Photo © Nicolas Axelrod / Handicap International, January 2013

Cluster Munition Monitor 2013(Presentation, September 2013)

Overview:•States Parties and signatories show strong commitment to the convention.•Increased rates of stockpile destruction and clearance in 2012.•Majority of victims now live in States Parties, who collectively are improving access to services.•Syrian use of cluster munitions condemned by more than 110 states, including dozens outside the convention.

Cluster Munition Monitor 2013

Main sections:

• Cluster Munition Ban Policy • Contamination and Clearance• Casualties and Victim Assistance• Funding Support

Convention on Cluster Munitions

A total of 112 states have joined the convention of which 83 are States Parties (79 ratified, 4 acceded) as of 31 July 2013.

Photo © Ana Jimena Gonzalez Alonso / Campaña Colombiana Contra Minas, July 2013

Convention on Cluster Munitions

States Parties

Americas (17): Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay.

Asia-Pacific (9): Afghanistan, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Japan, Lao PDR, Nauru, New Zealand, and Samoa.

Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia (32): Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Holy See, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia), Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

States Parties (continued)

Middle East and North Africa (3): Iraq, Lebanon, and Tunisia.

Sub-Saharan Africa (22): Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Togo, and Zambia.

Signatories still to ratify

Angola Guinea PalauBenin Haiti Paraguay

Canada Iceland PhilippinesCentral African Republic Indonesia Rwanda

Colombia Jamaica São Tomé e PríncipeDR Congo Kenya Somalia

Republic of Congo Liberia South AfricaCyprus Madagascar Tanzania

Djibouti Namibia UgandaGambia Nigeria

Cluster munition use

Cluster munitions have been used by at least 20 government armed forces during conflict in 36 countries and four disputed territories since the end of World War II.

Recent use of cluster munitions

Since the Convention on Cluster Munitions entered into force on 1 August 2010 there has been:

•No recorded use by States Parties or signatories. •Non-signatory Syria has used cluster munitions extensively in the second half of 2012 and the first half of 2013, causing numerous civilian casualties. •Unconfirmed reports of cluster munition use by Sudan and Myanmar in both 2012 and 2013. •Confirmed instances of use by non-signatories Libya and Thailand in the first half of 2011.

Production of cluster munitions

Current producers

* None of the 17 producers are confirmed to have used cluster munitions, except for Israel, Russia, and the US

Brazil Israel* Russia*

China North Korea Singapore

Egypt South Korea Slovakia

Greece Pakistan Turkey

India Poland United States*

Iran Romania

Former producers

• The 16 former producers that have joined the convention and foresworn any future production include 15 States Parties and 1 signatory.

• *One non-signatory has ceased production.

Argentina* France South Africa

Australia Germany Spain

Belgium Iraq Sweden

BiH Italy Switzerland

Chile Japan UK

Croatia Netherlands

Transfers of cluster munitionsBrazil South KoreaChile* Spain*

Egypt Russia

France* Turkey

Germany* United Kingdom*

Israel United States

Moldova* Yugoslavia

Slovakia

• While the historic record is incomplete, at least 15 countries have transferred more than 50 types of cluster munitions to at least 60 countries.

• *Six of these states have joined the convention and no longer export.

Stockpiling of cluster munitions

• The Monitor estimates that prior to the start of the global effort to ban cluster munitions, 91 countries stockpiled millions of cluster munitions containing more than 1 billion submunitions.

• Currently, 72 nations have cluster munition stockpiles, including 24 States Parties and signatories to the convention.

• Collectively, prior to any destruction activities, 28 States Parties stockpiled more than 1.44 million cluster munitions containing 177.1 million submunitions.

Stockpile destruction

• A total of 22 States Parties have destroyed 1.03 million cluster munitions and 122 million submunitions.

• This represents the destruction of 71% of cluster munitions and 69% of submunitions declared as stockpiled by States Parties.

• 18 States Parties are in process of destruction, including major stockpilers Germany, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Sweden, and the UK.

Stockpile destruction in 2012

•Nine States Parties destroyed 173,973 munitions and 27 million submunitions in 2012, a dramatic increase over the 107,000 munitions and 17.6 million submunitions destroyed in 2011.

•The UK destroyed 95% of all its stockpiled cluster munitions and 84% of its submunitions.

•The Netherlands completed destruction.

Retention of cluster munitions

• Most States Parties are not retaining any cluster munitions and/or submunitions for training or research.

• 13 States Parties are retaining cluster munitions, of which Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain are each retaining more than 15,000 submunitions.

• In 2012, the UK destroyed its holding of individual submunitions retained for testing.

Cluster munition contamination

At least 26 states and 3 other areas are currently contaminated by cluster munition remnants, including 12 States Parties and 2 signatories.

Photo © Nicolas Axelrod / Handicap International, January 2013

Clearance and contamination

Contaminated states and areas

Africa Americas Asia Europe-CIS Middle East-North Africa

Chad Chile Afghanistan BiH Iraq

DR Congo Lao PDR Croatia Lebanon

Mauritania Cambodia Germany Libya Somalia Vietnam Montenegro Syria

South Sudan Norway Yemen

Sudan Azerbaijan Western Sahara

Georgia (South Ossetia)

Russia (Chechnya)

Serbia

Tajikistan

Kosovo

Nagorno-Karabakh

Bold = States Parties and signatoriesItalics = Other areas

Clearance of cluster munitions

In 2012:

•More than 59,180 unexploded submunitions were destroyed during clearance of almost 78km2 across 11 states and two other areas, a 40% increase in cleared land compared to 2011.

•8 States Parties and signatories conducted clearance of unexploded munitions. The bulk of clearance was conducted in Lao PDR and Lebanon.

•Non-signatories Cambodia, Serbia, Vietnam, and Yemen also conducted clearance as well as Nagorno-Karabakh and Western Sahara.

•New methodologies to increase land release efficiency and productivity are currently being developed.

Cluster munition casualties

• Cluster munition casualties have been recorded in at least 31 states and areas, including 16 States Parties and signatories.

• Through the end of 2012, 17,959 all-time cluster munition casualties were confirmed. However, 54,000 is a better global estimate.

• In 2012, 190 cluster munition casualties were identified. This is the highest one-year casualty total since the convention entered into force; with 165 identified in Syria.

Cluster munition casualties

States with casualties by convention statusStates Parties and signatories

(entry into force date) Other states and areas

Afghanistan (1 March 2012) CambodiaAlbania (1 August 2010) EritreaBosnia and Herzegovina (1 March 2011) EthiopiaChad (1 September 2013) GeorgiaCroatia (1 August 2010) IsraelGuinea-Bissau (1 May 2011) KuwaitIraq (1 November 2013) LibyaLao PDR (1 August 2010) RussiaLebanon (1 May 2011) SerbiaMontenegro (1 August 2010) South SudanMozambique (1 September 2011) SudanSierra Leone (1 August 2010) SyriaAngola TajikistanColombia VietnamCongo, Dem. Rep. YemenUganda Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Western Sahara

Convention on Cluster Munitions States Parties are indicated in bold; other areas in italics.

Cluster munition victim assistance

• The Convention on Cluster Munitions has set the highest standards for victim assistance in international humanitarian law.

• With Iraq’s ratification in May 2013, the majority of cluster munition victims now live in States Parties to the convention.

• All States Parties with cluster munition victims provided some victim assistance services.

• Continued VA challenges incl. lack of funding, poor global economic climate, and conflict.

Intl. cooperation and assistance

In 2012:•18 states, the EU, and UNDP contributed $70.2 million to support cluster munition clearance activities, VA, and advocacy in 12 states and two other areas.

•All 12 countries and two other areas are also affected by landmines, and they receive funding for mine clearance as well.

•Lebanon and Lao PDR received 77% of the funding, $54 million.

National legislation• 22 States Parties have enacted national implementing

legislation, including Australia, Guatemala, Hungary, Samoa, Sweden, and Switzerland (in 2012); Liechtenstein (in first half of 2013).

• At least 33 States Parties and signatories are in the process of drafting, considering, or adopting national legislation.

• At least 19 States Parties have indicated their existing laws are sufficient to implement the convention

• CMC expresses concerns about Australia’s adopted legislation and Canada’s proposed legislation.

Transparency reporting

• 58 States Parties have submitted an initial transparency report as required by Article 7 of the convention – this represents 70% of States Parties for which the obligation applied at the time.

• Fewer States Parties have provided annual updated reports.

– 18 States Parties did not provide annual updates for calendar year 2012.

Interpretive Issues

• The prohibition on assistance during joint military operations with states not party that may use cluster munitions (“interoperability”)

• The prohibition on transit and foreign stockpiling of cluster munitions.

• The prohibition on investment in production of cluster munitions (“disinvestment”).

Assistance with prohibited acts

• At least 39 States Parties and signatories to the convention have expressed a view that, even during joint operations, any intentional or deliberate assistance with banned acts is prohibited.

• States Parties Japan, the Netherlands, and the UK have indicated support for the contrary view.

• Signatory Canada is considering draft implementation legislation containing extensive provisions on interoperability that the CMC believes run counter to the letter and spirit of the convention.

Transit and foreign stockpiling

• At least 34 States Parties and signatories have declared that transit and foreign stockpiling are prohibited by the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

• A number of states have indicated support for the opposite view, including States Parties Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK.

US transit and stockpiling

• States Parties Norway and the UK have both confirmed that the US has removed its stockpiled cluster munitions from their respective territories

• US diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks show that the US has stockpiled/may continue to stockpile cluster munitions in States Parties Afghanistan, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain, as well as in non-signatories Israel, Qatar, and perhaps Kuwait.

Disinvestment

• 9 states have enacted legislation explicitly prohibiting investment in cluster munitions, incl. Samoa in 2012, and Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, and Switzerland in 2013.

• 24 States Parties and signatories have expressed their view that investment in cluster munitions production is a form of assistance that is prohibited by the convention.

• States Parties Germany, Japan, and Sweden have expressed the contrary view that the convention does not prohibit investment in cluster munition production.

Additional resources

• Country profiles

• Factsheets, Maps, Tables

• Landmine and Cluster Munition Blog landmineandclustermunitionblog.wordpress.com

• CMC website www.stopclustermunitions.org

Thank you!

Visit us: www.the-monitor.org

monitor@icblcmc.org

@MineMonitor@banclusterbombs

Photo © Colin King / Norwegian People's Aid, April 2013