Shane LaRosa, Rachel Cook, Jessica SotoShane LaRosa, Rachel Cook, Jessica Soto

BacteriaBacteria

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Pseudomonas fluorescens

Examples of KingdomExamples of Kingdom

Escherichia coli bacteria

Salmonella

AdaptationsAdaptations Antibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

Introduction of an antibiotic is frequently followed Introduction of an antibiotic is frequently followed by the development of resistance to the agentby the development of resistance to the agent

Acquired Resistance Acquired Resistance This resistance is almost always due to a change in the This resistance is almost always due to a change in the

genetic make-up of the bacterial genome.genetic make-up of the bacterial genome. Environmental AdaptationEnvironmental Adaptation

Bacteria adapt to other environmental conditions as Bacteria adapt to other environmental conditions as well. These include adaptations to changes in well. These include adaptations to changes in temperature, pH, and the nature of the surrounding temperature, pH, and the nature of the surrounding support. support. ○ An example is the response shown by An example is the response shown by Vibrio Vibrio

parahaemolyticusparahaemolyticus to growth in a watery environment to growth in a watery environment versus a more viscous environment. In the more viscous versus a more viscous environment. In the more viscous setting, the bacteria adapt by forming what are called setting, the bacteria adapt by forming what are called swarmer cells. These cells adopt a different means of swarmer cells. These cells adopt a different means of movement, which is more efficient for moving over a more movement, which is more efficient for moving over a more solid surface.solid surface.

A complex kingdom…A complex kingdom… In 1998, an American microbiologist worked In 1998, an American microbiologist worked

out that the total number of bacteria on out that the total number of bacteria on Earth. He predicted the number to be around Earth. He predicted the number to be around 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0005,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000..Count them, that’s 30 zeros…Count them, that’s 30 zeros…

There are fewer than 9,000 known species of There are fewer than 9,000 known species of bacteria known to man but experts have bacteria known to man but experts have estimated the diversity of bacteria range estimated the diversity of bacteria range from 10from 1077 to 10 to 1099 total species though most total species though most micro cannot be sure whether this is an micro cannot be sure whether this is an accurate estimate as it can easily be off by a accurate estimate as it can easily be off by a great amount beyond comprehension. great amount beyond comprehension.

A complex kingdom…A complex kingdom… It is apparent that bacteria is a vastly It is apparent that bacteria is a vastly

diverse kingdom with an estimated amount diverse kingdom with an estimated amount of species around a few trillion and the total of species around a few trillion and the total amount of bacteria on Earth over 5 amount of bacteria on Earth over 5 nonillion. nonillion.

Bacteria have the ability to adapt and Bacteria have the ability to adapt and mutate depending on their situation and mutate depending on their situation and environment. environment. There are always new bacteria due to this. There are always new bacteria due to this. Developing immunities also changes their genetic Developing immunities also changes their genetic

makeup. makeup. For these reasons, the bacteria kingdom For these reasons, the bacteria kingdom

the most complex and diverse of them all. the most complex and diverse of them all.