Download ppt - PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESISAND

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESISAND

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

By: Diana Boyle, Jordan Capelle, Ross Dairiki, and Erika Keer

By: Diana Boyle, Jordan Capelle, Ross Dairiki, and Erika Keer

Basic Info.Basic Info. Definition: process of using sunlight (light energy) to turn

carbon dioxide & water into glucose (chemical energy) & oxygen

Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6CO2 Location: chloroplast of cell

2 part process: Light-Dependent (“Light”) Reactions, Light-Independent (“Dark”) Reactions

Definition: process of using sunlight (light energy) to turn carbon dioxide & water into glucose (chemical energy) & oxygen

Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6CO2 Location: chloroplast of cell

2 part process: Light-Dependent (“Light”) Reactions, Light-Independent (“Dark”) Reactions

Diagram of a Chloroplast:Diagram of a Chloroplast:

Light-Dependent ReactionsLight-Dependent Reactions Also known as “light” reactions Definition: Uses energy from sunlight to split H2O and

produces ATP (form of energy) & NADPH (electron carrier) as well as O2 (waste product)

Location: thylakoid membrane of chloroplast- Membrane=studded with protein-complexes- Contains primary electron acceptor- Contains light-absorbing pigments

- Primarily chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b- Accessory pigments (help plants use more light

since each pigment absorbs specific wavelength)

2 types:1) Linear Electron Flow 2) Cyclic Electron Flow

Also known as “light” reactions Definition: Uses energy from sunlight to split H2O and

produces ATP (form of energy) & NADPH (electron carrier) as well as O2 (waste product)

Location: thylakoid membrane of chloroplast- Membrane=studded with protein-complexes- Contains primary electron acceptor- Contains light-absorbing pigments

- Primarily chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b- Accessory pigments (help plants use more light

since each pigment absorbs specific wavelength)

2 types:1) Linear Electron Flow 2) Cyclic Electron Flow

Linear Electron FlowLinear Electron Flow Photosystem II: Contains reaction center called p. 680

(absorbs 680 nm light best) Photosystem I: Contains reaction center called p. 700

(absorbs 700 nm light best)

Photosystem II: Contains reaction center called p. 680 (absorbs 680 nm light best)

Photosystem I: Contains reaction center called p. 700 (absorbs 700 nm light best)

Steps of Linear Electron Flow:Steps of Linear Electron Flow:1) Light hits antenna pigments of PSII, which

passes energy to chlorophyll a, exciting some of its electrons; it gets replacement electrons from H20 molecules, leaving O2 and H+ ions in the

lumen

2) As energized e- pass along proteins in the membrane (called electron transport system/ETS), some of the electron transport energy is used to

pump H+ ions into the lumen

3) The e- go to PSI and replace electrons lost by p700 when it was hit by light

1) Light hits antenna pigments of PSII, which passes energy to chlorophyll a, exciting some of its electrons; it gets replacement electrons from H20 molecules, leaving O2 and H+ ions in the

lumen

2) As energized e- pass along proteins in the membrane (called electron transport system/ETS), some of the electron transport energy is used to

pump H+ ions into the lumen

3) The e- go to PSI and replace electrons lost by p700 when it was hit by light

Steps of Linear Electron Flow (continued)

Steps of Linear Electron Flow (continued)

4) The excited e- from PSI go along membrane proteins to NADP+, which then forms NADPH in

the stroma, absorbing H+ ions

5) The H+ pumped into the lumen (and H+ removed from stroma by NADP+) form a chemiosmotic gradient, which is used for

synthesis of ATP as those H+ ions return to the stroma by way of a special protein in membrane

ATP synthase

4) The excited e- from PSI go along membrane proteins to NADP+, which then forms NADPH in

the stroma, absorbing H+ ions

5) The H+ pumped into the lumen (and H+ removed from stroma by NADP+) form a chemiosmotic gradient, which is used for

synthesis of ATP as those H+ ions return to the stroma by way of a special protein in membrane

ATP synthase

Cyclic Electron FlowCyclic Electron Flow1) Light energy energizes an electron from PSI

2) e- travels through ETS proteins; this pumps H+ into the lumen

3) e- returns to PSI; a chemiosmotic gradient is used to make ATP

1) Light energy energizes an electron from PSI

2) e- travels through ETS proteins; this pumps H+ into the lumen

3) e- returns to PSI; a chemiosmotic gradient is used to make ATP

Light-Independent(Dark) Reactions/Calvin Cycle

Light-Independent(Dark) Reactions/Calvin Cycle

Definition: The process of fixing CO2

into glucose using NADPH and ATP from

the light-dependent reactions

Definition: The process of fixing CO2

into glucose using NADPH and ATP from

the light-dependent reactions

Steps:Steps:1) 6 CO2 join with 6 RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate) with

help of RuBisco enzyme (Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase) to form unstable 6-carbon molecule

2) 6 6-carbon molecules split into 12 13-PG (3-phosphogylcerate) molecules

3) Energy and a phosphate from 12 ATP are added to the 3-GP forms 12 13-BPG (1, 3-BisphosphoGlycerate)

4) 12 NADPH turn 12 1, 3-BPG into 12 G-3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

5) 2 of 12 G-3P become 6 RuP (Ribulose Phosphate)

6) Energy and P from 6 ATP turn 6 RuP (Ribulose Phosphate) into 6 RuBP cycle begins again

1) 6 CO2 join with 6 RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate) with help of RuBisco enzyme (Ribulose Bisphosphate

Carboxylase) to form unstable 6-carbon molecule

2) 6 6-carbon molecules split into 12 13-PG (3-phosphogylcerate) molecules

3) Energy and a phosphate from 12 ATP are added to the 3-GP forms 12 13-BPG (1, 3-BisphosphoGlycerate)

4) 12 NADPH turn 12 1, 3-BPG into 12 G-3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate)

5) 2 of 12 G-3P become 6 RuP (Ribulose Phosphate)

6) Energy and P from 6 ATP turn 6 RuP (Ribulose Phosphate) into 6 RuBP cycle begins again

The following music video includes some general information about photosynthesis to provide a break from slides! Sorry for

the freeze frames, they were needed to sync timing.Enjoy!

C3, C4, and CAM plantsC3, C4, and CAM plants C3 plants: use CO2 to first make a 3 carbon molecule in

the Calvin Cycle (normal photosynthesis plants) Photorespiration: RuBisco by mistake adds O2 instead of CO2

when conditions are hot, dry, bright Takes energy to remove O2 and return RuBP for use in Calvin Cycle Occurs when [CO2] is low and [O2] is high

C4 plants: 1st add CO2 to make a 4 carbon molecule Special structure: mesophyll cells do light reactions and C4 carbon

fixation PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to make 4 carbon molecules 4 carbon molecules go to bundle sheath cells. Bundle sheath cells (around

vascular tissue)=specialized for doing Calvin Cycle. Remove CO2 from 4 carbon molecule so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle. ATP recycles PEP& returns it to mesophyll cells

CAM plants: absorb CO2 at night to make an acid, then break that down during the day to provide CO2 for the Calvin Cycle to make glucose (acid metabolism)

C3 plants: use CO2 to first make a 3 carbon molecule in the Calvin Cycle (normal photosynthesis plants) Photorespiration: RuBisco by mistake adds O2 instead of CO2

when conditions are hot, dry, bright Takes energy to remove O2 and return RuBP for use in Calvin Cycle Occurs when [CO2] is low and [O2] is high

C4 plants: 1st add CO2 to make a 4 carbon molecule Special structure: mesophyll cells do light reactions and C4 carbon

fixation PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP to make 4 carbon molecules 4 carbon molecules go to bundle sheath cells. Bundle sheath cells (around

vascular tissue)=specialized for doing Calvin Cycle. Remove CO2 from 4 carbon molecule so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle. ATP recycles PEP& returns it to mesophyll cells

CAM plants: absorb CO2 at night to make an acid, then break that down during the day to provide CO2 for the Calvin Cycle to make glucose (acid metabolism)

Cellular Respiration!Cellular Respiration! Definition: Breakdown of molecules to gain energy (ATP),

catabolism Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

(ATP) Reverse of photosynthesis

Location: mitochondria (aerobic)/cytoplasm (anaerobic & aerobic)

Definition: Breakdown of molecules to gain energy (ATP), catabolism

Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP) Reverse of photosynthesis

Location: mitochondria (aerobic)/cytoplasm (anaerobic & aerobic)

Type 1: Anaerobic Respiration

Type 1: Anaerobic Respiration

Does NOT require O2, occurs in cytoplasm & has two parts Part 1: Glycolysis: splits glucose to make

pyruvate and gets some energy (ATP) Part 2: Fermentation: allows glycolysis to

continue, recycles NADH back to NAD + (does not generate ATP)

Does NOT require O2, occurs in cytoplasm & has two parts Part 1: Glycolysis: splits glucose to make

pyruvate and gets some energy (ATP) Part 2: Fermentation: allows glycolysis to

continue, recycles NADH back to NAD + (does not generate ATP)

GlycolysisGlycolysis(Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)

1.2 ATP added to glucose turns into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, making it easier to split, can’t diffuse from cell (energy SPENT)

1.Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits forms 2 G3P molecules

1.2 Phosphates & NAD+s come in; the NAD+ takes 2 electrons becomes NADH, while P is stuck on, turning each G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)2.2 1,3-BPG lose 2 P to 2 ADP creates 2 ATP; 2 1,3-BPG become 2,3-phosphoglycerates (3-Pg)

(Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)

1.2 ATP added to glucose turns into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, making it easier to split, can’t diffuse from cell (energy SPENT)

1.Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits forms 2 G3P molecules

1.2 Phosphates & NAD+s come in; the NAD+ takes 2 electrons becomes NADH, while P is stuck on, turning each G3P into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)2.2 1,3-BPG lose 2 P to 2 ADP creates 2 ATP; 2 1,3-BPG become 2,3-phosphoglycerates (3-Pg)

FermentationFermentation Pyruvate can become CO2, alcohol, lactic acid (humans

do lactic acid fermentation when not enough O2 is present, as in heavy exercise)

Net energy gain for anaerobic respiration (glycolysis & fermentation)=2 ATP/glucose

Pyruvate can become CO2, alcohol, lactic acid (humans do lactic acid fermentation when not enough O2 is present, as in heavy exercise)

Net energy gain for anaerobic respiration (glycolysis & fermentation)=2 ATP/glucose

Type 2: Aerobic Respiration

Type 2: Aerobic Respiration

REQUIRES O2, occurs in cytoplasm then mitochondria.

3 parts:1) Glycolysis2) Citric Acid Cycle3) Electron Transport System

REQUIRES O2, occurs in cytoplasm then mitochondria.

3 parts:1) Glycolysis2) Citric Acid Cycle3) Electron Transport System

Steps of Citric Acid Cycle:Steps of Citric Acid Cycle:1. Pyruvate loses a CO2 and NADH is formed2. Coenzyme A combines with C, forming Acetyl-CoA, which

immediately combines with oxaloacetate, forming citric acid; Acetyl-CoA falls back off to be recycled

3. Citric Acid turns into isocitrate, then NAD+ pulls off 2 electrons, turning into NADH; this makes Co2 fall off, forming alpha-ketoglutarate, turning into succinyl-CoA; NADH=formed as CO2 falls off

4. CoA falls off, forming succinate; some energy from this=used to form GTP (transfers the energy to ATP)

5. FAD takes 2 electrons from succinate, making FADH2; succinate becomes fumarate

6. Fumarate becomes malate, which loses 2 electrons to NAD+ creating NADH and re-creating original oxaloacetate

(Oxes Are Crazy In Kansas. So Should Foxes Marry Oxes?)

1. Pyruvate loses a CO2 and NADH is formed2. Coenzyme A combines with C, forming Acetyl-CoA, which

immediately combines with oxaloacetate, forming citric acid; Acetyl-CoA falls back off to be recycled

3. Citric Acid turns into isocitrate, then NAD+ pulls off 2 electrons, turning into NADH; this makes Co2 fall off, forming alpha-ketoglutarate, turning into succinyl-CoA; NADH=formed as CO2 falls off

4. CoA falls off, forming succinate; some energy from this=used to form GTP (transfers the energy to ATP)

5. FAD takes 2 electrons from succinate, making FADH2; succinate becomes fumarate

6. Fumarate becomes malate, which loses 2 electrons to NAD+ creating NADH and re-creating original oxaloacetate

(Oxes Are Crazy In Kansas. So Should Foxes Marry Oxes?)

ETS/Chemiosmotic (oxidative)

photophosphorylation

ETS/Chemiosmotic (oxidative)

photophosphorylation Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create an H+

gradient for ATP synthesis Location: cristae of mitochondria (folds in membrane)

Steps: NADH and FADH2 drop off e- on the ETS

e- pair from NADH have enough energy to pump 10 H+

Electron pair from FADH2 have enough energy to pump 6 H+

Electrons eventually end up on O2, forming H2O About every 4 H+ ions, as they go out the ATP

synthase channel

Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create an H+ gradient for ATP synthesis

Location: cristae of mitochondria (folds in membrane)

Steps: NADH and FADH2 drop off e- on the ETS

e- pair from NADH have enough energy to pump 10 H+

Electron pair from FADH2 have enough energy to pump 6 H+

Electrons eventually end up on O2, forming H2O About every 4 H+ ions, as they go out the ATP

synthase channel

ENERGYENERGY ATP created by ETS:

2 NADH (glycolysis) 3 ATP8 NADH (Kreb’s cycle) 20 ATP2 FADH2 (Kreb’s cycle) 3 ATP

The net energy gain (for 2 pyruvates/1 glucose):

1 ATP 2 ATP2 NADH 8 NADH

1 FADH2 2 FADH2

ATP created by ETS:2 NADH (glycolysis) 3 ATP

8 NADH (Kreb’s cycle) 20 ATP2 FADH2 (Kreb’s cycle) 3 ATP

The net energy gain (for 2 pyruvates/1 glucose):

1 ATP 2 ATP2 NADH 8 NADH

1 FADH2 2 FADH2

Energy gain (theoretical) from 1 glucose for aerobic respiration:

Glycolysis 2 ATPKreb’s Cycle 2 ATP

ETS 26 ATP

TOTAL=30 ATP

Energy gain (theoretical) from 1 glucose for aerobic respiration:

Glycolysis 2 ATPKreb’s Cycle 2 ATP

ETS 26 ATP

TOTAL=30 ATP

BibliographyBibliography Textbook Website in general:

CHAPTER 38- Parts of flower, fertilization, male/female gametophytes, hummingbird, double fertilization, seed structure, origin of fruits, and preventing self-fertilization CHAPTER 39- Reception and transduction and response, flowering hormone, and avirulent defense responseshttp://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba

(Chloroplast)-http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chloroplast_labeled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html&usg=__jt46BLhGK2kXtfsnXvEk_pehTOI=&h=273&w=240&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=0GPQ6DgB0MPpSM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=99&ei=OeGWT8acB6rAiQfc4ZWgCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlabeled%2Bchloroplast%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1

Textbook Website in general: CHAPTER 38- Parts of flower, fertilization, male/female gametophytes, hummingbird, double fertilization, seed structure, origin of fruits, and preventing self-fertilization CHAPTER 39- Reception and transduction and response, flowering hormone, and avirulent defense responseshttp://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba

(Chloroplast)-http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chloroplast_labeled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html&usg=__jt46BLhGK2kXtfsnXvEk_pehTOI=&h=273&w=240&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=0GPQ6DgB0MPpSM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=99&ei=OeGWT8acB6rAiQfc4ZWgCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dlabeled%2Bchloroplast%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1

http://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba





http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/chloroplast_labeled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html&usg=__jt46BLhGK2kXtfsnXvEk_pehTOI=&h=273&w=240&sz=19&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=0GPQ6DgB0MPpSM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=99&ei=OeGWT8acB6rAiQfc4ZWgCg&prev=/search?q=labeled+chloroplast&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&tbm=isch&um=1&itbs=1





















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(Fermentation)-http://galvez-808.cghub.com/files/Image/086001-087000/86629/095_stream.jpg

(Sun)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=the+sun&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=eRnRauaHGhZV4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sun.htm&docid=2Zh8xL_2UaBKCM&imgurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sunmain2.png&w=320&h=320&ei=l4udT72rDqGSiQKrn7x4&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=205&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=124&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:160&tx=94&ty=74


http://galvez-808.cghub.com/files/Image/086001-087000/86629/095_stream.jpg


http://www.google.com/imgres?q=the+sun&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=eRnRauaHGhZV4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sun.htm&docid=2Zh8xL_2UaBKCM&imgurl=http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/sunmain2.png&w=320&h=320&ei=l4udT72rDqGSiQKrn7x4&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=205&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=124&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:160&tx=94&ty=74

















Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd. (Tomato)-

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tomatoes&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=-DcjM3eIeLrVNM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/what-you-didnt-know-about-tomatoes/&docid=rci-XKvrxbp8xM&imgurl=http://cdn.bewellbuzz.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/06/tomatoes=293x300.jpg&w=293&h=300&ei=Bo2dT6PfLsjhiAKH3OmkAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=672&vpy=168&dur=233&hovh=227&hovw=222&tx=128&ty=73&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=129&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:143

(Reception, transduction, response)- http://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba

(Tomato)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tomatoes&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=-DcjM3eIeLrVNM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bewellbuzz.com/general/what-you-didnt-know-about-tomatoes/&docid=rci-XKvrxbp8xM&imgurl=http://cdn.bewellbuzz.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/06/tomatoes=293x300.jpg&w=293&h=300&ei=Bo2dT6PfLsjhiAKH3OmkAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=672&vpy=168&dur=233&hovh=227&hovw=222&tx=128&ty=73&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=129&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:143

(Reception, transduction, response)- http://view.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launcheText.do?values=bookID::4487::platform::1004::invokeType::lms::launchState::goToEBook::scenarioid::scenario3::logoutplatform::1004::platform::1004::scenario::3::globalBookID::CM81419602::userID::1911037::pageid::::hsid::5434934bda1919e8fb46a13ad18940ba



































Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd. (Gravitropism leaf)-

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=gravitropism&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=DyjaGkCPk7oHBM:&imgrefurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/page9.html&docid=zfQ1M6RevvnjYM&imgurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/files/page9_1.jpg&w=301&h=265&ei=QS6eT-4G5JqIAuyF-Hg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=488&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:76&tx=104&ty=67

(Herbivore)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=herbivores&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=NcMGzieuixaetM:&imgrefurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-herbivore.html&docid=4j8edxN7tTtbCM&imgurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/pics-for-sim/pronghorn.jpg&w=215&h=198&ei=FC-eT8-DKeSpiALYyeCcAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=291&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135&tx=86&ty=40

(Gravitropism leaf)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=gravitropism&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=DyjaGkCPk7oHBM:&imgrefurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/page9.html&docid=zfQ1M6RevvnjYM&imgurl=http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page8/page9/files/page9_1.jpg&w=301&h=265&ei=QS6eT-4G5JqIAuyF-Hg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=488&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=145&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:76&tx=104&ty=67

(Herbivore)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=herbivores&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=NcMGzieuixaetM:&imgrefurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-herbivore.html&docid=4j8edxN7tTtbCM&imgurl=http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/pics-for-sim/pronghorn.jpg&w=215&h=198&ei=FC-eT8-DKeSpiALYyeCcAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=291&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=125&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135&tx=86&ty=40















Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd. (Grafting)-http://www.google.com/imgres?

q=grafting+of+plants&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=oSjdfEPHjhuwiM:&imgrefurl=http://anpsa.org.au/grafting.html&docid=O4TojW7M8_dPMM&imgurl=http://anpsa.org.au/gif/grafta.gif&w=261&h=341&ei=ryKeT4KNJ4-NigLBqMWZAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=382&sig=112547099696337624223&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=102&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:84&tx=63&ty=44

(Pathogen)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pathogen&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=v2OabBWgeetIRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/pathogen-definition-what-is.html&docid=LpmLvh6jzfJ3dM&imgurl=http://www.beltina.org/pics/pathogen.jpg&w=291&h=284&ei=YC-eT7v9D8muiAL9wtCiAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=112&vpy=167&dur=740&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=140&ty=135&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=130&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135

(Grafting)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=grafting+of+plants&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1203&bih=651&tbm=isch&tbnid=oSjdfEPHjhuwiM:&imgrefurl=http://anpsa.org.au/grafting.html&docid=O4TojW7M8_dPMM&imgurl=http://anpsa.org.au/gif/grafta.gif&w=261&h=341&ei=ryKeT4KNJ4-NigLBqMWZAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=382&sig=112547099696337624223&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=102&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:84&tx=63&ty=44

(Pathogen)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pathogen&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1203&bih=629&tbm=isch&tbnid=v2OabBWgeetIRM:&imgrefurl=http://www.beltina.org/health-dictionary/pathogen-definition-what-is.html&docid=LpmLvh6jzfJ3dM&imgurl=http://www.beltina.org/pics/pathogen.jpg&w=291&h=284&ei=YC-eT7v9D8muiAL9wtCiAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=112&vpy=167&dur=740&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=140&ty=135&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=126&tbnw=130&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:135

Bib Cntd.Bib Cntd. (Hypersensitive response leaf)-http://www.google.com/imgres?

q=hypersensitive+response&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1002&bih=524&tbm=isch&tbnid=6osVRRAmmlx0tM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/SenEssence/Development/devexamples.htm&docid=0hSHRJW6boWvbM&imgurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/images/hypersensitive.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=3DOeT8PmGYSXiALWtKCeAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=483&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:71&tx=126&ty=59

(Hypersensitive response leaf)-http://www.google.com/imgres?q=hypersensitive+response&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1002&bih=524&tbm=isch&tbnid=6osVRRAmmlx0tM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/SenEssence/Development/devexamples.htm&docid=0hSHRJW6boWvbM&imgurl=http://www.sidthomas.net/images/hypersensitive.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=3DOeT8PmGYSXiALWtKCeAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=483&sig=112547099696337624223&page=1&tbnh=159&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:71&tx=126&ty=59