SOPHOMORE WORLD HISTORY

MR. TAYLOR

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789- 1818

In the late 1700s France was one of Europe’s large and powerful kingdoms. At that time, Europe was made up of a few large kingdoms and empires as well as many smaller states and territories. Then in 1789, the French Revolution set off a chain of events that reshaped Europe’s political map- Setting the Stage- pg 217

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS THE OLD ORDER- Inequalities in

French society! King was at the top- King Louis XVI

and Queen Marie-Antoinette 3 social groups (ESTATES) were

under him 1st Estate- Catholic Clergy- 1% of

the population Several privileges- FEW TAXES 10% of all land in France

2nd Estate- Nobility- 2% of the population

Paid few taxes- 20% of all land Key positions in govt. and

military Great country manors First two estates hated the

Enlightenment- WHY? 3rd Estate- 97% of the population

Bourgeoisie- Merchants, Factory Owners, Professionals

Artisans- Skilled Workers Peasants- pg. 217

VERSAILLES

Enlightenment ideas illustrated social inequalities and help to inspire the French Revolution. NEW VIEWS ABOUT POWER AND AUTHORITY

American Revolution was also an inspiration for the French Revolution movement.- Equality, Liberty, Democracy

A financial crises, severe economic problems affected much of the country1. Severe Debt- wars, American Revolution, lavish

spending- Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette2. Attempts to raise taxes on the 2nd Estate failed.3. Poor weather conditions- POOR HARVESTSPEOPLE WERE HUNGRY AND ANGRYWeak Leadership- Page 219

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS

MEETING OF THE ESTATES- GENERAL An assembly made up of all three Estates- Asked

to approve taxes on the Third EstateEstates General had not met for over 175 years-

Met at VersaillesThe People wanted extreme reformsVoting process threatened reform How?3rd Estate wanted voting procedures changed- Pg

220TENNIS COURT OATH!- Emmanuel-Joseph SieyesNATIONAL ASSEMBLY!- The Beginning of Rep.

Govt.

THE REVOLUTION BEGINS

THE REVOLUTION BEGINSLouis XVI ordered

troops to Paris- National Assembly felt threatened- People of Paris rose up to defend the National Assembly- pg. 221- July 14th, STORMING OF THE BASTILLE

GREAT FEAR- Fear that the King and Nobles would use force to put down the revolution- pg. 221

REVOLUTION BRINGS REFORM AND TERROR

The Assembly Reforms France,Setting the stage- 222

Eliminated Feudal dues Tax the First Estate Wrote the Declarations the

Rights of Man “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND

FRATERNITY” Freedom of speech press and

religion A State Controlled Church:

Gov. took over Church land Church officials were to be

elected Millions of devout Catholics

were alarmed

King Louis again called troops to Paris to protect the monarchy from the National Assembly

This angered the common manA mob of 7,000 people stormed the

Palace of VersaillesSeized the palace and moved Louis to

Paris.National Assembly began to seize church

land!All religious orders were disbandedClergy turned into public employeesLOUIS TRIES TO ESCAPE- Page 223

CREATING A NEW NATION

The Declaration laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution—“liberty, equality, fraternity [brotherhood].” Writers of the Declaration took their inspiration from the English Bill of Rights, the American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the …

rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression

5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society….

6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its formation. It must be the same for all…

7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law…

9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty…

11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man…

12. A common contribution (tax) is essential. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1791- Constitution was CompleteLegislative Assembly

1791- Legislative Assembly

Established broad voting rights

Restricted the Monarchy- Limited Constitutional Monarchy

New Legislative body- The King was still the executive- Limited Powers

Factions Split- Page 223 Emigres and Sans-

Culottes 1792- Legislative

Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia

The End of the Monarchy Extreme action came on August 10, 1792, when a mob marched on the Tuileries Palace and slaughtered the guards. Louis, Marie-Antoinette, and the children—now demoted to commoners— were thrown in prison.

     Faced with mob violence and foreign invasion, the Legislative Assembly felt powerless. It voted itself out of existence and called for the election of a new legislature, the National Convention. The violence in August helped put the radical faction, or those who favored extreme change, in control. Among the National Convention’s first acts were abolishing the monarchy and declaring France a republic.

European Monarchs in Europe watched the changes taking place in France with fear and alarm! Why?

Austria and Prussia supported the Monarchy1792- Legislative Assembly declares war on

Austria and Prussia- The war was going badlyAugust 10,1792- King and his family were

imprisonedSeptember Massacre- Page 224The Legislative Assembly abolished the monarchy

and established the Republic All Adult males citizens were given the right to

vote

WAR AND EXECUTION-1792

JACOBINS- Radicals that controlled the National ConventionTried Louis for treasonJan. 21, 1793- THE KING WAS EXECUTEDThe War continues- Page 226

ENEMIES OF THE JACOBINS-Many people were horrified by the Kings

executionClergy and supporters of the Church- why?Rival leaders

National Convention-1792THE REPUBLIC

RADICAL LEADERS AND THE EXECUTION OF THE KING- Pg 602

RADICAL LEADERS OF THE REPUBLIC

Maximilien Robespierre Republic of Virtue-

Wipe out the past Changed the calendar-

No Sundays Closed many churches Committee of Public

Safety REIGN OF TERROR-

PAGE 226-227

Georges-Jacques DantonJean-Paul MaratMaximilien Robespierre

As a result, some of the revolutionary leaders feared that they would lose control. They decided to take drastic actions to avoid a possible counterrevolution, a revolution against a government that was established by a revolution. The Radicals began a series of accusations, trials, and executions that became known as the Reign of Terror, creating a wave of fear throughout the country.

1794- National Convention turned on Robespierre- He was arrested, tried and executed

Moderates took over and formed the DirectoryNapoleon appointed head of the military- Page 227

Reign of Terror

National Assembly created the Committee of Public SafetyManage the countries military defense

against foreign forcesCreated a draft for all men between the

ages of 18-45Established a new court called the

Tribunal- Its purpose was to root out and eliminate people who threatened the Revolution!!

Reign of Terror

National Assembly, created June 17, 1789 Ended feudalism and privileges of the First and Second Estates Approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Seized church lands and made clergy paid employees Wrote constitution that reduced the king’s power Legislative Assembly, first met September 1791 Inexperienced representatives, often deadlocked on domestic

issues Declared war on Austria in April 1792 National Convention, first met September 1792 Ended monarchy, proclaimed France a republic Tried and executed Louis XVI for treason Instituted draft to increase size of army In power during Reign of Terror Began codifying laws and creating public education system Abolished slavery in French colonies Wrote a new constitution, and created the Directory Directory, first met in 1795 Run by an executive branch of five directors Weak, corrupt, and inefficient Ended in 1799 when Napoleon seized power

Reign of Terror

NAPOLEON FORGES AN EMPIRE

Napoleon Seizes PowerOct. 1795- Protects the

National Convention from a Royalist Mob

1796- Directory- Lead an army against Austria- Victories in Italy

1790’s- Napoleon controlled all French forces- kept France secure in very difficult times

1798- Napoleon in Egypt 1799 Coup d'état-

Directory had grown weak and ineffective –pg 229

EMPEROR NAPOLEON1799-France was still

at war1800 Plebiscite- Made

Napoleon Dictator1802Defeated a

combined force of Britain, Austria and Prussia

1804- Crowned Emperor

Kept many of the revolutions main ideas

NAPOLEON’S POLOCIES

Reform of Church State Relations

Concordat- most Fr. Citizens were Roman Catholic. However, they were not required to be Roman Catholic

Religious Toleration

Economic ReformsEstablished a

national BankEfficient Tax SystemStrong Regulation of

the Economy

Legal and Educational Reform

Napoleonic CodeLaws became

uniform across the nation

Eliminated many injustices

Freedoms were eliminated

Public education for men and boys- Lycees

READ PAGE 230

NAPOLEAN CREATES AN EMPIRE

Loss of American territory- Page 231- Napoleon turned his attention to Europe

Annexed Austria and Parts of Italy

Puppet Government in Switzerland

England established a coalition against France- financed much of the opposition

Battle of Austerlitz- 1805 Only real enemy left was Britain France- had plans to invade

Britain -1805 Battle of Trafalgar- British controlled the seas

France did much better on land

Napoleon’s Empire CollapsesRead Setting the Stage- pg 234

The Continental System-1806The Peninsular War- 1808

Portugal and Spain refused to follow the Continental System

France sent troops into Spain and Portugal and quickly placed his brother on the Spanish throne

Spanish people revolted in 1808Guerrilla warfare broke out- Napoleon

eventually had to pull out of Spain

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS1804-1815

DISASTER AND DEFEATJune of 1812- Napoleon

invades Russia with 600,000 menMany of the soldiers

were new recruitsMost were from

conquered territories- No loyalty

Lack of suppliesWeather and desertions

Russian troops withdrew and forced Napoleon further into Russia

“SCORTHED EARTH”

DISASTER AND DEFEAT1812- 1st Military

action around Moscow. French army defeated Russian troops but with staggering losses.

Napoleon’s forces took Moscow but Moscow had been destroyed by the Russian troops

RUSSIAN WINTERRead pg 233-234

DISASTER AND DEFEATOctober of 1813- A

combined European force, led by Britain, met Napoleon’s army at Leipzig

Napoleon was defeated again

Paris was capturedNapoleon was sent

into exile on Elba Island

READ THE HUNDRED DAYS- pg. 237

A meeting to create a plan to restore order and stability to Europe.

700 diplomats attended the Congress, only a few played crucial roles:Lord Castlereagh of Great BritainKing Fredreick- William III of PrussiaPrince Klemens von Metternich of AustriaCharles Tallyrand of FranceMETTERNICH HAD A STRONG

DISTRUSTOF DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL CHANGE

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA-1815

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA-1815Metternich was the leader

of the Congress of Vienna. Reactionary Restore a balance of

power in Europe Make Europe peaceful

again Restore old monarchies Compensate the Allies Punish France – But not

destroy Stop the Revolutionary

movement Legitimacy- pg. 239 Concert of Europe- Pg

240

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA-1815Read Pages 618-619

Revolutionary Legacy-Privileged positions were not secure

(fear of Revolution)Enlightenment ideas of human dignity,

personal liberties and equality would not go away.

The common man could make great changes.

Long Term Legacy- Page 241