Stuart EnglandStuart EnglandFrom Absolutism to From Absolutism to ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism

James IJames I James I (1566-1625): son of Mary, Queen of James I (1566-1625): son of Mary, Queen of

Scots and Lord DarnleyScots and Lord Darnley aka James VI of Scotlandaka James VI of Scotland ProtestantProtestant became ruler of Scotland in 1567 (1 year old) became ruler of Scotland in 1567 (1 year old)

after Mary fled to England; 1576 becomes after Mary fled to England; 1576 becomes sovereignsovereign

Upheld the idea of “divine right of kings” Upheld the idea of “divine right of kings” WroteWrote The True Law of Free Monarchy The True Law of Free Monarchy

1603 crowned King of England, upon death 1603 crowned King of England, upon death of Elizabeth Iof Elizabeth I

James IJames I 1604 – Hampton Court Conference: Puritans call 1604 – Hampton Court Conference: Puritans call

for radical reforms in CoE; James says no but for radical reforms in CoE; James says no but does call to expel all Catholic priests does call to expel all Catholic priests ““No bishop, no king” if the CoE looses its hierarchy No bishop, no king” if the CoE looses its hierarchy

the strength of the monarch could be jeopardizedthe strength of the monarch could be jeopardized 1605 – Gunpowder Plot – Catholic plot to blow 1605 – Gunpowder Plot – Catholic plot to blow

up James at Parliament; Guy Fawkes (explosive up James at Parliament; Guy Fawkes (explosive expert) caught in the act expert) caught in the act

Rise of radical Protestants: Puritans Rise of radical Protestants: Puritans [mostly gentry [mostly gentry (many sat in the House of Commons](many sat in the House of Commons] purify church: pare down rituals, educate clergy, purify church: pare down rituals, educate clergy,

limit power of bishopslimit power of bishops King James Bible (1611) – official translation King James Bible (1611) – official translation

sponsored by James I for the CoEsponsored by James I for the CoE

Suspicion grows towards Suspicion grows towards James IJames I

Raised revenue for state by creating new custom Raised revenue for state by creating new custom duties, did not call Parliament and ask for tax duties, did not call Parliament and ask for tax increaseincrease

Royal patronage and selling of peerages/titles = Royal patronage and selling of peerages/titles = corruptioncorruption

1604 – declares peace with SPAIN! = distrust among 1604 – declares peace with SPAIN! = distrust among the English the English

James I tries to make penal laws against Catholics James I tries to make penal laws against Catholics less strictless strict

1618 – James I does not go to the aid of Frederick V 1618 – James I does not go to the aid of Frederick V in Bohemia even though his daughter Elizabeth is in Bohemia even though his daughter Elizabeth is Frederick’s wifeFrederick’s wife

James arranges marriage between Charles and James arranges marriage between Charles and Henrietta Marie (Catholic daughter of Henry IV of Henrietta Marie (Catholic daughter of Henry IV of France)France)

1624 – Parliament pressures James to enter into war 1624 – Parliament pressures James to enter into war with Spainwith Spain

Charles ICharles I

Charles I (b. 1600 / r. 1625-49)Charles I (b. 1600 / r. 1625-49) Does not work well with ParliamentDoes not work well with Parliament

Parliament greatly supported by middle class Parliament greatly supported by middle class and Puritans and afraid of absolutism, Star and Puritans and afraid of absolutism, Star Chamber, High Commission & taxationChamber, High Commission & taxation

religious intolerance – many English/Scots religious intolerance – many English/Scots emigrate: New England, Virginia, Maryland, emigrate: New England, Virginia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Carolinas, New York, Pennsylvania, Carolinas, Barbados, IrelandBarbados, Ireland

Charles ICharles I supports Anglicans & Archbishop Laud supports Anglicans & Archbishop Laud

(religious conformity); although married to (religious conformity); although married to French Catholic Henrietta Maria (Louis XIII’s French Catholic Henrietta Maria (Louis XIII’s sister)sister)

Years of bad decisionsYears of bad decisions Irish reforms that hurt English landholdersIrish reforms that hurt English landholders angered Puritans by backing Anglicansangered Puritans by backing Anglicans levied “ship money” tax on all cities & townslevied “ship money” tax on all cities & towns

w/o parliamentary consentw/o parliamentary consent Forced loan for all English property ownersForced loan for all English property owners Housed military troops in people’s private homes Housed military troops in people’s private homes

Charles ICharles I

1625-28 summons & dissolves Parliament 1625-28 summons & dissolves Parliament 3X3X

Parliament reactsParliament reacts and issuesand issues Petition of Petition of Right, Right, 1628 which prohibited:1628 which prohibited: taxation w/o consent of Parliament; forced loanstaxation w/o consent of Parliament; forced loans arbitrary arrest; lack of enforcement of arbitrary arrest; lack of enforcement of habeus habeus

corpuscorpus; arbitrary infringement on property; arbitrary infringement on property Billeting (quartering) of soldiers in private homesBilleting (quartering) of soldiers in private homes declaration of martial law in peacetimedeclaration of martial law in peacetime

At first Charles agreed to these stipulations At first Charles agreed to these stipulations BUT then in 1629 he dissolved Parliament BUT then in 1629 he dissolved Parliament for 11 years and did not hold to his wordfor 11 years and did not hold to his word

Suspicion mounts against Suspicion mounts against Charles ICharles I

Charles I makes peace with France in Charles I makes peace with France in 1629 and Spain in 16301629 and Spain in 1630

Thomas Wentworth tries to build Thomas Wentworth tries to build strong centralization around Charles I strong centralization around Charles I especially when it came to raising especially when it came to raising money for the crownmoney for the crown

Religious Problems w/ Religious Problems w/ ScotlandScotland

1637 Scots rebel against Anglican church 1637 Scots rebel against Anglican church & Charles I & Charles I Introduction of Anglican-style prayer book ends Introduction of Anglican-style prayer book ends

in two Bishop’s Wars (1639 & 1640)in two Bishop’s Wars (1639 & 1640) Ends with Treaty of Ripon – Charles I must pay Ends with Treaty of Ripon – Charles I must pay

reparationsreparations Short Parliament (lasted less than a Short Parliament (lasted less than a

month)month) Charles I is forces to convene Parliament b/c he Charles I is forces to convene Parliament b/c he

needs funding to keep up the battle vs. the needs funding to keep up the battle vs. the ScotsScots

SP refuses him and he dissolves themSP refuses him and he dissolves them

Long Parliament (1640-Long Parliament (1640-1660)1660)

Led by John Pym for more info see Led by John Pym for more info see http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/pym.htmhttp://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/pym.htm

Wentworth (1641) and Archbishop Laud (1645) impeached Wentworth (1641) and Archbishop Laud (1645) impeached & executed & executed

Triennial Act, Feb. 1641Triennial Act, Feb. 1641 King must call a meeting of Parliament every three years King must call a meeting of Parliament every three years

regardlessregardless Oct. 1641 – CI against asks for $$ for military; Parliament Oct. 1641 – CI against asks for $$ for military; Parliament

demands to become commander-in-chief of military over demands to become commander-in-chief of military over the kingthe king

Nov. 1641, Nov. 1641, Grand Remonstrance Grand Remonstrance – a long list of grievances – a long list of grievances that Parliament had with the kingthat Parliament had with the king ““the Remonstrance called for the setting up of an Assembly of the Remonstrance called for the setting up of an Assembly of

Divines, nominated by Parliament, to supervise ongoing reform Divines, nominated by Parliament, to supervise ongoing reform of the Church; furthermore, it demanded that the King's of the Church; furthermore, it demanded that the King's ministers should be approved by Parliament, with the right of ministers should be approved by Parliament, with the right of veto over those it considered unsuitable”veto over those it considered unsuitable”

Jan. 1642 – CI invades Parliament in the hopes of arresting Jan. 1642 – CI invades Parliament in the hopes of arresting Pym and his supportersPym and his supporters

House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance = Parliament House of Commons passes Militia Ordinance = Parliament can now raise an army of its owncan now raise an army of its own

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War 1642-46 Open war btw. Parliament (Puritan & 1642-46 Open war btw. Parliament (Puritan &

middle class) and king (nobility, clergy, peasants)middle class) and king (nobility, clergy, peasants) Roundheads = ParliamentRoundheads = Parliament Cavaliers = king’s armyCavaliers = king’s army

Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold 1646, Parliament wins Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold 1646, Parliament wins out by capturing the king & becomes increasingly out by capturing the king & becomes increasingly radical and dividedradical and divided Presbyterians want to disband army, keep king, Presbyterians want to disband army, keep king,

Presbyterian state churchPresbyterian state church Independents (Puritans) are opposed to a national Independents (Puritans) are opposed to a national

Presbyterian churchPresbyterian church Charles I flees to Scotland – this is seen as an act Charles I flees to Scotland – this is seen as an act

of treason!!!!of treason!!!! 1648 21648 2ndnd Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell (1599- Civil War, led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-

1658)1658)

Oliver Cromwell & Oliver Cromwell & politicspolitics

Ironsides – military force independent of Ironsides – military force independent of New Model Army, extreme Protestants & New Model Army, extreme Protestants & supporters of Parliamentary authority (not supporters of Parliamentary authority (not supporters of “Presbyterianisation” of CoE) supporters of “Presbyterianisation” of CoE)

1647 – Pride’s Purge: Cromwell drives out 1647 – Pride’s Purge: Cromwell drives out remaining Presbyterian faction leaving a remaining Presbyterian faction leaving a Rump Parliament of 50-60 like-minded Rump Parliament of 50-60 like-minded Members of ParliamentMembers of Parliament House of Commons now decrees Acts of House of Commons now decrees Acts of

Parliament w/o consent of king or House of Parliament w/o consent of king or House of Lords!! Lords!!

Oliver Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Scotland & IrelandScotland & Ireland

Charles I tried and convicted of Charles I tried and convicted of treason treason

1649 King Charles I beheaded1649 King Charles I beheaded 1650 Scots crushed 1650 Scots crushed in Ireland much bloodshedin Ireland much bloodshed

1641 Protestant1641 Protestant massacre at Ulstermassacre at Ulster followed by Catholic massacres at followed by Catholic massacres at

Drogheda & WexfordDrogheda & Wexford Catholicism driven undergroundCatholicism driven underground

Opposition to Opposition to Cromwell –Cromwell –

Political GroupsPolitical Groups Levellers (John Lilburne): democratic group “one Levellers (John Lilburne): democratic group “one

man – one vote”man – one vote” called for written constitution; almost universal manhood called for written constitution; almost universal manhood

suffrage; equality of representation in government suffrage; equality of representation in government ““Diggers” – “squatters” on public & private landsDiggers” – “squatters” on public & private lands

““leveling of all estates” – abandonment of all private leveling of all estates” – abandonment of all private propertyproperty

Religious GroupsReligious Groups Society of Friends / Quakers (George Fox)Society of Friends / Quakers (George Fox) Fifth Monarchy Men – millennial end of the world Fifth Monarchy Men – millennial end of the world

groupgroup

Oliver Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Lord ProtectorLord Protector of the of the

CommonwealthCommonwealth 1651 Navigation Act -> First Anglo-Dutch War1651 Navigation Act -> First Anglo-Dutch War warred against Spain and obtained Jamaicawarred against Spain and obtained Jamaica

real advances overseas would be made by Charles II, real advances overseas would be made by Charles II, William & MaryWilliam & Mary

1653 Rump Parliament dissolved: “1653 Rump Parliament dissolved: “You have sat You have sat here too long for the good you do. In the name of God, here too long for the good you do. In the name of God, go!” go!” Calls a new Parliament but…Calls a new Parliament but…

1655 dissolves Parliament altogether SO the 1655 dissolves Parliament altogether SO the Commonwealth = military dictatorshipCommonwealth = military dictatorship 10% tax on Royalists10% tax on Royalists Cromwell’s policies and law become arbitraryCromwell’s policies and law become arbitrary

1658 dies and his son is booted from 1658 dies and his son is booted from protectorateprotectorate

Stuart Family and Monarchy RestoredStuart Family and Monarchy Restored 1660 Charles II crowned king of England & Scotland1660 Charles II crowned king of England & Scotland

The Restoration, The Restoration, 1660-16881660-1688

Restores 1640s monarchyRestores 1640s monarchy monarchy, House of Stuartmonarchy, House of Stuart Church of EnglandChurch of England ParliamentParliament

Only differenceOnly difference more loyalty to the crown, in attempt to more loyalty to the crown, in attempt to

keep the peacekeep the peace

Parliamentary changes Parliamentary changes of the Restorationof the Restoration

Parliament set taxes, which in turn they paid to Parliament set taxes, which in turn they paid to the kingthe king

Propertied aristocracy with much political pull: Propertied aristocracy with much political pull: House of Lords & serve as local justices House of Lords & serve as local justices (squirearchy)(squirearchy)

Clarendon Code = Dissenters (Puritans and Clarendon Code = Dissenters (Puritans and Catholics) barred from town corporations; Catholics) barred from town corporations; Puritan clergy could not teach school & were Puritan clergy could not teach school & were banned from politics (local and national); banned from politics (local and national); prohibited all conventicles not held in prohibited all conventicles not held in accordance with Church of England.accordance with Church of England.

Problems againProblems again Parliament & Charles II at oddsParliament & Charles II at odds

Charles II inclined toward Catholicism & Charles II inclined toward Catholicism & religious tolerationreligious toleration

admirer of Louis XIV and absolutism!admirer of Louis XIV and absolutism! 1670 Treaty of Dover (secret): joins Louis XIV 1670 Treaty of Dover (secret): joins Louis XIV

in war against Dutch, Louis pays 3 million livres in war against Dutch, Louis pays 3 million livres a year during war – maybe Charles would a year during war – maybe Charles would convertconvert

James, Duke of York (Charles II’s brother) James, Duke of York (Charles II’s brother) openly converts to Catholicism – he will be openly converts to Catholicism – he will be next king!!next king!!

Charles II issues Declaration of Indulgence, Charles II issues Declaration of Indulgence, 16721672 religious toleration of Puritans and religious toleration of Puritans and CatholicsCatholics!!

Problems againProblems again Parliament responds w/ Test Act, 1673 Parliament responds w/ Test Act, 1673

all civil and military officeholders must take all civil and military officeholders must take communion in Anglican Church & swear an oath communion in Anglican Church & swear an oath against transubstantiationagainst transubstantiation

Popish Plot, 1678 – Titus Oates claimed that Popish Plot, 1678 – Titus Oates claimed that Charles II wife, Catherine of Braganza, was Charles II wife, Catherine of Braganza, was plotting w/ Jesuits and Irish to have CII killed plotting w/ Jesuits and Irish to have CII killed so that James II could be king = ~80 so that James II could be king = ~80 executions of innocent Catholicsexecutions of innocent Catholics

Parliament splitsParliament splits Whigs (suspicious of king, the French & Whigs (suspicious of king, the French &

Catholics): primarily noblemen, Catholics): primarily noblemen, butbut merchant merchant class, middle classclass, middle class

Attempt to keep James II from ever ascending the throneAttempt to keep James II from ever ascending the throne Tories (supporters of king): lesser aristocracy & Tories (supporters of king): lesser aristocracy &

gentry, gentry, oftenoften poorer classes as well poorer classes as well

Charles II suspicious of Charles II suspicious of ParliamentParliament

From 1681-1685 CII reigns w/o recalling From 1681-1685 CII reigns w/o recalling ParliamentParliament He receives monetary assistance from Louis XIVHe receives monetary assistance from Louis XIV He increases customs dutiesHe increases customs duties He tried to seat Parliament with members that He tried to seat Parliament with members that

would be loyal to himwould be loyal to him He drove out and executed Whig leaders on He drove out and executed Whig leaders on

grounds of treasongrounds of treason 1685 converted to Catholicism on his 1685 converted to Catholicism on his

deathbeddeathbed

James II James II 1685 James II crowned1685 James II crowned

alienated both Whigs & Toriesalienated both Whigs & Tories repealed Test Actrepealed Test Act Dissolved Parliament; appointed Catholics to Dissolved Parliament; appointed Catholics to

high positions at court and in militaryhigh positions at court and in military 1687, Declaration of Indulgence: program of 1687, Declaration of Indulgence: program of

general religious tolerationgeneral religious toleration 1688, 7 Anglican bishops imprisoned for 1688, 7 Anglican bishops imprisoned for

refusing to publicize the Declaration of refusing to publicize the Declaration of IndulgenceIndulgence

1688 James’s first son born and baptized 1688 James’s first son born and baptized into Catholic faithinto Catholic faith

Before the birth of this son, the throne would Before the birth of this son, the throne would have gone to Mary, JII PROTESTANT daughter!have gone to Mary, JII PROTESTANT daughter!

William and MaryWilliam and Mary

Glorious Revolution of Glorious Revolution of 1688/891688/89

Parliament abandons James II and offers Parliament abandons James II and offers crown to Mary (yep, JII’s daughter) and crown to Mary (yep, JII’s daughter) and William III of Orange William III of Orange

1689 William invades England w/ 1689 William invades England w/ support of Whigs & Toriessupport of Whigs & Tories

William and Mary accept the Bill of William and Mary accept the Bill of Rights, 1689Rights, 1689

Act of Toleration, 1689: Act of Toleration, 1689: religious freedom religious freedom except for Catholics and non-trinitarians, but no except for Catholics and non-trinitarians, but no political/public service rights for any non-Anglicanspolitical/public service rights for any non-Anglicans

Bill of Rights, 1689Bill of Rights, 1689 enacted by Parliament it states:enacted by Parliament it states:

no law may be suspended by kingno law may be suspended by king no taxes may be levied or army maintained no taxes may be levied or army maintained

w/o consent of Parliamentw/o consent of Parliament no subject could be arrested & detained w/o no subject could be arrested & detained w/o

legal processlegal process Prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the Prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the

English throneEnglish throne It establishes a contractual relationship It establishes a contractual relationship

btw. king & peoplebtw. king & people

Queen AnneQueen Anne Act of Settlement, 1701Act of Settlement, 1701

Upon Anne’s death the English throne Upon Anne’s death the English throne would pass to the Protestant House of would pass to the Protestant House of Hanover in GermanyHanover in Germany

1707 Act of Union created Great 1707 Act of Union created Great BritainBritain England and Scotland are officially England and Scotland are officially

unitedunited Scotland retained their own legal system & Scotland retained their own legal system &

Presbyterian church Presbyterian church butbut gov’t./parliament fused w/ gov’t./parliament fused w/ EnglandEngland

Scots obtain rightsScots obtain rights to English East India to English East India Company & English colonies; within English Company & English colonies; within English system of mercantilism & Navigation Actssystem of mercantilism & Navigation Acts

2 Responses to 2 Responses to RevolutionRevolution Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

LeviathanLeviathan, 1651 – supports idea of absolute , 1651 – supports idea of absolute rule b/c humans = animalistic, “solitary, poor, rule b/c humans = animalistic, “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” therefore the nasty, brutish, and short” therefore the “commonwealth” must rely on a sovereign “commonwealth” must rely on a sovereign ruler and may not rebel ruler and may not rebel

John Locke (1632-1704)John Locke (1632-1704) Two Treatises of GovernmentTwo Treatises of Government - mutual - mutual

agreement = gov’t. protects inalienable natural agreement = gov’t. protects inalienable natural rights (life, liberty, property) of individuals – rights (life, liberty, property) of individuals – individuals act reasonably toward gov’t individuals act reasonably toward gov’t butbut if if gov’t. breaks agreement people should rebelgov’t. breaks agreement people should rebel

however these ideas applied to landed however these ideas applied to landed aristocracy not to allaristocracy not to all

The thing to bear in mind when considering the ideas of both of these men is their own personal experience. Hobbes experienced Cromwell’s “Puritan republic” but didn’t live to see the Glorious Revolution. Locke experienced both.