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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Antiaircraft Journal. Volume 96, Number 6, November-December 1953

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

UNITED STATES ARMYTHE CHIEF OF STAFF

17 November 1953

Dear General Lewis:

I recently wrote to the Association of the U. S. Army, of whichI have long been a member, to express my view of the importance ofthe Associationl s work and to encourage its continued support by allof us in the Army.

I also want to express my great interest in your associationand every association which is dedicated to advancement in the fieldsof the various arms and services of the Army. I know of no moresignificant bond between men and women who have the progress ofour Armed Services at heart than to be fellow members and sup-porters of these outstanding organizations. To join an association ofthis nature and participate actively in its functions means to promotecooperation and good will, to exchange and disseminate valuableprofessional information, to develop esprit and mutual respect - ineffect measurably to strengthen the national capability for defense.

In particular, I want to emphasize the role of the associationjournals. These journals not only make a significant contribution tocurrent thinking in the arms and services but provide a unique oppor-tunity for the professional development of the contributing members.

I strongly urge the support of these fine military associationsand their outstanding publications.

Lieutenant General John T. LewisPresidentU. S. ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION631 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.Washington 4, D. C.

~--T-H-E-U-N-I-T-E-D-S-T-A-T-E-S--

ANTIAIRCRAFT

ASSOCIATION

:;, -....AAR16 9:;-......

FOUNDED IN 1892Published from 1892 until 1922 as

THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERYPublished from 1922 until 1948 as the

COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

COVER: Gun cre\\' of the 36th AAA Bn (Gun).LETTER FROl\1 THE CHIEF OF STAFF Inside front coverATOl\lIC WARFARE. By Brig. Cell. T. R. Phillips " 2GUIDED l\lISSILES. By Dr. Hellry H. Porter 5COORDINATION WITI-j THE INFANTRY.

By LieHt. John H. Alexallder 10SHARPEN YOUR BAYONETS. By Lt. Col. Otho A. Moomaw 12ELECTRONICS-TOO TOUGH FOR G.I's. By Richard \ F. Cattail .. 13AIDS FOR THE RANGE Ul\IPIRE.

By Major \V Ill. H. Lambert alld Alajor Joseph S. Edgar 17RADAR CAMOUFLAGE. By Lt. Col. Leollard M. Ormall 18CAPTAIN CANNON TAKES OVER. By Capt. Bellsoll E. Brister 19CRUSADE AT CAl\IP STEWART, GEORGIA 21ASSIGNMENTS OF OVERSEAS RETURNEES.

By Lt. Col. Herbert T. COlldon, Jr 23ASSIGNMENT OF AAA OFFICERS IN AFFE.

By Lt. Col. Robert R. Corey 24i\IAGGIE'S DRA\VERS. By Lt. Col. Edward D. Ll1Cas, Armor 24PUBLIC RELATIONS IN DEARBORN, MICHIGAN.

By Pfc's Keith Felcyn alld Harry Roer , 25CAMP CLAYBANKS FIRING POINT. By Lieut. Donald D. Ellis 26UNIT ACTIVITIES " 27FORT BLISS NEWS , 36GENERAL WEIBLE PROMOTED 40NEWS AND COMl\IENT 41ASSOCIATION BALLOT 42BOOK REVIE\VS 43YEARLY INDEX 46HONOR ROLL 48

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IJ

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OFFICERSLT. GEN. LEROY LUTES

HONORARY PRESIDEl'.7

LT. GEN. JOHN T. LEWISPRESIDENT

LT. GEN. LYMAN L. LEMNITZERVICE-PRESIDE:-7

BRIG. GEN. CHARLES S. HARRISSECRETARY-TREASURER

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THEEXECUTIVE COUNCIL

MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM F. MARQUAT

BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT W. CRICHLOW, JR.

BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES G. SAGE

BRIGADIER GENERAL H. RUSSELL DROWNE

COLONEL NORMAN E. HARTMAN

LIEUTENANT COLONEL FR ....NCIS X. BR....DLEy

MAJOR J ....MES E. C....LKINS

The purpose of the Auociation shall be topromote the efficiency of Jhe AnJiaircrafJArtillery by maintaining ilS standards and tra-diJions by diueminating professional knowl.edge, by inspiring greater efforJ Joward theimprol'ement of materiel and methods oftraining and by fostering mutual understand-ing, respect and cooperation among all arms,branches and components of the RegularArmy, National Guard, Organized Reserl'es,and Reserve Officerl Training Corps.

The JOURNAL print. .rtlcle. on subj.ct. ofprott-ssional and ..eneral intere.t to personnel ofthe Antl.lrcraft Artl11.ry in ord.r to .tlmul.t.thou.ht and provoke discussion. Howe'Yer.opinions expre •• ed and conclusion. drawn inarticle. are in no senle official. They do not re-flect the opinions or conclusion. ~f an,. officialor br.nch of the D.p.rtm.nt of the Arm,..

Th. JOURNAL do•• not c.rry p.id .dverti.in&'.Th. JOURNAL P.,.. for orillin.1 .rticl •• uponpublic.tion. M.nu.cript .hould b•• ddr .... d tothe Editor. Th. JOURNAL i. not respon.iblefor manuscript. unaccompanied by returnPOlltace.

VOL. LXXXXVI NOVEMBER.DECEMBER, 1953

CONTENTS

No.6

Published bimonthly by the United States Antiaircraft Association. Editorial and executive offices. 631 Penns,.lvani. Avenue, :>.W..W&ahington 4. D. C. Terms: $3.00 per year. Foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year. Single copies. 75c. Entered as second.class matter.t Wa.hington, D. C.: additional entry at Richmond. Va .• under the Act of :\larch 3, 1879. Copyright. 1953, b,. the United State.Antiaircraft Association.

PUBLICATION DATE: DECE~IBER I, 1953BRIG. GEN. CHARLES S. HARRIS, USA, Ret., Editor

~I Sgt Fred A. Baker, Business ~IanagerSFC James E. Moore, Jr., Editorial Assistant

SFC Paul M. Plum I.)",Cire. Mgr.

The first atomic artillery shell burst and the 280mm gun, Las Vegas, Nev.

By BRIG. GEN. THOMAS R. PHILLIPS, U.S.A. (Retired)

J\I ilitaTY Allalyst of tile Post-Dispatch

USAF Pholo

2

General Phillips was formerly an anloa".croft officer and olso a well known Leaven-warfh instructor. for years he has been build.ing his reputation as a military student andforthright .poke.man. He presents here hisown views.

A\VESO?\IE but very general state-ments about new weapons and their ef.feet on military plans and costs comingout of \Vashington, primarily from highci,'ilian officials who attend meetings of

the National Security Council, do notrefer to any nel\' or unknown weapons.They refer to atomic explosives which

Reprinted by permission from the Sr. LollisPosr-Dispt1uh.

ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

are hardly in the new category.\Vhat is new and revolutionary is that

the atomic explosives are becoming avail-able in such quantity that they can besubstituted for conventional explosives atless cost where\"er the target is large.

One atomic artillery shell can be sub-stituted for 10,000 conventional shellsto lay down a carpet barrage throughenemy lines.

One city-buster bomb can do moredamage than a 1,000-plane raid withconventional explosives.

It has become possible to adapt atomicexplosives to almost any weapon. Guidedmissiles, torpedoes and mines can beatomic. It is even possible to make anatomic shell for the 105mm and 155mmhowitzers. The guns can then fire eitherconventional or atomic explosives de-pending on the size and importance ofthe target.

It is quite apparent that if a forma-tion of 15 planes carrying one atomicbomb can do more damage than 1,000planes loaded with conventional explo-sives, fewer aircraft are needed for thejob of strategic bombing.

Likewise, if one artillery shell can besubstituted for 10,000, the Army's re-quirements for artillery, for reserves ofshells costing billions of dollars, for am-munition dumps behind the lines, andfor rail, sea and truck transportation toget shells to the front, can be extensivelyreduced.

May Cut Back on ShellsThinking along these lines in the top

councils of the nation has gone so farthat serious proposals have been made tocut back production of shells for the warreserVe which was used up in Korea.

It was with all this in mind thatPresident Eisenhower at his press confer-ence last Wednesday said that to say thatnew weapons "would have no effect onthe composition of the military forceswould be shutting your eyes to all historyand to the logic of a situation of whichcertain facts are rather apparent."

The officers of all three services havebeen caught by surprise by the secrecy\'\,"hich has surrounded the rapidity ofatomic development. They still arethinking in terms of atomic scarcity.

Whereas every officer of the land, seaand air forces should be attempting tosolve the revolutionary changes in a warin which atomic explosives are plentiful,few have given it a thought.

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1953

Gen. Alfred 1\'1. Gruenther, SupremeAllied Commander, Europe, has had hismulti-nation staff war-gaming the atomicbattlefield. some speculation has beenundertaken at our Command and Gen-eral Staff College, and senior planners inthe Pentagon are scratching their headsoyer it. but the vast majority of the offi-cers are still unaware that they should bethinking of a new kind of warfare whichmay make many of their weapons andtactical ideas obsolete.

No greater indictment of the exces-sive secrecy surrounding atomic develop-ment can be made than this:

The mass of the military know so littleabout atomic development and the possi-bilities of weapons being made for themto use that they still are plugging alongon traditional lines with never a thoughtthat war may be so changed in two orthree years as to bear no resemblance tothe one they are training for.

The exception to this is in the AirForce where they are fully alert to thepossibilities of strategic atomic bombing,although they are quite unprepared men-tally to exploit the possibilities of tacticalbombing with atomic weapons.

Three Schools of ThoughtThere are three schools of thought

about war with plenty of atomic explo-sives.

The first, found mostly in the AirForce and among senior Republicans, isthe familiar one that strategic bombingwill bring the enemy to his knees andwill be decisive without the need forserious ground combat.

The second, prevalent in the Armyand Marines, discounts the idea that warcan be won by strategic bombing aloneand believes that atomic weapons can beadapted to the conventional battlefieldand conventional tactics.

The third likewise discounts the ideathat strategic bombing alone can win awar, but believes that tactical atomicweapons may so change the nature of thebattlefield that many of our conventionalweapons and conventional tactics areoutmoded.These are differences of the utmost im-

portance. The. war could be lost if theconcepts for which we provide weaponsand munitions are wrong.

For example, if ground and sea forcesare neglected and strategic bombing failsor is thwarted by new defenses, Europecould be O\'errun with ease; or, if great

emphasis is placed on winning the landbattle v.ith the help of atomic artilleryused on conventional lines and the en-emy knocks it all out with tacticalA-bombs. the ground battle could be lost.

The disaster that would ensue as a re-sult of a false estimate of the capabilitiesand effects of the various atomic weap-ons indicates that any clear-cut decisionto concentrate solely on atomic strategicand tactical weapons is unlikely. Weprobably shall continue to prepare bothfor atomic war and conventional warwhile we gain experience and thinkthrough the problems posed by newweapons.

Historically, the military have been farmore receptive to new weapons than theyhave been to new ideas for their use.Even today our military schools placetheir map problems in the standardframe of past situations, with troops incontact and the war already under way.The writer has never seen a map prob-lem dealing with the outset of war al-though this is the only way the changesbrought about by new weapons can beconsidered.

Air Strikes FirstThe important initial action in a war

today would not be the movement oftroops toward the borders, it would be thestrikes of the strategic bombing forces.Our first targets now are the Soviet long-range airdromes and nuclear productionfacilities. This is a protective action toprevent bombardment of the UnitedStates. When the Soviets had no atomiccapability, our first targets were their in-dustrial and communications centers.

By the same logic, the Russians' firsttargets would be our strategic air bases,probably the peripheral air bases aroundthe world.

There is a significant by-product tothis change in the situation. Formerlywe planned to retaliate against Sovietaggression on Soviet ind~stry, which ofcourse means cities, with massive atomicattacks ../

Suppose the war did not start with at-tacks on cities. If our President unleasbedan attack on Soviet cities, and he is thefinal authority, he at the same time couldexpect the Russians to retaliate onUnited States cities. His order to bombRussian cities would be the equivalentto an order to bomb American cities.Would he give the order? Would the

3

Russians bomb our cities if we did notinitiate it? 1\0one knows. If he decidednot to, the whole theory of winning awar by strategic bombing falls flat.

Important Opening MovesvVhat ""ill be the opening of the

atomic battlefield? Troops move towardthe borders. The greatest threat to themis tactical atomic bombing. This can beprevented, not by defenses, but by de-stroying the enemy aircraft and facilitieson the ground. So the most importantinitial action in the ground battle wouldnot be the contact of troops, but the mu-tual bombardment of each other's air-dromes.

Airdromes are perfect targets for tac-tical atomic bombs-one bomb, one air-drome and everything on it. The oppos-ing air forces would rapidly diminish.

There is an overwhelmingly importantconclusion to be drawn from this mu-tual effort to destrov each other's airforces-the side which starts with airsuperiority should win the battle of mu-tual destruction and come out of it withair domination.

Air domination means freedom to useatomic weapons on the enemy groundforces. Without it, the ground battlealmost certainly would be lost. Weareinferior in the air in Europe. The tacti-cal atomic bomb has not decreased therequirement for tactical air-it has in-creased it, and if superiority is not heldat the outset, it may never be attained.

The old linear battlefield, clearlymarked, with troops echeloned in depth,with artillery farther to the rear and sup-plies and transportation in dumps, is aworthwhile atomic target in time ofatomic plenty. Tactical bombs will com-pletely wreck the conventional battle-field, including any atomic cannon thatmaybe on it.

Air-atomic power can now do what itsprotagonists have long claimed, butwhich it never before was able to accom-plish. It can wipe out the opposingground forces on the conventional battle-field.

Necessary RearrangementsIf this is the case, the old-style battle-

field will change. The nature of thechange can be foreseen. Troops will bein small units, self-contained, concealedand so widely dispersed in depth thatthey do not provide a target. TItis sort ofa battlefield might be 50 miles deep.

4

Ground warfare would be more likeguerrilla war than like the old wars weuse as a pattern. It appears that guerrillaformations might be adopted at the out-set of a war to prevent atomic destructionof the forces.

If one side gets reasonably completeair domination, with the atomic threatremoved, it then might begin to operatein more conventional ways. The battle-field of past wars has the great advantagethat it protects the rear and allows freemovement of supplies and forces in rela-tive safety. Standard troop formationswould easily overcome lightly armedguerrilla detachments.

It is apparent that the atomic battle-field will not dispense with the need fortroops. As Gen. Omar N. Bradley, for-mer Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, once remarked; The Russianscould put their men 100 yards apart andmarch across Europe regardless of atomicbombs, if there were no ground forces tostop them.

The size of the ground forces may notchange .greatly, but their compositionwill. When atomic shells are providedfor the smaller and more maneuverablecannon, the field artillery can be greatlyreduced in size, possible by three-fourths.This will bring a great reduction in therear services, since conventional artilleryuses shells in millions of tons. The pres-ent atomic cannon will allow a substan-tial decrease in our long-range heavyartillery very soon.

But with the reduction in field artil-lery, there will have to be an increase inantiaircraft artillery. The threat of thetactical atomic bomb is so great thatevery possible defense will be required.Airdromes will be heavily defended,troop areas must be protected. It is notunlikely that increased need for antiair-craft artillery and guided missiles willuse up the savings in field artillery.

The atomic bomb has reduced the sizeof the strategic bombing force already.We forget that we and the British wereusing 14,000 bombers against Germanyin 1945, where, because of short dis-tances, these bombers could fly twice asmany missions a month as we now canfly against Russia.

The strategic bombing force comprisesabout 1,500 planes. If this is reduced byhalf, on account of the great distances tobe flown, for comparison with the WorldWar II bombing force, it can be seen that

it is approximately one-twentieth, in ef-fective numbers, to the air forces usedagainst Germany. Further decreases onthe ground that atomic weapons increaseits power do not seem to be warranted.

As to tactical support aircraft, it hasalready been shown that they will haveto take over most of the ground supportof the troops by use of tactical atomicweapons. There may be modest decreasesin this requirement, but in view of thegreatly increased losses to be expectedfrom the use of atomic bombs on air-dromes and from stronger air defenses, itwould be rash to start cutting down.

Because of the constant threat of tac-tical atomic attack and the disaster thatwould result from such attacks, moreinterceptors for air defense will be re-quired. On the other hand, due to theeffectiveness of tactical atomic attack, itmay be that the numbers of fighterbombers for isolation of the battlefieldattack on enemy airdromes and rear in-stallations mav be decreased.

On balance, it does not appear that anysubstantial reductions can be made inair forces, but the composition willchange with increased emphasis on de-fensive interceptors.

Balancing New FactorsThis is the type of complex balancing

of new factors and their effects that isgoing on in the top levels of the Penta-gon. It is doubtful that any firm conclu-sions have been reached.

The tendency is definitely to find away to reduce over-all military expendi-tures by taking advantage of atomic capa-bilities. There is always the danger thatenthusiastic civilians without an ade-quate military background will fix theirattention solely on the possibilities ofatomic warfare to the exclusion of limit-ing factors which the military can see.

There is danger both of going too fastand of clinging to the outmoded. Themilitary and civilian views in the Penta-gon will probably meet by adopting thenew weapons that are surely an advancewhile retaining the old that may berequired.

As to the three views about the effectof atomic plenty on warfare, some tenta-tive conclusions can be drawn.

Those who believe that strategic bomb-ing with nuclear weapons will be de-cisive argue that we actually are pursu-ing an air-atomic strategy at the present

(Co1ltinued on page 39)


- ..... "".ss: esComments on Surface-Based Antiaircraft Missiles

By HENRY H. PORTER

Applied Physics Laboratory, Tile Joll11sHopkins Ulliversity

Introduction

GUIDED 1\ IlSSILES is a broad held. Its possibilitiesha\'e caught many imaginations, and guided missiles havebeen dreamed up for every conceivable use and every pock-etbook, provided, of course, that the pocketbook is bigenough.

It would be futile to trv to cover the whole field so Ishall limit my remarks primarily to surface-based antiair-craft missiles.

All weapons should start from a tactical need, and eachweapon, if effective, is soon met by countermeasures. Earlyin the nrst \Vorld \Var planes were used primarily forreconnaissance. However, the sporting blood of the pilotscalled for combat, and it is said that the hrst missiles usedwere bricks. Thus, the lowly brick is a direct ancestor ofthe modern guided missile. Sometimes missiles seem tobehave like their ancestors and fly like bricks. Subse-quently, pistols and machine guns were used in air-to-aircombat, and antiaircraft guns were used from the ground.

Since then, antiaircraft guns have been greatly im-proved; proximity fuzes have increased the effectiveness ofthe system; radar accurately locates the target; computers,from a knowledge of the shell trajectories and the past tar-get course, predict the point of intersection and aim theguns. But this is a losing battle. The increased speed ofplanes, plus the possibility of guiding bombs to the target,a possibility that would permit them to remain at longranges, will render antiaircraft guns ineffective. At a rangeof 5 miles, a fast plane will fly over 2 miles after the shellleaves the gun and before it arrives at the plane, and fewpilots are skilful enough to fly that distance accuratelyenough to be hit by a perfectly aimed shot. These consid-erations show the need for guiding the missile to thetarget.

The primary characteristics needed in a guided missileare range, accuracy, and damage potential. To be tacti-cally useful, other requirements are: speed, automaticcontrol, traffic capacity, reliability, and low cost for theeffect achieved.

Fortunately, scientific progress has developed in manyfields to the point where it is possible to combine and ex-tend them to make guided missiles work. These fields in-clude rocketry, jet propulsion, supersonic aerodynamics,structures, miniaturized electronics, servo-mechanisms,electronic computers, and radar.

Address delivered to the Washington Section, Institute of theAeronautical Sciences, December 2, 1952, Washington, D. C.

*Reprinted from July '53 Aeronautical Engineering Review.


Design of an Antiaircraft MissileLet us make a rough preliminary design of an antiair-

craft missile to get a feeling for the problems.First, we must provide an air frame, light yet tremen-

dously strong and rigid, with lifting and control surfacescapable of high maneuverability at great altitudes, yetcontrollable also at sea level-that is, through a range of airdensities of about 10 to 1.

\Ve must also provide a warhead. Present antiaircraftshells weigh from 15 to 100 lbs., but, since we are using amuch larger and more costly missile, we want to assurehigh kill probabilities. Also, airplanes are becoming morerugged. \Ve will probably want to allow something in theneighborhood of 100 to 500 Ibs. for the warhead,

To guide the missile to within lethal distance of thetarget we must provide room for an amazing guidancesystem. It must be accurate; it must average out the errorsfed to it; yet, it must be fast enough to follow the target'se\'asive maneuvers.

\Ve must also allow space for the control system. Thisincludes the power and mechanisms for moving the con-trol surfaces, plus the computers to make the missile stableand maneuverable at all altitudes and yet prevent exces-sive aerodynamic forces from being imposed at low alti-tudes.

Propulsion Systems

\Ve must also provide space for a propulsion system. Asa hrst approximation, let us assume a missile diameter of2 ft. If we optimize the length and shape and providelifting and control surfaces, this missile will have a drag ofabout 6,500 Ibs. at a velocity of twice the speed of sound.This will require a propulsion system capable of providingover 25,000 hp., packaged inside our 2-ft missile, yet onethat is light and reliable.

The first propulsion system that comes to mind is arocket, which has the characteristics of thrust and sizeneeded. The solid rocket is quite simple in principle. Itconsists of a chamber in which the propellants burn athigh pressure and a nozzle through which the jet acts. Ingoing to large sizes, the chambers become heavy since thehigh-pressure chamber, which must contain the propel-lants, becomes large. In a liquid rocket, the combustionchamber can be kept comparatively small and light sincethe propellants are stored outside the chamber, but this re-quires pumps, fuel metering, and other complications. Allthis has favored the use of solid rockets for small, short-range uses and liquid fuels for larger rockets. The German

5

AIR BREATHING JET ENGINES

.~==:tTURBOJET -"'-~- Fur::'•. c""'eu5TIO:::-.----

Fig. 1

it only gi\'es thrust at high velocities and is ineffectivemuch below its designed speed. Because of its simplicity.however, the ram-jet can be very light, providing severalhorsepower per ounce. Its fuel economy also is good, sinceit attains a fuel specific impulse of about 1,200 Ibs. sec. perlb., or about six times as much as a rocket. It thereforeneeds to carry only about one-sixth of the propellant arocket requires, or, in our hypothetical missile, a .ram-jetwould only need about 330 Ibs. of fuel instead of a ton.The propellant weights are estimated for low-altitudeRight. At high altitudes, the drag is less, and less propel-lant is needed.

Thus, it appears that the ram-jets (Fig. 2) are muchbetter than rockets. However, the decision is not alwaysso simple. For this comparison, we have assumed an aero-dynamic Right path, one similar to the Hight an airplanewould make. If a ballistic trajectory similar to a shell isconsidered, this considerably modifies the comparison infavor of rockets and extends the range at which rockets arecompetitive, but this in turn imposes certain limitations on

PULSEJET

INNER BODY,

... ~.RAMJET

V-2 was a liquid-fuel rocket. Recent advances in thetechniques of solid-fuel rockets. howe\'er, ha\'e made themcompetitive, particularly if the handling problems of thecorrosive liquid propellants are considered. By its nature .a rocket must also carry the oxidizer, as well as the fuel.Since this is several times the weight of the fuel itself, onlya rather low specific impulse of 200 lbs. sec. per lb. ofpropellant is attained-i.e., 1 lb. of propellant will supply200 lbs. thrust for 1 sec. or 1 lb. thrust for 200 sec.)If weassume a time of Hight of 60 sec.. which means a range ofabout 20 miles for the hypothetical missile we were de-signing, we will require about a ton of fuel and oxidizer(6,500 X 60/200 = 1,950 Ibs.).

This rough approximation shows that, while rockets aregood for short-range missiles, the propellant weight be-comes excessive where long range is needed. By far thegreatest amount of the propellant is the oxidizer. Thus, ifwe could use air as the oxidizer, the amount of propellantto be carried would be greatly reduced. Engines that dothis are the pulse-jet, the turbojet, and the ram-jet (Fig.1). These arc modifications of the rocket idea to admit airinto the combustion chamber to burn with the fuel.

The pulse-jet operates intermittently, admitting air tothe combustion chamber through valves that automaticallyclose to contain the explosion pressure and force the jetout the nozzle. The pulse-jet was used by the Germans inthe V-I. It is not an efficien t propulsion system for super-sonic speeds.

The turbojet, which is now commonly used in jet air-craft, uses a turbine compressor to force the air continu-ouslv into the combustion chamber under sufficientpressure to eject the jet of combustion products throughthe nozzle.

At supersonic speeds, the ram pressure of the air due tothe velocity of the missile will provide enough pressure tomake the jet engine effective. The ram-jet is thus a sim-plified turbojet in which the compressor is not needed, but

-- --~- -.Fig. 2. Large ram-jet launched at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, Calif. Its velocity was "far into the su-personic range." The ram-jet is boosted to near the speed of sound by a solid-propellant rocket, which falls away, andthe ram-jet engine takes over. It was developed for the Navy Bureau of Ordnance by The Johns Hopkins University

Applied Physics Laboratory and its associate contractors.

6 ANTIAIRCRAFT JOURNAL

.........--_.

rI

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.


Guidance Systems

There are a number of possible guidance systems. Thechoice \'aries with the tactical conditions and the philoso-phy of use. These can be divided into systems where the

7

brains are built into the ground equipment, into the mis-sile. or divided between them.

One philosophy is to make the missile as moronic as pos-sible so that as little as possible is lost with each missile.Therefore, the brains are built into the ground equip-ment, and the missile onlv has to follow orders. It there-fore is generally known as'the Command System (Fig. 4).The ground guidance installation must include: equipmentfor tracking the target, generally a radar; another equip-ment for tracking the missile: a computer to determinethe commands that should be gi\'en to guide the missile tothe target; and a communication link to the missile. Inthis system, the compromise has been made in favor ofcomplicated and expensive ground equipment that can beused many times over.

Another system is to divide the brains between theground equipment and the missile so as to reduce theground equipment without overcomplicating the missile.The Beamrider is an example of this (Fig. 5). Here, theground guidance equipment consists of a radar that tracksthe target. The missile has enough intelligence to centeritself in the radar beam. In both the Command and

I .Beamnder systems the accuracy falls off at long range.

The final step is to put the brains in the missile. Thismeans building a target-seeking system into the missile(Fig. 6). This will prove necessary in very long-rangemissiles, since homing accuracy is not necessarily depend-ent on the distance from the launchino site. These S\'S-

b •

tems are complicated, however, and often need mid-coursecontrol to guide them to the vicinity of the target. Thehoming problems can be appreciated when you considerthat the missile and target are closing at a rate of about] mile every 2 sec. so that little time is available for thehoming system to locate the target and make all correctionsrequired to achie\'e a "hit."

I I

~-----~~-------- ~

ILLUSTRATIONOF COMMAND

GUIDANCE SYSTEM

the ouidance system. In all, the rocket seems best forb •

short-range and the ram-jet for long-range antiaircraftmissiles. TIle only discussion is over the range at whichthis division comes.

So far we have only considered the missile in Right.There is also the problem of launching the missile and ac-celerating it to flight speed. For antiaircraft use, wheretime is of great consequence, it is important to spend aslittle time as feasible in attaining Right velocity. This isbeing done by means of large rockets (Fig. 3) which accel-erate the missile to Right speed in a few seconds and thengenerally separate, leaving the missile to fly on unencum-bered.

MINUTES TO 80Me RELEASE

ILLUSTRATION OF". BEAM RIDER

GUIDANCE SYSTEM

ILLUSTRATIONOF HOMING

GUIDANCE SYSTEMS

Fig. 6.

Fig. 5.

AIR DEFENSEGuided Missile In1ercep'tion

Fig. 7.

_==-~=--__ :::=:;"'- __ :::===1__ ==__ ='o l to,,'

I MilES HIQllIllARGET I-=-=-=-=......_=-=-=I~I==-==i~ - - 000

~2' iii' ~~ @ 1;.i~ @ 4M-

~"e ~IRELEASE ~

ITAR'GET I

J»A

Air Defense

Guided-Missile Systems

So much for the missiles themseh-es. They are only acomparatively small part of a guided-missile system. I havementioned the guidance equipment required, but, in ad-dition, launchers, handling equipment, stowage, and testequipment are necessary. E\'en all this is only a part of thesystem. It must be integrated into an o\'erall air-defensesystem, including detection of enemy attack, identificationof the attackers as hostile, display of the situation, analysisof the attack, and allocation of the role each defendingunit is to play.

To see what is involved in such a defense system, let usmake some assumptions and view the overall situation. Itmust be remembered that there is no such thing as a staticdefense. A defense today may be useless next year. Allwe can do is plan our defenses to meet the attack that anenemy can throw against us. Therefore, I shall make as-sumptions for a hypothetical situation, not based on anyparticular developments or time, primarily to select roundnumbers that make the calculations simple. Let us assumethat the attacking planes fly at 600 miles per hour or 10miles per min., that the guided missiles fly twice as fast asthe planes, and that they ha\'e a range of 50 mile~

Since the bomb travels some distance after release, wemust destroy the attacker before he reaches the bomb-release line, which is at least some 5 miles from the target(Fig. 7). An important target will probably be defendedby several missile sites surrounding the city, about 25 milesout. Since the missile range is 50 miles, the first missilewill intercept the attacker 75 miles from the defendedpoint, or 7 min. from bomb-release. Moreover, since the

• attacking planes fly 25 miles during the time the missilesare flying 50 miles, the missiles must be launched whenthe planes are 100 miles from the target.

If the missiles must be fired when the attackers are 100miles from the target, the missile site must be warnedearlier in order to man the equipment, ready the missiles,and fire (Fig. 8). If we allow 5 min. for this, the missilesite must be alerted when the attackers are 150 miles fromthe target, or 14.5 min. from bomb-release line. Further-more, in order to alert the missile site, the enemy planesmust be detected and tracked; the attack must be analyzed,and the defense moves allocated to the defending units.Time allowance for this means that the enemy should bedetected 225 miles from the target.

Interceptors

So far, we have considered only the guided-missile sys-tems, but we will also want to use interceptors (Fig. 9).They should operate beyond the range of the guided mis-siles; so they must complete their attack before missile-intercept range, 75 miles from the target, to avoid con-fusing the defense. If we allow 10 min. for the entireinterceptor engagement, they must intercept the attackersat 175 miles. Now, the interceptor bases need alerting toprovide time for the interceptors to be manned and climbto altitude; therefore, they must be alerted when the at-tacking planes are 300 miles from the target. Time for

AIR DEFENSEGuided Missile Eorly Wornino ond Detection

MINUTES TO 80we RELEASE

.--=:>--==---==-__ =---==---=:>--==---=::J--==--==---==llo l 1 9-1ft """'2 U

MILES fRO" TARGET,...-~

I' " " "'" '"~ -- ---I ~FIRE

ALERT DETECTlOfrllMISSILE Of

SITE ENEMY

Fig. 8.


Fig. 9.

AIR DEFENSE.. qhler Interception and Guided Missiles

Costs

It would not be complete to discuss guided missileswithout giving some consideration to the economics in-\'olved. One is too prone to compare the cost of one mis-sile to the cost of one shell and feel convinced that onecannot alford to use them. This is not a reasonable com-

of how big, let us take \Vashington as the enemy's targetand use various points northeast of \Vashington to indi-cate how far away each stage of the attack takes place(Fig. 10).

The enemv attack must be detected O\'er Boston. Theinterceptors' base must be alerted when the enemy reachesHartford, Conn. The interceptors reach the enemy overNewark, N. J. The guided missile site is alerted as theattackers reach Trenton, N. J.: the first missiles arelaunched as the enemy approaches \ Vilmington, Del., andthe first enemy planes are shot down by guided missilesnear Elkton, 1\ Id. This is the scale of the action underthe hypothetical conditions we ha\'e assumed.

FIRSTOETEtttO'4

........ALEOf IIIo(ISSILESITE

"'I"llUTE"S TO 80"8 RELE.1SE

------------=-=..:=--~--=-=-.=~=-=-=--=--=-=-() 1 ~W't "-012 2'9-- l ~?

WILES F~O" TARGET...--.:-.----==---===-===-===-===--===-I~ l'-.t ClO ~ lOG)~

early warning, identification, and display means that theenemy must be detected about 375 miles from the targetor 37 min. from bomb-release.

These distances sound big. but, to get a clear realization

Fig. 10.

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1953 9

parison. At the least. one should compare the cost of de-stroying an enemy plane by each method. Since. at thealtitudes of expected attacks. guns do not haye a highprobability of kill per shot, it is not surprising to find thatguided missiles will bring down more enemy planes thanguns for a giyen amount of money e......pended for ammuni-tion. In other words, a stock of guided missiles will shootdown more enemy planes than a stock of antiaircraft shellsof equiyalent cost.

It is true that in a single heavy attack a far greater costcould be expended by the guided missiles launched thanthat e;,..pended by any available number of guns. Underthese conditions, too, guided missiles cost less per planeshot down, and the high cost is a criterion of the extremelyhigh le\'el of defense. Past experience has indicated thatan attrition level of 5-10 per cent proyided an adequatedefense, but now a near-perfect defense is needed. Guidedmissiles give promise of such a defense.

But the missile cost is only a part of the economic situa-tion. The cost of the equipment and the annual cost ofoperation must also be considered. For frequent heayy at-

tacks. the missile cost is important, but for few small-scaleattacks it may account for less than 10 per cent of the oyer-all cost, e\'en if the capital costs are amortized oyer seyeralYears.

It turns out that for most systems-guns, guided mis-siles. and interceptors-the capital cost is about twice theannual operating cost, or, if the capita~ costs are amortizedO\'er 4 years. they contribute an additional 50 per cent tothe cost of the annual operation, Thus, it turns out thatthe major costs of any defense system are the men andtheir support.

This points out the advantages of long-range systemsthat require fewer installations to co\'er the same area. Butthe longer the range, the higher the cost; the fewer theinstallations, the more easily they can be saturated or de-stroyed. The basic problem is to use the funds available toprovide the best defense for the attacks the enemy canmake. This defense must include all weapons that contrib-ute usefully and must provide for continuing imprm'ementto meet the threat of a possible enemy's increasing capabil-ities.

COORDINATION WITH THE INFANTRYBy LIEUTENANT JOHN H. ALEXANDER

3rd AAA AW BII (SP)

CpI Kim Hang Sik, 3rd AAA A \X' Bn gunner, ready with twin 40mm guns on1\119 mount.

IN Korea the liaison between the in-fantry battalion and supporting artilleryhas in a great way been responsible forthe gigantic toll United Nations artil-lery has taken on the enemy. This co-ordination involves precise timing, ade-quate communication, careful planning,and, finally, perfect execution. And forthe AAA SP platoon, whose four f\ 116'sand four M19's may encompass fourmiles of front, the problems of propercoordination are manifestly enlarged.

The platoon leader's first commitmentin a SP platoon move-whether goinginto established positions, in a platoonrotation; or moving with the infantryinto new sites-is to immediately con-tact the battalion's S3 section, and theartillery liaison officer. Of the two, theS3 is of most importance in the initialmove. If the site has never been occupiedby AAA AW, he decides upon the pla-toon's positions; if the positions havebeen previously occupied, a new infantrybattalion, and/or a new S3 may dictatechanges. The platoon leader discusseswith him the capabilities and limitationsof tracks and weapons. Can the track"pull" this hill which would offer goodposition; can the "forties" effectiyely cov-

er hill "325"; will the quad mount de-press enough to hit this possible avenueof approach; will harassing and interdic-tion fire be effective at this range? The

53 learns the number of tracks availablefor the support of his battalion sector.From him, the platoon leader learns howmany tracks are to be used primarily for


defensi\Oe fire, and how many are tobe employed for offensive work-bunker"busting," sniper shooting, harassing fire.and direct support of infantry patrolaction.

If in a new area, tentative positionsare chosen by map \'1iOrk,then, the pro-posed sites are reconnoitered by the S3and the platoon leader. Here the pla-toon leader must know the capabilitiesof his weapons; for at the selected site,he must tell the S3 exactly what can beeffectively hit and covered. Althoughthe field of fire may be good, perhapsthe targets, on close observation, do notwarrant emplacement of a track; or may-be an outdated map has not detailedterrain features, or does not show re-cently constructed roads which mightmake a position accessible; or perhapsthere is a question as to the effectivenessof an Ml9's long-range fire on a "76"position. Together they must decide ifa commitment of a track on the site isadvisable.

Once it has definitely been determinedto occupy the position, there are otherconsiderations. An overhead for the trackis always advisable, but sometimes im-practical. If the position is temporary,often an overhead is not worthwhile;again, perhaps all the firing is to be doneat night, and the track is removed fromfiring position during daylight hours; orperhaps the overhead restricts the fieldof fire, or prohibits high-angle, 50-cali-ber, plunging fire. The S3 can informthe platoon leader of the enemy's artil-lery activity in the area. If the two deeman overhead mandatory, plans for its con-struction are laid.

Through the S3, arrangements for thefeeding of the crew, and bunker "accom-modatIons," are made with the infantrycompany commander whose people oc-cupy the area. Targets of primary in-terest are pointed out by the S3 to theantiaircraft platoon leader, on maps andat the position. Areas for harassing andinterdiction fire are noted. If the posi-tion is primarily defensive, the time andplace for supporting fires are designated.The S3 provides the platoon leader withoverlays and all counterattack data; it isthe latter's responsibility to see that themovement of his tracks at such an emer-gency is closely coordinated with theproposed infantry action. And lastly,once the positioning of the tracks hasbeen definitely established, the platoon


leader must submit to the infantry bat-ta~ion an exacting Q\oerlayof thei~ loca-tions and fire concentrations.

Once the platoon is established. vir-tually all coordination is carried onthrough the artillery liaison officer at-tached to the infantrv battalion. \Vithhim, the platoon lead~r reviews prospec-thoe targets. Details are thoroughly dis-cussed. If the LNO wants an area "Hand I'd,'" the quantity of ammunitionneeded to do the job effectivelv is con-sidered. Generallv the liaison officer hasa specific time ~hen he wants fire ina certain area for harassing work. Per-haps enemy patrols are known to beusing a certain path down a finger atdusk each evening; or a draw is beingused as an assembly area. With suchobjectives in mind, a harassing. andinterdiction program is Jet up by theplatoon leader and the LNO: Thev de-cide how much ammunition is to beexpended on specified targets; how longin one area the fire is to continue, andin what volume; the most advantageoustime for fire; and how the fire is to beconducted-whether, for instance, withthe 1\116's, it might be better to fire fourhundred rounds sporadically over a halfhour period, with the probability of mini-mizing activity in the area for that peri-od of time; or whether it might not bemore advantageous to fire all four hun-dred rounds in a five minute period,with the possibility of finding an enemytroop concentration in the open. A"harassing and interdiction" schedule, oneither a nightly or weekly basis, is ar-ranged. A weekly schedule, with timesof fire and targets varying nightly, gen-erally more efficiently precludes the pos-sibility of error and misunderstandingwith the crew. With this schedule, andan overlay of the SP positions, the liaisonofficer can make changes through theplatoon leader, should any of the sched-uled fire interfere with friendly patrolaction.

To complete the coordination, the pla-toon leader must contact the forwardobservers who win be directing fire forthe tracks; the observers will be locatedby the liaison officer. From the observa-tion post, and on the maps, the platoonleader designates the desired targets. Of-ten these are supplemented, and alteredbv the forward observer. A schedulea~d overlay are given the observer, andarrangements for target registration are

completed. Usually each evening theweapons are reregistered on the targetsto be "H and I'd" during the night..And, of course. the ohsenoer periodicallyregisters on his "direct fire" targets. Theplatoon leader can often be of great aidto the obsenoer in the registration of theplatoon's weapons. For instance, it maybe helpful to tell him with ranges of3500 yards and up, the "50's" can bemost easily registered at dusk or earlydark, when the Hash of the hittingrounds may be readily located, long aftertracer burn-out. Further, the observermust be aware of proposed locations ofthe tracks, should they move to alter-nate positions to take up defensive roles.And again the platoon leader reviews,with the obsen'er, the firing capabilitiesand characteristics of his weapons.

Because of the length of front encom-passed by the SP platoon, coordinationdifficulties are constantly arising, evenwith the platoon positioned, registered,and functioning normally. The greatestof these involves communications. Linesbetween liaison officer and platoon lead-er, and between platoon command postand tracks, must at all times be intact.The lateral lines, between the observa-tion posts and tracks, are particularlysubject to enemy fire. Alternate routesbetween all parties must be established.Should line communication fail, radiocontact must be maintained. This com-munication is imperative for control andcoordination. With a harassing and in-terdiction program, the platoon leadermust check daily with as many as threedifferent liaison officers. Invariably theprogram involves firing from one battal-ion sector into another; and patrol clear-ance must definitely be established witheach infantry unit. Should an emer-gency arise, displacement of tracks mustbe cleared through the infantry battal-ion; and critical targets must be desig-nated. Firing information for patrol andarmor support must often be relayed.And of course the observer's adjustmentsmust be transmitted to the crew. Thuscommunication between the SP platoon,the liaison officer, the observer, the 53,and the tracks is imperative for the coor-dination so essential to effective opera-tion.

Overall coordination requires the con-stant attention of the antiaircraft platoonleader. First, his platoon is positioned

(Continued on page 23)

11

--~-- ---""'1"1"'"' .......I- ,- ...

By LT.COLONEL OTHO ANTHONY MOOMAW601st AAA GUll Battn/ioll

SHORTLY after my arrival in Koreain ~Iay 1952, I was assigned to the 3dAAA A\\1 Bn (SP), 3d Infantry Divi-sion, I Corps. Commanded by Lt. Gen-eral John \\1. (Iron ~like) O'Daniel.Very soon I noticed that the motto ofthe I Corps was "Sharpen Your Bayo-nets." At first I thought this was a rath-er silly motto but somehow it impressedme-at least it impressed me enough tomake me study and analyze its truemeaning and what the man who choseit was thinking about when he decidedto use it as a motto. I am sure he wastrying to get a point across, which wasto stress the "1i\IPORT/\NCE OFFUNDAMENTALS."

About four weeks after first seeing thismotto I decided to learn if it had a truemeaning. Headquarters Batlery, 3d 1\1\1\En (SP) was scheduled for a BattalionCommand Inspection soon. 1\ few daysbefore the scheduled inspection, 1 in-structed the Battery Commander to tryto have maximum attendance and tomake special effort to have each man,so authorized, to wear his bayonet. Theinspection was held as scheduled; 89men out of an assigned strength of 107stood the inspection, 79 men had bayo-nets, the other 10 being truck driverswere not authorized bayonets. Out ofthe 79 bayonets inspected, 21 were de-fective, six had about ~~ inch broken offthe point, se\'en had badly bent andmarred points, and the remainder wereeither dull, rusty or had loose handles.1 was rather amazed to find that such asmall piece of equipment-a bayonet, anarticle which is not used on the averageof once in a lifetime, could be in sucha poor state of maintenance. Further-more these were not even front linetroops. They would only upon rare oc-casions have use for the bayonet. I mightadd that the appearance of the soldiers

in ranks and their quarters looked justabout like their bayonets,

After the inspection, instructions weregiven that all bayonets would be straight-ened, cleaned and sharpened. In thosecases where abuse was evident, the sol-dier was held pecuniarily liable for thecost of a new bavonet, The next Battal-,ion Command Inspection was held 5weeks later. Not only were all bayonetsinspected in a good condition but wherecombat boots were just passable before,at this inspection they were shining,brass was gleaming, the soldiers had abright countenance and their posturewas erect. Now I really knew what"Sharpen Your Bayonets" meant andwhat was more pleasing, I realized thatthese soldiers also had learned,

\Vith this I Corps motto in mind, Iinstructed my staff to start inspectingeverything that should have a sharp orsquare point on it and insist upon clean-ing and sharpening all weapons andtools. \Ve concentrated upon screwdriv-ers, chisels and axes. Many screwdrivershad broken and bent points, chisels weredull and frayed, presenting safety haz-ards in some cases, and axes were in adeplorable condition. They had loosehandles, were rusty, and had dull andchipped bits, caused by striking stonesand chopping into the ground. I knowof no one tool that gets more abuse thanthe average axe in the hands of a 20thCentury U. S. Soldier. Not only wasthis true in Korea but the same condi-tion was later found to exist in the Bat-talion to which I am presently assignedhere in the United States.

The U. S. Soldier does not like todig. He has the ready answer, "Sir, wehave requested a bulldozer," or "Sir, wedo not have any picks." 1-I00ve\'er,whenthe shells fall close or someone in thesquad gets killed or wounded they dig

like gophers. I recall a twin 40mm ;\ I19Squad of Brry B which was supportingthe 2nd Battalion of the 15th Infantrvlast 1\ larch. The weapon was emplacednear the i\lain Line of Resistance(1\ ILR) in a shallow position. I urgedthe squad leader to dig the position deep-er. However, a later inspection revealedonly small signs of an improved position.The squad leader said the position wasused only at night and the enemy neverfired any weapons at the position. Thenone evening at dusk, just after the weap-on went into the position, the enemynred just two rounds of 76mm artilleryat the position. One round was "over"and the second round just "short,"throwing stones and shell fragments intothe position and wounding one of theammunition handlers. The ne~xteveningI inspected the position. \Vithout ques-tion it was by then one of the best pre-pared positions in the sector. No furtherlectures were needed by this squad onthe subject of digging in.

Storing and policing ammunition onthe battlefield, laying and picking upfield telephone wire and the use of sandbags, for other than fortincation pur-poses are some of the other problems acombat commander is confronted within the combat zone. \Vith the funda-mental principle of "Practice SupplyEconomv" drilled into the minds of all,key personnel these critical items can becontrolled satisfactorily.

And so we stress the importance offundamental teaching. 'Take care of thesmall things and the large things willtake care of themselves."

If vou want to nnd an efficient soldier.look for one with a sharp bayonet. Ifyou have a dull battery or battalion andwould give it zest, "sharpen your bayo-nets."

12

BEINGTRANSFERRED?

If so, send us vour new address. If vou do not vet know the new address, writeus to suspend m'ailing your JOUR~AL: Then we 'hold it here and forward whenwe do get your new address. That will give you better sen'ice. The Postmasterwill not fonvard or return your JOUR~AL,


.,... - or- .- ..,.... ~ ~~ I----~-- ~

-......~

Machines of modern warfare have become so complex

that training men to operate them is a major problem

By RICHARDS W. COTTONCIUlirmml, Electrollics Productioll Board

As a whole, the armed forces of theUnited States are not now qualified tohandle at top efficiency the advancedelectronic equipment our scientists havegiven them. \Ve are not trainingenough men in this complex science tooperate and maintain what has beendeveloped.

But what makes these statements sovital is that we are making still anothermistake. To most Americans the aver-age Russian is a bearded, bomb-throwingdullard whom our highly trained andwell equipped troops could quicklyknock out. That just is not so at thistime. Russia has a huge armed forceof highly skilled and trained men whoseelectronic equipment compares favor-ably with our own. It is true that theirequipment may not be as technicallyperfect, nor as expensive as ours, but itis designed for the intelligence level ofher operating troops. They should getbetween 80 and 90 per cent maximumutility out of their electronic gear. Oursis unquestionably superior-but, com-bat officers tell me, too often we onlyget approximately 60 per cent of its po-tential value. This is caused by insuf-ficient training, and equipment whichis overly complex, especially from amaintenance standpoint.

Our readiness for an electronic war,even after two years of Korea, can onlybe described as half-and-half-we arehalf trained and half equipped.

Let us admit that soldiers cannot bemade into proficient technicians in atwo-year draft. But I am not recom-mending extension of the draft period.

Lt. Gen. Orval Cooke of the USAFpoints out that we do have tremendousnational assets in the basic trainabilityof our men-if they can be held in serv-

*Reprinted from April 1953 issue of Na-tion'J BUJineJJ.


ice long enough-and in the potentialoutput of our production lines.

"These," he says, "compensate forthe fact that the so-called American in-ventive genius is not what we like tothink it is. \Vho invented jet aircraft?Radar? The British. \Vho inventedsuch things as the recoilless cannon?The Germans and the Swiss. But weare great borrowers and producers. Ourstrong points are in the quantitativefield rather than the qualitative."

Admitting that in the past 20 yearsthe world's greatest inventions havenot been American and our forte is massproduction, I also believe that we areimproving our position qualitatively,both in industry and in the training ofour troops in electronic warfare.

The hard core of modern electronicwar is the vacuum tube, or "bottle" asthe GI calls it. 1'lilitary electronic gearrequires a high degree of training, notonly to operate it, but also to service iteither behind the lines, or in actualcombat. For instance, normal attritionaccounts for a daily loss of three tubesout of every 200 in normal rear echelonmilitary bench use. The B-36 carries2,700 tubes of all sorts, so you couldexpect 40 to blow every day. In eachcase the trouble must be diagnosed,located and repaired, while under wayor even under fire.

Freeing the armed forces from theneed to contract for civilian electronicexperts to perform necessary mainte-nance work will require far more thanthe two years a draftee is now requiredto serve. Industry and the armed forces,meeting on equal terms in the Elec-tronics Production Board, agree that ittakes not less than five years of inten-sive training to make an across-the-board electronics man out of a highschool graduate with a good IQ.

AFTER a draftee has finished hisfirst nine weeks of basic training andfinally has started on his "commonblock> or basic, electronics, he findsmany other distractions which take himfrom the classroom. All these demandsmay be important in themselves, but,together, they mean that a draftee canonly be trained on a single phase in theelectronics field. On this single pieceof gear he gives the service only anaverage of ten months usefulness out ofhis two-year hitch.

Of course there are solutions for theseproblems. Some are in industry, somein the armed forces-but most are-right-fully-in the laps of the American peo-ple. It's their survival and the survivalof their sons which we are really dis-cussing and it will be their responsibilityto see that we take remedial action.

The meaning of all this might bemade clearer by going back to an incidentin World War II.

At that time, the gunnery officer onI-1.1'l.S. H.ood was looking with vexa-tion at the radar reading given by hisnewfangled electronic fire-control sys-tem. It couldn't be right, he thought,so he took an optical reading, trans-mitted the data to the gun turrets, firedat the distant German battleship Bis-marck-and missed. In the next fewseconds the Bismarck's radar-directedsalvo crashed inboard and the Hood wasdoomed.

1\ lilitary electronics-of which radaris one of many-actually came into be-ing in World War II, principally thebrain child of Sir Robert \Vatson-\Vatt.The impact upon our world has beenprodigious. Because of electronics-andnuclear fission-we, as a nation, are inmuch the same position as the Hood'sgunnery officer-in the next war therewill be no time for a mistake.

13

Before the war ..\Ir. \Vatson-\YaHwas trying to measure the exact distancebetween the earth and its encompass-ing ionosphere \vith a carefully timedtransmitter-receiver. It seemed thate\"ery time he got his instruments setand began transmitting, a plane wouldroar o\'erhead from a nearby airfield.Out of patience, the young scientistcalled up the Air Ministry and com-plained. The planes caused what hecalled "disturbing echoes."

"Echoes?" echoed the Air Ministryincredulously. "From planes in Right?Are you sure?" Watson-Watt was quitesure. 'We'll be right around," said theAir Ministry.

That was the beginning of radar.

IONOSPHERIC measurements wererelegated to an assistant and the youngscientist became a full-time 'Top SecretBoffin;' or top echelon "Back-RoomBoy," working on the development ofthe devices which were the forerunnersof those now torturing the minds of ouryoung enlistees.

The Germans later developed a micro-wave radar and, until effective counter-measures were developed, they madelife miserable for our bombers, patrolcraft and raiders. The famous Diepperaid, when so many British and Cana-dians died on what seemed a uselessmission, actually was not just anotherraid. Our Intelligence knew that theGermans had something new in radar.If we were to learn how to jam it wehad to get in to see it. The Dieppe raidwas set up to take a certain stocky,medium-sized, ruddy Scotsman ashoreand let him look-see. Actually, the raidwas a success. But, for security reasons,we could not explain at that time.

I feel that I am somewhat qualifiedto comment brieRy on the current situa-tion. I have been engaged in electricalengineering and electronics all my life,I believe I was the only American everto serve as an official of the British Gov-ernment-during the last war I was ap-pointed controller of signals and equip-ment in the British Air Commission.Shortly after my return to this country,I was asked to become director of theelectronics division of the NationalProduction Authority and chairman ofthe Electronics Production Board, Oneof the arms of our defense mobilizationeffort. Having lived with electronics

14

e\'er since it was wireless and havingworked on its military application allthrough a war and a half, I must con-fess that I feel a considerable alarmover the immediacy of the problem ofelectronic-atomic total war.

Let us start with equipment.Once a Brass Hat came back from a

naval maneuver, a faraway look in hiseyes. "If I only had a piece of equip-ment that would spot a snorkel at 100miles without picking up waves or drift-wood, we could lick the world." Hisdreamboat idea went in time to the re-search people. Smart and capable, theyare, however, not always practical. Theresearchers designed a monster whichwould do all that was asked of it andperhaps a bit more, but it was so com-plex that only the designers themselvescould operate or maintain it.

Finally it got to the manufacturerwho said it must be simplified for pro-duction. The simplifying procedure con-tinued as the production engineerspointed out Raws. The design for a pieceof electronics frequently comes from re-search including a type of vacuum tubethat does not even exist, except as anequation on paper.

In making it, the manufacturer's en-gineers may find that 99 ohms performbetter than the 100 ohms the specifica-tions call for. The resulting paper chasemay require weeks-even months.

And, always, before we get into fullproduction we must solve two severeproblems-complexity of design andcontract formalities. I am reminded ofa v':artime example of what happenswhen, as an air vice marshal on Gen-eral Eisenhower's staff said to me, "theBoffins forget that the ultimate productmust be suited to the mentality of thesergeants' mess."

In World War II, the United Statesobtained the sonar target depth deter-mining device from the British. It con-tained something less than 30 vacuumtubes, took up little shipboard space,and needed one crewman. Since thewar we have "improved" it. Our versionhas about 235 tubes, takes up half aroom, and requires two more men justto keep it operational. Its increasedefficiency is slight.

A good rule-of-thumb is that, forevery man aboard a fighting ship, youhave to add eight tons displacement forsuch things as fuel, water, food, cloth-ing and gear. On top of that is the new

electronics equipment itself. the addi.tional tubes and spares necessary fotday-to-day maintenance.

The electronics industry, left free to

use its own ingenuity, mowd in the op-posite direction. The typical televisionreceiver of 19-1-9 used 26 tubes. Todav'stypical set uses 21 tubes, gives betterperformance, has simplified comrols,more reliability and easier maintenance.

A radar device of considerable Com-plexity was installed in a ship whoseidentity isn't important here. Its cap-tain brought the vessel into a navy yardand the electronics technical officer hur.ried aboard to check on performance.The captain was almost ecstatic.' Hepointed with pride to a steadily rotatingscanner on his mast.

"Couldn't get along without it," heburbled. ".:\1arvelous thing." Elatedby this praise, the ETO went belowand found a young lieutenant with acouple of ET-3s (electronic technician,third class) poring over a massive vol-ume of circuits. The ETO asked howthe equipment was operating. One tech-nician carefully closed the door.

"That thing!" grated the lieutenant."It hasn't worked for three days. I justkept the scanner rotating to please theold man. He sees it going around andaround and thinks everything is dandy."

THE ETO sent one of his Tech Reps,known as contract engineers, aboardand in a day he had it working prop-erly. These contract engineers-aver.aging ten years' experience in main-taining all types of electronic gear-goto the armed sen'ices from the electronicindustry to teach the officers and crewhow to maintain and operate their ownequipment. But in practice they oftenwind up doing the repair work them-selves and rarely have time for in-struction. VVhen I complained of thisto one admiral he insisted that it \vasnecessary because he "had to maintainconstant battle readiness:'

I pointed out that, in demanding bat-tle readiness. he was losing his warreadiness. There simply would not beenough men to do a full wartime job ifenough enlisted men were not trainedto meet the vastly increased demandsof an all-out \var.

While an Army hitch is likely to betwo years, a ~avy cruise is for three orfour and an Air Force enlistment for


four vears. A draftee's sen'ice in anybranch is for hvo vears. The latter twosen'ices obviously have a much easiertime licking the training problem if theyobtain all the men thev want.

Both the Air Forc; and the Nan'are "ven', ven- nice" to the bovs the lastfew mo~ths 0'£ their l:erms of ;nlistment.If they can get a man to stay on fornm enlistments they know that, at,,'orst, they have a fully trained elec-tronics man in the resen'oir of the na-tion's resen'e manpower. At best theyha\'e been able to show him that, aftercompleting eight years, he is nearlyhalfway to the 2o-year retirement period-\,,:hich means a basic retirement payof more than $50 a week and a com-pletely learned trade at a probable ageof only 38. He is then in a position togo into priyate business in a field whichis now avid for stable and knowledge-able young men.

If we are forced into a war in Europeit is important to us that electronic gearsupplied to our allies be kept operable..Where we are providing our allies withsuch equipment, it seems to me withthe draftee's length of service in NATOcountries being only 18 months, it isvital that we also provide the necessaryelectronic engineers to train allied per-sonnel.

We have spent more than $15,000,-000,000 on military electronics sincethe war and are now up to a nationalannual expenditure of $2,500,000,000a year. This is very big business, as wellas a vital part of our survival. It isreasonable to state that, if electronicsalone can't win a war, no modern warcan be won without it. It thus ceasesto be a purely military problem. Wecannot surrender our civilian control ofwell planned military progress. Wemust demand that it be properly man-aged and fully exploited.

THE Germans standardized theirmanufacture for wartime on 16 types ofvacuum tubes. On our JAN (JointArmy Navy) preferred lists are morethan 300 with probably another 1,000or so special purpose tubes. The hugenumber complicates both productionand usage.

Such a list needs ruthless editing. Ispeak both as one .with some govern-mental background and also as a prac-tical industrialist.


Simplification in maintammg andoperating the Hying and fire controlsystems of supersonic aircraft must beginwith the designer and continue e\-enafter the prototype has been acceptedand the device placed in sen'ice. Oneanswer is to extend "The Little BlackBox," or the "Go, l\o-go" technique ofmaintenance.

"The Little Black Box" is a completeunit which can be plugged into a circuitor system. Using such a box, all theoperator maintenance man has to do isto plug a mobile testing console intoeach box on a "Go, No-go" test. If it isa case of no-go, the faulty box is rippedout as a complete unit, replaced with aperfect one and the failure sent back tothe factory.

Many oppose this policy of immedi-ate return to the factory, but, as a fac-tory man, I know that we frequentlyget con:Hictingreports of equipment fail-ures from the fighting front. This isespecially true when field repair workhas been attempted. But, as one pilotput it, "When you are traveling 600miles an hour it is a bad time to be ina quandary." If 'The Little Black Box"is returned to the factory, persistentbreakdowns can be isolated and remedialmeasures taken.

The Air Force is improving this sys-tem. In World War II, it hauled outwhole engines or gun assemblies andreplaced them; the repairs or cannibali-zation coming later, at leisure and in therear. The Navy complains, however,that carrying "The Little Black Boxes"aboard ship is tantamount to carryinganother radar or sonar set on an alreadyovercrowded vessel. The Army con-tends, with wisdom, that it is logisticallyimpossible to send the boxes back acrossa sea for repair and that we must estab-lish small shops in rear areas, which ineffect would be little factories.

We have already taken one long steptoward efficiency and simplification. Weare getting away from the cry of "secur-ity" every time a nonmilitary man makesa suggestion or asks a pertinent ques-tion. But, in the solution of this over-all problem, industry must have an in-creasing voice and the opportunity tomake changes in design. Incentive con-tracts should be let which would re-ward the contractor for recommenda-tions and actions leading to reductionsin the number of operational controls,size, weight, the number of components

and cost in a device which will stillproduce the same or a better operationalresult.

The present system of contracting isone of the major faults in the world ofmilitary electronics. Frequently onecompany receives a research and devel-opment contract, completes it satisfac-torily and then finds that the manu-facturing contract is awarded elsewhere.The reason is an archaic lowest-bidderlaw. In the past few months I haveseen more than $6,000,000 of contractsawarded to companies that were un-able to carry them out. Two companies,in fact, went bankrupt in their effortsto carry out contracts which, for theirown sakes alone, thev never shouldhave been allowed to ~ndertake.

Such contracts should be awardedonly to qualified electronics manufac-turers. I have recommended that, in ourall-important guided missile program, itshould be mandatory that the work cov-ering electronic research, developmentand production be subcontracted onlyto qualified manufacturers .

THE guided missile known as theMatador, for example, presented sucha problem in the early days that 95 percent of the tubes delivered for use hadto be rejected. A guided missile deliverssuch a terrific shock in its period ofinitial fast acceleration that a wholeseries of new problems arise. The mis-sile at one time required a lieutenantcommander and his staff to check it outelectronically for flight; it now takes onechief petty officer and a mobile consoletesting unit. I asked a chief one daywhat he thought of the complete boxunit and the "Go, no-go" theory.

Grinning, he said, UNobody dismountsa tire and patches the tube on the roadany more, does he? He just takes thetire off, slaps another one on, and sendsthe old one in to the experts for repair,nicht 'tlJahr?"

The next time I saw that chief withhis scraps of various foreign languagespicked up in six years of service, he wasin civilian clothes, doing about the samesort of job. I asked him about it. Theanswer was simple.

"1\lore money, Skipper."He had left the Na,,'Y and joined the

field staff of a major manufacturer atnearly double the pay.

There, for one example, is the type of

15

problem o\'er which I could develop afine case of schizophrenia. As a manufac-turer, I know that my industry as awhole is understaffed for engineers; wego to great lengths to obtained trainedmen, At the same time, as a part-timegoyernment official, I am anxious thatthe senrices obtain and retain the tre--mendous numbers of electronicallytrained men they require now-a needwhich will be multiplied in wartime.

Maj. Gen. Kirk B. Lawton, recentlydeputy chief signal officer and now com-manding general of the Signal Schoolat Fort Monmouth, N. J., and I werediscussing this problem recently. Iasked him where he thought he was go-ing to find the men to operate and re-pair his equipment if war came. Hegrinned, then said: 'Where will we getthem-? From you. As things standnow we'll just have to draft them rightout of industry." I pointed out that, ifall the affected services did that, theywould SOOnfind that no new electronicequipment was being delivered to them.Again, in this scarce field, industry andthe services must collaborate and notcompete.

Lest you get the impression thatmodern electronics is a mass of poppingtubes and inadequate personnel, let mestate that large numbers of competentmen, both in and out of the services,are seriously trying to solve the riddles.However, they are restricted in theirefforts by enlistment and draft periods,limitations on promotions, pay and otherconsiderations which only Congresscan correct.

But ridiculous things can happen,too, to leaven the urgency of the search.Take the strange case of the USS NewJersey. The New Jersey steamed out ofthe Gulf of Panama and swung north-west for Sasebo, Japan. Her searchradar began going a little erratic. Somedays it would be effective for 80 miles,other days it would drop to a mere tenor 20.

After a time in which the watchseemed inadequate to locate the trouble,an officer and the electronic crew of 33specialists went to work without results.Then the ship reached Sasebo. A youngcivilian expert came aboard and, in ashort time, \vas climbing up the mast

grinning broadly. There was the wave-guide-a small screen about five by eightinches and similar to the one you mighthave on your tele\rision-and in it was asmall dead Panamanian crow. The birdhad been caught in the waveguide whilethe New Jersey was going through thelocks and had been fried to a crisp. Thesearch radar continued to work after afashion, but, whenever it rained, thebird's body picked up moisture whichshorted out the set until the sun andelectric current dried it out again.

ONE Reet commander estimatedthat, mostly due to incompletely trainedpersonnel, ten per cent of his electronicgear was always out of commission, thatanother 50 per cent was unreliable.Thus, in that Reet 60 per cent of thetotal of vital electronic equipment inservice was in poor condition.

The Navy is not unique in this.Electronics are new and most of theofficers of today are not. The majoritywent through their academies beforeultra-high frequencies were common;most of the rest have received basictraining with a lot of theory enablingthem to administer installations, but notreally to teach and carry out detailedrepair work under field conditions. Pity,then, the enlisted man whose basictraining is not adequate to cure prompt-ly a complex disorder in a unit of vitalequipment, and whose officers angrilydemand that it be fixed immediately.By working all night he may stumbleacross the answer. That answer maybe to get out of the Navy.

The new bombsight in our B-36plane is basically an electronic device.It costs about $250,000, as contrastedwith the $8,000 bombsight of WorldWar II. The new bombsight is onlyone of dozens of items of essential com-bat equipment. Some of these items onthe B-36 cannot be reached from insidefor repair while in Right. But most ofthe vital equipment can be, and re-design has spread it around the inside ofthe aircraft in such a manner that oneshell or rocket hit will not disable theplane's entire system.

In arguing for simplicity of equip-ment as a first step toward breaking

the personnel training impasse, it mustnot be misunderstood that we want tohold back the scientist in his develop-ment of new weapons. It is, perhaps,a matter of conditioning our young mento modern progress. I cannot believethat the young men of today are anybrighter than those of 25 or 50 yearsago-and they certainly are no duller.

Human capacity to absorb newknowledge will, in time, reduce taday'sproblem in electronics to nothing-butthat makes taday's problem no less real,its solutions no less urgent.

But, meanwhile, it is my belief that,when an idea for a new military itemis given to the research and developmentengineers, it should be clearly spelledout that the resultant equipment mustbe such that it can be operated efficient-ly and maintained readily by men withan average level of intelligence andtraining such as presently constitute ourarmed services.

I do not agree with the recent Assist-ant Secretary of Defense, Anna M.Rosenberg, when she replied to a letterof mine on this subject, saying: "Theservices' career programs have devel-oped ample promotion opportunities forqualified personne1." Nor do I agree thatshe is correct when she insists that theservices have been able to supply suf-ficient personnel to conduct their operat-ing electronics programs.

This attitude on personnel is unreal-istic and the services know it. Not onlymust our draftees and enlistees be givenmore in-service inducements to take upthe severe mental strain of this careerwithin the Army. A man must also beattracted to it because of its identificationwith high-paying civilian jobs, when andif he should return to civilian life.

One plan that has been suggested isthat after a man has been in the Armyfor a year and shown some aptitude forthis type of work, he should at that timebe given opportunity to re-enlist for aperiod of four or five years to obtain thistraining in full, including the necessarymath for true proficiency-and all withthe proviso that he will remain availablein the reserves when he takes his ac-quired skills into private industry.

16

No man is fit to command another that cannot command himself.-WiIliam Penn.


AIDS FOR THE RANGE UMPIREBy MAJOR WILLIAM H. LAMBERT and MAJOR JOSEPH S. EDGAR

As a battalion or battery commander,have you silently "cussed" the recordssection when the BC scope operatorswere unable to find the sleeve? Or, asa records section officer, have you franti-cally attempted to assist the O2 station inlocating the target, being able to giveonly vague directions in purely descrip-tive terms? This situation arose frequent-ly at the Katakai Firing Range on theeast coast of Japan. (The range is oper-ated by the 138th AAA Group underthe command of CoL H. B. Hudiburg.)Scattered clouds, or extra bright days,when no white sleeves were available,contributed to this difficulty.

The problem was overcome by thecreation of a simple plotting board,which could easily be made for any AMrange. The instrument (christened lo-cally, the "Pogo Stick") consists of 3pieces of plexiglass. One is in the shapeof a cross section of a gymnasium dumb-bell with an etched center line represent-ing the base line. It has an azimuthcircle etched on each end, in properorientation with the base line. A holefor a bolt is drilled at the exact centerof each azimuth circle, and the center ofeach hole represents one end of the 0,-00 line. A scale of 1 inch = 1000 vardsw;s used for the base line and for ir-adu-ating the two range arms, which are oneinch in vvidth and thirty inches inlength. The range arms are bolted tothe base line piece, but are free to rotateeasily. Each arm is graduated in 1000yard increments, with the left edge de-lineating the line of sight of each azi-muth BC scope.

When the O2 station loses the targetat the far end of the course, the observer

notifies a computer at 0, by telephone.The computer quickly obtains azimuthand slant range from the unit radar bytelephone. He sets the left edge of the0, arm at the radar azimuth and sets theO2 arm to intersect the 0, arm at theslant range from 0,, Then he reads theazimuth under the left edge of the O2

arm and transmits it to the O2 operator.The O2 BC scope searches on this azi-muth. The 0, computer keeps obtain-ing azimuth and slant range from theradar and sending new azimuths to 02'until the target is found. The O2 opera-tors are able to estimate the elevationclosely enough to bring the sleeve withintheir field of vision, as long as they havean azimuth to search on, and easily lo-cate the target.

The "Pogo Stick" also provides a quickand convenient means of checking thepointing data computed for O2 prior tofiring calibration or trial fire problems.Inexperienced range officers occasionallymake errors in these computations, butthe "Pogo Stick" reveals the mistake atonce.

This simple instrument could be elab-

Bore Plug 90mm

rI

3.55"

orated to have the base line and azi-muth circles adjustable so that it couIdbe readily adapted to any AAA range.It could also be machined with suchprecision that O2 pointing data could betaken from it directly and lengthy com-putations avoided.

Another scoring aid improvised for theKatakai Range was a bore plug of plexi-glass for scoring the emplacement test.Under the scoring system outlined inTM 44-234, October 1952, the umpiremust determine whether the target iscarried in the inner one-half bore radiusor outer one-half bore radius of the guntube.

The bore plugs, for both 90mm and120mm guns, were made in the shapeof a Hattened doughnut, with the cen-ter hole the exact size of a circle havinga radius equal to one-half of the boreradius. The outside diameter of the boreplug is slightly larger than the muz-zle of the gun tube, and a ~ inch gapis cut completely through each plug.This permits it to be compressed slightlywhen being inserted in the muzzle endof the tube, a~d expansion holds it firmlyin place.

The umpire then has a clear hole forvie'wing targets carried within the centerone-half of the bore radius, and targetscarried in the outer one-half will beviewed through the plexiglass.

Gun batteries of the 138th AAAGroup firing at Katakai Firing Range arethus assured of minimum delay due tothe O2 station failing to find the sleeve,and of a fair score on the emplacementtest phase of the service practice. Guess-\vork on this part of the scoring istotally eliminated.


WRITE FOR AND SUPPORT YOUR JOURNAL

17

RADAR CAMOUFLAGEBy LT. COL. LEONARD M. ORMAN

IT was inevitable that with the firmestablishment of radar in the family ofmilitary detecting devices, consider-able thought should be given to meansto thwart this instrument. Both activeand passive measures have been used.The active measures consist of somemethod of creating signals on the scopeof the radar, either to hide the real signalor to create a deceptive signal. The hid-ing of the true signal is called JAM-MING. This may be done either elec-tronically or mechanically. El~tronicjamming is accomplished by the trans-mission of modulated radio signals. Me-chanical jamming is performed by drop-ping window or some similar substance.The active measures, by this date, arewell known to radar operators sinceinstruction in them is included in allradar courses. (See "Radar Countermeas-mes"-Coast Artillery Journal, Sept.-Oct.1946.)

Passive Measures. However, little hasbeen published about passive measures.These have two general categories, eva-sion and camouflage. Evasion consistsof tactics that are designed to take ad-vantage of the limitations of radar to pre-vent or postpone radar detection, or toavoid revealing the true position of anattacking force. If attacking planes takeevasive action it may be impossible todetermine the height at which they areflying or the planes may be detected toolate for an adequate defense to be madeready. It is common practice for planesto approach "on the deck" thus exploit-ing both the poor low coverage of low-frequency, long-range radars and limita-

lieutenant Colonel Orman has been a fre-quent author of articles on radar in thisJournal since 19M, a number of which (in-cluding "Radar Countermeasures") were se-lected for publication in the Journal pamphlet,Radar. He is also author of the book, Elec-tronic Navigation. USMAgraduate in 1940,he has attended radar courses at Harvard andM. I. T. and took his master's degree in elec-tronics at Pennsylvania in 1951. He nowserves on AFF Boord No.4, at Fort Bliss, asChief of the Test Group.

18

tions of coverage imposed by curvatureof the earth.

Camouflage. Camoul:l~ging a targetconsists in finding a means of reducingthe radiation returned to the receiver ofthe radar set which illuminates the tar-get. This radiation may be either ab-sorbed or reflected away from the radar.Both methods of camouflaging have beenconsidered.

Absorption of incident radiation maybe accomplished by a "paint" (whichmore nearly resembles linoleum in itsmechanical properties). Such paint issensitive to wave length, so that in gen-eral only one band of radar frequenciescan be effectively nullified. Physicallim-itations on a reasonable thickness forthis absorbent coating indicate that itwould be useful in only the microwaveregion (about 10cm or less).

During the war the Germans used ananti-radar coating on their Schnorkels.Their material was about %" thick andreported to be effective at both S- andX-bands. Comparison of the radar signalsfrom the coated and uncoated sides ofan object showed that this paint is effec-tive in reducing the strong broadsidesignal but that it does not reduce thesignal at angles more than a few de-grees off broadside.

It is doubtful if such material will beused on airplanes. The speed and rangeof aircraft would be considerably re-duced by the application of paint thisthick. Then too, as indicated above,even with the anti-radar coating theaspect of the target plays a large part inthe size of the echo. Since aircraft changeaspect much more than surface vessels,the reduction of echo from a plane bythe application of an anti-radar paint isextremely dubious.

In general, the use of anti-radar paintmay prove useful in some special appli-cations, but its rather critical dependenceon wave length and angle of incidence,and its present limitation to the micro-wave region, make its general use forcamoul:lage of doubtful value. A com-

bination of anti-radar paint and shapedsurfaces might be used.

Eff~t of Shape on Refl~tion. Bothaspects of this problem are of interest,i.e., increasing a radar echo and decreas-ing a radar echo. There are many ap-plications of devices which have been

o

B

cP-e/cI )h../18/

B' VFigure 1. Illustration of basic principle

of corner reflector.

built to deliberately give good echoes.Comer reflectors are being used to pro-vide good echoes from meteorological bal-loons, from AA targets, as aids in locatingrafts at sea, as orienting devices forradars, as markers for channel buoys andobstructions to marine navigation. Theprinciple used is illustrated in Figure 1and is easily understood. Other devicessuch as the use of metal mesh inter-woven with cloth materials have beenused to increase radar reflectivity.

The decreasing of radar echoes hasalso been investigated. The energy re-turned to a radar set by a target may bedivided into two types: the specular re-~tion, which occurs at those areas atwhich the radar beam strikes the target


surface normally; and diffraction, whichoccurs at the edges of a target. SpecularreRection of a radar beam has its opticalanalogy in the reflection of light by amirror. If a beam of light falls perpendic-ularly on a mirror, the light is stronglyreRected back toward the source. Opticaldiffraction may be observed by holdinga razor blade in a beam of light; the edgeof the blade will appear as a bright line.

Specular reflection, which accounts formuch of the radar signal from ordinarytargets, may of course be eliminated by

simply tilting all surfaces away from anincident beam (if possible). The re-maining part of the signal (that dueto diffraction) may be diminished by"rounding off" all the edges of a target.

In conclusion it may be said that agreat deal may be done to diminish theradar echo of targets, thereby reducingtheir range of detection. It appears un-likely, however, that much will ever bedone to decrease the range of detectionof aircraft. The anti-radar paint used bythe Germans on their submarines was

quite thick and would affect consider-ably the range and speed of the aircraft.One most effective defense against thissubterfuge is the use of a multiplicity ofradars on widely separated frequenciessince this anti-radar paint is a functionof frequency. Planes present a constantlychanging aspect to a ground radar set,hence little can be done about changingthe angle of incidence of radar rays.Furthermore, flight characteristics are ofparamount importance in the design ofaircraft.

CAPTAIN CANNON TAKES OVERLieutenant Bright and Sergeant Gunner found

that old Captain Cannon was no smoothbore.

By CAPTAIN BENSON E. BRISTER

NRI Department, The AA and GM Branch, The Artillery School

IREMEMBER the day old CaptainCannon took over Battery B in our90mm gun battalion. He didn't look toosharp but you could tell he was strictlyregulation. His brass was shined and sowere his combat boots. The way hewalked was military but suggested easeand power. He reported to the batteryon the second day of its second servicepractice firing. After meeting the officersand some of the men, he told them to goahead and said that he would just ob-serve.

Captain Cannon was relieving Lieu-tenant Bright who had been the BCsince the training started and it was withsome resentment on Lieutenant Bright'spart that he had to give up his battery.Lieutenant Bright was proud of his ac-complishment; the battery was really asharp outfit.

During his first day of observing thebattery, Captain Cannon asked a fewquestions but kept out of the way. Thatnight he asked Lieutenant Bright to as-semble the officers and key noncoms. Hemade a very short talk about taking overand then said he would like to discuss


some AA problems and test the generalknowledge of the officers and noncoms.At first this sounded like he was goingto pick the battery to pieces, and onecould almost feel the resentment, but thisdidn't last long. Within an hour therewas a different attitude, and everyonewas glad to know old Captain Cannonwould be around. We all formed a circleand the discussion began-

Captain Cannon-"Why did werough-level with the gun tubes ele-vated?"

Sergeant Gunner-"Because it is mucheasier to turn the jack handles with thegun tube elevated because the weight isbalanced."

Captain Cannon-"Correct. Why didyou check each fuze?"

Sergeant Gunner-"Because they needto be set exactly on safe, and frequentlyneed restaking."

Captain Cannon-"Correct again.When you were preparing the ammuni-tion for firing why did you remove thefiring mechanism and preload eachround by hand-ramming?"

Lieutenant Bright-'We have found

so many large rounds that cause stop-pages that we preload every round. Weremove the firing mechanism so therewon't be an accidental firing, and hand-ram so the round will not become stuckin the chamber or bore."

Captain Cannon-"I noticed that thegunners removed their hands from thefiring lever after firing each round, isthat for safety reasons?"

Lieutenant Cantel-"No, although itis a safety precaution it is primarily toinsure that the gunner does not try tofire before the gun is fully in battery.Many of our men thought they wouldincrease the rate of fire by holding thelever so that it would trip the firingmechanism on the way into battery 7 butthis only caused a stoppage at a criticaltime, and the firing mechanism had to berecocked in order to fire the round. Ourrate of fire is just as fast now, and wehave no more stoppages from this cause."

Captain Cannon-"I wonder howmany gunners know that. I noticed thatthe gun generator operator did not staywith the generator at all times, is that

.. ...""Wlset

19

Lieutenant Bright-";\;o, it isn't. I willcorrect that because a generator can beruined in a very short time if somethinggoes wrong and there is no operator pres-ent to stop it."

Captain Cannon-"\Vhat method oforientation do you prefer?"

Lieutenant Bright-''The Known da-tum point (KDP) method has the ad-vantage of speed because the guns andfire control equipment can be oriented atthe same time and independently of eachother. Also there is less chance of anerror. However I personally like thebacksighting method because you don'thave to obtain data to the KDP, and it ispossible to backsight when weatherconditions prevent the use of the KDPor celestial body methods. This batterycan use either method accurately but ittook a lot of training to become proficientin all three methods."

Captain Cannon-"What is the hori-zontal plane?"

Sergeant Range-"The horizontalplane is a flat surface that is tangent tothe earth's surface only at the referencepoint (radar site). This is the base orbottom of the rectangular coordinatesthat the computer uses to solve the AAproblem."

Captain Cannon-"Do AAA comput-ers correct for curvature of the earth'ssurface?"

Lieutenant Cantel-"No, the horizon-tal plane or flat surface is the basis forcomputations."

C?ptain Cannon-"Why is it absolute-ly necessary to group guns?"

Lieutenant Bright-HIf there was onlyone gun in a battery and we knew thedeveloped muzzle velocity (DMV) forthat gun and ammunition lot, therewouldn't be any problem. However,since we have four guns, we must notonly know the DMV to set into the com-puter (battery DMV), but we must haveguns which develop a muzzle velocity asnear the computer setting as possible.That is why we group guns by velocity."

Captain Cannon-HI see what youmean, but would you explain whatwould happen if we had a battery DMVof 2,700 fls where two guns of the bat-tery developed 2,720 fls and the othertwo guns developed 2,680 f/s?"

Lieutenant Bright-"First let's takethe situation where no fuze calibrationcorrections are used. If all guns fired atthe same instant, the 2,720-f/s projectiles

20

would burst at some distance beyond thepredicted point. The 2.680-f s projectileswould burst at the same instant but atsome distance short of the predictedpoint. None of the fire would be effec-tive. ;'\ow let us say we used fuze cali-bration corrections. For the 2,720-f'sprojectiles the burst may be at the pre-dicted point but before the target arrivesand therefore ineffective. With the2,680-f/s projectiles, the burst may alsobe at the predicted point but after thetarget has passed and therefore ineffec-tive. Now let's suppose we have usedVT-fuzed ammunition-The 2,720-f/sprojectiles would have passed before thetarget arrived, and the 2,680-f/s projec-tiles after the target had passed. You cansee now why there is only one solution tothe problem; to group guns by velocity sothat they will not vary too much fromthe computer DMV setting."

Captain Cannon-'Thank you, Lieu-tenant Bright. You know gun groupingis not a new idea. but it certainly needs agood airing by' AAA person~el. Youmentioned fuze calibration corrections,and although training literature saysthey should not be used, I see some bat-teries still using them. Will you statewhy you don't use them?"

Lieutenant Bright-HAs I pointed outbefore, it is the time of flight of the pro-jectile that throws it off. You can correctfor range with a fuze calibration correc-tion but not for time of flight. When wegroup guns, the matter of fuze calibra-tion corrections is taken care of becauseif all guns have approximately the samemuzzle velocity there is no need for fuzecalibration corrections."

Captain Cannon-"What do you con-sider the best methods of determiningvelocity?"

Lieutenant Bright-"The chrono-graph, velocity fire, trial fire, and othertypes of velocimeters all can accuratelydetermine velocity if properly conductedand if no errors are made. I prefer veloc-ity fire because we can conduct it when-ever the need arises without having torequest and wait for outside assistance."

Captain Cannon-HBefore we leavecalibrations, I would like to know whatyou think of calibration corrections inazimuth and elevation."

Lieutenant Bright-HWe do not usecalibration corrections at all. I will tellyou what happened to us when we firedcalibration fire. When we completed

calibration fire all of the guns appearedto need calibration corrections. This didnot sound good to me because an of theguns had approximately the same D,\lVand I could not see why we should needcalibration corrections.' \Ye had a meet.ing of the officers and key NCOs to dis-cuss the results of the firing. It wasdecided to recheck all of our preparations.We found that each of the guns and theradar was off a few mils in level, andthere was a small error in computing theparallax; it was just lucky that the burstswere even in the radar scope.

"Of course we started over and double-checked each step. As for le\-el-we setup plumb lines.at 1,600 mil intervals inazimuth, traversed the gun or radar untilthe vertical hair line was on the plumbline and then elevated from zero-to 900mils. When the hair line stayed on theplumb line in all four directions weknew the piece of equipment \\-as level.

''To check orientation in ele\'ation weset up the aiming circle on the same lewlas the guns and read the elention to theKDP, which happened to be plus 25mils. Three of the guns had the sameelevation to the KDP as the aiming circle(plus 25 mils), but one gun had a read-ing of plus 21 mils. The readings fromthe guns were taken from the gunner'squadrant. We had ordnance personnelcorrect the leveling seats of the gun thatwas in error.

"After we were satisfied that we hadcorrected our mistakes we renred calibra-tion fire and found that we did not needany calibration corrections.

"I have learned recently that the AA.& GM Branch, TAS at Fort Bliss con-dw;ted many tests to determine the valid-ity of calibration corrections ill azimuthandlor elevation. So far they have notfound a gun which needed a calibrationcorrection.

HIshould point out that if a gun has atrunnion tilt (one trunnion lower thanthe other) this error can not be correctedfor bv a calibration correction because atzero ~levation the correction needed maybe one mil while at a higher elevationthe correction may be 10 mils or more.The only wav to correct this is to haveordnanc~ per~nne1 correct the trunniontilt.

"The way I see it, Captain Cannon, isthat calibration corrections in fuze, azi-muth, and elevation are out like wrapleggings, and although people will re-


member them. the only place you will5ee them is with people who just neverget the word."~ Captain Cannon-'Thank you, Lieu-tenant. It is getting late so here is mylast question: how much dead time do,'ou set into the computer?". Lieutenant Bright-"O.6 seconds using

the l\ 120 fuze-setter-rammeri 2 secondsusing the l\ 113 fuze-setter and po,,'er-ramming: 3 seconds using the l\1l3 fuze-setter and hand-ramming. But don't takethese as permanent settings because theywill vary with the climate, and the con-dition and attitude of the men. \Ve ha,'eused the stop watch and tried to regulate

the dead time by speeding up the slowguns and crews and slowing down thefast guns and crews so that they will allhave the same amount of dead time."

Captain Cannon-'Thank you ,'erymuch. I am proud of the efficiency andgeneral knowledge of the officers andmen of this battery."

CRUSADE AT CAMP STEWART, GEORGIA01\ the night of September 7th,Brigadier General Richard \Y. Ma)'o,Commanding General, Third ArmyAAA Training Center at Camp Stewart,Georgia, addressed the Lions Club inHinesville on the subject of the moralconditions about Camp Stewart and ap-pealed for their aid to clean up the"dives and honky tanks" just outside thecamp gate. His address was reportedand quoted in full in the next day'sSavallllah Moming News. By the 9thmany newspapers throughout the coun-try had carried the Associated Press dis-patch and the Savallnah !Homing Newsreported that General 1\layo had "fireda shot that was heard around the \tVorldin his blast at conditions on the fringesof the big Army base in Liberty Coun-ty." The London Daily J\lirror hadcalled the News for further details. TheAtlmlta COllstitution and the HinesvilleLions Club had rallied to the General'ssupport.

For a concise report of the develop-ment we quote from Newsweek, October12, 1953:

A General Routs ViceLiberty County, Ga., a small Hat coun-

ty on the Atlantic Coast between Bruns-wick and Savannah, has lived up to itsname for years. During most of thelast decade it has been wide open. Attimes it has had as many illegal slot ma-chines as registered voters. Occasionalclean-up campaigns changed the situa-tion but little-except for the worsewhenever Camp Stewart, the big anti-aircraft training post within its bounda-ries, filled up with soldiers.

Paul Sikes, sheriff for the past seven-teen years, was decisively re-elected in1948 while a defendant in a suit accus-ing him of allowing illegal operation of


U.:=;.Army J'notoBrig. Gen. Richard \VI. Mayo

slot machines in the county. Recentlyhe answered an attack on gambling withthe explanation that the gambling de-vices were taxed S10 a month by thecounty, that the Federal licenses hadbeen paid, and that the machines hadbeen there for 35 or 40 years. Sikes, amannerly, winning sort of fellow, is saidnot to be afraid of the devil himself, aslong as he's in Liberty County. Anduntil recently there seemed to be no-body who could challenge him there.

But on Sept. 7, Brig. Gen. Richard\tV. 1\la)'o, commander of Camp Stewart,made a speech to the Hinesville LionsClub blasting conditions in LibertyCounty. He said the roads betweenCamp Stewart and Hinesville "areblighted by dives and honky-tanks.These places Rout the law by usingbarmaids in shorts to serve whisky, andthus seduce the soldiers. The ill reputeof an area one-half mile from Gate 1on Highway 196 is indicated by thenickname 'Combat Alley'."

On the night of Sept. 9, Atlanta Con-stitution reporter Jack Nelson and aphotographer toured some of the honky-tonks described by General Mayo. Theyfound them operating full blast with il-legal whisky sales, barmaids, and gam-bling machines. There were even twelvegambling machines on the courthousesquare in the middle of Hinesville. Thejoints ringed Camp Stewart so closelythat a man could stand outside Gate 2and touch the camp fence with one handand the nearest dive with the other.Teen-age girls were dealing out whiskyin the joints and propositioning soldiersfor "entertainment" after work.

The COllstit utivn articles set off a se-ries of further charges, denials, rumorsof political pressure on General i\ layo,and, finally, action. Maj. Gen. Joseph B.Fraser, owner of a Hinesville lumbercompany and commander of the GeorgiaNational Guard 48th Division, headeda citizens' committee "to get our laws en-forced." On .Sept. 21, a Libert)' Countygrand jury, including many of the lead-ing citizens of Hinesville, was impan-eled. It ended its investigation on Sept.23, returning 43 indictments, the largestnumber in the county's history, and apresentment charging that the sheriff"has knOWingly failed and neglected" toenforce the state liquor laws. This isthe sole charge under which a Georgiagovernor is empowered to remove a sher-iff without declaring martial law.

Reporter's Arrest: The same day, Nel-son, The Constitution reporter, was al-legedly assaulted by one "Slim" Dykes,the 250-pound operator of a tourist courtthat had been placed off limits by CampStewart officers. A mob Nelson esti-mated at 50 to 100 people mutteredthreats against him. Later, Nelson him-self was served with a warrant charging

21

him with disorderlv conduct. He wasfreed on a $300 bond posted by Fraser.

During the days that followed, somemembers of the grand jury hid out, andthe homes of soldiers who had testifiedbefore the jury were heavily guarded.The Camp Stewart Provost l\larshal,Maj. A. J. Carey, had four guards aroundhis residence day and night.

But last week, after the grand-juryfindings and recommendations were sentto Gov. Herman E. Talmadge, a memberof the Georgia Bureau of Investigationserved Sheriff Sikes 'with an order to"show cause" why he should not beremoved. The governor himself plannedto preside over a hearing of Sikes sched-uled for this Wednesday.

General Mayo's address to the LionsClub, as reported by the SavannahMorning News, was as follows:

"What I shall say this evening stemsfrom two factors. One is my responsi-bility as commander of troops at CampStewart-the other is a father's interestin his son, who I am sure will some daybe drafted or undergo training throughthe Uni\'ersal l\1ilitary Training Pro-gram.

"Thirty years ago, I entered the Armyas a private. In 18 months I had takenthe necessary examinations and enteredWest Point. Four years later, I was com-missioned in the artillery and was sentto Fort Bragg, :N. C. For the next 10years, I was a lieutenant-generally inmounted organizations. It was duringthat period that I was indoctrinated withthe principles which I now champion.I was told that the nrst thing a soldierdid before he took any action to carefor his own personal needs, was to groom,water, and feed his horse; that beforean officer took care of his own personalneeds, he saw that his men were fedand were properly bedded down; thatas a commander of any unit, a platoon,or battery, or larger, I was responsiblefor the health and welfare of mv men.I had to interest myself with their prob-lems, pat some on the back, punish oth-ers, watch out to see that they did not

become sick on marches and maneuversbecause of their being inexperienced,and in general, to be the transplantedparent of each and everyone of them.This I have tried to carry out through-out my service in peace or in war.

'The second factor which enters intothis talk is that as a father, I feel thatArmy camps should be run in such amanner that the inductee or recruit isgiven at least the same moral and reli-gious atmosphere that was available tohim in the home and community fromwhich he came. As a father, I want toknow that my boy is being looked afterby some discerning officer who will gi\'ehim sound advice which I might giveif I were there.

'We who are stationed at Camp Stew-art come from every state in the Union.Some of us have been in the Army foryears and have lived in every section ofthe United States and many foreigncountries. Others have just been draftedand are taking their initial training here.FOT many, this is the nrst time awayfrom home and the security of parents,church, and community. It is importantthat the troops feel welcome in theneighboring community, and that thecommunity provide for their religious,moral and physical needs. When moralpitfalls exist, the progressive communityeliminates them, remembering that theirsons may be faced with the same tempta-tions near another camp. How many ofthe better people in this vicinity havechecked on the honky tanks betweenHinesville and Camp Stewart to seewhat goes on? Blinding oneself to thesituation will not clean up a conditionwhich is as detrimental to the morals ofthe community which tolerates them asto the soldiers of Camp Stewart. Beinga good soldier is being a good citizen andincludes respect for law and order, hav-ing a good character and a high stand-ard of ethics. How much do the sur-rounding communities of Camp Stewartaid the average soldier in his formative,impressionable years? In his movementsfrom camp to town, what greets him onMemorial Drive and some of the otherexit roads?-a landscape blighted by gar-ish \vhisky signs. The low repute of an

area one-half mile from Gate ~o. 1 onHighway 1% is indicated by the nick-name of Combat Alley. Realizing theseriousness of world conditions, it is timethat parents and all law-abiding citizenstake a personal interest in the conditionexisting near some of our military postswhere their sons eventually will be sta-tioned.

"Military commanders are interestedin the health, welfare, and living condi-tions available to their men. One of themost important programs of the Armytoday is that of character guidance.Character guidance councils are activeat all.levels at Camp Stewart from thebattery to post headquarters, and I per-sonallv attend the latter. Everv ideawhich might help the soldier i~prO\'ehis mental and moral outlook on life isstudied and those that are good are im-plemented. But our work in mouldingcharacter is severely handicapped when'dives' and 'honky tonks' are allowed toHourish just outside the boundaries ofthe camp, These places Hout the Geor-gia law by using barmaids in shorts toserve whisky and thus seduce the soldier.

"I am serious in my endeavor to makeStewart and its facilities so necessary tothe Army that it will become a perma-nent post. It would seem that the citi-zens of Liberty County, realizing thattheir future prosperity may well dependon the permanence of the post, shouldcooperate fully in making the countymorally attractive to the Army. 'I- 'I- *

"Very soon, 250 families will be livingin the new housing project at CampStewart. Children from the camp will at-tend schools in Hinesville. Their parentswill patronize Hinesville business estab-lishments. 'iViIl they grow indifferentto the disturbing influences near CampStewart, or will they ask for a com-passionate transfer and later advise theirfriends against being stationed here?

"I feel strongly that the citizens of astate whose heritage is as glorious as thatof Georgia should be alerted to this dan-ger. We at Stewart are anxious thatwholesome influences are provided inthe area surrounding the camp. Onlythrough cooperative community actioncan this be accomplished."

22

DID YOU LETUS KNOW YOU MOVED?

Notify the Journal of Your Address Change


ASSIGNMENTS OF OVERSEAS RETURNEESBy LT. COL. HERBERT T. CONDON, JR.

Infantry Branch, Career Il,fanagement Didsion

HIJUST got 1IlY new ZI assignment,

and darned if I'm not being sent half-way across the country. Why can't thosepeople el'er assign me near home?"

That is a typical wail; so, this articlewill tell you something of what goes onin your Career Management (CMD)branch when you are reported availablefor an assignment in the United States,after you've had a long, tough stint over-seas. All officers should realize that theremust be a tie-in between three importantfactors-the officer's wishes, the develop-ment of his career, and the requirementsfor officer personnel in the majorCONUS commands.

Here is how you are picked for yournew post. About four months before youcomplete your overseas tour you are re-ported for reassignment by the overseascommander to the Department of theArmy. Your career branch then consultsvour Form 66 to determine what civilianand military education you have had,what MOS's you are qualified in, whereyou have been assigned in the past, anda variety of other pertinent facts concern-ing you. It is still an axiom in the serv-ice that "the needs of the service must beconsidered first," although Career Man-agement tries to assign an individual asclosely as possible to his area of prefer-ence. Assignment officers must considermany factors. For example, if you are1st Lt. Brown, an Infantry officer, andmost of your time in the service has beenspent as an Athletic Director, MOS5661, it would not be logical for us toassign you to a unit near your home townas a National Guard Organization andTraining Advisor, MOS 2150. Youaren't qualified for that duty. But youmay be assigned as a platoon leader (Ar-mored Infantry Unit Commander, MOS1560) in order to make you a better in-fantryman. Or, if you are primarily anArtillery Unit Commander, MOS 1193,and you are needed at Fort Sill, Otda-homa, it would not make sense to assignyou to Fort Dix, New Jersey as an In-formation and Education Officer, 1\10S5004, just because your home is in New-


ark and there is a vacancy for an I and Eofficer at Dix. If in the latter case, how-e\'er, you had had a good amount ofexperience in both 1\10S's, you might\'ery easily be assigned to the vacancywhich coincides with your desires. Andso it happens frequently. But, human na-ture being what it is, we seldom hearabout that.

MANY of you desire to attend yourbranch school for one course or another,and you note this fact on your PreferenceCard. If you are qualified, some of youwill wonder "..hy you don't get to attendschool on a TDY basis, en route to yournew assignment. You know full wellthat going to school TDY en route is themost economical way to go, and we knowit, too. But the time element is very im-portant when we talk about schooling.For example, if you are forecast for re-turn in September and the class youshould attend doesn't start until 4 Janu-ary, it is out of the question to order youto school 45 to 90 days early. You willhave to go directly to your next post, andapply for the school at a later date.

Believe it or not, an officer's preferencecard is consulted prior to each assign-ment and, whenever consistent with therequirements and with the qualificationsof the individual officer, he is assignedaccording to his preferences. In fact,your statement of preference is consid-ered so important by CMD that a newform is being designed which it is ex-pected will render greater assistance toassignment personnel, and will facilitatethe proper expression of preference byofficers.

Always remember that there are sixArmy Areas in the United States, eachof which has submitted a requisition toCMD branches for officers they need bygrade, branch, and MOS. In addition,there are requisitions from Chief, ArmyField Forces, Military District of Wash-ington, and staff sections in the Penta-gon. It is through these requisitions thatthose in the Personnel assignment busi-

ness know what officers are needed atwhat posts, at what time, and in whatMOS.

Here we should mention another im-portant factor-priority of needs. Eachrequisitioning agency. lists its require-ments on the requisition according to theimmediate need for a certain position,and we try to heed that priority. Closelyallied to this priority is the fact that somejobs require a higher degree of skill andexperience than others. For instance,we would hardly assign a young Lieu-tenant with only a high school educationto fill the requirement for a collegeROTC instructor.

The assignment business is not arbi-trary. The officers in CMD have hearts,and if they know what you want theymay be able to get it for you. But theycan't read your minds. Be sure yourPreference Card states your desiresclearly. If you aren't sure what you askedfor on your old card get a new one fromyour adjutant and mail it to the Chiefof your Branch. If necessary attach anote setting forth clearly any compassion-ate or special consideration. [ColonelD. D. Martin is Chief of the ArtilleryBranch.-ED.]

Coordination With The Infantry(Continued from page 11)

by the S3 of the supported infantry bat-talion; and it is the S3's prerogative torequest movement of the platoon, orsingle tracks, any time he deems suchaction may increase effectiveness. Oncepositioned, the platoon leader operatesprimarily through the liaison officers;there platoon fire is set up. The detailsinvolving fire control are worked outwith the forward observers. And tieing inall, there must be an efficient communi-cation system, properly laid and carefullymaintained, Thus, the effectiveness ofthe platoon depends principally on theplatoon leader's efficiency in coordinat-ing his action through supported infan-try and attached artillery.

23

ASSIGNMENT OF AAA OFFICERS IN AFFEBy LT. C01. R. R. COREY

Assistant G 1

THE company grade officer ordered toAFFE will in all probability receive atroop assignment if his ~10S so indi-cates. The majority of these officers willgo directly to Eighth Army. with someof their number attending short termschools in Japan prior to this assignment.There is a limited requirement for com-pany grade officers for troop units inJapan and Okinawa and a portion ofthose assigned to FEC "willgo directly tothese units; however, second lieutenantswho have not yet completed 90 days as aplatoon commander, and are so desig-nated on DA orders, will receive a 90-day period of training "withAAA Units,usually in Okinawa, and then be re-

assigned on the same basis as othercompany grade officers.

Field Grade OfficersAs "vith captains and lieutenants, the

bulk of the field grade officers are as-signed to units in Korea. However, thereis less assurance of obtaining a troopassignment for them. Some of the fieldgrade officers who have had a staff back-ground, graduates of C&GSC and otherswith staff experience. are needed to fillstaff requirements for combat and sup-port organizations in Korea. A smallnumber of field officers are selected fordirect staff assignment in Japan andOkinawa; however, field grade officer

requirements for these areas are generallyfilled bv intra-theater transfers, in thesame ~anner as with company gradeofficers.

Intra-Theater TransfersAfter serving 10 months in Korea,

military personnel may request an intra-theater transfer to Japan or Okinawa.Such requests are approved providingthere is a suitable assignment availablefor the individual. Requests may besubmitted 45 days prior to completingthe 10 months in Korea, and must con-tain a statement that the applicant willserve an additional tweh'e months in thearea of new assignment.

MAGGIE'S DRAWERSBy LIEUT. C01. EDWARD D. LUCAS

ArllWT

It's Range Day and Maggie's Drawersare flying everywhere and no one seemsto know why. I think I can tell youwhy and I'll also give you a sure cure tokeep those flags from waving so pro-fusely.

First of all if a man cannot make atriangle with a sighting bar and if hecannot squeeze a trigger which can beproved by the dime trick (see below)then it is not time to take him out on therifle range. However, let's say that hecan do both of the above and we nowtake him out to the range. He should beallowed to shoot only at a black dot on awhite background just to see if he canmake a decent shot group. Nothingmore, and DO NOT LET HIMTOUCH THOSE SIGHTS! Now ifhis shot group comes within a decentcircle we'll let him go on to familiariza-tion. If he cannot, then he is not readyto go on and why some people make himgo on and shoot more is beyond me. Itis the easiest wav in the world to insurethat the newcomer never will learn to

24

shoot and will come to hate the sight ofthe rifle. Take him aside or even back tocamp and give him some more triangula-tion and squeeze until he is ready foranother try.

Again he goes back to the range andagain he must make a shot group whichis passable. If he doesn't then it will benecessary to work harder on the funda-mentals for a few but at the same timenot slowing down the whole group for afe\v. However, let's say that his shotgroup is now acceptabl~ and he moveson to familiarization and record.

To this final phase I have what I be-lieve is my strongest recommendation.Every coach must be required to sign hisname to the bottom of each score sheetindicating that he is responsible for let-ting the student move the sights in thedirection they were moved. That nightthe company commander calls in eachstudent together with his coach and has acritique, with the score book in front ofthem. Now try this for improvement ofscores.

The Dime Trick-for TriggerSqueeze

The first step is to obtain an 1\1-1rifle,for this trick will not work on any otherkind of weapon. If there are none in theoutfit then it is worth borrowing somefor the training season. Next cock thegun and place a dime on the muzzle ofthe piece, just ahead of the front sightmaking certain not to have the dimetouching any part of the sight. At thistime the student is told that if he prop-erly squeezes the trigger at the off-handposition (standing) then the dime willnot fall off.

The trainee then concentrates onnothing but the trigger squeeze which isthe goal desired. He may show more in-terest if the dime on the muzzle belongsto him and it is understood that if it fallsoff he loses it but that if he manages tomake it stay up then he will receive anextra dime in addition to getting his ownback.


Public Relations In Dearborn, MichiganBy PRIVATES FIRST CLASS KEITH FELCYN and HARRY ROER

Major John A. Elledge explains the operation of the 90mm AA Gun to four in-quisitive boy scouts and their scoutmaster, Dearborn official George A. Martin.

25

A0. appeal to the community for shoescrapers may seem like a feeble start fora large-scale public relations program,but for the Headquarters-Dog Batterysite of the 504th A/\A Battalion, De-troit, ;\ lichigan, it was the beginning ofa program which vastly improved boththe site and the morale of the troops.

In a matter of weeks the near indiffer-ent attitude of suburban Dearborn,where the site is located, became a firmfeeling of friendship and cooperationwith the batteries.

The program has paid off handsomely.From one of the muddiest and mostmiserable installations in the Detroit de-fense network, the batteries have literallypulled themseh'es out of the mud andnow boast of dry, li\'able sites with aconsequent overall betterment of morale.

\ Vhen the unit moved to the site andmade a semblance of permanency by put-ting up tents, the Civil Defense Directormade a move to contact the "settlers" onhis own hook. He was rebuffed, beingtold that it was a "top secret" installationand that the city had no jurisdictionoverit.

The negative situation prevailed untilone muddy day late in February, 1953,when 7\lajor John t\. Elledge, then theExecutive Officer, made his appeal toCity Hall for shoe scrapers and other aidsin establishing mud control measures.

That seemingly insignificant requestsparked the initial contact and set thebattalion's positive program of PublicRelations in motion.

A friendly chat by the genial Ma-jor with the 7\layor's assistant resulted inthe assignment of a liaison representativeto work between City Hall and the

The article prepared by Privates First ClassFeleyn and Raer of Headquarters Battery,S04th AAA Battalion, is indicative of the aver,all public relations program 01 the 2Bth AAACroup in Detroit. Similar activities are cur~rently sponsored by ather units 01 the Group.Detroit and its outlying suburbs have re-sponded magnificently to these overtures. Inlact, men in unilarm attend baseball andlaatball games Iree 01 charge, ride trolleysand busses without payment 01 lore and at-tend theatres only lor the cast 01 taxes_


504th. 7\layor Orville L. Hubbard, hissecretary, and the appointed representa-tive, i\ Ir. George i\ lartin, returned thatsame day to the Headquarters and DogBattery site for dinner and a tour of thebase.

The following day i\ Ir. i\ lartin broughtthe head of the Dearborn Chamber ofCommerce, the staff of a local radio sta-tion, and a Dearborn newspaper editorto the site to become acquainted withthe problems of the battalion. It wasduring the tour of the battalion that ar-rangements were made for i\lajor Ell-edge to be interviewed on local radiostation \VKi\IH to explain the missionof the 1\AA in the Detroit area and torequest the community's aid in makingthe sites more comfortable. A local busi-nessman donated as much of his dailyradio time as the i\ lajor felt he neededand offered similar assistance to theArmv in the future.

!\:ext a meeting of the City Engineersand Army personnel was held and a pro-gram for improving the Dearborn site

was formulated. It was decided that thenumber one project should be the roads,motor pool, and parking lots. i\lajorElledge and i\ Ir. i\ lartin contacted theEdward C. Le\'y Company, contractors,and spoke to 7\Ir. Harris, ,'ice president,who agreed to donate 200 tons of coarseslag to form a bed for the road.

The city contributed a grader and op-erator to spread the slag while the Le\')'Company got in touch with Great LakesSteel Corporation and obtained permis-sion for Army trucks to haul slag fivehours per day from the steel mills. Sincethe Levy Company is paid on a ton basisfor removing the slag, permission wasnecessary for Arm\' trucks to haul it.

Clipp~rt Brick Company agreed to do-nate 100 tons of broken brick to be usedas a base for the motor pool. And wheni\1r. Levy returned from a vacation, heincreased the initial donation of slagfrom 200 to 2,000 tons and added abulldozer and operator to work week-ends on leveling the motor pool.

The total amount of slag and fill do-

nated by Great Lakes Steel, Ford i\lotorCompany, Edward C. Levy Companyand Clippert Brick was more than 40,000tons.

An important step in the developmentof the public relations program was theestablishment of the Joint Civilian l\1ili-tary Advisory Council OCMAC).

Early in March Captain Autrey B.Harmon of the Dearborn Marine Re-serve was invited to inspect several sitesof the 504th. Captain Richard T. Hart,then battalion S3, mentioned that he haddifficulty getting slides and a projectorfor aircraft recognition classes. CaptainHarmon said his unit had such materialand that he would gladly lend it to the504th. Captain Harmon further sug-gested that representatives from theDearborn Naval and Air Force Reserveshe invited to the Marine base and thatpossibly all branches of the service in thearea could pool their equipment.

This was the beginning of theJCMAC.

Mr. Martin, the liaison man from Dear-born, talked to representatives of the dif-ferent services, the Director of Civil De-fense, members of the usa and the RedCross and invited them to a meeting.The first get-together of the representa-tives of the civilian and military organi-zation was held 16 March at Headquar-ters of the 504th and the name JointCivilian Military Advisory Counciladopted.

As an inter-service coordinating hody,the JCMAC carries out the ArmedForces unification program on a grass-roots level. The lending of the Aircraftrecognition equipment referred to is typi-

cal of the reciprocal dealings effected bythe council. In return for this equip-ment, for example, the 504th furnisheda number of vehicles to the DearbornReserve Units for their i\lemorial Davcelebrations and for trips to their sum-mer training camps.

1'\0 longer is there a competitive strug-gle for material from local organizations,because donations of slag, lumber, fur-niture and similar supplies and equip-ment are now channelled through theJCMAC and shared by all the militaryorganizations.

In return the 504th performs variouscivic functions for the citizens of thearea, such as furnishing firing squad de-tails for military funerals conducted bylocal veterans' organizations. And theJCMAC aids in the planning and sched-uling of blood drives and similar public-spirited undertakings, substituting coop-eration for duplication of effort.

A typical project of the council wasthe 504th's Blood Drive and OpenHouse held on 22 June of this year. TheJCMAC obtained the cooperation ofmany civic and military groups, such asan Air Force Band from Selfridge AirForce Base, tents from the Boy Scouts ofAmerica, airplanes for fly-overs from theNavy, and volunteer helpers from theRed Cross, as well as lining up donorsfrom all military installations and thecivilian population.

Unique in its non-official capacity, thecouncil makes no "official" decisions;participation is strictly on a voluntarybasis-members attend meetings andwork for the council on their free time.Although nothing in violation of mili-

tary or civil regulations can he under-taken, the council is not hamstrung byred tape.

In summary, the 504th AAA GunBattalion, as indeed most other on-siteAAA units, was in need of establishinga sound public relations program as itsproximity to populated areas virtuallymade it an integral part of the commu-nity.

It was felt that good community rela-tions would effect a dual purpose. Inthe first place, by gaining the friendshipand cooperation of the community, itwould minimize the friction that mightarise from the presence of barren Armyencampments in attractive residentialareas; secondly, it was necessary to solicitthe aid of the community to improve thephysical condition of the sites and themorale of the troops.

It was found that the civic administra-tion welcomed the request for aid fromthe AM as offering the public a means-for exhibiting their patriotism.

Moreover, organized requests for ma-terial and aid through a coordinating]CMAC were seen to be a better methodof approaching business and civic or-ganizations than a program composedexclusively of scrounging.

Thus by establishing a civilian-mili-tary council to handle the critical prob-lems of public relations and by makingthe individual enlisted man aware ofthese problems and of the importance ofhis personal behavior to the overall pro-gram, both the physical condition of thesite and the comfort and morale of thesoldier have been improved.

Camp Claybanks Firing PointBy 2cl LT. DONALD D. ELLISBattery D, 99th AAA Gun Battalion

&CEJ:'\TL Y a new Antiaircraft Ar-tillery firing point was established atCamp Claybanks, Michigan, on thescenic shores of Lake Michigan, approxi-mately 35 miles north of Muskegon. Thesurrounding area is a nationally popularsummer resort where many picturesquelakes are located.

This new firing point was heartily

26

welcomed by all antiaircraft commanderswithin the Michigan area as it shortenedthe travel time to the range. The rangeis also used by the National Guard andthe Reserve. Units of the 28th AMGp around Detroit now easily drive tothe range and get well started in one day.

The first Antiaircraft battery to usethe new range was Battery D, 99th AM

Battalion. Lieut. \Villiam H. Gowan,Battery Commander, and all the rest ofus liked it from first sight. Good firingrange, convenient, and located in a de-lightful community. Of course, we werein the field. However, facilities for messhalls and squad shelter are being con-structed. We had shower facilitiesthrough the aid of the 588th Quarter-


master Bath Company.Recreational facilities for troops on the

range are superb. It didn't take theofficers or men long to find the dancingat a local Dude Ranch, where therewere plenty of attractive girls who alsoliked to dance. Then there was golf,fishing for those who like to catch bass,pike, perch and catfish, boating in manynearby lakes, many small beaches for

HEADQUARTERS, ARMYANTIAIRCRAFT COMMAND

Colorado Springs, Colorado

Lt. Cen. John T. Lewis, COlll1llal/dillgColonel John T. Snodgrass, presently

ARAACOi\1 Chief of Staff, and a vet-eran around this headquarters since theearly days, has received orders forArmed Forces Far East, to depart thelatter part of December.

1\ lajor Leroy 1\\. Ludwig will join theheadquarters in January from ETO.

HEADQUARTERS, EASTERNARMY ANTIAIRCRAFT

COMMANDBrigadier GCIleral Frederick L. Hayden,

ComlllandingStewart Air Force Base, Newburgh,

N. Y., recently became the physicalhome as well as the post office address ofHeadquarters, Eastern Army Antiair-craft Command. The move was made inSeptember from rented quarters in near-bv 1\'liddletown, N. Y.'Present key personnel at EASTAR-

AAC01\1 are Colonel Albert G. Frank-lin, Jr., Deputy Commander; ColonelRichard H. Comstock, Chief of Staff;Lieut. Col. Lee 1\'\. Kirby, Gl; MajorJohn A. Padden burg, G2; Colonel Kim-ball C. Smith, G3; and Lieut. Col. En,inH. Shumate, G4.

New additions to the staff includeLieut. Col. !\laurice J. Palizza and Lieut.Col. Shumate, both from Okinawa; Cap-tain Edward F. l\loseley, from Korea;Captain Lawrence J. Howard, newEASTARAAC01\l Radar Officer, fromthe AA and GM Branch, The ArtillerySchool; First Lieul. John R. Pirc, justback from Germany; First Lieut. Floyd


swimming and sun bathing. And forthose with a different taste, at the campitself a mo\'ie is shown three times week-ly and volley ball courts ha\'e beenconstructed.

The /iring line pro\.ides hardstandaprons for eight AA guns. and immedi-ately behind each set of four, there arehardstands for gun laying radars. Thefiring is over Lake ~ lichigan where the

UNIT ACTIVITIESF. Hughes, Jr., back from Japan; andFirst Lieut. Paul E. Joyce, recent gradu-ate of The Artillery School.

Recent losses to the EAST t\RAA-COM staff include Lieut. Col. George F.Pindar, to command the 13th AAAGroup at Camp Stewart, Georgia; Lieut.Col. William E. Holmes, to the Com-mand and General Staff School; !\lajorPaul S. Burgcr, i\lajor \Villiam Lowe,and Captain Robert \V. Ryan, all trans-ferrcd to the Far East; and CaptainRichard H. Dolson, Sr., now attendingthe Finance School.

HEADQUARTERS WESTERNARMY ANTIAIRCRAFT

COMMANDFort Baker, California

By 1st Lieut. B. AI. Berkowick,Actillg CI

Colonel Daniel A. Ranney, formerChief of the AA Staff Section at West-ern Air Defense Force, departed in Oc-tober for duty as Chief of the U. S. 1\lili-tar)' Assistance Advisory Group in Ecua-dor.

Colonel George R. Carey recently ar-rived from Japan where he servcd asDeputy G3, Eighth Army, and Com-manding Officer, Camp Chickamaugasuccessively.

Colonel Perry B. Priest is expected tojoin soon from the Office of the Secretaryof the Army.

Also expected shortly is Lieut. Col.Benjamin i\1. \Varfield, returning fromthe 45th AAA Gun Battalion in Ger-many.

Lieut. Col. Wile~' F. Shaver, J r., for-mer AC of S, Gl, left the headquartersin September to attend Command andGeneral Staff College at Fort Leaven-

commercial shipping normally passes outbeyond gun range.

The battalions of the 28th AAAGroup now keep the range busy. ColonelJohn G. Turner, group commander, hasthe plans set to use it well into the win-ter until e\'en' batten' has demonstrated..some high powered shooting proficienc:'in the freezing weather on Lake ~ lichi-gan.

worth, Kansas.Your reporter leaves in November to

attend a Field Artillery TransitionCourse at Fort Sill before reporting toCamp Kilmer for overseas movement.

Col. \X'alter H. Murra}', 30th AAAGroup, presents "Best Battery" trophyto Capt. Francis J. Gramlich, CO, Bat-tery D, 752nd AAA Gun Bn. Battery Dwon the trophy in September for the

fourth time.

31 st AAA BRIGADEBy Capt. \\T. F. Hewes

Brig. Gen. E. F. Cllrdwell, COllldg.

1\lajor Edward Strongin, our 54 whorecently joined from the Third InfantryDivision, has since been decorated withthe Bronze Star 1\ledal for his service inKorea.

i\ lajor Lawrence J. Burger has joinedthe 5th AAA Group, Camp Hanford,\Vashington, and assumed duties asGroup S4 from the Second Infantry Di-vision FECOi\ I.

Captain Eugene E. Powers has joinedthe 5th AAA Group from the 21st AAAA\V Battalion and assumed duties asGroup Adjutant.

27


training and administrati\'e staff. Lieut.F. \\'. Scheper. 7th AAA A\V Bn. wasthe Adjutant and mess officer. Lieuten-

ants R. F. Coady. L. V. Larsen, B. A.:\Ianh-. 1'. R. Callahan and R. O. Bar-rick commanded the five training bat-teries. One hundred caliber .50 guns and1\ 163 mounts were furnished by the Bri-gade units.

On 30 August the first group of 500men arrived, were divided into groups of100 each and assigned to the five trainingbatteries. Each battery had two platoons.each of which included ten squads offi\'e trainees each. Each group had twodays of preliminary and basic training .then three days of practical training onthe firing range. Each man fired on threeaerial courses with the 1\163 mount andtwo from the 2Y2-ton truck ring mount.

Each group completed its training andwas returned to station by Saturday. OnSundays a new group arrived and thiscontinued till eight groups, or a total of4,000 men, had completed the instruc-tion.

Although most firing was done at aslee\'e towed bv an OQ 19, some fir-ino was neces~aril\' conducted at theo •RCAT when the sleeve was lost duringlaunching operations. Courses wereflown from left to right and vice versaand were mixed in various combinations.The 53rd RCAT Detachment com-manded by Captain \ViIliam F. Schwabdid an outstanding job and utilized twoof the most experienced pilots in thebusiness: 1\ I-Sgt J. D. Rugherford andSfc Clair G. Shaw. Approximately 105JATO takeoffs were effected. Flying atotal of seventy-two hours and twentyminutes, the 53rd provided 4500 firingcourses.

Gunner fires at Sleeve Target

34th AAA BRIGADE MGSCHOOL

The 34th AAA Brigade. 1\lannheim,Germanv, Colonel Olaf Kvster, com-manding. has just completed the AA1\machine gun training of 4,000 gunnersfrom non-divisional and non-Al\A unitsin the Seventh Army. The planningstarted in June when 1\lajor Harold \V.Gwinner and Captain \Valter F. Pont ofthe Brigade staff were designated as theSchool Commandant and Executi\'e.

The School was set up in l\ugust atHohenfels, Germany where a suitablefiring range, buildings, and other facili-ties were a\'ailable. The 15 battalions ofthe Brigade furnished some 300 officersand men to make up 1\ lajor Gwinner's

Chemical Battalion, who will be replacedby Lt. Colonel La 1\lonte A. Tucker.

32nd AAA BRIGADECO/. MetticlIs M. Ma)', COlllHUlIldillg

By Lt. Jack D. Peavy, PIaThe Brigade Headquarters completed

its move to its new location at BusheyHall, Bushey, England on October 1st,when a special Hag raising ceremony washeld, at which Colonel1\lay was host toBrigadier Blacker of the British AACommand. the mayors of Bushey andnearby \Vatford, and a number of otherdistinguished friends.

The 3211(ll\rmy Band from Brigstock,the Brigade's 1I. K. School Center,played for the ceremony, during whichColonel 1\lay took occasion "to expressthe sincere appreciation of our militarypersonnel and their families for the en-thusiastic welcome and friendly hospital-ity extended to us by the people of thenearby communities."

After the ceremony the guests joinedColonel 1\ lay and his staff for a tour ofthe headquarters area and for tea andref reshmen ts.

Colonel Ramon C. Dougan recentlyjoined from the Naval War College,Newport, Rhode Island.

Lt. Colonel Robert H. Johnston fromthe 45th AAA Brigade and 1\ lajorQuellen D. Boller from the AdvancedCourse at the Artillery School recentlyjoined our S3 Section.

The Brigade will shortly lose Lt.Colonel Samuel E. Baker, CO, 6th

28

The 10th AAA Battalion (75mm), Lt.Co!. Samuel 1\lay commanding. hasmo\'ed from Geiger Field to FairchildAir Force Base in Spokane, \Vashington.

.-

The 32nd Army Band passes the reviewing stand at the Hrize Norton A. F. Base inOctober when the US Amw and the US Air Force combined forces to stage thereview. Troop Commander: 'Lt. Co!. Benjamin McCaffery, CO, 92nd AAA A \X' Bn.

34th AAA Brigade firing range, Hohcnfcls, Germany

instruction did not cease on the firingline. Assembly and dis-assembly, track-ing and adjustments were continued in arear area on a line of fifty machine guns.In addition one dug-in A1\ emplacementwas constructed at each batter\" area.l'racking exercises were also accom-plished on the firing line by non-firingcrews. Each fired course was followed bya critique conducted by the squad leaderto point out errors and to get the opin-ions of other squad members.

The time for training in target identi-fication was limited, but stress was laidon the necessity for fire discipline toavoid tragic fire on freindly planes.Stress was also placed on the cleaning.adjustment and maintenance of theweapons, and most of all on LEADTHE TARGET-LEAD TIlE TAR-GET I\IORE!

General Crichlow1\ lany changes ha\'e occurred in the

command structure of the 34th AAABrigade during the past ninety days. Themost important, of course, was the rota-tion to the United States of BrigadierGeneral Robert \\T. Crichlow on 14 Sep-tember to \Valter Reed Ilospital forobservation and treatment. During Gen-eral Crichlow's tenure as Brigade Com-mander he had endeared himself to allpersonnel of the command and his losshas been keenly felt. Colonel Olaf H.Kyster, Jr. is presently serving as BrigadeCommander.

Other changes arc as follows: Ll. Co\.William I-I. Hubbard, formerly with0& E Div, Com Z, USAREUR to 40thAAt\ Gun Battalion; Ll. Col. Eugene F.Boomer, former commander of 40thAAA Gun Battalion to the AAA & Gi\1Center, Fl. Bliss, Texas; Lt. Col. Law-rence N. Reiman, Executive Officer, 8thAAA Group to duty with 1'IinnesotaNational Guard as Advisor; Ll. Col. \Vil-liam Y. l\lcCachern, formerly Chief ofFiles and Records Div, EUCOM to 8thAAA Group as Executive Officer; Ll.Col. Raymond J. Raffaeli, formerly astaff officer in G-3 Plans USAREUR isnow Commanding Officer of the 443dI\AA A \\1 Battalion (SP); Lt. Col.Thomas F. Gordan, former Command-ing Officer of 443d Battalion exchangedpositions with Raffaeli. Ll. Col. ElwoodG. Schwartz, former Executive Officer ofthe 25th AA1\ Gun Battalion was re-assigned as Commanding Officer of the


63rd Battalion to take over from Ll. Col.Charles F. Coffey, who departed for anassignment with the 31st A1\1\ Brigadeat Camp l\IcChord.

Co\. Eugene E. lockhart upon arrivalfrom the Army \Var College was as-signed as Commanding Oflicer, 12thA1\A Group, Co\. Calvin L. Partin, theformer commander having received anassignment as P1\IS & T at Utah StateCollege; 1\laj. Reno 1\lazzuchi, former5-3, 12th Group is now a student at theCommand and General Staff School atFort Leavenworth, Kansas; 1'laj. CouncilP. Rountree, S-2 with 12th A1\t\ Group,is now with the t\ir Ground OperationsSchool, Fl. Bragg, North Carolina. 111elatter two positions have been taken overby I\laj. Leonard I-I. Sims. a recent ar-ri\'(~e, and 1\laj. Joseph J. Wiacek, whomo\'ed up from the 552d A1\1\ GunBattalion. l\ lajor Leo 1\loore, assistantS-3 with 12th 1\A1\ Group, has departedfor an assignment as A1\1\ Advisor withthe South Carolina National Guard.Ll. Col. Paul R. Pigue, CommandingOfficer, 95th 1\1\1\ Gun Battalion, hasbeen transferred to USAREUR I-Iead-quarters with duty in G-3 Operations.Ll. Co\. Knute H. Nelson, former Execu-tive Officer of the 95th Battalion andthe recipient of a.recent promotion, hasassumed command of the 95th.

Ll. Col. Eric A Rundquist joined theBrigade on 2 April 1953 and for thepast six months has served as Chief ofthe Army Training Test Team. Uponcompletion of the tests, he has taken overcommand of the 91st AA1\ A\\T Battal-ion. l\ lajor William E. I-lesser, who hasbeen serving as acting commander of the

91st Battalion. has been transferred toHead(luarters VII Corps. ll. CD\. I3en-jam in 1'1. \Varfield, Commanding Offi-cer, 45th AAA Gun Battalion is beingreturned to the ZI for duty with the\\'estern AA Command. 1\lajor Freder-ick Schumm. Executive Ofllcer, 67thAI\A Gun Battalion, has been moved upto take over the 45th Battalion.

Ll. Co\. Norman E. Fisher, who hasbeen sen-ing as Comptroller of NorthernArea Command with Headquarters atFrankfurt, has been assigned as Com.manding Oflicer, 5th AAA 1\\\1 Battal-ion. l'lajor \Villiam K. Schmid has beenacting commander of the 5th Battalionsince Ll. Co\. Shagrin was assigned to1-lead(Iuarters Se\'enth Army. 1'IajorHal H. Rich, formerly with Headquar-ters 6th AAt\ Group, and 1\lajor GeorgeH. Skitsko, with Florida 1\lilitary Dis-trict, have been assigned to 12th A/\/\Group. l\lajor Skitsko is being groomedto take over as S-4 from1\lajor Harry V.Davis, who will depart in December.1\ lajor Fred I-I. Baker, upon being pro-moted in the 45th 1\AA Gun Battalion,was moved to Brigade Headquarters totake over as S-2 from 1'Iajor Stanley r\.Gammon, who had asked for early re-lease so as to return to his position witha Chemical firm in California. l\lajorFred O. Hayward joined the 1st AAAGroup on IS June and took over as S-3from 1\lajor Arthur J. \\Tard, who wasreassigned to the 7th A1\A A\ V Battalionas S-3. l\lajor Nathaniel H. Israelson,assistant S-3 and PIO of Brigade willrotate in December as will Lt. Co!.Charlie E. 1\leadows, Commanding Offi-cer, 62nd AA1\ 1\W Battalion.

29

All units of the Brigade, except thoseconducting nring practice at the rangesand those whose mission would not per-mit, took part in NATO Exercise "Mon-te Carlo" during the period 10-13 Sep-tember. The 12th AAA Group, with the552d AM Gun Battalion and the 73rd:\.AA A\\7 Battalion (SP); served withthe Eastland forces representing the en-emy. They were given quite a workoutsince the opposing forces (Westland)were about £ive times as strong.

During the period 13-17 October the1st AAA Group, with the 7th, 62nd,25th and 45th Battalions, took part in theVII Corps Exercise "Harvest Moon."The 8th AAA Group, with the 5th, 40th,63d and 443d Battalions participated inthe V Corps Exercise "Power Play" from26 to 30 October.

With the completion of its £iring testat Camp Todendorf on 4 October, the25th AAA Gun Battalion marked thelast unit to use the camp this calendarYear. The weather on the Baltic from15 October to about 1 March is such asto make it not worthwhile to send unitsto the range. Lt. Col. Richard W.Owen, formerly with the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL,was assigned as CommandingOfficer of Camp Todendorf upon his ar-rival in the theater on 24 June. He isnow putting the camp to bed for thewinter but will remain to supervise a de-tachment in making repairs and additionsto the camp. Most visitors have beenextremely high in their praise of Toden-dorf, particularly for the layout of the£iring line itself. We in the Brigade takepersonal pride in T odendorf since wewere responsible for the layout and fa-cilities provided.

GUNNERS EXAMINATIONS INTHE 34th AAA BRIGADE

By Capt. Hugh S. Fite, 27th AAA AWBattalion; President, Examination Board

In an attempt to revive some of thefabled artillery knowledge of the OldArmy, the 34th AAA Brigade has in-stituted its program of Gunners' Ex-aminations. One of the most successfulprograms to be initiated by AAA in Ger-many, the Gunners' Examination pro-gram was £irst reported in the July-August ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL. Theinitial go-round of 2d Class Gunners'Exams was completed in June, 1953,having been administered to 1286 en-listed artillerymen.

30

The officers on the Board administeredthe examination to all units within theBrigade and thereby insured impartialityand uniformity. Members of the Boardwere released whenever the member'sunit underv:ent unit tests or servicepractices. As a result an average ofseven officers were present during theexamination. The examination was com-pleted in 25 working days with an aver-age of 51 men being tested each workingday.

In compliance with FM 44-19, unitcommanders certified to the Board thosemen who had received sufficient trainingto pass the Second Class Gunners' Exam-ination. These certi£icates were not es-sential in our case, as we also used a pre-liminary written exam for the same gen-eral purpose.

For statistical purposes the followinginformation on each person was ob-tained: years in service; years in AAA;and AGCT score. There was found tobe a de£inite relationship between indi-vidual scores and either the length ofservice or the AGCT score. Thus lowAGCT scores were compensated bylength of service, or short lengths ofserdce were compensated by highAGCT scores. It was noted that no onepassed the examination who had anAGCT score of less than 90 who hadbeen in AAA less than 12 months.

The examination as administered con-sisted of two parts, a written test and apractical test. The written test was ad-ministered £irst and those who made apassing grade of 75 or-more were giventhe practical test. Less than 3% ofthose passing the written test failed topass the practical test. The questionnaturally arose as to how many of thosewho failed the written test could havepassed the practical test. This was a fairquestion which unfortunately could notbe answered due to the time limitations.

The validity of the entire examinationwas attested to by the relationship be-tween the number of men in a battalionpassing the examination and the relativescores of that battalion in the AFF testsand service practices. Without excep-tion the results of the Second Class Gun-ners' Examination were substantiated bythe other tests given by other officers,which indicates that the more SecondClass Gunners there are in a battalionthe more efficient that unit is.

At the conclusion of the examination

each battalion was given twenty-nvecomplete sets of the examination as ad-ministered to the unit to be used as aguide for the next Second Class Gun-ners' Examination. The Board will makeup another set of questions for thenext examinations. It is the intention ofthe Brigade to utilize the Expert Gun-ners within the Brigade to administer theSecond Class Gunners' Examinations inthe future, thus giving additional train-ing and recognition to quali£ied non-commissioned officerswithin the Brigade.

Two observations were made by theBoard:~ That gunners' examinations should begiven to all personnel at the end of theyearly training cycle and serve as a fittingindividual test for the training duringthe year.~ That the Second Class Gunners' Ex-aminations should be entirely of an oral orpractical nature. The examination shouldbe based upon the individual's knowl-edge of the equipment and this knowl-edge can be demonstrated better on theequipment than by answers to a writtenexamination.

35th AAA BRIGADEBrigadier General Tom V. Stayton,

CommandingLt. Gen. Floyd L. Parks, Second

Army Commander, recently visited bri-gade headquarters where he conferredwith General Stayton on the mission ofthe AAA within the Second Army Area.

Brig. Gen. Frederick L. Hayden,Commanding General, Eastern ArmyAntiaircraft Command, visited the 3rd,17th and 19th AAA Groups in October.

The Brigade Headquarters took itsannual Army Training Test during thenrst week in November. Brig. Gen.Harry F. Meyers served as the ChiefUmpire. He was assisted by ColonelA. G. Franklin and Major J. T. deCamp,Jr., from EARAACOM Headquartersand Colonel A. J. Cooper, Jr., Hq, 45thAAA Brigade.

Major Victor J. Tul.iszewski has re-cently joined the command and assumedduties as S4 after a tour in Austria.

Headquarters Second Army SpecialServices has made available a bookmobilewith approximately 2000 volumes to sup-ply reading material to personnel at on-site positions in the 17th AAA GroupDefense Area. We hope to see the sameservice extended to other AAA units.


Brig. Gen. Tom V. Stayton presents trophies to 35th AAA Brigade golf winners.Left to Right: Capt. \'i;r. C. Martell, Hq, 35th AAA Brig., Major J. E. Gentle, 75thAAA Gun Bn., Sgt. Ezekiel Hepa, Hq, 35th AAA Brig., and CWO J. A. Ribinsky,

89th AAA Bn, winner of championship flight.

Under the supen'ision and encourage-ment of the Brigade Chaplain, batterieswithin the 35th AAA Brigade have initi-ated work in constructing an attractiveChaplain's Corner and \Vorship Centerin their day rooms.

3d AAA GROUPBy 1st Lt. Allan D. Bell, Jr., PIO

Col. John S. Sabine, who, as Com-manding Officer of the 3d AAA Group,is the Norfolk AAA Defense Command-er, recently welcomed two new battalionsto the Norfolk Area.

The latest arrival is the 550th AAABattalion, commanded by Lt. Col. FrankE. Terry, who brought the battalion toNorfolk from Camp Stewart, whereColonel Terry was formerly the camp

\. G4.A short time prior to the arrival of the

550th AAA Battalion, the 38th AAABattalion joined the Norfolk Defense.The 38th AAA Battalion is commandedby Lt. Col R. T. Shugart, who assumedcommand of the battalion in July of thisyear. Lt. Col. Shugart was ExecutiveOfficer of the 13th AAA Group prior tojoining the 38th Battalion. Major Al-bert A. Baray is Battalion Executive.

An older unit of the Norfolk Defense,commanded by Lt. Col. Mark A. Selsor,an Airborne Artilleryman, is the 56thAAA Battalion. Lt. Col. Selsor left the150th AAA Battalion to assume com-mand of the 56th AAA Battalion inJanuary of 1952. 1\lajor Ray C. Barbeeis the Executive.

The 179th AAA Operations Detach-ment is presently commanded by 1st Lt.


Cecil E. Johnson, who recently joinedthe Detachment in Norfolk upon his re-turn from EUCOM.

Col. John S. Sabine assumed com-mand of the 3d AAA Group shortlyafter its arrival in the Norfolk Area, suc-ceeding Lt. Col. C. B. Cushing, who ispresently Group Executive Officer.Other Group staff members include Ma-jor Wm. E. Garotala, S3 and 1\lajorRaymond F. Halton, S4.

17th AAA GROUPColollel Frallk J. Zeller, Commalldillg

By Major Jess H. Mallll, Adjlltallt

Colonel Frank J. Zeller has been or-dered to duty with the Joint Chiefs inthe Pentagon. Colonel Ethan A. Chap-man, now on duty at SHAPE, will bethe new group commander.

A recent addition to the staff is Lt.Col. James S. Young, Executive Officer,replacing Lt. Col. Robert R. Corey, nowassigned to the G 1 Section, Hq AFFE.

Major Ralph E. Young has been as-signed to the Group as S3 after servingas Aide-dc-Camp to Lt. Gen. D. O.Hickey in Far East Command.

Major David L. Case will report forduty with the Group in November fromthe G4 Section, Hq X Corps.

Captain James M. Lawn and Lt.Fredrick M. Van Nosdale, recent gradu-ates of the Any Fire Control Officers'course, Fon Bliss, Texas, have joined tlJeGroup staff.

New Battalion Commanders includeLt. Col. Robert E. Frith, 602d AAA Bat-talion, who replaced Lt. Col. James S.

Young. the new Group Executive Offi-cer.

Lt. Col. James Kravitz replaced Lt.Col. Thomas H. Barfield in command ofthe 89th AAi\ Battalion. Col. Barfieldwas transferred to Fort Bliss, Texas.

Lt. Col. Louis H. Kirk, who was pre-sented an Oak Leaf Cluster to theBronze Star 1\ledal in October bv Col.Zeller for sen'ices rendered with the FarEast Command, replaces Lt. Col. Wil-liam H. Price in command of the 35thAAI\ Battalion. Lt. Col. Price is assignedto G3 Section, Department of the Army.

During the month of September, CBattery, 89th AAA Battalion, sponsoreda colorful ceremony honoring the lateSgt. William R. Jecelin, the only 1\lary-land soldier awarded the 1\ledal ofHonor during the Korean conflict.Among the many distinguished visitorsat the ceremony were Congressman Sam-uel Friedel from 1\laryand, 1\laj. Gen.1\lilton A. Reckford, Adjutant General ofMaryland, and the 1\layor of Baltimore,Thomas D'Alasandro.

THE 89th AAA BATTALIONPfc Paul Nicholas and other radio op-

erators in Battery C, 89th AAA Bn.,operate an Amateur Radio Station andtransmit messages all over the world.The station is under the control of Lieut.Murray B. Silverman, Battalion Adju-tant, Fort Meade, Md.

On 7 October 1953, Lt. Col. JamesKravitz, CO, 89th AAA Battalion, anda panel of three officers lectured on theAA defense of the U. S. to the 2101stARASU in Baltimore, Md. Col. Kra-vitz's talk covered the overall defenseagainst enemy air attack of the Zone ofInterior. He was followed by Lt. EugeneP. Flanagan, CO, Battery C, who cov-ered the mission of AA batteries in thedefense of metropolitan areas such asthe Baltimore area. Radar concepts andfire control were covered by Lt. EdwardFluevog, Battery C, and the operation ofthe 90mm Gun was discussed by Lt.R. C. Cecil.

The lecture was followed one weeklater by an on-site inspection when 100officers of the Baltimore ARASU unitshowed up at the Battery C Site inPikesville, 1\ld. There Lt. Flanaganand his battery staged a battle alert andgave the visiting officers an opportunityfor firsthand observation of the guns,power plants, radar, and fire control.

31

Colonel Galloway is briefed on AAA gun operation by Battery C, 14th AAA

19th AAA GROUPColonel Stuart ,\1. Alley, COlllllullIcling

By Capt . .\1urray L. Richmond,Radar Officer Gnd PIO

The firing batteries are now takingtheir turn on the firing range at Beth-an\' Beach. Delaware. Throughout theG;oup the 90mm and 120mm guns ha\'ebeen grouped and reassigned to batteriesin accordance with the latest School doc-trine. This grouping was completed onthe basis of pull-O\'er gage readings.The batteries are practicing to master thetechniques of "e1ocity fire. Some stillconduct calibration and trial fire for in-struction purposes, but for battle readi-ness they are getting in step with currentSchool teaching.

Under the guidance of Captain \Val-ter H. Haden, Group Construction Offi-cer, the batteries have now completed themain phase of the site housing program.And this has resulted in a noticeable im-provement in appearance, comfort andmorale.

Todav the batteries arc housed inSouther~ States type prefabricated build-inos on orassv batten' sites with hardo b ~ ~

surfaced streets, accomplished largelyt1uouoh the efforts of the men in the1:1

battery. Increase in battery morale isreHected bv attractive dayrooms, lawns, ,and landscaped areas.

On 30 October, 1953, units of thiscommand participated in a parade hon-orino General 1'lark \V. Clark, on the1:1

eve of his retirement. Looking sharp intheir immaculate OD's with red scarvesat their necks, Batterv 1\, 601st A1\1\ Bat-talion, and Battery IS, 75th 1\AA Battal-ion, paraded their motorized equipmentpast the reviewing stand where the I-Ion-orable Robert 1'. Stevens, Secretary ofthe Armv, General Charles T. Bolte,Army Vi~e Chief of Staff, and GeneralClark took the review.

1\lajor Robert N. Howard, Group 53,is now one of the old-timers on thestaff. Captain Kincheon H. Baily, J r., isthe Asst S3, having relieved CaptainThomas F. Ruane, who departed forFEC01\1. Captain James 1'. Worthamis 54.

The 36th AAA BattalionThe 36th AAA Battalion ( 120mm

Gun), under J\lajor Godfrey V. Gabor-sky, is now at Fort 1'leade undergoingan intensive training program. CorporalFred Kabonick was recently awarded the

32

Commendation Ribbon for his service inKQrea.

The 14th AAA BattalionOn Saturday, September 26th, .'C"

Batterv, 14th A1\A Battalion, partici-pated'in the businessmen's parade heldas a part of the celebration of Annandale,Viroinia's annual "Annandale Dav." Fol-1:1 ,

lowing the parade, refreshments weresen'ed to the men, and they joined in thefestivities of the e\'ening, which includedcompetitive games, a carnival, and astreet dance. Incidentally, Charlie Bat-terv was desionated as the best marching• 1:1

unit in the parade.Lieut. Col. Tom B. Strother, com-

manding, 14th AAA Gun Battalion, hasrecently made a special Best Soldieraward to Pfc Carl Annalora, batteryclerk, Batten' C.

Recentlv ~II the batteries of the 14thwere hon~red by an inspection by thecapable Fort idyer Post Commander,Colonel Donald Galloway.

The 71 st AAA BattalionThe 71st 1\1\A Battalion baseball

team recently made a clean sweep of thepost tournament at Fort Belvoir to winthe championship. Outstanding player:Pitcher Milton Bame, Btrv C. Lieuten-ants Donald Har~ish and Robert Gor-man were the coaches.

Lt. Col. J\IcDonald's battalion has also

been active in the blood donor program.Batten' D led the list with 51 contribu-tors.

The 601 st AAA BattalionLt. Col. Otho A. i\'loomaw arrived in

l\UgllSt to take command.The batteries are now taking turns for

their service practices at Bethany Beach,Delaware. Major Frank R. Kane, Jr.,Battalion Executive, is serving as theRange Officer; \\TOJG Elmer Saxton, asthe Supply Officer.

Other recent arrivals include ChaplainDear! D. Richardson and CWO \\TilsonL. Hoffer, Battalion S 1. 1'lajor Ralph1\ I. Powers and Lt. Robt. A. Bailey havelefJfOr school courses at Forts Leaven-wort and Bliss, respectively.

47th AAA BRIGADEFort MncArthtlf, California

The Brigade recently staged a rousingsendoff parade for Colonel Gerald G.Gibbs, brigade commander since the re-activation at Camp Stewart in 1951.

Colonel Gibbs has been assigned asthe post commander at Fort Dix, N. ].

Brigadier General Francis 1\I. Day hassucceeded Colonel Gibbs in command.General Day has just returned from Ko-rea where he commanded the 45th Di-vision Artillery. In \Vorld \Var II hecommanded the 26th Division Artilleryin Europe.


Lt. Col. Carl F. Chirico (cemer) and petsonnel of 41 St AAA Battalion display theBrigade Best Battalion plaque, which they have won again!

52d AAA BRIGADECol. Richard S. Spallg1er, CommalldillgB; Major \\1. P. Schmader, S2 alld PIO

Sites of the 52d AAA Brigade havebeen used during the past month as 10-rations for filming portions of the movie'The Steel Ring," which is being pre-pared for television presentation to givethe public a more thorough understand-ing of the AAA and its role in the de-fense of cities of the United States. Thepicture depicts the everyday life of themen at on-site positions as well as scenesshowing the men going into action whenthe alert signal is given.

The 52d AAI\ Brigade is cooperatingwith First Army in its program of pre-paring a series of tape recorded programsby service men. LIpon the completionof the recordings, they will be sentthrough the Hometown News Service toradio stations near the homes of the meninvolved, where they will be broadcastduring the Christmas season.

1\ retreat parade and re\'iew was heldon 19 October. During the ceremonies,the Brigade Commander presented theCommendation Ribbon with 1'.IedalPendant to Major Donald Lel'.lonier,and the Bronze Star 1'.Iedal to WOJCThearon E. Thompson, both membersof the 52d A/v\ Brigade.

Our firing range at Camp Hero, Mon-tauk Point, Long Island, will close on 19December and units of the Brigade willnot resume firing until I March 1954.Recent shoots, using velocity fire, haveproven highly successful and the unitsare making high scores.

!t's nip and tuck for the Brigade'sBest Battalion 'of the Month plaque.Lt. Col. Carl Chirico's battalion now haspossession of the Best Battalion plaque,having taken it away from the 69th AAABattalion. Colonel Spangler made theaward at the last battalion commanders'meeting. The Brigade Commander alsoselected Corporal Robert H. Shell, Bat-tery 0, 12th AAA Battalion as the BestSoldier of the 1'.lonth.

Colonel Spangler addressed membersof the Senior ROTC Class at FordhamUniversity on 19 October, and describedthe present role of AAA in the defenseof the United States and the mission ofthe 52d AAA Brigade. I-Ie informed thestudents that ROTC graduates were be-ing assigned to the Brigade and that anumber of them might expect similarassignments to the New York Defense.


On 28 October the senior ROTC ofFordham was conducted on a tour of oneof the Brigade's sites.

The Brigade has been making a con-stant improvement in its public relations.Units of the Brigade have been the re-cipients of numerous gifts of furnitureand equipment, given to them by ap-preciative citizens and organizations ofthe communities in which they are lo-cated. The public has also shown itsinterest in 1\1\ and the men manningthe guns by turning out for the openhouse program sponsored by this com-mand, welcoming the men into theirchurches, clubs, etc., and contributinggenerously toward the provision of recre-ation and entertainment for the men atthe sites.

Lt. Col. DePalo, assisted by Capt.Angelo Monti, Brigade Commo Officer,1st Lt. James E. McNamara, Asst Bri-gade S3, and 1'.Iaster Sergeant Joseph\Veidel, Brigade Operations Sergeant,have constructed a training AAOC atBrigade headquarters, which is beingused to instruct battalion commanders,S3's, commo officers, radar officers andBattalion AAOR personnel in a newcontrol system. This program has provedvery successful to date.

Colonel Charles E. Roden, formerExecuti,'e Officer of 24th AAA Croup,Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, has joinedthe Brigade to become Executive Offi-cer. His predecessor, Lt. Col. Robert \V.

l'lolloy, is now the Brigade S3, replacingLt. Col. William A. DePalo.

Colonel Henry 1'1. Spengler, Com-manding Officer 80th AAA Group, con-ducted another 1\FF field exercise withhis Group, the 12th Battalion, and the326th 1\1\A Operations Detachment atthe Brookhaven maneuver area duringthe period 19-23 October. Lt. PatrickScarese, Assistant Brigade S2, com-manded an aggressor force during theproblem which added more realism tothe test. As predicted, many improve-ments over the pre\'iously reported exer-cise were noted throughout the entiremaneuver. Luck was with us; theweather was perfect.

Lt. Col. James N. Lewis has joinedthe 80th AAA Group and is now theGroup Executive, replacing Major Ger-ard Burke, who is now the Croup S3.Lt. Col. Lewis will soon take commandof the 98th AA1\ Battalion, replacing1'Iajor Charles F. Jackson.

1'.1ajor Francis 1'1. Connelly, former80th AAA Group S3, is now the BrigadeSpecial Projects Officer. 1'Iajor RichardG. McEwan, former Projects Officer, hasbeen in the hospital but is now back toduty and is assisting 1'Iajor Connelly.Capt. Joseph Pilkington, Asst S4, is alsoassisting with the Special Projects.

l\lajor James J. Reid, Executive Offi-cer, 505th AAA Battalion, has departedfor EUCOl\1.

l\lajor William G. l\latthews has as-

33

USMA Cadets study the AAA radar controlled Skysweeper with Battery A, 526thAAA Battalion.

sumed command of the :;II th AA Op-erations Detachment, replacing 1'lajorGerard Burke, 53, 80th AAA Group,who had command as an additional duty.

Lt. Col. George \ V. Kenna has ;s-sumed command of the 749th AM Bat-talion.

WEST POINT CADETS RECEIVEAAA INSTRUCTION ON SITEBy Lieut. Col. \\1. A. Smith, Arty.,

United States Military Academy

This year, for the first time, cadets ofthe Class of 1956 of the United States1'lilitary Academy received familiariza-tion training in antiaircraft artillery attactical battery positions in the NewYork City area. Heretofore, the cadetsparticipated in training conducted atWest Point by the Artillery Section, withthe assistance of attached officers andenlisted specialists from units of TheEastern Army Antiaircraft Command.

Last spring Brigadier General I-IarryF. Meyers suggested that the yearlingsvisit operational batteries of the NewYork defense instead. He thought thatthe cadets would obtain a far better ap-preciation of the antiaircraft by trainingwith a tactical unit in the actual conductof the air defense mission, and GeneralIrving, the Superintendent, agreed.

Antiaircraft instruction for the cadetswas scheduled for the month of August,while the Third Classmen were trainingat Camp Buckner. Light AAA familiari-zation was given at position areas set upnear the summer camp site; gun unittraining was given in the tactical posi-tions in the New York area.

The 52nd AAA Brigade, commandedby Colonel Richard S. Spangler, coordi-nated the training. Three days in Au-gust were set aside for the gun trainingat battery tactical positions. Two cadetcompanies recei\'ed training on each ofthese days.

Battery "A," 526th AAA Gun, com-manded by 1st Lt. Stanley Ellerthorpe,and Battery "C," 749th AAA Gun Bat-talion, commanded by Captain \VilliamF. Britton, were designated as the unitsto conduct cadet instruction. One cadetcompany trained at each position duringthe morning period. The two companiesthen changed positions for the afternoontraining.

The instruction, as presented at "C"Battery, 749th AAA Battalion, consisted

34

of a county fair type of demonstration,with the introduction by Colonel Spang-ler. The cadets were grouped into foursections and visited the following sta-tions: 90mm Gun Section; 1'1-33 FireControl System; Battery Motor Mainte-nance Section and Power Generators;and the battery headquarters, supplyroom, barracks, mess hall and the recrea-tional facilities. In addition to instructionon operations and equipment, the cadetswere briefed on the duties of the per-sonnel and the problems that must besolved in the normal conduct of battervoperations.

At "A" Battery, 526th AAA Battalion,similar instruction was given with theintroduction by Colonel Henry M.Spengler, Commanding Officer of the80th AAA Group. The cadet companywas divided into five groups and rotatedthrough the following stations: 120mmgun section; 75mm skysweeper station;M-55 machine guns; TPS/ID Acquisi-tion radar; and the battalion AAA oper-ations center.

The highlight of the instruction ateach battery position came at IllS hourswhen a practice alert was ordered. Thecadets, seated in grandstands, were ableto watch all elements of the battery gointo a simulated Battle Alert, beginningwith the starting of the generators, orien-tation and synchronization checks, simu-lated firing of settling rounds and prepar-atory fire, and finishing with the gunbattery automatically tracking an aircrafttarget. General 1'leyers was able to makearrangements for one Skysweeper unitand crew to be made a\'ailable during thecadet training.

The self-propelled weapons instruc-tion covering the T-I41 dual 40mm guncarriage and the 1\1-16 quad .50 cal.

half-track, was given to the cadets atCamp Buckner by the Artillery Section.The Third Classmen were given fa-miliarization training on these weaponsduring a two-position reconnaissance,selection and occupation of position by aprovisional Field Artillery 105mm How-itzer Battalion. Two sections of self-propelled antiaircraft artillery were at-tached to the Field Artillery Battalion,and cadets, designated as crewmen, wererotated through the AAA section duringthe RSOP problem. The cadets were in-structed in both the air and ground mis-sion of the'SP-AAA.

Comments from cadets who receivedthe on-site training, from officers of the1'lilitary Academy who observed the in-struction, and from men and officers ofthe 52nd AA1\ Brigade, indicate that theinnovation was most successful. The op-portunity of observing training in a bat-tery tactical position aroused genuineinterest.

24th AAA GROU PCol. Joseph C. Conell, CommandingBy CapUlin Francis A. Honodel, p~O

Brigadier General Louis T. Heath,53rd AAA Brigade commander, recentlypresented the Brigade quarterly awards

Moving? Please send us yourchange of address. Use the in-closed postage-paid card. Justmark it "Change of Address"-and print your name and new ad-dress on it.


Brig. Gen. Louis T. Heath presenting 53rd AAA Brigade awards for Best Battalion, and Best Battery Mess to Le. Co!. \Vm. F. Horton, CO, 738th AAA Battalion and

Lt. Robe. M. Stapleton, CO, Btr)' D, 738th AAA Bn.

35

2nd AAA GROUPBy Captain). R. Ormsby, PIO

Rapid strides have been made towardthe final rehabilitation of Fort Niagara,now Headquarters for the 2nd AAr\Group under command of Col. i\ lauriceP. Shaver. The group, under 56th Bri-gade, is charged with the defense of theNiagara Frontier. The first brick bar-racks building was occupied this month,with other units scheduled to occupypermanent quarters as they become avail-able.

Executive Officer Lt. Col. Kenneth E.Tilfany, also deputy Post CO at the Fort,was instrumental in helping the NCO'ssecure prefabricated buildings for thenewly completed NCO Club.

Col. Shaver and the Group have beenactive supporters in the Red Cross BloodDrive in nearby Youngstown. The offi-

western Uni\'ersity. CWO Ralph E.Knapp is the Acting Adjutant during hisabsence.

Capt. Thomas O'Connor replacedWOJG Anthony Buckley in the f\lotorOfficer position when f\ Ir. Buckley wasrecentIv transferred to Fort Deyens.

Hq 'Btry came through to win thetrophy as the champions of the FortTotten intrapost softball league.

Gun crew of Btr)' A, 605th AAA Bn stage gun drill on their Boston area site forGeneral Lewis, Army Antiaircraft Commander. Co!. Foote, 15th AAA GroupCommander and Cape. Paul \X'ood, Battery Commander also look on. This batteryrecently fired a high record score of 97.6 in record target practice at Camp

\X'ellfleet.

spections there, Lt. Gen. Kepner (AirForce Ret'd), now an executive with BellAircraft, had him picked up at the Buf-falo airport in one of the Bell helicoptersand his whole inspection trip was madeby this mode of transportation, accom-plishing in a leisurely two hours whatshould normally have taken the betterpart of two days.

Capt. Jack R. Lary is now attending afour-weeks' course on safety at North-

Hq & Hq Btry satisfactorily completedits annual Army Training Test duringthe period 6-S October. Administered byrepresentatives of Eastern Army Antiair-craft Command, it proved valuable due toits realistic situations. \Ve are now pre-paring the training tests to be admin-istered to the senior unit of each defensearea which in turn will administer thetest to units in their command.

The Commanding General is continu-ing his helicopter trips, this time atNiagara, New York. On one of his in-


56th AAA BRIGADE (5TA TIC)Brigadier General Harry F. Meyers,

Commanding

to unit commanders of the 24th AAAGroup as follows:

Best Battalion-73Sth AAA Battalion,Lt. Col. \\!. F. I-lorton, Command-ing.

Best Gun Battery-Operational Readi-ness, Btry A, 19th I\AA Battalion,2nd Lt. J. N. l'vlusti, Commanding.

Best Battery Transportation-Btry D,19th AAA Battalion, Capt. N.Dunda, Commanding.

Best Battery l\lless-Btry D, 73SthAAA Battalion, 2nd Lt. R. M. Sta-pleton, Commanding.

Best Battery Administration and Sup-ply-Btry C, 51st AAA Battalion,2nd Lt. T. A. Gamble, Command-ing.

The 51st AAA Battalion BaseballTeam won the trophy as the groupchampion for the season.

eers and men have donated in largenumbers.

The gigantic Air Force base at Thulewas the subject of an interesting talk to

the Sojourners given recently by ColonelShaver. A large group of officers fromthe surrounding area were on hand atthe Officers' Club and witnessed a re-cently reclassified film on the subject.

Lt. Col. Thomas C. i\lurray. CO ofthe 44th AAA Bn., addressed membersof the Youngstown Lions Club at a din-ner recently on the subject of our mod-ern AAA defenses in the Niagara area.

A group of Cub Scouts, accompaniedby their fathers. all ex-AAA men, wereentertained recently by B Battery, 606thAAA Bn., at their site on Grand Island,N. Y. Lt. CGl. John C. Bolton, CO ofthe 606th, was on hand to witness thedelight of the youngsters.

CAMP STEWART, GA.Lieut. Col. George F. Pindar recently

assumed command of the 13th AAAGroup. Colonel \V. C. i\lahoney, formercommander, has been transferred to FirstArmy Headquarters, Governors Island,N. Y.

The 80th Airoorne AAA Battalion ofthe 82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg,N. C., is now at Camp Stewart for sixweeks training in service practices andAAA tests. Lieut. Col. Stephen G. Sil-

1o'tt Bliss ?1ews10Sth Anniversary

Fort Bliss celebrated its 105th anni-,'ersary, November 7, with a military re-view on Noel Field and the placing ofan anniversary wreath at the foot of thei\ lemorial Flagpole.

Six battalions, with Colonel 1\ra G.Lindley as commander of troops, partici-pated in the review, which was attendedby hundreds of spectators.

i\layor Fred Hervey and a group of EIPaso civic leaders were in the reviewingparty with i\ lajor General Stanley R.1\lickelsen.

The El Paso Chamber of Commercepresented the beautiful wreath, whichframed a composite picture of the early-day Fort Bliss and taday's antiaircraft ar-tillery and guided missiles center.

36

vasy is the CO. i\lajor Bob G. Olsen isExecuti,'e.

65th AAA GROUPColonel Ben E. Cordell departed in

August for duty with HeadquartersFourth Army at Fort Sam Houston,Texas, pending his retirement from ac-tive duty on October 31st. Colonel andi\ Irs. Cordell will make their home In

San Antonio.Colonel I-Iarry S. Tubbs arrived in

September to take command of theGroup.

Key staff members of the Group in-clude: Lt. Col. Reinhard L. Speltz,Exec. 0.; i\lajor Walter E. Badger, SI;i\lajor Louis D. Fournier, S2; Lt. Col.Veto Blekaitis, S3; Capt. John B. l-Iall,Asst. S3; i\lajor David L. Dickinson, S4;Capt. Wilbert G. Saal, l\ITO; Capt.Charles B, Gibson, Comm O.

Captain Douglas A. Armstrong, RadarOfficer, is preparing to assume the re-sponsibilities of l\lajor Badger who isscheduled to depart from this commandnext month for assignment to the 5thAAA Group, Camp l-Ianford.

68th AAA GROUPFart Riclwrdsoll, Alaska

Colonel \Villiam B. Hawthorne, theGroup Commander, recently presented a

Fort Bliss was established by \-Var De-partment Orders No. 58 on November7, 1848. Troops to set up the post hadto march more than 650 miles across thewilderness and deserts of \Vest Texas to

reach the location of what is now ElPaso. Setting out in the spring of 1849,they reached the "Pass of the North" inSeptember and set up the Military Postof EI Paso, which a few years later wasre-named Fort Bliss.

Army Field Forces Board No.4Colonel Arthur L. Fuller, J1'. is the

new director of the Test Facilities Sec-tion of Board No.4. He succeeds Colo-nel \-V. 1\1. Vestal who has assumed di-rection of the Antiaircraft Service TestSection.

Colonel John A. \Vhite is expected toarrive SOGnfrom the Pentagon.

Key assignments at the Board now are:President-Col. A. H. BenderExecutive-Col. John H. Kochevar

set of shining eagles to Lt. Col. Ralph E.Hood and a set of silver leaves to l\lajorLaFiece D. Collins. Congratulations tothe new colonels.

Lt. Col. Robert D. Harlan, recentlvfrom the Command and General StairCollege, has been assigned duty as GroupExecutive Officer, replacing Lt. Col.\Villiam 1. King who rotated to attendthe Command and General Staff Col-lege.

l\lajor Harold G. \Vilson was recenth.assigned the duty of Group S3, replacing1\lajor Richard F. Cox who has returnedto the States.

243rd AAA GROUP, R.1.N.G.Colonel P. E. Donnelly, Group Com-

mander, reports that the commandersand staff officers of the 243rd AAAGroup, 243rd AAA Gun Bn, and the705th AAA Gun Bn of the Rhode IslandNational Guard had a splendid two-daytour recently with the 15th AAA Groupin the AAA defenses of Boston. ColonelS. \\T. Foote and his staff gave them agood inspection of the defenses andorientation in the operations.

NOTIFY THE JOURNAL

WHEN YOU CHANGE ADDRESS

Secretary-Lt. Col. A. A. KopcsakDirectors:

Test Facilities-Col. FullerTest Group-Lt. Col. L. M. OrmanSupport Group-Lt. Col. W. B. Sell

AA1\ Service Test-Col. VestalI-leavy AA-;-Lt. Col H. M. ClantonLight AA-Lt. Col. F. J. F. Polifka

GM Service Test-Lt. Col. \\T. S.Penn, J1'.

SAM Group-Lt. Col. C. C. YoungSSM Group-Lt. Col. J. T. O'Keefe

AAA RTCColonel E. W. Heathcote, able and

aggressive commander of the AAA RTCsince its organization, has received ordersfor duty in the Far East. H is successorhas not yet been named.

New assignments for one colonel, sixlieutenant colonels and four majorsmarked personnel changes in the AAARTC recently.


Col. .\Ielvin ~IcDuff was en route tothe 4070th as of October 17.

Lt. Col. Howard H. Ruppart is nowexecuti\'e officer of the 1st Group, withLt. Col. Albert O. Chittenden as his newassistant.

New battalion commanding officersinclude Lt. Col. William H. Hancom-man, Jr. for the 9th, Lt. Col. Arthur F.Schaefer for the 5th, and ~ lajor Osvaldo~1. Izquierdo for the 4th. 1'lajor RobertB. Jaffa is now 5th Battalion executiveofficer.

Other new assignments to RTC Head-quarters are: Lt. Col. Dudley O. Rae,Inspector; Lt. Col. Kenan i\ I. Rand,Transportation; 1'lajor Leslie C. Hunter,Headquarters Commandant; and MajorFred R. \Vhitehead, Sr., Assistant S3.

AA & GM Branch, TAS

Architects' drawing of the new academic building now under construction atFort Bliss for the AA and GM Branch, TAS. The building will stand in the areasouth of Howze Stadium and north of the Post Theater, facing wt;st on Sheridan

Road, with the old Post Headquarters building in the background.


The Electronics Department has lostthe following instructors recently: 1\lajorJames T. Sheehan to the Far East Com-mand; ~Iajor Joseph R. Dalton to theEuropean Command; Major Roy B. Cardand i\lajor Victor A. Franklin to theTactics Department.

Major Charlie D. Scott, formerly S4for the AA & Gl\1 Branch, 1'1\S, hasleft, via the Infantry School, for theFar East Command. 1\lajor Del i\'lonteF. Berg has been re-assigned to FortLeavenworth.

The Nonresident Instruction Depart-ment was saddened by the loss of Lt.Col. John K. Frei who died on Octo-ber 24.

Nonresident Instruction has a newtraining publications officer i\lajor JamesG. Barr.

Numerous changes of assignment,many of them from one position to an-other within the School, have markedthe early fall season in the AA & GMBranch, T AS.

Col. Ara G. Lindley, former assistantcoordinator of instruction, has transferredto the Department of Nonresident In-struction, where he is executive officer.

The following officers are now as-signed to the newly-created Combat De-velopments Department:

Col. \Villiam A. I-lampton, Director,Lt. Col. Robert J. Tolly, Lt. Col. Wil-liam T. Bussell, Lt. Col. Jack H. Re-mele and 1'lajors Hugh 1"lease, Jr., Mal-colm C. Spalding, John L. Butterfield,Donald B. Millar, Joseph X. Gillen andJohn B. White.

In the Department of Guided 1'lis-siles, Colonel John H. Swenson is thenew chief of the Tactics Section. Promotions

Lt. Col. Raymond J. Belardi, formerly Three ke\' officers at Fort Bliss havewith Gunnery and 1'lateriel, has been been promoted to the rank of Colonel.re-assigned to the Nonresident Instruc- \Nearing the new eagle insignia a~etion Department. Colonel Ben D. Culleton, Colonel

The Gunnery Department has also Thomas \V. Ackert and Colonel Roy A.lost three instructors. 1\lajor Charles A. Tate.Buck and i\lajor Arthur H. Jemmott are Colonel Culleton is the post Adjutantnow assigned to Fort Leavenworth, Kan- General.sas, while ~Iajor John \V. Grantham is Colonel Ackert, formerly CO, 78thnow with the Tactics and Combined AAA Gun Battalion in Korea, a JOlln-Arms Department. ----~AL author, and Sih-er Star wearer, is

New personnel gained in the Gun- now assistant director of the Departmentnery Department are Major \Villiam T. of Tactics in the School.I-Ian'ey and 1'lajor Roland R. Stroud, Colonel Tate is assistant director ofboth of whom are instructors. the Guided 1\lissile Department. He,

too, is a veteran of Korea, where heserved as CO, 26th A1\A A\V Battalionwith the 24th Division, won his SilverStar and also wrote for the ANTIAIR-

CRAFT JOllHNAL.

Other ChangesIn the 1st Guided i\lissile Brigade,

Colonel J~seph c. i\loore is now the ex-ecutive officer. I-Ie was formerly C3with U. S. forces in Austria.

i\lajor John J. i\laykovich, formerlyS4 of the Brigade, has been re-assignedto the Detachment of Patients, \VilliamBeaumont Army Hospital.

i\lajor Victor Oils has been assignedto the 1st Composite Group as Sol.

Congressional Medal WinnerHonored

A six-battalion review honored Sgt.Hiroshi I-I. ~ liyamura, Japanese-Ameri-can Congressional ~ ledal of Honor win-ner, who received his honorable dis-charge at Fort Bliss, October 9.

A veteran of \Vorld \Var II, he earnedthe nation's highest award when, as amember of the 3rd Infantry Division,he made a heroic stand against a ChineseCommunist night attack in April 1951,in Korea. He accounted for approxi-mately 60 of the enemy with his bayonetand machine gun fire, before he wasse\'erely wounded and captured.

Fort Bliss officials prepared a fuIl-scale "VIP" reception for Sgt. i\ liyamura

37

38

United Nations Day at Fort Bliss, October 24th. Reviewing Officer: Brig. Gen.Wi. E. \X'aters. 1st G . .M. Brigade. Commander of Troops: Colonel Daniel O'Con-nor, 1st G. M. Group. Participating U. N . .Members included Canada, Chile,China, Denmark, France, l\Iex;co, Netherlands, Norway, Thailand, United

Kingdom and Yugoslavia.

when he arri\Oed at the post with hiswife. father and cousin. all of whomwere guests of the Commanding Generalat luncheon and at the review.

Awards to Bliss Personnel(For Koreml Senrice)

BRONZE STAR FOR VALOR

1st Lt. John E. RyanPFC Allan H. 1\ lac Rae

BRONZE STAR

~ lajor !\ lelvin C. RobinsonCapt. John L. Weems (OLC)Capt. William L. DepewCapt. Judd J. Harris, Jr.1st Lt. (Chaplain) Lawrence R. Rast1st. Lt. Garland E. 1\ 1c1\ leans1st Lt. George E. "'altersCWO Thomas J. BurdetteM/Sgt. Jack S. RayM/Sgt. Paul Z. CookeSFC William G. HudginsSgt. David E. HawkinsSgt. Arturo PerezCpl. William L. Stephenson

CO;\I;\IENDATlON RIBBON WITH PENDANT

M/Sgt. Harold H. Hughes (OLC)CWO Joe Leslie Hurd!\ I/Sgt. Charles H. NiemanPvt. Dale F. WalkerCapt. Robert L. Smith

Premiere Held for Bliss-FilmedShow

Fort Bliss officers and their wives werehonored guests at the September 21world premiere of 'Take the HighGround," l\ letro-Goldwyn-l\ layer's newproduction. The show, which depicts the

trammg of Army recruits. was filmedlargely at Fort Bliss.

~Iilitary officials, Hollywood stars anddirectors. and community leaders par-ticipated in the premiere ceremonies heldat the Plaza Theater, in EI Paso, Texas.

~Iaj. Gen. S. R. ~Iickelsen. Fort BlissCommander, and l\lrs. ~Iickelsen andother Fort Bliss couples were introducedin traditional Hollvwood manner as thev..entered the theater. Brig. Gen. FrankDorn, Army Deputy Chief of Informa-tion, was a distinguished visitor.

Richard \Vidmark, Elaine Stewart andRuss Tamblyn, stars of "Take the HighGround," Dore Schar)', producer, Rich-ard Brooks, director, from l\1.G-l\!, andGeorge ;\Iurphy, master of ceremonies,represented Hollywood in the openingceremonies.

Filmed with a new color process andreplete with human interest and humor,'Take the High Ground" shows how aplatoon of recruits is turned into alertsoldiers during the 16 weeks of basictraining. \Vidmark stars as the "toughsergeant" who drives the men relentless-ly to prepare them for combat.

Preceding the premiere, ProducerDore Schary received the Army's Certif-icate of Appreciation in a brief cere-mony at Fort Bliss. Presentation of theaward was made by General l\ lickelsen,who cited the Hollywood official's workin enhancing the prestige of the Armythrough his films.

Following the presentation, a lunch-eon was held at the Fort Bliss Officers'Club for the Hollywood visitors, mili-tary officials and special civilian guests.

New Reception CenterArmy inductees from throughout ;'\ew

!\ lexico, Arizona, and \Vestern and Cen-tral Texas are now reporting from theirlocal induction centers to a new Recep-tion Center at Fort Bliss.

At the Fort Bliss Reception Center.which is attached to the Antiaircraft Ar-tillery Replacement Training Center, theinductee will receive an orientation OnArmy procedure, an initial issue of uni-forms, part of his first month's pay, andphysical and dental examinations.

He then will go to an RTC trainingunit for eight weeks of basic training.During this time he is given the ArmyGeneral Classification Tests to determinewhich jobs he is best fitted for in theArmy.

By the close of eight weeks, the menwill have been divided into groups bythe Department of the Army. For theconcluding eight weeks of their basictraining, part of the men will be retainedat Fort Bliss for training in AntiaircraftArtillery, while others will be sent toother posts for training in other branchesof the service. Between the two periodsof training, the men will each recei\'etwo weeks' leave.

At the end of the 16 weeks' basictraining, the soldiers will be given perma-nent assignments.

Cavalry ReunionCavalrymen who once stabled their

horses in areas now occupied by antiair-craft artillery and guided missiles at FortBliss came back to the post to hold amemorial service for departed comradesduring the Sixth Annual Reunion of the1st Cavalry Division at EI Paso, Texas,September 4-5-6. Among the visitorswere Maj. Gen. Innis P. Swift, Ret., andl\hj. Gen. Hobart R. Gay.

General Mickelsen in a brief addressgave them a warm "\Velcome Home" toFort Bliss, home of the Division untilWorld War II.

Their celebrations at the Fort includedan impressive Memorial service at l\le-morial Circle, with music by the 65thArmy Band; a tour of the post, includ-ing stops at the Fort Bliss Replica andthe grave of "Garry Owen," famousSeventh Cavalry horse; dinner in one ofthe new mess halls; Post Theater show-ing of the technicolor picture, "HereComes the Cavalry"; a polo game onArmstrong Field, and a barbecue.


Paratroopers of the 88th Airborne AAA Battalion prepare for action after a"heavy drop" at Dona Ana Dry Lake.

Airborne Combat Show.-\ntiaircraft artillerymen from this post

joined forces last week with antiaircraftparatroopers from Fort Campbell, Ky.,:lod Air Force men from four bases to.;(30e one of the biooest training demon-- 0 0.':>

strations seen in this area since \Var II.Primary purpose of the demonstration

was to train the AAA men in principlesof close air and ground support. i\ lorethan 10,000 spectators, many of themfrom El Paso, witnessed the show.

Led by ]st Lt. L. N. Emmons, whowas making his 2]3th jump, 43 para-troopers from Campbell's 88th Abn ....-\AA Bn., drQPped from Air Force "Fly-ing Boxcars," behind a \'anguard of AirForce Pathfinders. i\loments later, thetroopers had set up a perimeter defense,using the light equipment bundles, in-cluding machine guns, dropped withthem. Lt. Co!. Everett L. Cormier, COof the 88th, was the Airborne Com-mander.

Other "Boxcars" followed minuteslater, dropping two trucks, a jeep, a-tOmm gun and two quadruple mountmachine guns, which the troopers quick-ly added to the defense.

On the heels of the drop, men andvehicles from the 59th AAA Bn. of Bliss,in support of the paratroopers, werelanded in the drop zone by a C-122troop carrier plane from Stewart AFB,Tenn.

An exhibition of an air strike and anti-aircraft artillery in close support of at-tacking infantry followed the airbornedemonstration. Eight fighters droppednapalm bombs and fired rockets, thendive-bombed and strafed the simulated"enemy" positions. After the aerial "soft-ening up," the 90th AAA Bn. delivereda heavy barrage in conjunction withmortar and automatic weapons fire fromthe 59th AAA Bn. Then infantry troops,armed with Ramethrowers and other as-sault weapons, moved in under theartillery cover to take the positions.

In a' concluding demonstration at theBliss Hueco Ranges, 90th AAA Bn.troops fired their 90mm and 120mmguns and 59th AAA Bn. troops firedautomatic weapons against aerial targets.

New Type Electronic BreadboardsDuring the past school year Lieut.

Co\. Edward]. McGrane and [vir. BaldoG. Sullivan, Electronics Department in-structors in the AA & GM School, have


designed and perfected a highly flexiblebreadboard for student experimentation.The new breadboard lends itself readilyto rapid changes in circuit componentsas well as actual variations in the circuit,itself. It also eliminated the cost of alarge number of broken resistor andcapacitor leads when changes were madewith the old type.

Reservists Attend ClassI\lembers of the Army Reserve com-

ponents in the area received instructionin a special class given at Fort Bliss, Sep-tember 28, by a Fourth Army MobileInstructional and Demonstration Teamfrom Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

The class, on the use of fire-supportcoordination centers at corps, division,regiment and battalion levels, demon-strated to the Reservists the fire-supportsystem used recently with considerablesuccess in Korea. It explained how thecombat infantryman in the front linescan call for available supporting fire, in-cluding mortars, artillery, close-supportaircraft and naval gunfire.

Atomic Warfare(Continued from page 4)

time. Thev believe that the threat ofatomic ret;liation has prevented Sovietaggression and that atomic destruction ofSoviet industry would destroy the Rus-sian war-making capacity. \Vhy, theyask, should we pursue both an expensiveatomic program and an expensive con-ventional arms program?

The fallacy of this argument lies in itsassumptions, first that war has been pre-

vented by the threat of atomic retaliationand, second, that strategic bombing alonewould be decisive. Neither assumptionis provable and neither, as a theory, isworth risking national survival on. Newdefenses may cripple the power of stra-tegic bombing. Vie cannot be sure thatour own strategic bombing force mightnot be crippled in an aerial Pearl Harbor.Finally, a decision not to initiate the hor-ror of the burning of millions in atomicfires in crowded cities may be the deci-sion finally made.

Those who believe that the traditionalbattlefield will be maintained in anatomic war base their estimate on thepossibility of greater dispersion, deeperdigging and increased air defense. Theypoint to the fact that the ground soldierhas been able to protect himself from themachine gun that threatened his exist-ence, from massed artillery fire of hun-dreds of cannon, from aerial bombard-ment, and they are confident he will beable to survive atomic attack.

Those who think that nuclear weap-ons will transform the nature of the bat-tlefield contend that the more conserva-tive view fails to take into account thepower of atomic weapons and the awfuldestruction they make possible over largeareas. These thinkers are convinced thatmovement into battle on conventionallines would set our forces up as an atomictarget and insure their early defeat.

Increasingly the dispute will be madethe subject of map problems, war gamesand maneuvers.

Here again the stakes are too impor-tant to make a decision based purely ontheon-.

39

Ge:1era. \\ 'eible, Dep~t~ C:lie~'0; Staff, Pronl0tedGeneral Milburn Decorated

Lieutenant General \X'alter L. \X'eible

~Iajor General \,Valter L. \Veible waspromoted to the grade of lieutenant gen-eral on October the 23rd when he tookover his new assignment as the ArmyDeputy Chief of Staff for Administra-tion and Operations. lIe replaced Lieu-tenant General Anthony C. i\ IcAulifFe,who took command of the SeventhArmy in Europe.

General \\Teible's last assignment waswith Headquarters Fifth Army in Chi-cago, where he had served as the DeputyArmy Commander since last April. Priorto that he had served under GeneralRidgway, Army Chief of Staff, both inJapan and at SHAPE Headquarters inParis.

In 1950 when the Eighth Army Head-quarters moved to Korea, General \Veibleorganized and took command of theJapan Logistical Command, in which hedirected the logistical support for opera-tions in Korea and also all the Army oc-cupation duties and operations in Japan.For outstanding performance in this com-mand he was awarded the DistinguishedService i\ledal (OLC).

After General Ridgway took commandat SHAPE in 1952 General Weible wasordered directly to SHAPE to serve asthe chief logistical officer, an assignmentwhich he held until last Spring when hereturned for duty with the Fifth Army.

General \Veible enlisted in the Coast

40

Artillerv Corps in 1917. Eamino his- 0

commission in 1918, he continued tosen'e in the Corps till \Vorld \Var II,when he served on the \Var Departmentgeneral staff, and later as Director ofTraining. Army Service Forces. In 1945he went to the Pacific for looistical dutyo _

in the im'asion of Japan. He later com-manded lISASCOl\1 "Olympic" withthe Sixth Army in Japan until its inacti-vation, and then took over lIS/\SCOi\ I"Coronet" for all logistical functions forthe Eighth Anny until 1947.

After a short tour in the States he wasback in Japan on a second tour in 1949.

General and 1\ Irs. \Veible now resideat Fort i\'lyer.

When i\lajor General Bryan L. 1\lil-burn completed his tour of duty in theFar East in September, General 1\larkClark presented to him the Distin-guished Service 1\ledal for his outstand-ing service as G I and later as Deputy

Major General Bryan L. Milburn

Chief of Staff of FECOi\1. The presen-tation was made in a ceremony at Persh-ing Heights, Tokyo.

General 1\lilburn has taken over hisnew duties in \Vashington as the SpecialAssistant to the Chief of Staff for Re-serve Components. General and 1\1rs.i\lilburn reside at Fort Leslie J. i\IcNair.

Permanent Major GeneralsBrigadier General Robert \ V. Crich-

low, i\lajor General Stanley R. 1\lickel-sen, and 1\lajor General Bryan L1\lilburn were recently selected for per-manent promotion to two star rank. ac-cording to a late \Vhite I-louse announce-ment.

Recent Assignments

Brigadier General Hobart Hewitt. As-sistant Commandant of the 1\A & Gi\ IBranch of the Artillery School since JulY1952, Hew to the Far East in October f;rhis new assignment as CommandingGeneral, Division Artillery, Third In-fantry Division.

Colonel Cyrus Q. Shelton, Chief ofStaff of the AA and Gi\1 Center, is nowthe Acting Assistant Commandant.

Colonel Charles B. Duff, Executive,45th DivArt)' is now the acting CG.

Colonel Peter Schmick, Executive,2nd DivArty, is also now acting CG.

Colonel W. I-I. Brucker, to I-lq 1\10\\1in \Vashington.

Colonel 1\lelvin R. Russell to FECOl\ 1.Colonel S. W. Foote, 15th 1\AA Gp to

i\lilitary Attache in Burma.Colonel Phillip B. Stiness to the 15th

AAA Group, Fort Banks, i\ lass.Colonel Donald J. Bailey from Central

Army 1\/\ Command to FEC01\1.Colonel J. B. Carroll to Sr. Army In-

structor, Pa. ORC.Colonel Ira G. Lindsey to G3, Penta-

gon.~els Clyde G. Young and Richard~anecker to the AA & Gi\1 Center,Fort miss, Texas.

Colonel Harry It Boyd to JA1\IAG,Saudi Arabia.

Colonel Francis A. Liwski to IX Corpsin Korea.

Colonel James F. Eason from OSD,Pentagon. to 13th AAA Group, CampStewart, Georgia.

Colonel Paul A Harris retires Novem-ber 30th at Carlisle Barracks, Pa.


For the Association President and theExecutive Council we e;..:pressour genu-ine appreciation of the letter of encour-agement from the Chief of Staff of the:\nny which we have reproduced on theinside front cover for your information.This letter clarifies the purposes of theJOUIt.~ALand also typifies the active and\l"arm interest which General Ridgwayhas in the Antiaircraft Artillery.

From this letter we can well draw in-spiration to redouble our efforts in carry-ing on and lifting the high standards ofthe JOURNALin stimulating thought, dis-cussion and action to keep pace with theproblems and developments of our times.

\Ve concur with Colonel Lanza (onthis page) that the need for an ArtilleryJournal continues. And that is not toargue here for or against the proposedmerger with the Combat Forces Journal.\Ve recognize also the need for a strongassociation and journal to represent theentire Army, and we have hoped that theneeds for both might be worked out inone journal. However, the point wemake here is that the JOURNALhas con-tributed well toward the esprit and effi-ciency of our arm of the service, and thatwe still need a journal devoted clearly toour cause as much as ever, whether it bethe Ar-.'TIAIRCRAFTJOURNALor another.

i\ lajor General Charles E. Hart, for-merly the Assistant Commandant of theAA & GM Branch of The ArtillerySchool at Fort Bliss (1947-1949), andpresently Chief of USMAG in Greece,has been assigned as the commandinggeneral of the Artillery Center at FortSill, Oklahoma, and the commandant ofThe Artillery School, succeeding MajorGeneral A. McK. Harper, who will re-tire on December the 31st. BrigadierGeneral Thomas 1\1. vVatlington is theassistant commandant.

FROM A SENIOR SUBSCRIBERThe i\lay-June number of the ANTI-

AIRCRAFTJOURNALcontains an excellentarticle regarding AAA under Atomic at-tack. \Ve have in this city a local college-St. Anselm's-which for the first timeis presenting an undergraduate course


for educating officials for Civil Defense.On my recommendation the College

Professor of Physics has adopted part ofl\lajor \Vreidt's article as part of his in-struction. A copy of Professor Stein-metz's abstract of his lecture is enclosedherewith.

I am aware of the Report of the LosAlamos Scientific Laboratory on Effectsof Atomic \Veapons, but have recom-mended to the college that this be usedfor advanced students. 1\lajor \Vreidt'sarticle is much more suitable for theaverage person, including military, whodesires a general idea of Atomic \Var-fare.

I take this opportunity to present myviews on the proposed absorption of theANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNAL"intothe CombatForces Jcmmal. I voted against unionof the old Field Artillery and InfmltryJounwls, but was hopelessly outvoted.A recent editorial in Combat ForcesJournal claims that opposition to a singleservice journal, instead of separate onesfor each arm, is limited mostly to theolder officers. Yet I as one of the oldofficers-I have subscribed to the ANTI-AIRCRAFTJOURNALand its predecessorthe Artillery Journal since 1899 inclusive-still believe that the Artillery is im-portant enough to have its own journal,whose greatest value lies in its profes-sional articles relating to artillery. In thisline the ANTIAIRCRAFTJOURNALis nowthe only representative and I should hateto see it disappear.

I have been a field artillery officermost of my life. But I am not entirelyignorant on antiaircraft matters. During\Vorld \Var I, acting as G3, I supervisedall the AAA batteries of the First Armyin its campaigns. Ever since I have fol-lowed the antiaircraft service with con-tinued interest. 1\ly personal preferencewould be to have a single Artillery Jour-lWI. My ideal is to have all batteriesavailable and qualified for any enemy inwar, regardless of whether it appears inthe air, on the ground, or in the sea.

COLONELCm-mAD H. LANZAUSA, Retired

i\lanchester, N. H.

To the Editor:

All officers of the Battalion werebriefed in the worthwhile purpose of theJOURNAL,and in the discussion whichtook place, the following questions andgeneral comments were made:

All officers wished to know when amerger of the JOURNALwith the CombatForces ]ounw! might occur.

If the merger occurs and if an officeralready is subscribing to both the AAJOllRNAL and the Combat Forces Jour-nal, will the remainder of his At\ JOUR-NAL subscription be extended on hisCombat Forces Jounwl subscription?

i\lany officers complained that whenthey subscribed to the JOURNAL,they didnot receive all and in some instances any,copies of the JOURNAL.

Some officers felt that the JOURNAL'Sarticles rcpresented AA policy and doc-trine and were reluctant to subscribe inconsideration of some articles which hadappcared in the JOURNALand which rep-resented writers' opinion only. This isindicative of two things:

i\ lore articles which do represent AAdoctrine would be welcomed in theJOllRNAL.

The fact that the JOURNALis an outletfor procedure which can in the futurebecome doctrine. This was explained.

A qucstion arising from this is wheth-er the JOURNALhas close liaison with theAA & Gi\1 School or AFF, whereinchanges and new developments in doc-trine can be disseminated within sccuri.tyrequiremcnts.

Herewith 16 new subscriptions whichare enclosed. Add the 95th to yourHonor Roll.

In our future training and firing, wewill endeavor to secure photographs andpossibly articles which the JOURNALmight use.

LIEUT. COL. KNUTE R. NELSONCommanding, 95th AAA Battalion

[The merger negotiations have beensuspended since last June when theCombat Forces Journal editor, ColonelJoseph Greene, died suddenly. It is con-tcmplatcd that the negotiations will bereopened when the new editor is se-lected. There are some matters still tobe resolvcd; accordingly, no prediction isoffered. Howe\'er, whenever the mergermav be effected, A~'TIAIRCRAFTJOURNALsubscribers will get a new or extended

41

* * * * * * *BALLOT

UNITED STATES ANTIAIRCRAFTASSOCIA nON

The Vice President and four membersof the Executive Council are to be electedon this ballot to replace officers whosetenns of office e:q>ire December 31, 1953.

Please record your ,'ote by making an"X" in the appropriate square or indicate,'our choice by writing the name of yourcandidate.

Each candidate was considered in con-nection with the geographic location ofhis residence. The Constitution of the As-sociation requires that at least five mem-bers of the Council reside in the \Vash-ington area, and that at least three of thembe on active duty, in order to facilitate thetransaction of business.

Balloting closes December 31, 1953.Use the ballot below or prepare one to

indicate clearlv vour vote. l\lail to theA:-''TtAIRCRAFT'JOURNAL, 631 Pennsyl-vania Avenue, N.\V., \Vashington 4, D. C.

Fan. VICE PRESIDENT (1954-1955)

o Lieut. Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer,Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans andResearch:

0---------FOR 1'1El\IBERS OF EXECUTIVE

COUNCIL(Vote for Four)

o Colonel Darwin D. Martin,Career 1'lanagement Division.

o Colonel George V. Selwyn,260th AAA Group, D.C.N.G.

o Lieut. Col. John E. Connor, Jr.,Research & Development Div., G4.

o Lieut. Col. Otho A. 1'loomaw,601st AAA Gun Battalion.

0---------

0---------0---------0---------

(SIGX.\TURE)

(RAXK & ORGAXIZATlOX)

(ADDRESS)(PL.i: .•SE PRI"T ORTYPE)

* * * * * * *42

subscription for an equal period withCombat Forces Journal.

All subscribers are urged to notifythe JOUR.'\'ALpromptly of their addresschange. Do not expect the postmaster toforward the JOURNAL.Our diligent cir-culation manager, SFC Plumly. ,,'atchesthe addresses closely but he needs yourcooperation.

The JOURNALdoes maintain close liai-son with the Antiaircraft and Guided1\ lissile Branch of the Artillerv School.The Commandant and the faculty ha\'ebeen most helpful toward keeping JOUR-NAL articles generally in line with anti-aircraft doctrine and its development.This is particularly true of the Directorof the Gunnery and 1'lateriel Depart-ment and his staff. \Ve try to avoid pub-lishing unsound or confusing articles;however, one of our best purposes is toencourage ambitious Artillerymen to de-velop and present sound and progressi,'esolutions when needed, even before theymay be adopted as standard.-Eo.]

To the Editor:

You asked me to put it In writing.Here it is.

I have a few young relatives in theservice, who tell me their troubles, hopes,and fears. Thev tell me too of the "bullsessions" with other young officers. Theyare all disturbed, and many discouragedat the conditions and attitudes they facetoday. Some are about to resign now.All are apprehensive of the future.

Let me emphasize that these are Regu-lars, young men who have been proudto consider themselves professionals. In-cluded are some strong men from suchschools as \Vest Point, V.M.1. and ourbetter colleges. In short, the very peopleon whom we must rely if our army isto remain a worthwhile factor in thistroubled world.

Here are some of the points they bringup. You may, or may not, agree withtheir views, but a glance at the list willshow that there is enough factual rea-soning to make the situation worthy ofserious study.

1. Uncertain and short length of tourat all stations in the States, makingfamily life difficult.

2. Constant changing and vacillatingpolicy regarding: retirement benefits;medical and dental care, particularly fordependents; Commissary and PX privi-leges. All of this results in the loss ofsecurity that has been the one big sales

point of army life.3. Gradual breaking down of prestige

officers used to enjoy.4. Lack of adequate quarters for bach-

elor army officers, and refusal to gramrental allowances so they can providesome themselves.

5. Uncertainty of quarters situationfor dependents, and inadequacy in thosesupplied for junior grades at many poSts.Also separation from dependents for longperiods on departure for overseas senice.

6. Uncertain and changing policy onuniforms, making it hazardous for of-ficers to purchase many items.

7. Unrecognized extra expenses anofficer is subject to, such as necessity ofusing own car in his work and unre-mitting extra expenses always necessar~'in moving a married officer on change ofstation.

8. Efficiency report system undul~'shaped toward the development and pro-motion of "yes men."

9. Seeing labor get regular periodicraises on demand, yet any efforts forArmy pay increases promptly killed.

10. Progressive weakening of the com-pany commanders' powers for enforcingdiscipline, to the detriment of efficienc~"and morale in his unit.

II. Foolish emphasis on fad ideas likeTI & E and E1\1 welfare.

12. Gradual abandonment of militarvcustoms and traditions fostering pride ofunit and service.

13. Unnecessary waste and expenseobserved, such as "show jeeps" for VIPreviews and other shows and presenta-tions for VIP's which are staged and notrepresentative of war training.

14. Uselessness and detrimental ef-fect of many reports that can be riggedto make a showing, such as the court-martial record report, which causes com-manders to kill charges that should bepressed, just to keep the record low; orthe A"VOL report, which causes the ap-plication of special local rulings to im-prove the record.

I was delighted to see that GeneralRidgway mentioned some of these pointsin discussing the recent ban on Com-missaries in the current Army Times.It is a morale factor throughout the armyin all grades and ranks. Let us do whatwe can to emphasize its gra,'e impor-tance.

LT. COL. CHARLESO. LAWESRichmond, Va.


r

BOOK REVIEWS\'ISlOn by officers and noncoms ,,'ouldha\'e assured that thev were beino car-_ 0

ried. Ammunition loads should ha\'ebeen prescribed and frequently checked.It takes guts for tired company officers todo these things; the officer and noncomwho set requirements and enforce themwon't be popular; but the soldier willha\'e a better chance when the enemysuddenly hits as he did in those Novem-ber days in Korea.

Then there is the case of a noncom-missioned officer who was sent to run atelephone line from the battalion CP toa company:

"He was given 'heavy wire' instead ofthe light 130 which is useful on suchmissions. So he couldn't carry it over thehills and thereby take the shortest linebetween two points. Instead, he followedthe waterline, and his wire ran out be-fore he had covered two thirds of the dis-tance. There his personal striving ended,and with that failure King Company,left alone in a great void, ceased to oper-ate as the outpost of an army."

The whole story is of course not here.Who failed to provide proper communi-cation equipment and alternate means ofcommunication? \Vhy did the sergeantend his "personal striving"? 'Vhy did thebattalion commander and his staff officersaccept the situation of no communicationwith a vital outpost? Perhaps no onefailed; the fates may have ganged up asthey did on everyone's efforts to warnHawaii on the morning of December 7,1941. But again there is no need to be-labor the point; it takes constant effort tomake things go according to the book;when they don't the soldier up frontsuffers.

Examples of superb leadership and ofsorry leadership can be found through-out l' larshall' s book. Courage was notthe main lack in the bad examples.Rather they stemmed from failure to en-force the simplest rules of local security,lateral liaison, and good use of ground.In one case the responsible officer seemsto have been more influenced by the de-sirability of having soft ground to diginto rather than by the requirements ofobservation, concealment and fields offire.

The problem of training a unit so thatit can react to the shock of a surprise at-tack from an unexpected direction is ofcourse a complex one. It invoh'es initialalertness to minimize the degree of sur-

43

of the river, the Chinese CommunistArmy was a phantom which cast noshadow. Its even' main secret-itsstrength, its positio~, and its intention-had been kept 00 perfection, andthereby it was doubly armed."

American newsp~pers please copy.And politicians, editors, and columnistswho have screamed about censorship andfreedom of the press, read on as Marshalltells the story of heroism death and suf-fering.' '

Lack of secrecy about the Army'sstrength and mov~ments was not, ho~v-ever, the only cause of trouble for thefighting troops. The over-all picture wasone of efficiency, good leadership, andcourage, but throughout TlIe River alldtlle Gallntlet are incidents which reHectfailures in enforcing discipline, in themaking of firm decisions, in applyingunder the stress of combat the traininglessons learned in garrison and in fieldexercises, and in constant supervisionand inspection of the maintenance andcondition of motor \'ehicles and all typesof weapons.

Before going on to cite some specificexamples, it is only fair to say that theofficers and men involved were oftentired, hungry, cold, shocked and in somecases wounded. It is much easier to becritical pounding a typewriter in a com-fortable room than it is to maintainstandards of discipline, maintenance, andtraining when someone is shooting atyou.

Let's take a look at conditions in the in-fantry company which was first to fightin the Chongchon River battle:

"All but twelve men had thrown awaytheir steel helmets; the pile cap was bet-ter insurance against frostbite and thesteel helmet wouldn't fit over it. Onlvtwo men-new arrivals-carried the bay~-net. The grenade load averaged less thanone per man. Some rifle and carbine mencarried as much as two extra bandoliersor six full clips. Others had as little assixteen to thirty rounds on their persons.About half of the company had dis-pensed with entrenching tools."

The shortcomings here are obvious.Steel helmets, as it turned out, were vervdefinitely needed. Inspection and supe;-*Reprinted from Combat ForceI Journal.


,..--::::=============================================::;-' I,I,"~I

The comments that follow on the ef-frets that discipline and training or lackof these essentials of military successh:1,'eon the soldier in combat are basedon Colonel l' larshall' s excellent story ofthe defeat of the Eighth Army by theChinese Communist Forces durino theolast few days of November 1950 in thebattle of the Chongchon River. In onesense, therefore, this is a book review,but in a more important sense it is cri-tique of combat operations that, I hope,may be helpful and constructive.

Colonell'larshall himself almost neverhils to be helpful and constructive in hiswritings on military subjects. Neither henor this book needs much introductionto regular readers of this magazine. Gen-eral Marshall is said to be the chief edi-torial writer of TlIe Detroit News, but hehas also been, among other things, theChief Historian of the European Thea-ter in 'Vorld 'Val' II, Operations Analystwith the Eighth Army in Korea, and theauthor of manv official and unofficialmilitary books. 'Among his current jobsis that of consultant for the OperationsResearch Office. It may well be that hehas to introduce himself when he visitshis newspaper.

His latest book is based on the tech-nigue of after-battle group interviews-atechnique which 1'1arshall did much todevelop and one which tends to bringout combat facts with brutal clarity.

One basic fact about the ChongchonRi\'er battle did not need any interviewsto establish it:

"Deployed in line to the south of theri,'er, the United States Eighth Armywas an open book. Its battle objectiveand hour of movement had been pub-lished to the world; war correspondentshad described in intimate detail thestrength and location of its forces. Con-centrated in a tight maneuver mass,guarded by an entrenched screen, north

THE SOLDIER PA YS*

THE RIVER AND THE GAUNTLET. By• S. L. A. Marshall. William Morrow &Company. 395 Pages; Maps; Index;55.00.

prise. good communications and theirprompt use to get accurate informationback to the \'arious headquarters in thechain of command: the abilitv on thepart of commanders from the ~uad onup to estimate the situation correctly,ma l;,e prompt decisions and get ordersout. As ~Iarshall says, "I\len and squadscan topple one another just like a columnof dominoes unless they react to the crisiswith greater unity under the persuasionof strong leadership." The know-how ofproper and prompt reaction has to be de-veloped on the training field or the sol-dier pays in combat.

The number of weapon failures re-ported seems excessive even consideringthe extreme cold, The tired soldierdoesn't want to clean and oil his weapon;the tired noncom doesn't want to makehim do it; weapons will fail for reasonsother than dirt and lack of lubricationbut not often. Who pays? Marshall tellsthe story of a soldier almost face to facewith Chinese soldiers. "He pulled thetrigger on his 1\11;there was a soft click,but no e:1l:plosion.He tried again with nobetter success; the shells ejected but theydid not fire. (Probable explanation: thechamber needed cleaning.)" This soldiergot away with minor injuries. Others ina like situation didn't.

Motor maintenance is a hard strugglein garrison: it takes all of the best effortsof drivers, motor sergeants, and officers ofall grades when troops are in combat. Acompany was to be moved by threetrucks in the Korean battle. Only onetruck arrived, the others having brokendown en route. Cold, the rough terrain,old age? More likely, a failure to con-form to prescribed inspection routines.''The company arrived at the appointedground one half hour behind time,"

The night that the Chinese struck,one company commander faced a diffi-cult problem. 'The night was cold. Themen had neither bedrolls nor overcoats.So the company was authorized to lightsquad fires. It was a mistake." It was anunderstandable one, but even after someindication of trouble came in, the squadfires were not extinguished. The com-pany's position "would hardly have beenbetter revealed had the ridge been flood-lighted:' As Marshall says later, "on therecord, it is self-evident that these weregood fighting men deserdng of a muchbetter fate:'

At one stage of the battle, the issue

44

rested on how long a lone infantry com-pany could stand unaided in defense of asolitar\' hill. \Vhen a situation of thatsort develops it is too late for battalion,regimental, and higher commanders todo much. The discipline and standardswhich the company officers and noncomshave established or failed to establish de-termine the outcome.

The over-all outcome of the Chong-chon Ri,'er was inevitable. As one cor-poral said: "Our error was that we hadtoo few men, too few automatic weapons,and too much territory." As Marshallsays of an attempt to slow the Chineseadvance by committing the Turkish Bri-gade: "It was like applying an aspirinbottle cork to the bunghole in a beer bar-rel." All this inevitability of defeatdoesn't alter the fact that military readersof this book, and particularly juniorofficers, can hardly fail to be impressedwith the seriousness of their responsibili-ties in maintaining the highest standardsof discipline, training and maintenanceof vehicles and weapons.

These comments have highlighted thefailures. The book has more examples ofthings well done and some heart-warm-ing stories. One example: A badlywounded lieutenant limped forward tosee what ,vas holding up traffic in a nar-row pass. He soon found the trouble.Two riflemen were half-carrying, half-dragging a third who was shot throughboth legs. The lieutenant told the sol-diers to get off to the side to let the col-umn pass. There were high words(perhaps low words would be more accu-rate) and one of the soldiers threatenedto shoot the officer. The lieutenant, pis-tol in hand, enforced his order, and thenstaved with the men in the ditch whilehe' urged the column to double-time byhim. One of the riflemen said to thelieutenant: "I was wrong. I beg yourpardon." Everyone shook hands allaround and the wounded man said: "Ifeel better already."-MAJOR GENERALH. W. BLAKELEY.

COLLIER'S NEW WORLD ATLAS ANDGAZETTEER. Collier & Son. 472 pages.$15.00.

This is an up-to-date and comprehen-sive reference book. There are maps-32for Eurasia, four for Africa, four forAustralia and Oceania, eight for SouthAmerica, seven for 1"\orth America, be-sides separate maps of the states of this

country and the provinces of Canada,and six of the major divisions of theworld.

There are also maps showing the po.litical boundaries in Europe and Asia in1914, 1938 and 1950, plus authoritativecomments on the effects of thesechanges.

;,\Iore than 5,000 cities and townsthroughout the world are described.

FROM DOWN UNDER TO NIPPON.The story of Sixth Army in World WarII. By General Walter Krueger, UnitedStates Army, Retired. Combat ForcesPress, 1953. 408 Pages; Index; Maps;Illustrated; $6.50.

General Krueger states, in his intro-duction, that "instead of publishing mypersonal reminiscences of the events inwhich I participated, I decided to writethe story of the Sixth Army." The bookis, he says, "an unadorned narrative" ofthe long struggle of the Sixth Armyagainst fanatical resistance as it foughtits way from Australia to Japan. Andthat is exactly what it is. As a factualrecord of the operations of a major mili-tary unit the volume has rarely, if ever,been equalled.

Veterans of the Sixth Army's opera-tions in New Guinea, Morotai, Leyte,Mindoro, and Luzon will find this bookto be a valuable record of their experi-ences and there is much of professionalvalue in General Krueger's statements ofhis reasons for decisions, and in his com-ments on staff procedures. He writeswith clarity and no evasions.

We wish General Krueger had givenmore attention to some personal anglesabout his comrades and himself. Bornin Germany, he served two years in theranks in the 12th Infantry before he be-gan his rugged career as an officer. WhenWorld War II came he was the Army'stop man in training Infantry divisions tofight.

The record of the Sixth Army in itsisland-hopping campaigns in the Pacificis far different from that of any inEurope.

SOVIET MILITARY DOCTRINE. By Ray-mond L. Garth off. Illustrated andIndexed. The Free Press, Glencoe,Illinois, $7.50.

This authoritative book on the doc-trines of the Soviet armies is readable


and thoroughly documented.The overall conclusion this book will

induce is simply that SoYiet MilitaryJ)octrine is sound, is based primarily onClausewitz, and resembles our doctrinein most phases. But there are extensiveand interesting differences in emphasisand application. The basis of all Com-munist attitudes, military, political, eco-nomic or any other, is complete faithin the necessity for a "basic unalterableconflict to annihilation of the two basichostile forces," whether they are called~c1asses,""systems" or "camps." On theone side is Communism; the other is anyand all enemies of Communism, withimmediate emphasis on the principalcurrent threat, be it Trotskyism, Fascism,or Capitalism. There is continual em-phasis on the near identity of politicaland military strategy, and on the com-bining of political, economic, psychologi-cal and other non-military forms ofstruggle with armed conflict.

There are three components in the So-viet concept of the military art: strategy,the "operating art" and tactics. Theoperating art is "the theory and practiceof organizing and conducting Front(Army Group) and Army operations,"and therefore partakes of the nature ofboth strategy and tactics as generallyunderstood in the West. Military Sci-ence is considered to include all threecomponents of the military art plus eco-nomic and morale capabilities.

After establishing the bases of SovietMilitary Doctrine in Part I, Part II ex-amines in detail Soviet Principles ofWar. The Soviet equivalent of estab-lished principles of war are the five"permanently operating factors" estab-lished by Stalin, plus one which Vora-shilov had the temerity and the goodsense to add. But also discussed are thetransitory factors, such as surprise, andcertain other principles of accepted stat-ure in the Soviet science of war.

Particularly interesting is the emphasisthe Soviets place on the offensive, onmandatory annihilation, on determina-tion of the direction of the main blow,and on the organizing ability of the com-mand personnel. The reader will con-clude that the Soviet principles are acombination of sound analysis and adose knowledge of certain inherent So-\-iet weaknesses. To at least some extentthey tend toward courses of action thatwould be most effective against them-

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER,1953

seh-es, an error not entirely confined totheir side of the Iron Curtain.

Part III concerns itself with the em-ployment of the combat arms of all threeservices, and with special operations,with a separate chapter on PartisanForces. While each reader will find spe-cial interest in his own arm and service,they all deserve reading and study. Theiruse of Ca\-alry, for example, was high-ly successful, in contrast to the futilecharges of the Polish lancers againstthe German Panzers. An entire CavalryCorps operated in the German rear areasin every year of the war, except 1945, notmomentarily, but for periods of 8 to 135days, and returned to their own linessuccessfully.

So long as Soviet Russia appears soadamant an enemy in all political fields,military men of the West can afford tooverlook no source of knowledge of theSoviet Armed Forces. "Soviet MilitaryDoctrine" is a textbook and referenc~book on the subject, is a "must" forplanners at all levels and is a useful andinteresting book for all in the military.

COL.M. R. THOMPSON,G.S.C.

FROM LENIN TO MALENKOV. ByHugh Seton-Watson. Praeger, 877pages, $6.

Hugh Seton-Watson carries on the tra-dition of his father, a distinguishedSlavic scholar. The history of worldcommunism in Russia and abroad cov-ered in this book is an ambitious project.The reader will get a clear idea of themotive forces in Europe and Asia and ofCommunist methods in subversion andforce. Nothing about Communism inAmerica. The author's knowledge ofRussia is nrst hand, and he has a delight-ful habit of calling a bolo a bolo. We find,too, a pungent humor: "To distinguishaccurately between hyenas, jackals, run-ning dogs, paper tigers, reptiles, misan-thropes, cannibals, and other disagree-able animal types, requires a mental sub-tlety to which the non-Stalinist infidelcan hardy attain."

Authors find, of course, a distressingscantiness of historical material about themost secretive dictatorship in history andabout an international movement whichhas always been an underground con-spiracy. There are no uninhibited mem-oirs or histories, no impartial and freenewspapers and magazines. So, the stu-dent resorts to conjecture to explain why

one Communist leader after another ma\-have been in favor one year only to ~disgraced and purged in the next: Underthese circumstances the author clearlydemonstrates the admntage of a longfamily background in the study of Rus-sia, its rulers and its peoples. Seton-\Vatson has gi\'en us a well documentedand sound historical study, one we foundreadable and entertaining. \Ve recom-mend it highly to Army readers.

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES. ByLouis Morton. United States Army inWorld War IIi The War in the Pacific.(Washington, Superintendent of Docu-ments, 1953. PP xvii, 626. $5.25'>

Here is the first complete account ofthe biggest military disaster suffered byU. S. forces in World War II. It is thestory of the Philippine campaign fromPearl Harbor to the surrender of anarmy of 120,(X)Qmen, the largest singlesurrender in the history of the UnitedStates. The central figures in this tragicstory are Generals Douglas MacArthur,Jonathan Wainwright, and EdwardKing.

Dr. Morton presents this tragic storyin clear and interesting fashion. Of allthe volumes on World War II historythis is one that the Army officers shouldread. Major General Orlando Ward tellswhy in the foreword:

"The soldier reading these pages woulddo well to reflect on the wisdom of thestatement exhibited in a Japanese shrine:'Woe unto him who has not tasted de-feat.' Victory too often leads to overcon-fidence and erases the memory of mis-takes. Defeat brings into sharp focus thecauses that led to failure and provides afruitful field of study for those soldiersand laymen who seek in the past lessonsfor the future."

THE SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS. By CharlesA. Lindbergh. 562 pages. Scribners.$5.00.

This is the story of the first trans-Atlantic flight from its inception to theclimactic reception of the author by theFrench people, told in Lindbergh's in-teresting and modest style.

The book has received almost everyrecognition that is available, including aBook-of-the-I\1onth Club selection. Thefuture likely holds for it a long periodon the best-seller lists and a place in theliterature of flight.

45

~ - ........,~ ""'- ..

Voflt.me LXXXXV;, ~953Jan.-Feb., I-March-April, 2-May-June, 3-July-Aug., 4-Sept.-Oct., 5-Nov.-Dec., 6

24-1 Indicates Page 24, January-February Issue

AUTHORSPage and No. Page lUld No.

Ackner, Ned E., Lt Col .Alexander, John H., Lieut .Armstrong, Andrew J., Lieut .Bayerle, G. P., Jr., Lt Col .Bonnalis, A. F., Capt., USNR .Boughner, Duncan C, Capt .Boyce, W. Craig Jr., Lt Col .Brightman, J. Y, Lt Col .Brister, B. E., Capt 26.3,Brown, \'\1m. F., Capt .Carvill, H. G., Lieut .Catlow, Tom, Lieut .Condon, H. T., Jr., Lt Col .Corey, R. R., Lt Col 24.6,Cotton, Richard \'\1 .Crowell, E. R., Colonel .Day, F. E., Colonel .Downing, Vince, Pfc .Ducey, D. 1., Major .Dunham, \'\1m. H., Jr., Colonel .Edgar, Joseph S., Major .Eliot, George Fielding .Elliott, R. H., Jr., Lieut .Ellis, Donald D., Lieut .Fechteler, William M., Admiral .Felcyn, Keith, Pfc .Fralish, John C, Major .Fry, J. C, Maj Gen .Giertsen, Rolf, Lieut .Gillespie, Berkeley S., Major .Glassen, Chester E., Lt Col 11-1,Gooding, Earl R., Col .Gruenther, Alfred M., Gen .Guelzo, Carl M., Lieut 14.2,Hamlin, 1. V., Lieut .Hartman, Norman E., Col .Hawthorne, Frank, Jr., Maj .Hercer, Ed, Sergeant .Hogan, R. 1., Capt .Hopkins, R. 1., Capt .Irwin, J. F., Lieut .Jackson, Harry R., Maj .Jones, Robert 1., Lieut .Kasman, Morton L., Lieut .Lambert, William H., Maj .Lemieux, Joseph \'\1., Lieut 31-3,Logan, William J., Maj .Lucas, E. D., Lt Col .Lutes, LeRoy, Lieut Gen .Macaulay, G. B., Lt Col .Mahon, R. P., Capt 35-1, 23-2,Main, L. B., Capt .

46

24-510.629-142-226-533-241-3

8-519-621-540-440-323-619-513-641-5

8-414-312-421-217-631-131-426-640-225-638-127-4

3-419-223-4

9-518-320-4

9-428-419-213-530-533-418-421-321-316-417-626-426-224-6

2-137-127-3

9-5

Magill, Walter B., Capt 6.4.Mattas, J. A., Capt 4-4Miller, A. C, Capt 12-4Moomaw, Otho A., Lt Col 20-2, 15-3, 2-4, 6-5, 12-6Morse, H. P., Lt Col 31-2Nash, A. B., Lieut 32-2Newman, Strode, Brig Gen 24-3Nye, David B., Lt Col 11-4O'Donnell, C F., Major 9-5Orman, L. M., Lt Col 18-6O'Rourke, J. M., Lieut 7-4Phillips, T. R., Brig Gen 20.1, 2-6Porter, Henry H 5-6Reid, Alban E., Jr., Capt 27-1Robinett, P. M., Brig Gen 17-1, 9-3Roer, Harry, Pfc , 25-6Rountree, C P., Major 30-3Shortall, J. L., Jr., Major 9-4Small, B. B., Capt 11-5Snow, M. H., Major 7-4Steltzner, R. L., Major 39-3Thompson, E. H., Jr., Lt Col 14-5Thorkelsen, Wm. L., Lt Col 35-2Torian, J. G., Corporal " 21-3Trussell, J. B. B., Jr., Lt Col 11-2Tufft, A. H., Lieut 30-4Via, J. B., Lt Col 23-4Williams, D. B., Lt Col 17-2, 16-3Wfreidt, N. M., Major 2-3Wuest, Wm. J., Colonel 26.1, 13-4Wfyckoff, Theodore, Major 10-1, 18-5Yarbrough, M. D., Capt 26-2

TITLES

AAAA Defense Planning Template, The 30-3AAA Records Section Trainer, The 29-3Antennas 21-5Antiaircraft Artillery Units Under Atomic Attack 2- 3Antiaircraft Journal and Its Predecessors-1892-1953 2-2Army Primary Programs 35-2Article, How to \'\1rite an 20-4Assignment of AAA Officers in AFFE 24-6Assignment as Aide-de-Camp 26-4Atomic \'\1arfare 2-6

B

"Bed Check Charlie" Night Raids 25-4Budget, The Army 11-1Budget, The New Army 23-4


Page and No.

C(amp Claybanks Firing Point .C1ptain Cannon Takes Over .Career Management Division, Artillery Branch .C1reer Management Division, Message From The Chief

Of .Chief of Staff, A Message From The .

26-619-628-.{

27-42-)

Page a.nd No.

Operation Devil Dog 19-2Oyerseas Returnees, Assignments of , 23-6

p

Pass the Ammunition 31-1Public Relations in Dearborn, Michigan 25-6

DDefenders of Japan 14-2Defense of Europe, The 18-3Defense Team, The New " 10-1Distinctive Unit Insignia-Part I , 23-2Distinctive Unit Insignia-Part II 27-3Distribution of School Instruction Material 41-3Divisional Organic Antiaircraft 2-4

EElectronics, Too Tough For GI's 13-6Electronics, Training for Artillery 31-2

FFar East Antiaircraft Artillery Specialist School 8-4Fire Control Of the towed 40MM AAA Gun in the

Surface Role 18-4Fort Totten 31-3

QQuad Lightning, The missions of 1

'-2

R

Radar, Bomb Scoring by AAA Units , 12-.{Radar Camouflage 18-6Range Umpire, Aids for the 17-6Roadblock 38-1Rockets and Missiles, A History of 16--1ROK Ack Ack:Training 14-3ROK Training by the 10th AAA Group 1-i-3ROTC Camp " 40-3ROTC Camp, AAA 41-5ROTC, At Texas A & M 29-1ROTC Course, Improving the .. , " 27-1ROTC, Medal Awards Winners , 39-4

GGrand Strategy, and the American Role .Ground Force Mobility .Guided Missiles .

HHeavy AAA, The Development of .Heavy AAA, The Development of .Housing, AAA Site .Housing, AAA in Japan .

IIndianhead Ack:Ack .Is It Level " .It Pays To Aim .

17-19-35-6

13-426-119-511-4

13-526-318-5

S

Schooling, Your Military .Sharpen Your Bayonets .Simplified Wind Determination, An application of .Social Security, The Veteran and .South Koreans and Free Chinese Train to Fights Reds

-U.S. Helps .Spirit Of the Corps-A Guide to the Future .Stand UP and Hook Up .Success, A Formula for .Supply, It Can Make Or Break You .Supply, World War II " .

V

Versatility of Radio Set ANjGRC-9

24-)12-621-321-2

20-111-237-140-214-52-1

32-2

KKatakai Firing Range 9-4Know Your Aircraft and T.he Enemy's 26-2

LLeaders Course, Fort Bliss, Texas , 40-4Long Watch, The .. , '" 35-4

MMaggie's Drawers 24-6Maintenance in The Self-Propelled AAA AW Battalion 6-5Meteorology for AAA 30-2Mental SOP 24-3MIG-15 Superior to the F-86, Is The 26-5M16, After Action Report on the , 11-5

oOCS-A Progress Report _.. 42-2OCS Classes, AAA '" 39-3


WWhat Has Become of the NCO " 35-1Winterization of the ANjTPS-1D " '" 33-2

Unit Articles

3rd AAA AW BN (SP) 15-33rd AAA AW BN (SP) in Korea 36-13rd AAA AW BN (SP), Coordination with the Infantry 10-63rd AAA, Up Front With The 20-215th AAA AW Battalion (SP) in Combat ,. 8-518th AAA Gun Bn, Battery D ,. 31-421st AAA AW BN (SP) 16-329th AAA AW BN (SP) Wins First Cav. Trophy 34-130th AAA Group Evaluation Tests 30-431st AAA Brigade Activities 34-234th AAA Brigade 10-135th AAA Brigade Units in the Inaugural 19-178th AAA Gun Battalion 9-596th AAA Gun Battalion, Citizenship Ceremony in the .. 30- 5601st AAA Gun Battalion, Armed Forces Day In The ... 33-4

47

... .,"

... ...""

"HONOR ROLL

...

1451h AAA AW 8nMaj. P. L. LaPlant1 68th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. M. C. Mocy243rd AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. E. E. McMillon2451h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. C. Davidson271st AAA AW 8nLI. Co\. V. S. Mathew., Calif.340lh AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. R. T. Bard, D. C.387th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. R. Wetherall41 8th AAA Bn GunLt. CO\. W. K. Adams, Va.443rd AAA AW 8nLt. Col. R. J. Raffaeli4641h AAA A W 8nMaj. W. J. Munroe466th AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. S. M. Arnold495th Missile 8nLt. Co\. B. H. Backstrom501 sf AAA Gun BnMaj. D. M. Green502nd AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. P. J. Moline5051h AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. M. E. Chatas506th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. J. H. Valliere507th AAA AW 8nLI. Co\. J. A. Laing5131h AAA Gun 8nMaj. C. W. McDonald, Jr.51 81h AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. G. Kushner51 9th AAA Gun 8nLI. Co\. A. E. Holt5261h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. W. T. Lind531s1 AAA AW 8nCo\. P. J. Gundlach550th AAA Gun 8nLt. CO\. F. E. Terry552d AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. Z. L. Strickland5541h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. F. J. Lagasse697th AAA A W 8nLt. Col. W. E. Thompson, N. Mex.6981h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. F. Monico, Illinois701., AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. F. F. Quist7051h AAA Gun 8nLI. Co\. F. O. Roever7161h AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. R. E. Howell, N. Mex.7171h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. E. D. Pelzer, N. Mex.719th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. W. W. Morse, Calif.720th AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Co\. G. A. Duke, Calif.724th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. E. H. Hahn725th AAA AW 8nMaj. J. C. Maultsby726th AAA Gun BnLt. CO\. M. \. Tillery, N. Mex.7371h AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. B. W. Perry...........


121h AAA Gun Bn GnMaj. H. Landsman141h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. T. B. Strother18th AAA Gun 8nMaj. G. W. Seabrook, III20th AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. C. F. Ollenger21.t AAA AW 8n ISP)Lt. Co\. R. E. Deems32nd AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. E. F. Moody39th AAA AW Bn 1M)Lt. Co\. F. D. Pryor41., AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. C. F. Chirico46th AAA 8n AWLt. Co\. F. H. Herb481h AAA AW BnLI. Co\. D. W. Malone49th AAA Gun 8nLI. Col. R. P. Bonosso50th AAA AW BnLI. Col. W. C. Boyce, Jr.52nd AAA 8n GnLt. Co\. F. A. Werner56th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. M. A. Selsor, Jr.63rd AAA Gun 8nLt. Col. E. G. Schwartz64th AAA Gun 8n.Lt. Col. C. E. Berkeley661h AAA Gun BnLt. Co\. J. C. Wilkerson70th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. C. F. England71.1 AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. V. A. MacDonald741h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. R. S. Reilly761h AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. K. R. Philbrick77th AAA Gun 8nLt. Co\. R. M. Nelson78th AAA Gun BnLI. Col. C. E. Dunlop83rd AAA Gun 8nMaj. D. M. McConn93rd AAA 8n GnLt. Col. C. A. Anderson941h AAA 8n GnLt. Co\. A. K. King951h AAA Gun 8nLt. Col. K. R. Nelson961h AAA Gun 8nLI. Col. R. E. Hood97th AAA 8n GnLt. Co\. W. F. Corcoran102nd AAA Gun 8nMaj. E. R. Welte, N. Y.120th AAA Gun 8nMaj. F. G. Young, Jr., N. Mex125th AAA 8n GunLt. Col. T. J. Buntin, Va.126th AAA AW 8nLt. Col. R. C. Carrero1291h AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. G. D. Eoste., Va.130th AAA 8n AWLt. Co\. W. Lamont, Jr., N. C.133rd AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. E. J. Modjeske, Illinois140th AAA AW 8nLI. Col. l. H. Ripley

Battalions1., AAA Training BnCol. J. H. Doyle2nd AAA AW BnLt. Col. R. O. Van Horn3rd AAA AW BnLt. Col. A. E. Bigelow41h AAA AW 8nLt. Col. E. O'Connor, Jr.51h AAA 8n TrainingMaj. F. S. Whitehead, Sr.7th AAA AW 8nLt. Co\. H. E. Michelet8th AAA AW 8nLt. Col. w. A. Stricklen, Jr.10th AAA ;,W BnLt. Col. Samuel May

181h AAA GroupCo\. R. W. Rumph19th AAA GroupCol. S. M. Alley26th AAA GroupCol. E. R. Hempstead29th AAA GroupCol. A. S. Buyno.ki30lh AAA GroupCol. W. H. Murray41 .t AAA GroupLt. Col. A. D. White651h AAA GroupCol. H. S. Tubbs68th AAA GroupCol. W. B. Howlhorne1381h AAA GroupCol. H. B. Hudiburg142d AAA GroupCol. R. M. Hardy, Ala.1971h AAA GroupCol. A. S. Boker, N. H.200th AAA GroupCol. C. M. Woodbury, N. Mex.2051h AAA GroupLt. Col. J. H. Pindell, Wo.h.211th AAA GroupCol. D. MacDuff, Moss.214th AAA GroupCol. J. G. Johnson, Go.218th AAA GroupCol. V. P. Lupinocci, Po.220th AAA GroupCol. R. H. Hopkins, Moss.2241h AAA GroupCol. E. W. Thompson, Va.233rd AAA GroupCol. W. T. Stone, Calif.243rd AAA GroupCol. P. E. Donnelly, R. I.250lh AAA GroupCol. R. B. Williams, Calif.260lh AAA GroupCol. G. V. Selwyn, D. C.302nd AAA GroupCol. J. M. Welch, Ohio3131h AAA GroupCol. A. F. Hoehle, Po.3261h AAA GroupCol. M. D. Meyers, Po.3281h AAA GroupCol. C. C. Parrish, Kans.374th AAA GroupCo\. T. F. Mullaney, Jr., Illinoi.S 15th AAA GroupCol. F. G. Rowell, N. Mex.

Brigades31.t AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. E. F. Cardwell32nd AAA BrigadeCol. M. W. May34th AAA BrigadeCol. O. H. Kyster, .lr.44th AAA BrigadeCol. C. G. Dunn45th AAA BrigadeCol. F. F. Miter47th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. F. M. Day52nd AAA BrigadeCol. R. S. Spangler56th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. H. F. Meyen105th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. A. H. Doud, N. Y.107th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. J. W. Squire, Va.108th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. G. J. Hearn, Go.llllh AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. Chas. G. Sage, N. Mex.112th AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. J. W. Cook, Calif.261st AAA BrigadeBrig. Gen. J. B. Moore, D.l.

Groups5th AAA GroupCol. H. G. Haskell61h AAA GroupCol. A. A. Adam.81h AAA GroupCol. O. H. Kyster10th AAA GroupCol. J. C. Bone13th AAA GroupLt. Col. G. F. Pindor

Original Honor Roll88th AAA Airborne 8nLt. Col. E. l. Cormier228th AAA GroupCo/. T. H. Pope

J 07th AAA AW 8n IMILt. Co/. E. R. Mciver305,h AAA GroupCo/. J. S. Moyer, N. Y.

Separate CommandsAAA Repl Training CenlerCol. E. W. HealhcoteHq AAA CommandLt. Gen. J. T. LewisCentral AAA CommandCol. D. J. BaileyEo.lern AAA CommandBrig. Gen. F. L. HoydenWe.tern AAA CommandBrig. Gen. E. J. McGawHq •• Far Ea.t AAA Spec. Sch.Col. F. E. DayDep'. of Gen. Sub ••Lt. Col. R. M. Page, Jr.Electronic. Dept.AAA & GM SchoolCol. Arthur KromerNon-Re.ident In •• Depl.AAA & GM SchoolCol. T. H. Watkin.

~48

HONOR ROLL7J9th AAA GunLt. Col. D. F. Van Gundy

7461h AAA Gun BnCol. K. S. Gray, Calil.

7641h AAA Gun BnLt. Col. E. D. Winstead

7681h AAA Gun Bn.Lt. Col. T. H. Kuyper

8041h AAA AW Bn IMIMaj. S. Caudill, N. ,',lex.

8651h AAA AW BnLI. Col. W. L. Nelson

867th AAA AW BnLI. Col. W. R. Parr90Jrd AAA AW BnLt. Col. F. J. Pelrilli9J3rd AAA AW BnLI. Col. l. F. Penney

950lh AAA AW BnLI. Cal. J. P. Wallis, Ga.

95ls1 AAA Gun BnLt. Col. W. G. Babbilf

Operations Detachments341h AAA Opns. Det.Maj. J. Swerdya

114th AAA Opns. Del.Maj. G. F. Kelley, Jr., Del.131 sl AAA Opns. Del.Maj. W. C. Fore, S. C.151 sl AAA Opns. Del.Maj. F. J. Slivka, Penn.

177lh AAA Opns. Del.Capt. J. J. Nieholl181 sl AAA Opns. Del.Maj. R. H. Moses, N. ,',lex.

1 841h AAA Opns. Del.Capt. M. C. leschendorl, Calil.

2861h AAA Opns. Del.Capl. H. J. Tarves

302nd AAA Opns. Del.Maj. N. L. Funke, Jr.

3271h AAA Opns. Del.Maj. P. Lanasa

SOOlh AAA Opns. Del.Maj. C. O. May

SOlsl AAA Opns. Del.LI. W. K. Merrill

502nd AAA Opns. Del.Capl. J. R. Myers

S08th AAA Opns. Del.Copt. G. J. Lahey

5091h AAA Opns. Del.Maj. J. P. Bodkin5141h AAA Opns. Del.Capt. H. A. Melzger5151h AAA Opns. Del.Co pl. C. R. Northop5171h AAA Opns. Del.LI. A. R. OmpsS251h AAA Opns. Del.Lt. R. A. Durkin30lh AAA BlryLt. R. A. Headland

JOURNAL HONOR ROLL CRITERIAI. Brigades, groups, battalions and other units of

comparable size with 80% subscribers among theofficers assigned (exclude i\ledicos, Chaplains, andthose on DS) are eligible for listing.

2. To qualify or to requalify for a listing on theJOURNAL Honor Roll, units submit the names ofsubscribers and a roster of officers assigned to theunit on date of application.

3. Units remain on the Honor Boll for onc yearafter qualification or requalification.

II TECHNIQUE FOR ADJUTANTS

BY MAJOR A. M. CHESTER

Here is a book you must have if you're an adjutant-a book you can use whetheryou're an adjutant's assistant or just a guy who has to fill out a form occasionally.TECHNIQUE FOR ADJUTANTS, by a man with 25 years' experience in the Corps,outlines the responsibilities of the job at any level-gives techniques, hints on manage-ment, ideas for organizing work. You'll never be mystified by paper work if you own acopy of TECHNIQUE FOR ADJUTANTS-and use it. Cloth, $2.50 Paper, $1.00

BATTERY DUTIESNo one in today's Army has time to dig through stacks of regulations, Fl\Is and TMs to find out what he shouldbe doing. No one needs to! Batter)' Duties, by Lt. Col. Robert F. Cocklin and Major Boatner, tells you what yourjob is in the battery, shows you all the necessary details of it in language so clear there is no room for misunder-standing. \V'hether you're the battery commander or the newest recruit, there is something in this book that willhelp you do your job more efficiently. Cloth $2.50; Paper, $1.50

PERIODICAL SUBSCRIPTIONS

Your Favorite Magazines at lowest rates availableOrder through the Antiaircraft journal for your home or BatteryReading Room.

l

The Story of Sixth ArmyIn World War "

$6.50byGeneral Walter Krueger

fROM DOWN UNDERTO NIPPON

No United States army in \\forld \X'ar II had a more difficult mission than Sixth Army, and none per- lformed its mission with more distinction and less publicity. from Down Under to Nippon is the history of rrSixth Army's operations, written by its commander. The book, like the army, reflects the personality of its Icommander-it is sound, accurate and professional. It is not General Krueger's autobiography; it is histribute to the men who served with him.

Here, then, is the history of an army as professional as any we had in \X'orld \'\, ar II, an army at the thinend of the supply line, an army that performed miracles on order and did so without fanfare. If you servedin the Paciifc you'll certainly want this book. If you did not, you'll still want it for what it can show youabout joint operations.

Handbook and Manualfor the

NONCOMMISSIONEDOFFICER

For the man in this picture, and for those who intendto be noncoms, here is a new kind of book, written forthe key men of the Army.

Handbook and Manllal for the NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER covers such vital topics asLeadership, Orders, How to Teach, How to Study, Social Conduct, Spit and Polish, Military Justice,Relationship with Your Men, How to Train Your Men, Promotions and Reductions, Things YourMen Will Ask You, Personal Affairs, and much more.

Order your copy today to be sure of the latest and best information.Cloth, $3.50 Paper, $2.50