PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSCUS) FRUIT EXTRACT AS AN ADDITIVE INGREDIENT IN MAKING LOTION

An Investigatory Project

Presented to:

Ms. Juliet G. Balos

Saint Louis College High School

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement in Research II

By:

Escoto, Adrian N.

Viloria, Maruel

Cabańog. Charisma

Pascua, Kay Mae L.

Rivera, Arlene Lea P.

January 11, 2011

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Nowadays, people have developed a habit of looking presentable

to others. Thus, bursting the production in the field of cosmetics arose.

Products that are advertised come in their own unique way. But little

did the people know that most of these commercially produced

products have harmful chemicals that may danger not only to them

but also to the environment.

The enzymes in pineapple like bromelain, which breaks

down protein, thus be used as a marinade and tenderizer for meat, are

being utilize in this research makes our skin elastic, hydrated, and free

from damaged cells as mentioned earlier. Thus, it helps us achieve a

clear and glowing complexion. The enzymes in pineapples also fight

free-radical damage and can reduce age spots and fine lines.

The researcher tries to provide an introduction in

enhancing cosmetic products by using fruit extracts that are cheaper

and can provide the community a living with minimal cost and effort.

Statement of the Problem

This study will test the acceptability of using pineapple fruit

extract as an additive ingredient in making lotion considering the fact

that the extract made from pineapples has a variety of positive effects

on the skin and promotes skin elasticity while removing dead damaged

skin,

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while improving hydration and moisture and promoting a more elastic

and clear looking skin.

1. What is the level of acceptability of pineapple extract as an

additive ingredient in making lotion in terms of:

a. moisturizing effect;

b. fragrance; and

c. viscosity ?

2. Which of the formulations yield the best lotion in terms of:

a. moisturizing effect;

b. fragrance; and

c. viscosity ?

Hypotheses and Assumption

1. The level of acceptability of pineapple extract as an additive

ingredient is making lotion in terms of: a. moisturizing effect is

least acceptable; b. fragrance is not acceptable and c. viscosity is

least acceptable.

2. There is no formulation that can yield the best lotion in terms of

moisturizing effect, fragrance, and viscosity.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is limited only on determining the acceptability of

pineapple fruit as an additive ingredient in making lotion. It does not

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involve comparison between the commercial lotion and the lotion

made up of pineapple.

It considers different factors which led to the result of the study.

The factors being included in the study relating to the acceptability of

pineapple fruit extract are the moisturizing effect, fragrance and

viscosity of the lotion to be made.

This study will be conducted at Sitio Paratong, Poblacion,

Bacnotan, La Union. Forty-five respondents are to be randomly

selected by the researches. They are with different sexes, ages and

occupation. The researchers also made sure that they have no

relationship with the respondents.

Significance of the Study

Studying possibilities of producing cheaper yet very useful and

beneficial lotion provide the researchers an opportunity to develop

value of resourcefulness and become environmental – friendly in a

way.

Pineapple is a terrestrial herb, very short and have stout stem.

Thus, conducting and proving its acceptability will surely reduce the

cost of lotions.

This study provides basic process and experiences necessary for

anyone desiring to extend possible measures of making a lotion that is

more beneficial without the expense thus making the product useful by

either utilizing it or selling it to satisfy aesthetic needs and create

profit.

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This study can provide the learners to become keener in seeing a

new perspective in thing therefore developing values and desirable

habit. This study can also provide a livelihood that is simple yet

potentially profitable.

Definition of Terms

Pineapple- is the common name for an edible tropical plant and also its

fruit

Extract- a substance made by a part of a raw material;

-a concentrated preparation of the essential constituents of

a food, flavoring, or other substance

-acquired through the process of distillation

Lotion - any of various cosmetic preparations that are applied to the

skin for cosmetic or medical reason;

Emulsifying Wax- a cosmetic emulsifying ingredient used primarily in

manufacturing creams, lotions, and other

beauty products

Beeswax- it is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of

the genus Apis and can be used as a substitute for emulsifying

wax. It is mainly esters of fatty acids and various long chain

alcohols.

Moisturizing effect - the ability to make the skin moist

Fragrance - aroma: a distinctive odor that is pleasant

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Viscosity - a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being

deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a brief literature and study on the

effectiveness of Pineapple (Ananas Comoscus) fruit extract as an

additive ingredient in making a moisturizing lotion.

Lotion or emulsion is a skin care product that is used to soothe

dry skin and is sometimes formulated with ingredients (mainly oil,

water and emulsifying wax) that are intended to offer added benefits

to the skin. A lotion might help to correct uneven tone in the skin or

help to balance combination skin, which is skin that has some oily

patches and some dry patches. Body lotion is a product that can be

used from the neck down to the toes. There are, however, also

emollients that are meant to be used specifically on the face. As such,

face lotion is often more delicate than formulas for skin on the rest of

the body.

Face lotion also is sometimes formulated to address skin issues

specific to the face or most commonly targeted on the facial skin.

There are some lotions that are meant to help manage acne on the

face. There are also many emollients for the face that are made with

ingredients that help to reverse or fight the signs of aging such as fine

lines, wrinkles, and various forms of sun damage. Lotions for the face

often vary in thickness or viscosity, depending on whether they are

meant to be worn during the day or at night. Day moisturizers and

lotions are almost always lighter and less viscous than night lotions.

8

Lotions for the body might be used to address the kinds of skin

issues that crop up on the legs, arms, back, belly, and so on. A lotion

may include ingredients that are meant to help fade and heal stretch

marks that may be the result of rapid growth, pregnancy, or weight

fluctuation. Like face lotion, body lotion often includes sun block as a

way to prevent sun damage to the skin. Many people who are serious

about protecting their skin from sun damage wear body and face

lotions with sun block on a daily basis.

Lotion consists of primarily oil and water which are

naturally incompatible. This physical incompatibility of water and oils

can be overcome by agitating the water and oil mix. Agitation

disperses the molecules, and generates an emulsion. However,

emulsions made by simply agitating water and oil will is just temporary

because water is denser than oil, it will sink to the bottom while the oil

will float on top. However there is one way to stabilize emulsion and

that is through the use of an emulsifying agent.

EMULSIFYING AGENTS

Emulsifying agents are substances that help water and oils bind

together, and allow it to prepare stable emulsions where water and oils

do not separate or substances that are soluble in both fat and water

and enable fat to be uniformly dispersed in water as an emulsion.

9

There are several classifications of emulsifying agents: Natural

emulsifying agents from vegetable sources which consist of agents

which are carbohydrates and include gums and mucilaginous

substances. Since these substances are of variable chemical

composition, these exhibit considerable variation in emulsifying

properties. They are anionic in nature and produce emulsions. They act

as primary emulsifying agents as well as secondary emulsifying

agents, natural emulsifying agents from animal source the examples

include gelatin, egg yolk and wool fat (anhydrous lanolin), type A

gelatin (Cationic) is generally used for preparing emulsion while type B

gelatin is used for emulsions of pH 8 and above lecithin and

cholesterol present in egg yolk also act as emulsifying agent, semi-

synthetic polysaccharides Includes mainly cellulose derivatives like

sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose and methyl

cellulose and synthetic emulsifying agents contains surface active

agents which act by getting adsorbed at the oil water interface in such

a way that the hydrophilic polar groups are oriented towards water and

lipophillic non polar groups are oriented towards oil, thus forming a

stable film. Each differs from its source, effect and usage.

EMULSIFYING COMPOUNDS AND E-WAXES

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Often referred to as "e-wax", emulsifying compounds are widely

used, both in the cosmetic and in the food industry, to prepare stable

emulsions that do not separate.

Virtually all emulsifying compounds and e-waxes are blends of

chemically prepared substances. The vast majority of commonly

available emulsifying compounds include a significant portion of

petrochemical materials (fossil hydrocarbons), and several are

considered or feared to be possible sources of irritation and

sensitisation reactions.

PINEAPPLE

Pineapples are usually grown by propagation. That is, they are

grown by replanting a part of themselves. The four common parts are:

the slips, which are located on the stem below the fruit, the suckers

that start at the leaves, the crowns-the leafy growth on top of the

pineapple, and the ratoons that are located on the roots.

Pineapples are thought to have gotten their start in the

Caribbean Islands from Spanish shipwrecks. The fruit is thought to

have washed ashore from ships that met the terrible fate of destructive

storms, or other such perils of the sea. The Spanish explorers knew

that eating pineapple helped to prevent scurvy, a disease caused by a

deficiency of Vitamin C, so they carried pineapples whenever it was

possible.

The plant grows about 3 feet (90 cm) tall and bears 30 to 40 stiff,

sword-shaped leaves clustered very tightly around a thick, fleshy stem.

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The leaves are often jagged at the edges. Flowers, generally lavender,

located in the axis of red or green bracts, from on a flower stem

several inches long. As the flowers mature, they become fleshy and

the ovaries fuse to form the multiple, small, hexagonal fruits that

together constitute the pineapple. (Freeman S. Howlett, Ohio State

University, Americana)

Pineapple fruit has some active principles with important effect

on skin - sugars and a-hydroxy-acids (AHA) as well as enzymes. These

active principles are responsible for its moisturizing and anti-ageing

action, and also have a antifungal and purifying effect on the skin. In

studies it was also shown that bromelain, contained in pineapples, also

has a strong anti-inflammatory action and has a positive effect,

interfering with the growth of malignant cells and tumors. The a-

hydroxy-acids (AHA) are a group of organic acids that work on the

corneal layer and reduce the cohesion of the corneocytes. The result of

the application of AHAs is a thinner corneal layer, which improves its

elasticity and flexibility regardless of the degree of skin hydration.

Bromelain is a natural anticoagulant that works by breaking

down the blood-clotting protein fibrin. This may help to explain why

results of at least two clinical trials suggest that the enzyme can help

to improve the symptoms of angina and thrombophlebitis. As well as

thinning the blood, bromelain also thins mucus, and thus may be of

benefit to asthmatics and people suffering from chronic bronchitis.

There is also

12

evidence that bromelain can trigger beneficial changes in white blood

cells, and thus may improve immune function. However, whether or

not the enzyme would be beneficial to immunocompromised people

has not been established clinically. Bromelain has potent anti-

inflammatory properties and therefore may be useful in promoting the

healing of minor muscle injuries such as sprains and strains. Results of

one study also found evidence to suggest that it can help to improve

the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. When applied topically it may

help to speed wound healing. There has also been some suggestion

that bromelain has anti-cancer properties, although this has not been

proven. Several recent studies have linked chronic inflammation to

cancer, thus any anti-cancer action of bromelain could be due to it

anti-inflammatory properties. The enzyme may also enhance the effect

of the antibiotics amoxicillin, erythromycin, penicillamine, and

penicillin. In a study of people with urinary tract infections, 100% of

participants given antibiotics in combination with bromelain and

another enzyme called trypsin were cured of their infection, compared

with just 46% who received antibiotics alone.

Bromelain aids digestion by enhancing the effects of the

digestive enzymes trypsin and pepin. It can also help to prevent

heartburn by ease diarrhea, if either is caused by a deficiency of

digestive enzymes. Bromelain supplements often contain a plant

pigment called quercetin.

13

The two substances are found in combination simply because they

enhance each other’s antiinflammatory actions, and that bromelain

appears to improve quercetin absorption.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives the general outline of the procedure used in

the study. It includes the research design, instrumentation, materials

and procedures of the study.

Research Design

This study made use of the descriptive and experimental

research using different treatments. Under this study, we will be using

the Single group with only a post-test design. This involves a group

that is subjected to an experimental factor for a period of time. Then,

after the experimental period, that group will be then compared to

another group with similar characteristics and studying the same

subject matter under customary instructional methods but unexposed

to the experimental factor. Any excess between the two achievements

is considered due to the experimental factor. This design is best suited

for this study or experiment because it determines the effectiveness of

each individual method.

Selection Phase

There are no experiments to be done without the materials used.

These materials must be abundant and easy to find. Water, olive oil,

emulsifying wax or beeswax and pineapple extract was the ingredients

used in this study. These ingredients, except emulsifying wax or

beeswax can be found at the market of City of San Fernando in La

Union. The

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emulsifying wax or the beeswax is available at some craft store or

online. All emulsifying wax are blends of chemically prepared

substances. Such that we used the natural emulsifying agents, since

these substances are variable chemical composition. These exhibit

considerable variation in emulsifying properties. They are anionic in

nature and produce o/w emulsions. We used the beeswax as an

alternative of emulsifying wax. Beeswax is a natural wax produced in

the beehive of honeybees of genus Apis. The one we used as an

additive ingredient is the pineapple extract. Pineapple extract has a

variety of positive effects on the skin and promotes skin elasticity while

removing dead damage skin, improving hydration and moisture and

promoting more elastic and clear looking skin.

Preparation Phase

Preparation of Materials

1. Kitchen knife

2. Basin

3. Pineapple fruit

Extraction of Pineapple

1. Blender

2. Distilling flask

3. Burette

4. Tripod

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5. Bunsen burner

6. Water tube

7. 2 pail

Preparation of Lotion

1. 3 measuring cup

2. Blender

3. Saucepan

4. Tripod

5. Bunsen burner

6. Container for lotion

Methods in Product Making

1. Preparation of Materials

We bought pineapple fruit from the market. Rinse thoroughly

with water to remove dirt and other foreign materials. Then twist

the leafy top of the pineapple with hands. Set aside. Using the

kitchen knife, we carefully carve the rinds off of the outside of the

fruit. And carve the fruit off of the core then cut the core into

several chunks.

2. Extraction of Pineapple

We put the chunks of core and the pieces of rind into the

blender. We use the blender to blend the pineapple. Then assemble

the distilling set up. We put the blended pineapple in the flask and

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perform the distilling process until we have the ample amount of

extract ass an additive.

3. Preparation of Lotion

We prepared the treatments by group. There are three

treatments, Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2) and Treatment 3

(T3). Each treatment has controlled and uncontrolled variables. The

controlled variable is the variable that is being controlled in every

treatment while the uncontrolled variable is the variable that is not

controlled in every treatment. The controlled variable used was the

pineapple extract while the uncontrolled variables were olive oil,

water, beeswax. In T1, the pineapple extract was measured 5mL. In

T2, it was measured 10mL. And last, in T3, the pineapple extract

was measured 15mL. The next step was filling the small saucepan

with water and set it on low fire to use as a water bath. This water

bath was used for mashing the beeswax with the use of spoon but

we made sure that it would not melt the beeswax. Then we added

the ¼ cup beeswax into the saucepan and we mash the beeswax in

the water bath until it formed a refined lump without any granules

of beeswax. And then, we got the lump of beeswax and transferred

it to another saucepan with 1 ¼ cup of hot water in it, again made

sure it would not melt the beeswax. Then we added the pineapple

extract first followed by the ½ cup oil and mixed all the ingredients

thoroughly by

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using a blender or an electric whisk. We let it cool slightly, stirred

with a spoon or chopstick and poured the lotion into a bottle while

it’s still warm and pourable. Otherwise, it would be hard to get the

lotion into its container and you might have to use a funnel. And the

last step, we left the cap off to let it cool completely, but

occasionally cap the lotion and we gave it a quick shake to help

blend the mixture.

Table 1

Proportion of Ingredients in each Treatment

Treatment olive oil water beeswax

pineapple extract (cups) (cups) (cups)

(mL)

T1 1/2 1 1/4 1 /4 5

T2 1/2 1 1/4 1/4 10

T3 1/2 1 1/4 1/4 15

Data Collection Phase

The product will be evaluated by 45 respondents using the

subjective score card which includes the moisturizing effect, fragrance

and viscosity, with an equivalent numerical rating of 1 as the least and

5 as the highest.

A. Moisturizing Effect

5- very highly acceptable

4- highly acceptable

3- acceptable

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2- least acceptable

1- acceptable

B. Fragrance

5- very highly acceptable

4- highly acceptable

3- acceptable

2- least acceptable

1- acceptable

C. Viscosity

5- very highly acceptable

4- highly acceptable

3- acceptable

2- least acceptable

1- Acceptable

The respondents who will evaluate the product were composed of

citizens at Sitio Paratong, Poblacion, Bacnotan, La Union. Forty-five

respondents are to be randomly selected by the researches.

Instrumentation and Data Collection

A. Preparing the Treatments

1. Treatment 1 (T1)

The formulation consists of ½ cup olive oil, 1 1/4 cup of water, ¼

cup emulsifying wax or beeswax and 5 mL of pineapple extract.

20

2. Treatment 2 (T2)

The formulation consists of ½ cup olive oil, 1 1/4 cup of water,

¼ cup emulsifying wax or beeswax and 10 mL of pineapple

extract.

3. Treatment 3 (T3)

The formulation consists of ½ cup olive oil, 1 1/4 cup of water,

¼ cup emulsifying wax or beeswax and 15 mL of pineapple

extract.

B. Testing the Treatments

a. Moisturizing Effect

The following scale was used to evaluate the lotion:

SCALE DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

4.5-5 Very Highly Acceptable

3.5-4.49 Highly Acceptable

2.5-3.49 Acceptable

1.5-2.49 Least Acceptable

1-1.49 Not Acceptable

Highly effective is determined when the moisturizing effect of the

lotion is too evident and is effective to the skin.

Effective is determined when the moisturizing effect of the lotion

is evident and effective to the skin.

21

Moderately effective is determined when the moisturizing effect

of the lotion is not so evident and least effective to the skin.

Least effective is determined when the moisturizing effect of the

lotion is least evident and least effective to the skin.

Not effective is determined when the moisturizing effect of the

lotion has no effect to the skin at all.

b. Fragrance

The following scale was used to evaluate the lotion:

SCALE DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

4.5-5 Very Highly Acceptable

3.5-4.49 Highly Acceptable

2.5-3.49 Acceptable

1.5-2.49 Least Acceptable

1-1.49 Not Acceptable

Highly Acceptable is determined when the fragrance of the lotion

highly pleasing.

Acceptable is determined when the fragrance of the lotion is

pleasing.

Moderately acceptable is determined when the fragrance of the

lotion is considerably pleasing.

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Least acceptable is determined when the fragrance of the lotion

is slightly pleasing.

Not acceptable is determined when the fragrance of the lotion is

not pleasing.

c. Viscosity

The following scale was used to evaluate the lotion:

SCALE DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

4.5-5 Very Highly Acceptable

3.5-4.49 Highly Acceptable

2.5-3.49 Acceptable

1.5-2.49 Least Acceptable

1-1.49 Not Acceptable

Highly Acceptable is determined when the viscosity of the lotion

very thick.

Acceptable is determined when the viscosity of the lotion is thick.

Moderately acceptable is determined when the viscosity of the

lotion is considerably thick.

Least acceptable is determined when the viscosity of the lotion is

thin.

Not acceptable is determined when the viscosity of the lotion is

watery.

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Formulations yield the best lotion in terms of moisturizing effect,

viscosity, and fragrance.

Moisturizing Effect

As to test the moisturizing effect, results show that Treatment 1

(T1) were rated by the panelist with a mean of 3.20 having an

acceptable descriptive equivalent, Treatment 2 (T2) gained 4.20 mean

rating which is described as highly acceptable and Treatment 3 (T3)

with 4.73 mean rating is very highly acceptable also as shown in Table

1.

The panelists rated T1 and T2 as acceptable and highly

acceptable while T3 was also rated as very highly acceptable but with

a higher mean. Results show that T3 which uses 15mL in pineapple

distillate was preferred by the panelists rather than T1 and T2 that

used 5mL and 10mL, respectively.

Table 2.1

Results of the Evaluation of the Respondents (Moisturizing

Effect)

Panelist T1 T2 T3

1 3 5 5

2 3 4 5

3 3 3 4

4 3 4 5

5 4 5 5

6 4 5 5

7 4 4 4

8 3 5 5

9 3 4 5

10 3 5 5

11 3 4 4

12 2 4 5

13 3 3 4

14 4 4 5

15 3 4 5

Total 48 63 71

Mean 3.20 4.20 4.73

Descriptive

Equivalent

Acceptable Highly

acceptable

Very Highly

acceptable

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Fragrance

As to test the fragrance, results show that Treatment 1 (T1) were

rated by the panelist with a mean of 2.93 having the least acceptable

descriptive equivalent, Treatment 2 (T2) gained 3.93 mean rating

which is described as acceptable and Treatment 3 (T3) with 4.27 mean

rating is acceptable as shown in Table 2.

The panelists rated T1 as least acceptable while T3 was rated as

highly acceptable. Again results show that T3 which uses 15mL of

pineapple distillate was preferred by the panelists rather than T1 and

T2 that used 5mL and 10mL respectively.

Table 2.2

Results of the Evaluation of the Respondents (Fragrance)

Panelist T1 T2 T3

1 4 4 4

2 4 5 5

3 3 4 4

4 3 3 4

5 4 5 4

6 2 4 5

7 3 4 4

8 3 3 4

9 2 5 4

10 3 3 4

11 4 4 4

12 3 4 5

13 2 4 5

14 2 4 4

15 2 3 4

Total 44 59 64

Mean 2.93 3.93 4.27

Descriptive

Equivalent

Acceptable Highly

Acceptable

Highly

Acceptable

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Viscosity

As to test the viscosity, results show that Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment

2 (T2) and Treatment 3 (T3) with means of 3.40, 4.27 and 4.60

respectively were rated as acceptable as shown in Table 3.

The panelists rated T1, T2 and T3 as acceptable but again results

show that T3 which uses 15mL in pineapple extract was preferred by

the panelists having the highest mean of 4.60 rather than T1 and T2

that used 5mL and 10mL respectively.

Table 2.3

Results of the Evaluation of the Respondents (Viscosity)

Panelist T1 T2 T3

1 4 4 4

2 4 4 5

3 3 3 4

4 4 4 4

5 3 3 4

6 3 4 5

7 4 5 5

8 5 5 5

9 4 5 5

10 3 4 4

11 4 5 5

12 3 4 5

13 2 4 5

14 3 5 4

15 2 5 5

Total 51 64 69

Mean 3.40 4.27 4.60

Descriptive

Equivalent

Acceptable Highly

Acceptable

Very Highly

Acceptable

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

As to the test on the moisturizing effect, panelists rated T1 and

T2 as acceptable and highly acceptable while T3 was rated as very

highly acceptable but with a higher mean. Results show that T3 which

uses 15mL in pineapple extract was preferred by the panelists rather

than T1 and T2 that used 5mL and 10mL, respectively.

As to fragrance, the panelists rated T1 and T2 as least

acceptable and acceptable, respectively, while T3 was rated as highly

acceptable. Again results show that T3 which uses 15mL of pineapple

extract was preferred by the panelists rather than T1 and T2 that used

5mL and 10mL respectively.

As to the viscosity, the panelists rated T1 as acceptable, T2 as

highly acceptable, T3 as very highly acceptable but again results show

that T3 which uses 15mL in pineapple extract was preferred by the

panelists having the highest mean of 4.60 rather than T1 and T2 that

used 5mL and 10mL respectively.

As to the acceptability of the pineapple fruit extract, T1 and T2

are moderately acceptable formulations of pineapple fruit extract as an

ingredient in making lotion with 5 and 10 mL of fruit extract,

respectively.

Conclusions

1. Pineapple fruit extract can be an ingredient in making lotion;

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2. The use of 15 mL of pineapple fruit extract in making lotion

provide better results in terms of moisturizing effect, fragrance, and

viscosity; and

3. Pineapple fruit extract is an acceptable ingredient in making

lotion.

Recommendations

1. Pineapple fruit extract should be tested for other cosmetic

purposes;

2. Another formulation can be developed to study its effectiveness

and acceptability in terms of moisturizing effect, fragrance, and

viscosity; and

3. Pineapple fruit extract can be added to other ingredients to

make cosmetic products such as lotions.

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