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TCI: Industrialism and theProgressive Response

California State Standard: 11.2 Students analyze the relationship amongthe rise of industrialization, large scale rural-to-urban migration, and

massive immigration form Southern and Eastern Europe

United States HistoryMr. Albert Celis

NOW Academy


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California State Standards:11.2 Students analyze the relationship among the rise of

industrialization, large scale rural-to-urban migration, and massiveimmigration from Southern and Eastern Europe

1. Know the effects of industrialization on living and workingconditions.

2. Describe the changing landscape, including the growth ofcities linked by industry and trade, and the development of cities

divided according to race, ethnicity, and class. 4. Analyze the effect of urban political machines and responsesto them by immigrants and middle class reformers

5. Discuss corporate mergers that produced trusts and cartelsand the economic and political policies of industrial leaders.

6. Trace the economic development of the United States and itsemergence as a major industrial power, including its gains fromtrade and the advantages of its physical geography.

9. Understand the effect of political programs and activities ofthe Progressives.


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2.2A: The Rise of Industrialism

What do you see in this slide?

How many women do you see? What are theydoing?

How was this kind of work done before sewingmachines were invented?

How do you think using sewing machines changedthese womens work?

How might widespread use of machines havechanged American society?

In this slide we see seamstresses working in a textilefactory around the turn of the century.


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2.2A: The Rise of Industrialism

The rise of industrialism - a change in productionfrom hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing -meant that more goods began to be produced bymachines. Sweeping technological developmentsbrought about major societal changes, ranking theUnited States first in the world for industrial goods.

Key factors in Industrial Growth:

First, an abundant supply of natural resources suchas coal, oil, and iron.

Second, improved transportation methods expandedtrade from coast to coast.

Third, the American population shifted from ruralareas to urban centers.


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2.2B: Invention and Innovation

What do you see here?

What do you see on the top of the building?

Why do you think the builders are making it higher?

What technological advancements allowed theconstruction of such buildings?

Why do you think buildings such as this one werenecessary in an increasingly urbanized age?

In this slide we see a skyscraper that was built inNew York City in 1901.


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2.2B: Invention and Innovation

The Spirit of Innovation - between 1860 and 1900,the U.S. Patent Office granted over 676,000 patentsto inventors of machines, techniques, and tools.

Steel Is King - No single innovation affectedtechnological change more than the development ofsteel production.

Electricity Becomes Widespread - The introduction ofelectricity for widespread commercial and domesticuse spurred innovation in technology.

Machines Increase Production - Inventors attention tomachines created a rush of new production methods.


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2.2C: Industrial Leaders


Describe the man on the left? What are the other people doing? Why do you thin

the man is the focus of so much attention?

What do you think he does for a living?

This is John D. Rockefeller; founder of Standard OilCompany, one of the largest U.S. corporationsaround 1900.

How might men like Rockefeller have helped

industrialize the United States.

In this slide we see John D. Rockefeller, founder ofStandard Oil Company.


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2.2C: industrial Leaders

Industrial Giants - Industrialism led to enormousbusiness enterprises, pioneered by men whopossessed a combination of leadership, bold risktaking, long-range vision, and competitive drive. Astheir companies became wealthy and powerful, so

did the owners, whose names acquired householdfame that overshadowed that of former statesmen.

John D. Rockefeller and Oil - Came to control 90percent of the oil industry in the country. Heattempted to monopolize the oil industry

Andrew Carnegie and Steel - A contemporary ofRockefellers, was equally successful in big business.Carnegies company produced one fourth of thenations steel.


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2.2D: Trust and Government Corruption


Whom do the men standing, wearing top hats,represent?

Who are the men at the desks?

What is the significance of the closed door in the

upper left corner? What is the intended message of the cartoonist?

In this slide we see a cartoon entitled Bosses of the

Senate from Puck magazine. The cartoon showsthe huge trusts and monopolies overseeing the workof the U.S. Senate - which, according to the cartoon,is of, by, and for the monopolists.


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2.2D: Trusts and Government Corruption

The Rise of Industrial Trust - As industrialismprogressed, businesses combined competingcompanies into monstrous firms called trusts. Trustshad centralized management; stockholders placedtheir stocks in trustees hands to make all decisions

for the firm about prices, use of raw materials, andlabor relations.

Trusts Influence Government Affairs - As theybecame rich and powerful, owners of trusts

manipulated the government at the federal, state, andlocal levels. Industrial giants ran for governmentoffices, made generous contributions to politicalcandidates, and bribed legislators.


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2.2E: Criticism and Defense of Big Business


How are these men dressed?

What does their appearance reveal about their statusin society? Who do you think is the richest man in

the group? Why? How do you think these men became so wealthy?

Do wealthy businessmen benefit the United States?

In this slide we see Andrew Carnegie (center, withthe white beard) surrounded by a group of businessleaders.


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2.2E: Criticism and Defense of Big Business

Wealthy Americans Face Criticism - By the turn of thecentury, the grand monopolies and their wealthyowners began to face public criticism. Critics of bigbusiness decried the wide gap between the wealthand power of industrialists and average Americans.

The material worth of 1 percent of the population wasgreater than that of the other 99 percent combined.

Industrialists Defend Big Business - They argued thatthey had taken the greatest risks in investing their

resources into industries and therefore were entitledto business profits.


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2.2F: The Impact of Industrialism

What do you se here?

Where are these men working?

Under what conditions do they work?

What hazards might they face?

How would you feel if you had to work long hours in

this steel mill?

In this slide we see steel workers in AndrewCarnegies steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania.

Hard manual labor, dangerous working conditions,low pay, and long hours were typical of the jobs inmost of the factories that flourished during theIndustrial era.


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2.2F: The Impact of Industrialism

Industrialization Benefits the Middle Class - Nationalwealth and income grew significantly between thelate 1800s and the 1920s. Many middle-classAmericans experienced greater comforts andconveniences in daily life.

Life for Average Americans - Viewed industrialismthrough a lens of drudgery and hardship. Themajority of the population still used candlepower intheir homes, had no indoor plumbing or heating,cooked on wood-fed stoves, and could not afford a

telephone. Industrial Working Conditions - American laborers

often faced deplorable working conditions. Men andwomen regularly worked 10 to 12 hours a day, sixdays a week.


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2.2G: Change and Discrimination in the Work Force


Where was the photograph taken?

Describe the people in the photograph?

How old are they? What are they doing?

How many hours do you think they work a day? What would it be life to work under these conditions?

What problems might it cause?

In this slide we see coal miners, most of whom areboys, in Pennsylvania.


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2.2G: Change and Discrimination in the Work Force

Industrialism and Women - Industrialists recruited

women, children, and immigrants to play greaterroles in industrial production. In particular, young,single women carved a niche in newly createdsecretarial and sales positions in city departmentstores and white collar offices.

Child Labor - Approximately 1.75 million childlaborers joined the industrial work force in the late1800s. Boys and girls worked up to 15 hours a dayin coal mines, canning factories, tobacco plants, and

garment factories. Minority and Immigrant Laborers - While whitelaborers worked in both skilled and unskilled jobs,nonwhite laborers were forced into mostly unskilledpositions with low wages.


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2.2H: Organized Labor


Who are the people in the upper left? Who are thepeople holding guns?

What do you think is happening?

Why are the soldiers aiming guns at the workers? What does this picture reveal about labor

management relations at this time?

In this slide we see strikers at a textile mill inLawrence, Massachusetts, being held back byfederal troops.


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2.2H: Organized Labor

Labor Unions Emerge - As working conditionsworsened and income disparity increased, laborersbegan organizing in unions with the hope thatcollectively they could influence big business.Several labor unions led the way for confrontationand negotiation with business leaders. Labor unionsaimed to secure and 8 hour workday, income tax,and the elimination of child labor, and equal pay formen and women.

Business Response to Labor - Businesses mounted

fierce resistance to unions fight for more money andpower.

Strikes and Violence - As relations betweenbusinesses and labor unions in many industriessoured and broke down, more unions went on strike.


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2.2I: Food Contamination and Muckrakers


What is the man doing?

What is he examining? Why?

What message do you think the cartoonist is trying toconvey?

Why do you think there were strong concerns aboutfood contamination around the turn of the century?

What conditions might have caused these concerns?

In this slide we see a political cartoon depicting publicenthusiasm for food inspection in the early 1900s.


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2.2I: Food Contamination and Muckrakers

Consumer Fraud - Consumers had no safeguardagainst poor-quality products or misleadingadvertising. Canned foods contained dangerouschemical additives hidden from consumers incontainers without ingredient labels.

The Meatpacking Industry - As unethical practices

rose, government and newspaper journalist andwriters began calling attention to them. UptonSinclair investigated the meatpacking industry andwrote a scathing novel entitled The Jungle.

Muckrakers - Sinclair was part of a group of writers

named muckrakers. Muckrakers concentrated onexposing ills in society, political corruption,suppression of racial minorities, slum conditions, anddishonest business practices.


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2.2J: The Toll on the Environment


What is being extracted from the ground? How?

What would it be like to work in this environment?

What do you think the hillside looked like before?

Why do you think oil fields such as this one becameincreasingly important in an age of industrialization?

In this slide we see a hillside bristling with oil derricks

and drillers shanties in Pioneer Run, Pennsylvania in1865.


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2.2J: The Toll on the Environment

Environmental Impact

Mining and Deforestation

Air and Water Pollution

Environmental Reformers