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VOL. 1, NO. 1, JULY 2010 ISSN 2079-8407

Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Info rmation Sciences

2009-2010 CIS Journal. All rights reserved.

http://www.cisjournal.org

RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION LITERACY IN DIGITAL

ENVIRONMENT

R. N. Mishra1, C.Mishra

2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Mizoram University, Aizwal, Mizoram,

E-mail: [email protected]

2Library Trainee, Library and Information Centre, Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikhode, Kerala

E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACTInformation Literacy (IL) along with information and communication technology has become significant in library

environment. Information literacy in library services is required not only to optimize the use of library resources in

teaching, learning and research but also train the users to make them aware about information sources and access authentic

information from vast array of electronic information sources, etc. Librarians have to impart skills on web searchingtechniques, evaluation and establishing authenticity and reliability of information retrieved from internet domain to the

users The paper focuses some of the major areas for the relevance of information literacy in contemporary library and

information services. Methodology followed for the study is based on the documents available library including on

internet. Library professionals need to be aware of using the skills involved in acquiring e-resources from a wide range of

information resources including organization and proper dissemination to the users. Further, they require creating

awareness among the users about the adaptability of new technologies, capability of information building etc.

1. INTRODUCTION

Librarianship in the present digital age is not

restrained to the documents rather; the profession has now

amalgamated to multifarious subfields. Advancement of

technologies and its application in library services,multifarious, multidimensional needs of the users due tointer-disciplinary research are some of the factors which

are responsible for the librarian to accept and adapt to the

changing situations causing thereby, change in library

profession. In the developing scenario, the dimension of

the profession has been extended to content developer,

knowledge creator, content manager, etc. Informationliteracy happens to be one of the important sub-fields of

librarianship that has now been recognized as an

independent and indispensable field of librarianship.

Librarians justify information literacy as increasing

democratic participation by all users. Christine Bruce 1 has

traced the use of the term information literacy back to thelate 1960s and relates it to early developments in

computer-based information technology, but it was not

until 1980s that was used widely. Information Literacy in

the age of multiple technological appliances in the field of

libraries and information centers opened avenues for the

researchers to obtain vast array of filtered information in

their concerned subject from Internet domain.

Information Literacy is defined as the skill to

know the need of information including its identification,

location so as to serve the users in an effectual way. Due

to the availability of mammoth of literature in a versatile

subject fields, it becomes essential to analyze the quality

of information which can be used by the users for

academic purpose. According to Maughan [2] the primary

issues relating to information literacy are:

Strong commitment from the institution/organization;

Strong obligation from the library administration;

Proficiency in teaching, technology, andassessment among library staff;

Faculty who will partner with librarians and otherinformation-handling professionals.

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION LITERACY

Information Literacy is a transformational

process where the learner needs to find, understand,

evaluate, and use information in various forms to create

for personal, social or global purposes. Information

literacy is a set of abilities requiring individuals to

recognize the information with the ability to locate,

evaluate, and use effectively. Gilton[3] expressed

Information literacy cannot be equated with computerliteracy as it requires a technological know-how to

manipulation of both computer hardware and software or

library literacy which in turn requires the ability to use a

library's collection and its services, although there is a

strong relationship among all these concepts. Each of the

literacy requires some level of critical thinking. But

compared with computer literacy, information literacy

goes beyond merely having access to and knowledge of

how to use the technology because technology alone does

not guarantee quality learning experiences. Compared with

library literacy, information literacy is more than

searching through an online catalog or other reference

materials because information literacy is not a techniquerather it is a goal oriented skill for learners. However,

Shapiro & Shelly [4] have defined Information literacy as

a new liberal art that extends from knowing how to use

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http://www.cisjournal.orgcomputers and access information to critical reflection on

the nature of information itself its technical infrastructureand its social cultural and philosophical context and

impact.

Information literacy forms the basis for lifelong

learning which is common to all disciplines, to all learningenvironments, and to all levels of education. According to

Doyle [5], information literate person in 21st century need

to:

Recognize the need for information ;

Locate required information ;

Formulate questions based on information needs;

Identify potential sources of information ;

Develop successful search strategies;

Access sources of information includingcomputer-based and other technologies

Evaluate information no matter what the source ; Organize information for practical application;

Integrate new information into an existing bodyof knowledge ;

Use information in critical thinking and problemsolving ; and

Use information ethically and legally.

The information literacy can be defined in terms

of a set of competencies where an informed citizen of a

society ought to possess for participating intelligently and

actively in the society. The American LibraryAssociation's (ALA) Presidential Committee on

Information Literacy in its final report has stated that, to

be information literate, a person must be able to recognize

when information is needed and have the ability to locate,

evaluate, and use effectively the needed information [6].

Shapiro-et al. [7] have defined information literacy as a

new liberal art that extends knowing the technique of

using computers and access information. Information

Literacy encompasses to various terminologies having

their own semantic content in addition to differences

characterized by the type of skills, level, categories of

learning, and instructional facilitating methods. Different

concepts of Information Literacy have been evolved fromlibrary instructions and information skills-focused

programs. The corresponding terms of information literacy

[8] have been explained below in Table-1.

Table-1: Analogous terms of Information Literacy

Information Fluency It concerns with capability or mastering of information

competencies

User Education It is a global approach to teach information access to users

communities

Library Instructions It focuses on library, technical and technological skills

Bibliographic Instructions It relates to user training on information search and retrieval Information Competencies It connotes to skills and goals on information

Information Skills It focuses on ability to acquire information

User Orientation It relates to make aware the users about use of technology

3. LITERACY TO INFORMATION LITERACY: A

PARADIGM SHIFT

Literacy denotes to communication through

notation. Notational techniques can be used for both

explicit and tacit knowledge. Tacit knowledge has some

limitations which recognize the character of scientific

procedures but, the explicit knowledge is available in a

recorded form in various ways such as documentary, non-

documentary, electronic form. This offers a positive

budding value creation for its reliability. The pool of

knowledge acquired from the library scientists in various

forms in diverse sources including Internet requires

reaching to the user communities. So, it becomes primary

concern for the librarian to scan, filter and disseminate the

users in the right time. The application of ICT and its

application in the libraries have not only drastically

changed the concept of literacy but also the acquisition of

knowledge in the libraries and information centers gained

momentum. Hence, there is a tremendous influence of ICT

in the libraries which lead to information literacy. In a

digital environment, it has become indispensable for the

information manager, librarians etc. to empower user for

getting right information at the right time in a right way so

that the users can apply for lifelong capability building.

4. POTENTIALITY OF INFORMATION LITERACY

Information Technology has brought drastic

changes in the field of acquisition, organization,management and dissemination of information. The

technological changes with tools have created a positive

threat to adapt to the changing situation. Further, the users

are also unable to cope-up with these modern

technologies. The uncertain quality and expanding

quantity of information pose major challenges and threats

for the society. The recognition of rapid technological

changes together with proliferation of information sources

has initiated the shifting of instructions from library to

information literacy. The users are not able to make out

their information choice for pursuing academic studies due

to escalating complexity of digital environment.

Increasingly as information comes to users in unfilteredformats, the users raise questions about its authenticity,

validity, and reliability. Further, information is available

through multiple medias, including graphical, acoustic,

and textual, and these posed a new challenges for the users

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http://www.cisjournal.orgto evaluate and understand. Therefore, a competency

standard for higher education as follows has beendeveloped by ACRL[9]. Following are some of the

important components which precipitated to the

development of information literacy.

Information Explosion

Advent of information and communicationtechnologies(ICTs)

Divergent and vast varieties of information sources

Wide dispersal of information

Birth of new discipline with new demands

Unawareness of users to new technologies

Lack of information capability building

Technological changes

Participate citizenship

Creation of new knowledge

User empowerment

5. DIMENTIONS OF INFORMATION LITERACY

Information Literacy is a comprehensive and

never ending life long process. It has a wide range offields which can be summarized as follows. Table-2

supplemented with Fig.1 below clearly depicts a schematic

view of the different dimensions of information literacy.

Table-2: Schematic view of the different dimensions of information literacy.

Media Literacy It is the ability to comprehend and create images in variety of media in order tocommunicate effectively.

Network Literacy It the ability to properly manage, connect and organize to assess, evaluate and getinformation in a right way.

Web Literacy It a subset of information literacy requires the ability to access, search, utilize,communicate and create information on the world wide web (WWW).

Digital Literacy It refers an ability to assess, collect, organize, evaluate and use of digitalResources and services in an effective way.

Scientific Literacy Scientific literacy is the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts andprocesses which are required for personal decision making, participation in civic and

cultural affairs, and economic productivity.

Visual Literacy Visual literacy is the ability to understand and use images. This includes thinking,learning, and expressing oneself in terms of image. Photographs, cartoons, line

drawings, diagrams, concept maps, and other visual representations are all important in

visual literacy.

Critical literacy It is the ability to evaluate critically the human, intellectual and social strengths,benefits and costs of Information Technology.

Fig 1: Schematic view of dimensions of Information Literacy

The other dimensions related to information

literacy are, (i) Library Orientation, (ii) Bibliographic

Instruction, (iii) User Education, and (iv) Training on

Information Skill. While, the library orientation

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http://www.cisjournal.orgconcentrates on using a library and its sections including

location of resources, bibliographic instruction emphasizesto find out documents in the library. The user education is

related with the mechanics involved for using particular

resources. Training on Information skill is related with the

phenomena associated with the use of technology toretrieve information in the library.

Information literacy relates to both cognitive and

transferable skills, such as problem solving, evaluation andcommunication skills. The four different strategies of

information literacy [10] placed in Table- 3 can be

visualized in different angles with regard to users.

Table-3: Strategies of information literacy

Information Literacy Student Skills and Strategies Student outcome Curriculum and Teaching

Design

IL is a problem-solving

process for the users as the

user is required to submit

his requirements,

information need. He is

required to explore

information by way ofproper planning about the

probable location of relevant

information. In the process,

he can self evaluate the

processing and searching of

information.

IL enhances the skill of

generating presumptions,

analyzing the problems while

searching the required

information from vast array of

information sources. IL further

develops the confidence ofanalyzing the constraints

associated with retrieval of right,

authentic information and

generate creativity ideas to solve

new emerging problems.

The student being one

of the primary learners

of IL builds self-

reliance, independent

and self-motivated.

IL has a positive brunt on

the teaching faculties while

designing need based

curriculum. The teaching

faculties develop the

capability to retrieve the

filtered information, andputting of innovative ideas.

6. GLOBAL SCENARIO ON INFORMATION

LITERACY

Information literacy scenario has become a global

challenge. Many professional organizations and

associations have taken this as a challenging taskincluding the Librarians and Information Scientists.

Following are some of the global platforms where

information literacy has gained momentum in the digital

environment.

The Community Services Group of the Chartered

Institute of Library and Information

Professionals[11] has a sub group called the

Information Literacy Group. The Information

Literacy Group aims to provide a forum across

the UK for all sectors of the profession, which

encourages debate and allows the exchange of

knowledge

in all aspects of information literacy.

The Society of College, National and University

Libraries (SCONUL)[12] has a Working Group

on Information Literacy, whose remit is to take a

lead role in the development of theory and

practice in relation to information literacy (IL)and its role in the process of learning in further

and higher education within the UK.

The Higher Education Academy Information and

Computing Sciences (HEA ICS) [13],UK subject

centre is keen to support both academics and

practitioners in developing students IT andinformation literacy skills. The HEA ICS runs a

couple of workshops a year on information

literacy.

The American Library Association (ALA) [14]

supports the American Association of School

Librarians (AASL) and the American Association

of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) in the

development of information literacy materials.

Australian and New Zealand libraries have

created the Australian and New Zealand Institute

for Information Literacy(ANZIIL) [15]. ANZIILsupports organizations, institutions and

individuals in the promotion of information

literacy and, in particular, the embedding of

information literacy within the total educational

process. The Institute identifies, facilitates,

fosters and supports best practice in information

literacy through: Professional Development;

Promotion, Marketing and Advocacy; Research.

Information literacy interest group of Canadian

Library Association [16] has also put major

concern on information literacy.

The International Federation of Library

Associations and Institutions (IFLA) [17] havedeveloped a Information Literacy Section the

primary purpose of the Information Literacy

Section is to foster international cooperation in

the development of information skills education

in all types of libraries.

The High-Level Colloquium on Information

Literacy and Lifelong Learning held at the

Bibliotheca Alexandrina on 6-9 November 2005

developed the Alexandria Proclamation on

information literacy and lifelong learning [18]. It

declares that Information Literacy and lifelong

learning are the beacons of the Information

Society, illuminating the courses to development,prosperity and freedom."

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http://www.cisjournal.org7. CHALLENGING ROLE OF LIBRAN

The Librarian plays a significant role in

promoting and inculcating information literacy skills in

electronic era. Dynamic and quality information is the

growing demands in the present set of environment. Dueto technological impediments the Librarians require sound

knowledge in collection, organization, management of

knowledge and disseminate according to the demands of

the user. As users are quite unaware of the source of

information, the Librarians need to play an indispensable

role in providing the right direction for obtaining the

information. Further, to bridge the gap between the

Librarian and the users, it requires getting the users

acquainted with new technological innovations along with

computer knowledge, skills and subject knowledge. The

Librarian having technically qualified with sound

knowledge over the technologies supplemented with

innovative mind is the need of the hour to makeinformation literacy successful. Libraries can be provide

multiple access points to electronic and print information

and need to offer pertinent training programme to help

users to gain necessary information skills. It can be

effective resources for information access and assist

people in learning important information handling skills.Librarians are competent in collecting, organizing,

evaluating and providing access to information in all

formats. He has an active role in the electronic information

environment as an educator, trainer, collaborator,

manager, leader, and advocate. A suitable partnership

should be developed among teachers and faculty on alllevels of education to bring about curriculum

reconstruction and dynamic learning. So its indeed an

opportune time for librarians to establish themselves as

leaders in preparing students for the information age,

helping user to find new and improved methods of

teaching curriculum construction and will becoming aleader , educator and trainer; in the arena of the

information globalization.Regarding integration of information literacy in

academic curriculum, role of the librarian is most

significant in the teaching learning environment by

including appropriate criteria for outcome measurementsregarding information literacy. New technology has posed

a challenge as well as opportunity among the information

literates to gain, access the electronic information and to

become information literate. Hence a new opportunity for

the librarian rests on to demonstrate their expertise in

judicious information collection, management and

dissemination to the right users. Librarians requires to

share their expertise, expression, skills, knowledge,

working styles and techniques among the users

community to impart optimum information services to

empower the user in electronic era.

Hence by the promotion of information literacy

among information community librarian will have to test

the result of challenge and opportunity to show himself as

learner, trainer, teachers, collaborators, knowledge

manager and marketer, planner, contents expert and

coordinator to develop citizens for lifelong learner in e-

learning age. Last but not the least a most prominent

leadership role among the librarians is to bridge the gap

between information rich and information poor people tomake a equalize balance among information rich and poor

in the information literacy age. A schematic view of the

information literacy showing the proficiencies required to

be build by the librarian has been depicted in Fig. 2.To gain impetus of information literacy among

the users, the following activities are required to be

undertaken by the librarian.

Act as information user before informationdisseminator;

Direct participation with faculty, staffs andcommunity members;

Proving orientation skills on sources ofinformation and its uses;

Organization of Seminars and workshops;

Participation in classroom teaching on searchstrategies and techniques on information

collection, dissemination;

Develop collaboration among all;

Removing gap between user and librarian;

Accept as educator for knowledge dissemination;

Expand professional horizons among the users;

Encouraging students for discussion methods;

Build a new paradigms and frames of analysisamong the user;

Active participation in curriculum design;

Showing directions of resource availability anduse;

Maintaining liaison between students and faculty

; and Actively participate in user empowerment

programme.

In order to perform the role as information literacy

librarian several mediums and techniques are available

before the librarian to promote the goal of information

literacy among the user. The techniques like User

Orientation, Online Interaction, Virtual Reference Desk

(VRD), Chat Reference, conducting workshops, Search

Strategies, Classroom Teaching and designed course

contents, Institute Portal, Conducting Information Literacy

workshops etc are some of the important means to

promote information literacy among the learningcommunities. Among all information literacy blog is going

to be an important toll among the librarians to empower

the user in this information literacy age.

The current challenges to libraries are attracting

greater support, raising the value of information literacy,

and blurring the edges of the faculty/librarian divide. The

focal attention of the librarians needs to be given us of the

librarian-faculty dialogue requires moving from what the

library owns to how the library can contribute to student

learning. Maughan [19] mentioned one-to-one, librarian-

to-faculty partnerships, computer instructional centers,

campus curriculum committees, and faculty senate

committees. In the light of above discussions, iinformationliteracy implies several skills which are otherwise known

as competencies that are required to be information

literate.

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http://www.cisjournal.org8. SUGGESTION TO ACHIEVE INFORMATION

LITERACY

ICT environment requires to be realized right

from the school level and more emphasis needs to begiven in college and university levels. University library

being the highest body in academic purview require

shouldering the responsibilities for proper information

dissemination to the literate mass constituting faculties,

research scholars, students etc. Further, the library andinformation centers also require providing information

training to the institutions so as to focus more on research

and development. Eventually these institutions will

concentrate more on problem-solving approaches andspecialized areas and will not have to spend their

resources on just routine training.

Fig 2: Schematic view of role of Information Literacy Librarian

To achieve information literacy successfully, the followingsuggestions can be taken care of.

Universal education aimed at a 100 percent

literate population;

Quality education, through schools having well-

stocked, active libraries equipped with ICT;

A national information and communication

policy to promote use of information;

Access to information as a basic right;

Formal and informal arrangements on a nationaland international basis for interchange and

exchange of information;

Consciousness of the value of information and

use of information for optimum utilization ofnatural resources;

Establishment of databanks in the country on a

geographical basis, commodity basis, and service

basis;

A dependable infrastructure for maintenance of

ICT;

Elimination of disparity between rural and urban

communities, through serious efforts for bridging

the gap; and

Rational distribution of government patronage

(for example, geo- graphic consideration in

allocation of sponsorship for higher education)

9. CONCLUSION

Information literacy which is a transformational

process lies at the core of lifelong learning and it

empowers people in all walks of life to obtain, evaluate,

use and generate information effectively so to achieve

their personal, social, occupational and educational goals.

Further in a democratic setup, it is also a fundamental

human right in a digital environment that promotes social

inclusion of all nations. In the process, information

literacy enables sharing of resources, knowledge more

effectively with the help of technology.

Information Literacy is undeniably an

indispensable concept for the user empowerment in 21st

century. It not only helps to empower the user but also act

as lifelong learning for capacity building. Universally it

requires to be promoted throughout the world so as to cope

up with technology changes with the proliferation of

knowledge. Library and information centers have a crucial

role to collect organize and manage information for the

users. User empowerment is another positive dimension in

this regard. LIS professional has a crucial role to organize

the scattered and unorganized information to provide the

refined and tailored made information to the user. The

librarian needs to develop user oriented collection

development. Developing adequate collaboration and

cooperation among the staffs, user and faculties for thesuccessful of information literacy is one of the crucial

functions of the librarian especially in a digital

environment. He should know all the ways and mean to

Inform

ationLiteracy

L

ibrarian

Curriculum Construction

Collaborative Teaching

Advocacy

User Awareness Programme

Search Strategy

User Orientation

Knowledge Manager

Leadership

Communication

Capacity Building

Life-long Learning

Resource Evaluator/ Generator

Planning of Literacy On-line Reference

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http://www.cisjournal.orgeffectively and smoothly transfer of information for the

need of information society. The gap between user andlibrarian should be bridged so that user can feel free to

clear his doubts to enrich his knowledge. From the

aforesaid discussions it can be concluded that, information

literacy is essential to promote optimum utilization ofinformation resources both traditional and electronic

including removal of all barriers for better access to

electronic information resources. Therefore, practicing of

information literacy both for the Libraries and Information

Centers has become indispensable so as to coup with the

emerging changing situations.

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