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Stress Management


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Human Capital Strategy and Personal Development


Organizational Factors

Individual Factors

Experience Experience

StressStress

Individual

Differences

Environmental Factors

A Model of Stress


Enviromental FactorsEnviromental Factors

Economic Uncertainty

Political Uncertainty

Technological Uncertainty


Orgnizational FactorsOrgnizational Factors

• Task Demands

• Role Demands

• Interpersonal Demands

• Organizational Structure

• Organizational Leadership


Individual FactorsIndividual Factors

Family Problems

Economic Problems


Some people thrive on stressful situations,

while others are overwhelmed by them. What

is it that differentiates people in terms of their

ability to handle stress?

At least four variables — perception, job

experience, social support, and belief in

locus of control — have been found to be

relevant moderators.


Relevant Moderators

• Perception

• Job experience

• Social Support

• Belief in Locus of Control


Perception

The stress potential in environmental,

organizational, and individual factors doesn't

lie in their objective condition. Rather, it lies in

an employee's interpretation of those factors.


Job Experience

Experience is said to be a great teacher. It

can also be a great stress-reducer.


Social Support

There is increasing evidence that social

support — that is, collegial relationships with

co-workers or supervisors — can buffer the

impact of stress.


Belief in Locus of Control

Those with an internal locus of control believe

they control their own destiny. Those with an

external locus believe their lives are

controlled by outside forces. Evidence

indicates that internals perceive their jobs to

be less stressful than do externals.


Experience Experience

StressStress

Physiological Symptoms• Headaches• High blood presure• Heart Disease

Psychological Symptoms• Anxiety• Depression• Decrease in job satisfaction

Behavioral symptoms• Productivity• Absenteeism• Turnover


Stress Management Strategies

Individual Approaches

Organizational Approaches


Individual Approaches

Time Management

Physical Exercise

Relaxation Training

Social Support


Time Management

An understanding and utilization of

basic time management principles

can help individuals better cope

with job demands.


Physical Exercise

Noncompetitive physical exercise

such as aerobics, race walking,

jogging, swimming, and riding a

bicycle have long been

recommended by physicians as a

way to deal with excessive stress

levels.


Relaxation Training

Individuals can teach themselves to relax

through techniques such as meditation,

hypnosis, and biofeedback. The objective

is to reach a state of deep relaxation,

where one feels physically relaxed,

somewhat detached from the immediate

environment, and detached from body

sensations.


Social Support

Having friends, family, or work

colleagues to talk to provides an outlet

when stress levels become excessive.

Expanding your social support network,

therefore, can be a means for tension

reduction.


Organizational Approaches

Selection and Placement

Goal Setting

Job Redesign

Participative Decision Making

Organizational Communication

Wellness Program


Selection & Placement

Individuals with little experience

or an external locus of control

tend to be more stress-prone.

Selection and placement decisions

should take these facts into

consideration.


Goal Setting

The use of goals can reduce stress as well

as provide motivation. Specific goals that

are perceived as attainable clarify

performance expectations. Additionally,

goal feedback reduces uncertainties as to

actual job performance. The result is less

employee frustration, role ambiguity,

and stress.


Job Redesign

Redesigning jobs to give employees

more responsibility, more meaningful

work, more autonomy, and increased

feedback can reduce stress, because

these factors give the employee greater

control over work activities and lessen

dependence on others.


Participative Decision Making

By giving these employees a voice in

decisions that directly affect their job

performances, management can

increase employee control and reduce

this role stress.


Organizational Commitment

Given the importance that perceptions

play in moderating the stress-response

relationship, management can also use

effective communications as a means to

shape employee perceptions.


Wellness Program

These programs focus on the

employee's total physical and mental

condition. For example, they typically

provide workshops to help people quit

smoking, control alcohol use, lose

weight, eat better, and develop a regular

exercise program.


Source of Reference:

Stephen Robbins, Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall

International