsulator

containers

12

3

1

2

Examples

sawdust

Used to preventice from meltingquickly

Keep fish cold

KEEPINGTHINGS HOT/

COLDNATURAL ANDMAN-MADEMATERIALS

Use of object

Properties tofunction

Suitablematerials

Determinedby

Wiresinsulator of heat

insulator of electricty

waterproof

Plastic

conductor ofelectricty

Coppermetal

Fryingpan Umbrella

Spectacles

f r am e

l e n s e sPlastic or/and

metal

strong

f r am e

hard and

Metal

waterproofopaque

Plastic

hard andstrong

Metal

h a n d l e

insulatorof heat

strong

Plastic / wood

Boots

S o l e

soft, flexibleand strong

waterproof

goodgrip

Rubber

strong

transparent

flexible

comfortablefeel last long

Leather

transparent

strong

Glass

strong

flexible

comfortable feel

Leather

stronghard

Metal

Car

Lighttough

Plastic

COMBINED USESOF MATERIALS

a

d

Obtainedfrom naturewood

rubber

Rocks

1

2

2

34 5

1

a also calledsynthethic materials

bObtained throughchemical processes.

Natural materials used toform new materials

c

MAN MADEMATERIALSSOURCES

flexible

waterproof

goodgrip

Rubber

strong

1

Thermosflask

Empty space wthoutair, a goodinsulator

Prevent heatescaping

A good insulator,prevent heatescaping

1

2

3

Temperature ofliquid kept constantin longer time

4

cottonPlants

2

3

fur

leather

silk

wool

NATURALMATERIALS

SOURCES

1

2

3

Animals

claypetroleummetals

13 2

b

c

d

Used to form manysynthetic materials

Petroleum

1

SyntheticLeather

Plasticsproducts

Polyester

Examples

NylonRayon

SyntheticCloth

PVCleather

a

2

b

c

MATERIALS(2/3)

YEAR 4 UNIT 5

Clear plastic orglass

4 3

2

5

1

6

7c

a

b

a

aa

a

a

a

cd

b

e

2

1

a

cb

2

1

a

a

b

a

2 1

ab a

2 1

b aba

a2

1

b acb a

c

d

b ac

d

ba

b

a

ba

b

a

c

10

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Rusty deposit

I r on

A i r Water droplet

H

blades

nuts andbolts

1

rough

Reddish-brownlayer formed onsurface of certainmetal objects.

brittle(break easily)

dull

unatttractive

steel metal

Examples

rusty steel pipes

RUSTYOBJECTS

RUSTING

2

NON-RUSTYOBJECTS

wood

rubber clay glass

plastic

a

1

b

c

2

3

4

1

2 Non-metals

copper lead aluminium

goldincreased mass

5

Surfaceproperties

clean and shiny

Metals

3

Objects becomebrittle and breakeasily

Rust containsbacteria, thatcause tetanus

Objects have tobe replaced,increase costDISADVANTAGES

4

Formed by achemical processbetween:1. iron metal2. water3. air

Rust

A chemical process between:1. iron metal2. water3. air

CONDITIONSFOR RUSTING

Objects made of steel or iron willrust when exposed to water and air.

a

b

3 41

2

51

2

Rust-proofmetals

a b c

d

1

2

Rusting

b

c

a

b

5

By keeping away metalsfrom water and air.

a

b

PREVENTINGRUSTING

Br ok enrustyi ro nb r i dg e

B o yinfe ctedb yt et a nu s

By coatingwith

Grease oroil

bicyclechain

doorhinge

grease texture

Applied to

enginepartsgates

gr il lsvehicles

other ironobjects

Paint

Applied to

rackspaper clipsfence wires

Plastic orrubber

Applied to

Also calledelectroplating

Coating ironwith othermetals

copper platingzincplating

silverplating

gold plating

tin plating

chromiumplating Non-rusting

metalsExamples

1a2

3

4

b

12

3

4

5

abc

d

abc

ab

c

6

Looks unattractive

d

1

2

345

1

a

a

Non-renewable LimitedUsed up

NaturalMatrials

Conservingnatural

materials by

Reducing Reusing Recycling

312

312

CONSERVINGMATERIALS

b

Saveproductioncost Reduce

amount ofwaste

Reduce the useof materials

Use both sideswhen printing

Use clothinstead oftissue paper Reduce using

paper

Bring ownshopping bag

plastic spoons,forks, chopstickspolystryrene

plates andcups

Reduce usingplastic bag

Examples

Avoid usingdisposable

objects

Continue usageinstead of throwing

Modify the objects intoother useful objects

Reduce waste,save materials

3

2

IREUSING

REDUCING

Old newspapers/magazines aswrappers

Empty containers asother new containers Old tyres as garden

decorators Old clothes asscrubbers / apron /blankets

Examples

X X

ab

c

d

3

1

2

b

a

a

ba

a

b

c

d

4

Converting old materialsinto new products

a

b

c

4

collection centres

1

2

Materialscollected

at

23

4glass

paper

plastic

RecycledMaterials

1

d

1Old newspapersare recycled intotissue paper,cardboards ornewspapers

2

Glass are recycled intovarious glass products

Plastics are recycled intovarious plastic products

3

Aluminium cans are recycledinto various aluminium products

Examples

4

RECYCLING

MATERIALS(3/3)

YEAR 4 UNIT 5

iron metal

rusty iron nai ls

recycling bins withrecycling symbols

R ec y c l i n gs y m b o l

aluminium

11

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4 nearestplanet to sun

Source of life onearth (light andheat energy)

Planet nearer to sun ishotter and dryer; gettingmore light and more heat

Planet farther from sunis colder; getting lesslight and lessheat

Move aroundthe sun intheir ownorbits

At centre ofsolar system

9 planets movearound it

The only star insolar system

Biggest body insolar system

Satellites : bodies thatorbit a planet or otherlarger bodies

All planets have naturalsatelites exceptMercury and Venus

Earth's naturalsatelite

Reflects lightfrom the sun

Does not givelight

Is a meteoroid thatenters the earth'satmosphere

Looks like a streak of brightlight (also called shooting star)

It lands on earth, form acrater and becomes ameteorite.

a

A lump of ice thatcontains frozen gasesand dust

Moves aroundthe sun in along orbit

The sun's heatmelts the ice andmakes it glow.Seen as long trail

Example: Halley's cometpasses near earth every72 years

Sun's :1 400 000 km

Earth's :12 756 km

Moon's :3 480 km

150 000 000 km 382 500 km

s u n

ear th moon

1

THE SUN

b cd

e

a b

3THEEARTH AND

THE UNIVERSE(1/1)

YEAR 4 UNIT 6

ATHE

MOON

Takes 28 days to orbitaround the earth

2

3

1

4

*Neptune : 8

*Uranus : 15

*Saturn : 21

*Jupiter : 16Mars : 2 Earth : 1

Venus : 0

Mercury : 0

*Pluto : 1

Objects smaller thanplanets that movesaround the sun

Made of metals and rocks

Have different shapes and sizes(up to hundreds of kilometres)

Found inasteroid belt

between Marsand Jupiter

The 10th (named Sedna) and 11thplanets were discovered in 2004 and2005 respectively

d

c

NATURALSATELITESCONSTITUENTS

OF THESOLAR SYSTEM

2

23

17

6

8

5

9

*Subject to changedue to new discoveries

10

Number ofSatellites of

Planet

4

PLANETS

1

2ASTEROIDS3

4

Objects that floatin space thatbroken off fromasteroidsMade of metals

and rocksHave differentshapes andsizes (smallerthan asteroids)

4

a

METEOROIDand METEOR

123

56

METEOROIDS

b

METEOR

1

3

2

a

c

d

b

COMET

Ame teo r i te

SIZEAND

DISTANCE

B

C

1

2

S u n :400 x biggerthan moon

S u n :100 x biggerthan earth

Ear th:4 x biggerthan moon

sun : earth : moon400 : 4 : 1basketball : marble : sago grain

s u n ear th moon

DIAMETER

earth - sun :150 000 000 km

earth - moon :382 500 km

distance ratio earth-sun : earth-moon

400 : 1

DISTANCE

MarsFar from sunAverage temperature: - 50oC

EarthNear to sunAverage temperature: 15oC

VenusVery near to sunAveragetemperature: 420oC

1

a

PLANET'STEMPERATURE

b

c

2

Hasatmophere

Made ofrocks

Mercury

Venus

Nearest tothe sun

Has veryhightemperature

Mars

Nearestto earth

Atmospheretraps heat

Hottestplanet

Onlyplanet thatsupportslife

Has1. air2. water3. suitable temperature

Surface coveredwith red dust;called red planet

Very cold; allwater frozen

No lifeforms

a

b

f

e

c

Size Ratio

d

THEINNER

PLANETS

g 5 lastplanets

Made ofmainlygases

Also calledgiant gases

Jupiter

Biggest planet

Made up of gases and ice

UranusLies onits side

Surrounded bynarrow rings

Neptune

Covered with bluemethane liquid Has a faint

ring system

a

3

Greenishblue colour

c

PLANETS INTHE SOLAR

SYSTEM

Pluto

Smallestplanet Very cold

and darkVery farfrom sun

d

f

h

g

12

1

2

3

1

12

3

1

2

1

2

31 2

Second biggest planet

Mostbeautiful

Surrounded by3 wide rings

1

2

3 Saturn

4

The only planetwith living things

THEEARTH'SPERFECT

PLACEMENT

a

b b

receiveenoughlight andheat

airwater

suitableatmosphere

suitable distancefrom sun

SUPPORTSLIFE

1 2

3

4

56 orbit

If tooh ot ,ear thb e c o m e sdry.

If too cold,all waterwi ll f reeze

N o tc on d u ci v eto li fe

Not too hotor too cold

a b c

9 planets

Mercury

V enusEar th Jupiter

Ur anus

Pluto

MarsSat urn

Neptune

SUN 7

8

1

9

7

6

5

4

32

8

a

b

c

A st er o i db e l t

2

c3

1

da

b5

4

c

a

b

Earth2

THEOUTER

PLANETS

e

123

12

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Aeroplane

doing simplecalculations

1

A

HUMANLIMITATIONS 2

3

think

learn

memorise

move

do work

Are things thathuman can do

memorisingsome facts

walking withlegs

writing withhands

readingwith eyes

smellingwith nose

tasting withtongue

hearingwith ears

feelingwith skin

BRAIN

BODY

a

b

3

21

2

1

cHUMAN

ACTIVITIES

HUMANABILITIES

3

4

5

89

6

Examples

7

1 2

Are things thathuman cannot do

b

a

a

memorisingmany numbers

running athigh speeds

lifting veryheavy objects

viewing veryfar/minuteobjects

hearingvery softsounds

doing complexcalculations Examples

HUMANLIMITATIONS

tools

equipmentsmachinesto overcomelimitations

B

1

Enables to seetiny things

Example:Enlargingmap's image

Enables to seevery fine things

Example: seeingmicroorganisms,cellsSIGHT

Enables tosee distantobjects

Example:Vewing birds

Enables tosee very farobjects

Example:Looking atmoon,planets,stars

Enables tosee objectsin the dark

Example:Used bysoldiers atnight

Enables tosee objectsinternalorgans

Example: Used tosee infected lungs

Example: Used detecthidden weapons,underground pipes/minerals

Enables todetect hiddenmetals

a

b

Binoculars

Microscope

MagnifyingGlass

TelescopeNight VisionGoggles

X-rayMachine

MetalDetectors

b

cde

f

g

Enables toamplifysounds

Example: Usedto speak tolarge audience

a

c

Enables totransmitssound to farplaces

Example:Used tospeak tosomeoneoverseas

b

Microphone&

Megaphone

d

Enables tohear softsounds

Example:Used tohearheartbeatsby doctors

Stethoscope

Enablesto hearbetter

Example:Used bydeafs/partially deaf

Hearing Aid

HEARING

Telephone

BicycleMotorbikeShip

All vehicles usedto travel fardistances at ashorter time

Car

BRAIN

Enables todo complexcalculations

Enables todo complexprogramming

3

Calculator

LIFTING HEAVYOBJECTS

Pulley

Crane

Forklift

DEVICES TOOVERCOME

LIMITATIONS OF:

4

5

af

b

a

b

a

c

TRAVELLINGLONG

DISTANCES

e

abcd

2

DEVELOPEMENTOF

TECHNOLOGY(1)

D1

Computer

speaking

listening

drawing

writingsendingsignals

People makedrawings on

walls ofcaves

Sharing ofInformation

by:

The nativesAmerican sendmessagesthrough smokesignals

Certainnatives alsobeat drums tosendmessages

Ancienttimes

Carrier pigeonssend messagesthat were tied totheir bodies.

Messengers sendmessages fromplaces to places

Inventionof Writing

a

c b1

2

345

12

3

1

2

By William Cookeand CharlesWheatstone

1

Used to sendmessages usingMorse codeinvented by SamuelMorse 2

TelegraphInvention

By AlexanderGraham Bell

d

COMMUNICATIONTelephoneInvention

Used to sendmessages inform of sound

1

2

e

f

By GuglemoMarconi

DEVICESC

YEAR 4 UNIT 7

TECHNOLOGYAROUND US

(1/2)

1

Used to sendmessages in formof radio waves

2

3

WirelessTelegraphyInvention

ba

c

g

Very fast andeasy to use

12

mobile phone

ab

Examples

Examples

In t ro duc edby TimB er ne s- Le e

Computers aroundthe wor ld arenetwo rked

c

16

54 3

2

LatestTechnology

1 2

see

hear

smell

taste

touch

21

34

5

SENSORYORGANS

Communcationsatelites

Used toreceive andsend waves i g n a l sbetween veryfar places

d

Used for:1 . e - ma i l s2 . c ha t t in g3 . te le co nf er en ci ng4 . sharing informationInternet

2

2

11

Ride animals likehorses, camels,donkeys, buffaloes

Wheel wasin vent ed

Used to pullca rr ia ge s

Travel led bywalking but tookvery long t imea

b

cd

The early wheel

Steam enginewas invented byJames Watt

Used to pulltrain / cars

Kar l Benzinvented thepetrol drivenc a r

Gottlieb Daimlerinvented themo to rc yc le

Other vehic lesdeveloped : buses,vans, lorries, trains

The vehicles are faster,safer and can carrymore passengers.

Tree trunkused to travelon water

Rafts - logsare tiedtoge ther

1780's - hot a irballoon wasin vent ed

1800's - thegl ider wasin vent ed

The airship fi lled wi thhydrogen / helium(light gas) dur ing1 9 00 ' s

1903, Wright Brothersinvented the "Flyer",engine-powered glider

LandTransport

Ancienttimes

SteamEnginesa

2

b

TRANSPORTATIONc

1

3

2a

b

bc

d

e InternalCombustionEngines

a

The internalcombustion engine

s u p e rs o n i cj e t

H el ic o pt er s

rocket

s p a c es hu t t l e

3

satell ite

AirTransport

WaterTransport

1

Sailing boats, shipsand junks that usedwind power

Sampan - planksjo ined together

23 4

5

1

2

3

45 6 7

8

R a d i o

Television

Walk ie- ta l k ie

facsimile

1

2

1

2

1212

1

2

3

1

2

12bc

d

121

212

6Bigger ships dr iven bysteam and then diesel

engines that travelfaster, carry more

p a s s en g e r s

c a n o e

launched byro cke ts

13

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tree t runks

NOT st rong ands a f e

Move to anotherplace when soilis infertile

4

gather wildfruits and edibleplants

r a i nwat er

Ir rigation system :Archimedes's screw

tractor toplough land

s a v el ab ou rc o s t

to increaseye i l d

Hydrophonics :a method of growing plantsusing mineral nutrientsolutions, wi thout soil

Biotechnology: Atechnology that usesliv ing organisms tomake or modi fy productsor processes forspecific use.

to increasequality andye i l d

lived in caves

to protect from:1. wild animals2. cold3. heat4. ra in

h u t s

t en t s

g l a s s

br ic ks

c e me n t

i ro n

s tr on g

s a f eh o m e s

w o o d

condomoniums

f la t sa pa r t me nt s

a

a

2

wooden planks,st ro nger

Bridges

Roads

R o m a n sar rang edro ckb l o c k s

gr ave ls

highwaysand

expressways

brainstorming

1

contribute toe c o n o m i cgr ow th

use machines top ro d uc emore products

Savetime

Do worksafely

Increaseproductivity

DISADVANTAGES

b

pest i c ides fer t i l is ers

excessive use isharmful to body

Harmful exhaustfumes of motorvehicles

wat erpol lu t ion

s p o i lnatu re 'sbe au ty

trees cut downland / hillsused up

Electronic devices emitelectromagnetic waves

de stro ysna tur a lhabitat ofplants anda n i m a l s

plant / animalspecies becomesex t in ct

Uncontrolledlogging and

mining

Deplete naturalsources quickly

1

i m mo r a lac t i v i t i es

drug abuse

ADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGESOF TECHNOLOGY

f o o dad di t i ve s

Betterquality

products

YEAR 4 UNIT 7

TECHNOLOGYAROUND US

(2/2)

DEVELOPEMENTOF

TECHNOLOGY(2)

E

2

Plantingcrops

a

bAGRICULTURE

Rearinganimalsandlivestock

c

b o n e s

h o e s i ck l e

d ib be rrake

sticks

stones

Startedfarming.

Tools used:

p l o u g h

Metaldiscovery and

new tools

wateringc a n s

CropWatering

3

1

5

6

Huntanimals

2Olddays

d

a ut o m at i cIrr igat ion system

wat erc h a n n e l s

p i p e s

spr ink lers y s t e m

FarmMachines

combine harvesterto harvest crops

WateringCrops

ModernTechniques

ModernDays

Fertilisers

CONSTRUCTION

1

Buildings

StoneAge

c

b

11

leaves bamboos s t ic k s

c l a y

a n i m a ls k i n s

b

OldDays

c

Used

Built

Use

ModernDays

a

b

Build

skys cr ap pe r

Taller &stronger

OldDays

suspensionb r i dg e

s t e e l

canwithstandheavy load

a r c hb r i dg e

c on c r et e

ModernDays

Examples Use

OldDays

Tarroads

Use

s a n d

Use

Concreteroads

c e m e n t

4

3

1

2

ModernDays

2

11

23

a

b

bc

u s ep at hw ay s

12

F

Identifyproblems

Generateideas

SOLVINGPROBLEMS

Designdevice

typewr iter

1

c om p u te r

P o o rha nd wr i t i ng

solved by

f l uo re sc en tl i gh t s

ref r igerator

vacuum cleaner

w a s h i n gm a c h i n eai r

co nd i t io ne r

car / bus

l aw n m ow e r

f a n

ferry / sh ip

ai rp la ne/ helicopter

Slow whensweeping floor

solved by

Keeping foodfresh solved

b y

Slow whencut ting grass

solved by

Slow whentrave l l ingsolved by

Uncomfo r tablein hot weather

solved by

Slow whenwashing c lothes

solved by

Examples

2

D i mc a n d l el i gh t s

solved by

G2

3

Invention oftools anddevices

Gives benefitto mankind

Have touse wisely

CONTRIBUTIONOF

TECHNOLOGY

c o m m u ni c a t i o nt rave l l ing

c on st ru ct io n

Do workeasily in:

ADVANTAGES

u s i n gm a c h i n e s

products lastl on ge r

u s i n gmachines todo dangerouswork

h a n dg l ov e s

ey eg o g g l e s h e l m e t

u s i n gm a c h i n e sp ro d uc ene at erp ro d u ct s

a

c

de

prote ct ivedevices to

protect workers

2 13

Chemicals

HealthEffects

EnvironmentalPollution

WasteMaterials of

Factories EnvironmentalDestruction

air pol lution

a

b f

ed

c

Extinction ofLiving Things

Forest cutdown

3

2

Depletion ofNatural Sources

SocialProblems

Mass mediainfluence

1

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

ba

c de

ba

c ba

c

b

a

cd

a

bac

b

a

cd

1 221

tar

ab

c

ba

1

2

gr ave ls

a

12 1 2 3

45

1

23

123

45

ab

f

e

dc

g h

1

21

12

b ac

21

b

c

a

b

a

2 1

11

1

1

2

1

3

21

1

ba

1

ba

b

a

c

14