Transcript
Page 1: The Protestant Reformation Religious Conflict and Struggle in Western Europe (1517-1648)

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Religious Conflict and Struggle in Religious Conflict and Struggle in Western Europe (1517-1648)Western Europe (1517-1648)

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I.I. Pre-Luther Catholic Reformers:Pre-Luther Catholic Reformers:John Wycliff (1330-1384)John Wycliff (1330-1384)

• English theologian.English theologian.

• He declared the Bible to be the He declared the Bible to be the sole source of faith. sole source of faith.

• He was the first to translate it He was the first to translate it into English in 1380-1381. into English in 1380-1381.

• Wycliffe demanded the absolute Wycliffe demanded the absolute poverty of the Church.poverty of the Church.

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Pre-Luther Catholic Reformers:Pre-Luther Catholic Reformers:Jan Hus (1370-1415)Jan Hus (1370-1415)

• Born in Bohemia (Czech Republic) / Born in Bohemia (Czech Republic) / died in Germanydied in Germany

• Highly influenced by Wycliff’s works. Highly influenced by Wycliff’s works. To Wycliffe’s works he added his To Wycliffe’s works he added his opposition to opposition to indulgences.indulgences.

• Excommunicated twiceExcommunicated twice for his for his teachings (1411 & 1412). Burned at teachings (1411 & 1412). Burned at the stake in 1415.the stake in 1415.

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Preparing to Burn Jan Hus at the Preparing to Burn Jan Hus at the Stake, 1415Stake, 1415

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)Martin Luther (1483-1546)

- - “The Church of Rome, “The Church of Rome, formerly the most holy of all formerly the most holy of all churches, has become the churches, has become the most lawless den of thieves, most lawless den of thieves, the most shameless of all the most shameless of all brothels, the very kingdom of brothels, the very kingdom of sin, death, and hell; so that sin, death, and hell; so that not even Antichrist, if he were not even Antichrist, if he were to come, could devise any to come, could devise any addition to its wickednessaddition to its wickedness”. ”. Luther letter to Pope Leo X Luther letter to Pope Leo X (Freedom of a Christian)(Freedom of a Christian)

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

• Luther lived in chronic conviction that he was Luther lived in chronic conviction that he was damned. The means offered by the church to damned. The means offered by the church to allay such fears of spiritual anguish – the allay such fears of spiritual anguish – the sacraments – prayer, attendance at Mass, gave sacraments – prayer, attendance at Mass, gave him no satisfaction. him no satisfaction.

• He became even more pessimistic after a trip to He became even more pessimistic after a trip to Rome where he found the capital of Catholicism Rome where he found the capital of Catholicism mired in corruption.mired in corruption.

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

• From a reading and pondering of St. Paul From a reading and pondering of St. Paul (Romans I, 17(Romans I, 17) ) “the just shall live by “the just shall live by faith”faith” he discovers that it is not the Church, he discovers that it is not the Church, but his own individual faith that will but his own individual faith that will guarantee his salvation. guarantee his salvation.

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

• 15171517 – In response to – In response to the indulgences, Luther the indulgences, Luther posted his posted his 95 Theses95 Theses on the door of the castle on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg. church at Wittenberg.

Luther held that, after Luther held that, after confession, the sinner is confession, the sinner is freed of his burden not freed of his burden not by the priest’s by the priest’s absolution, but by inner absolution, but by inner grace and faith alone.grace and faith alone.

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Luther vs. Pope Leo XLuther vs. Pope Leo X "he is richer than Croesus, he would do better to sell St "he is richer than Croesus, he would do better to sell St

Peters and give the money to the poor people..."Peters and give the money to the poor people..."

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

Luther held that there was no high Luther held that there was no high church authority to define true Christian church authority to define true Christian belief. Each individual might read the belief. Each individual might read the Bible and freely make his own Bible and freely make his own interpretation according to his own interpretation according to his own conscience.conscience.

Luther urged Germans to find Christian truth Luther urged Germans to find Christian truth in the Bible themselves.in the Bible themselves.

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

• He denounced reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, He denounced reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints, and Masses. He reduced the 7 saints, and Masses. He reduced the 7 sacraments to 2 – baptism and the communion.sacraments to 2 – baptism and the communion.

• He declared that the clergy should marry.He declared that the clergy should marry.

• To drive through his church reforms, denying the To drive through his church reforms, denying the clergy an influence over them, Luther called on the clergy an influence over them, Luther called on the princes of Germany to help.princes of Germany to help.

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Luther and His BeliefsLuther and His Beliefs

Christian liberty was an internal freedom, Christian liberty was an internal freedom, purely spiritual, known only to God. In purely spiritual, known only to God. In worldly matters, the good Christian owed worldly matters, the good Christian owed a perfect obedience to established a perfect obedience to established authority.authority.

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Economic Causes of the Economic Causes of the ReformationReformation

1.1. Middle ClassMiddle Class* Unhappy paying tithe to Rome* Unhappy paying tithe to Rome* Complained about Church ownership of * Complained about Church ownership of land land

2. Nobles2. Nobles* Many converted to Lutheranism to * Many converted to Lutheranism to

confiscate confiscate land belonging to Catholic Church land belonging to Catholic Church* The Catholic Church was the largest * The Catholic Church was the largest

landowner in the Holy Roman landowner in the Holy Roman Empire: 1/7 of Empire: 1/7 of the land. the land.

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Political Reasons for the Protestant Political Reasons for the Protestant ReformationReformation

• The Reformation added power and wealth to The Reformation added power and wealth to the kings or the territorial princes from:the kings or the territorial princes from:

1. the Roman Catholic Church1. the Roman Catholic Church2. the Holy Roman Empire2. the Holy Roman Empire

• Many wanted to gain independence so they Many wanted to gain independence so they joined Luther’s movementjoined Luther’s movement

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The Peasant Wars, 1525 The Peasant Wars, 1525

• Led by ex-priest Thomas MuntzerLed by ex-priest Thomas Muntzer

• Causes:Causes:1) Peasants paid two taxes: 1 to their lord and 1 to 1) Peasants paid two taxes: 1 to their lord and 1 to the Church. the Church.2) Wanted the abolition of serfdom2) Wanted the abolition of serfdom

• Results:Results:

1) Luther condemned the rebel peasants.1) Luther condemned the rebel peasants.2) Catholics and reformers joined together to crush 2) Catholics and reformers joined together to crush rebellion rebellion3) More than 100,000 were killed, maimed, imprisoned 3) More than 100,000 were killed, maimed, imprisoned or exiled. or exiled.

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Decline of the Roman Catholic Decline of the Roman Catholic Church – Cause of the Protestant Church – Cause of the Protestant

ReformationReformation1.1. Corruption, opulence, moral degradation of the Catholic ChurchCorruption, opulence, moral degradation of the Catholic Church

2.2. Renaissance – emphasis on secular achievements of the individualRenaissance – emphasis on secular achievements of the individual

3.3. Scientific Revolution – Scientific discoveries challenge the long-standing Scientific Revolution – Scientific discoveries challenge the long-standing teachings of the Church.teachings of the Church.

4. Rise of the nation-state and strong central governments in Europe4. Rise of the nation-state and strong central governments in Europe

- Rise of the monarchies- Rise of the monarchies

5. 5. Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

- Luther taught that people don’t need the help of clergy or - Luther taught that people don’t need the help of clergy or the the Church for salvation. Salvation comes from the Church for salvation. Salvation comes from the Bible.Bible.

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Catholic Church Response to LutherCatholic Church Response to Luther Pope Leo X accused Luther of Heresy and excommunicated Pope Leo X accused Luther of Heresy and excommunicated

him.him.

Pope summoned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to quiet Pope summoned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to quiet Luther. He summoned him to retract his criticisms at the Luther. He summoned him to retract his criticisms at the Diet Diet of Worms (1521). of Worms (1521). Luther argued with theologians for a week. Luther argued with theologians for a week. Luther hoped he could convert Charles who presided over the Luther hoped he could convert Charles who presided over the Diet.Diet.

Luther was protected by Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.Luther was protected by Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony.

While under protection, Luther translates the Bible into While under protection, Luther translates the Bible into German.German.

His ideas, and the German translation of the Bible spread as a His ideas, and the German translation of the Bible spread as a result of the printing press.result of the printing press.

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Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521)Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521)"Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of "Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of

the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other - my conscience is the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other - my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against

conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen."conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen."

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Charles V (1500-1558)Charles V (1500-1558)Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor (ruled 1519-1556) (ruled 1519-1556)

• Charles needed the support Charles needed the support of the German princes of the German princes against:against:

1. France (Hapsburg-Valois 1. France (Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1521-1544) Wars (1521-1544)

2. Ottoman risk from the 2. Ottoman risk from the East.East.

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Switzerland’s ReformationSwitzerland’s Reformation

1.1. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) * Established his headquarters in Zurich in 1520.* Established his headquarters in Zurich in 1520.

Beliefs:Beliefs:* Wanted to create a strict theocratic government in * Wanted to create a strict theocratic government in Zurich where religious values were infused Zurich where religious values were infused

in every in every aspect of political and social life. aspect of political and social life.

* Believed eucharist was a sign of Christ’s union * Believed eucharist was a sign of Christ’s union with with believers. Luther thought believed that believers. Luther thought believed that Christ was Christ was truly and symbolically present in this truly and symbolically present in this sacrament.sacrament.

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Switzerland’s ReformationSwitzerland’s Reformation

2. Anabaptists2. Anabaptists

• Believed that only adults had the free will to truly Believed that only adults had the free will to truly understand and accept baptism and therefore had understand and accept baptism and therefore had to be rebaptized (Anabaptism means rebaptism).to be rebaptized (Anabaptism means rebaptism).

• They refused to aknowledge the authority of the They refused to aknowledge the authority of the courts and refused to bear arms or swear oaths of courts and refused to bear arms or swear oaths of allegiance.allegiance.

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Switzerland’s ReformationSwitzerland’s Reformation

3. John Calvin (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564)3. John Calvin (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564)

* Born in France but because of religious persecution of non-* Born in France but because of religious persecution of non- Catholics, he went to Geneva, Switzerland. Catholics, he went to Geneva, Switzerland.

Beliefs:Beliefs:

• No Christian is guaranteed salvation. Believed every person was No Christian is guaranteed salvation. Believed every person was predestinedpredestined to either go to heaven or hell by God before they were to either go to heaven or hell by God before they were born.born.

• Calvinists demanded strict discipline from their followers. Calvinists demanded strict discipline from their followers. • Geneva became a theocratic community where dissent was forbidden.Geneva became a theocratic community where dissent was forbidden.

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Protestant ValuesProtestant Values

1.1. Encouraged reading the Bible in the vernacular.Encouraged reading the Bible in the vernacular.

2. 2. Protestant reformers set up schools to educate Protestant reformers set up schools to educate children in the new religious values.children in the new religious values.

3. Protestant reformers focused on poor relief.3. Protestant reformers focused on poor relief.

4. “Protestant Work Ethic” – linked hard work and 4. “Protestant Work Ethic” – linked hard work and prosperity with piety and divine providence and prosperity with piety and divine providence and considered laziness a sign of immorality.considered laziness a sign of immorality.

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The English ReformationThe English Reformation• Henry VIII (1491-1547) was Henry VIII (1491-1547) was

originally strongly against the originally strongly against the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

- Awarded - Awarded “Defender of “Defender of the Faith”the Faith” by Pope Leo X for by Pope Leo X for a pamphlet he wrote a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther. (1521)denouncing Luther. (1521)

• 1527 – Wanted an annulment of 1527 – Wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because she failed to Aragon because she failed to produce a son & heir to his produce a son & heir to his thrown.thrown.

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English ReformationEnglish Reformation

• Pope Clement VII (Giuliano Medici) refused to give him an Pope Clement VII (Giuliano Medici) refused to give him an annulment because Catherine was Charles’ aunt.annulment because Catherine was Charles’ aunt.

• 15331533: Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of the newly : Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of the newly proclaimed Church of England annulled Henry’s marriage. proclaimed Church of England annulled Henry’s marriage. Henry married his love, Ann Boleyn almost immediately.Henry married his love, Ann Boleyn almost immediately.

• 15341534: Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making : Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making Henry the “only supreme head on Earth of the Church of Henry the “only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.”England.”

• Many English Catholics refused to accept the Act. Some Many English Catholics refused to accept the Act. Some were executed for treason (Thomas More).were executed for treason (Thomas More).

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English ReformationEnglish Reformation

• Under Henry, not many changes were made to Under Henry, not many changes were made to Catholic forms of worship. Only changes were:Catholic forms of worship. Only changes were:

- he became head of the Anglican - he became head of the Anglican Church Church

- confiscated some Catholic Church - confiscated some Catholic Church lands and wealth and gave it to nobles lands and wealth and gave it to nobles and other “high-ranking” citizens. and other “high-ranking” citizens.- allowed the use of English in Church - allowed the use of English in Church services services

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The Wives of Henry VIIIThe Wives of Henry VIII

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Post-Henry Protestant Reforms in Post-Henry Protestant Reforms in EnglandEngland

• Edward VI (1538-1553), Henry’s only son from wife Jane Edward VI (1538-1553), Henry’s only son from wife Jane Seymour, succeeded his dad when he was 9.Seymour, succeeded his dad when he was 9.

• Edward and Cranmer passed laws bringing minor Edward and Cranmer passed laws bringing minor Protestant changes. Catholics resisted.Protestant changes. Catholics resisted.

• Edward’s half-sister Mary Tudor (Henry & Catherine of Edward’s half-sister Mary Tudor (Henry & Catherine of Aragon’s daughter) succeeded Edward in 1553. She was Aragon’s daughter) succeeded Edward in 1553. She was determined to return England to Catholic faith.determined to return England to Catholic faith.

• Mary’s successor, Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) (Henry & Mary’s successor, Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) (Henry & Anne Boleyn’s daughter) upheld the Church of England but Anne Boleyn’s daughter) upheld the Church of England but preserved much Catholic ritual. preserved much Catholic ritual.

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Wars of Religion in EuropeWars of Religion in Europe (1530-1648) (1530-1648)

1.1. Protestants vs. Catholics – Holy Roman EmpireProtestants vs. Catholics – Holy Roman Empire

- Lutheran princes formed - Lutheran princes formed SchmalkaldicSchmalkaldic LeagueLeague against Catholic against Catholic Emperor Emperor Charles V. Charles V.

- Charles forced to negotiate with Protestants:- Charles forced to negotiate with Protestants:

a) war was a stalematea) war was a stalemateb) Charles bankrupt the budget as a result of his warsb) Charles bankrupt the budget as a result of his wars

Result: 1555 – Result: 1555 – Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

- all princes had the right to choose the religion of their land and - all princes had the right to choose the religion of their land and peoplepeople

- the Peace did not include rights for Calvinists, Anabaptists- the Peace did not include rights for Calvinists, Anabaptists- Charles abdicated his throwns in 1556.- Charles abdicated his throwns in 1556.

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Wars of ReligionWars of Religion(1530-1648)(1530-1648)

2. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)2. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

- 1/3 of French nobles converted to Calvinism during 1540’s-- 1/3 of French nobles converted to Calvinism during 1540’s- 1550’s 1550’s

- August 24, 1572: - August 24, 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – in three days, – in three days, Catholic Catholic mobs murdered 3,000 Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris. mobs murdered 3,000 Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris.

- During this time France was suffering from weak leadership. In 1589, - During this time France was suffering from weak leadership. In 1589, Henry of Navarre (Bourbon), a Huguenot became king of Henry of Navarre (Bourbon), a Huguenot became king of

France. France. Henry IVHenry IV..

- Realizing Catholic France would never accept a Huguenot king, Henry - Realizing Catholic France would never accept a Huguenot king, Henry converted to Catholicism (1593). converted to Catholicism (1593).

- To end the civil war, Henry issued the - To end the civil war, Henry issued the Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes (1598) giving (1598) giving Huguenots extended freedom of worship. They were allowed Huguenots extended freedom of worship. They were allowed

to keep their to keep their courts and even courts and even their own troops.their own troops.

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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - 15721572

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France, 1550-1598France, 1550-1598

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Henry IV (ruled 1589-1610)Henry IV (ruled 1589-1610)Catherine de Medici (lived 1519-1589)Catherine de Medici (lived 1519-1589)

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Wars of Religion Wars of Religion (1530-1648)(1530-1648)

3. Thirty Years War (1618-1648)3. Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

Long-Term CausesLong-Term Causes::- (1555-1618) Tensions were still high in HRE after the Peace of - (1555-1618) Tensions were still high in HRE after the Peace of

Augsburg. Lutherans lost some cities back to Augsburg. Lutherans lost some cities back to Catholics and Calvinists. Catholics and Calvinists.

- New Catholic Emperor Ferdinand, crowned king of Bohemia in - New Catholic Emperor Ferdinand, crowned king of Bohemia in 1617, curtailed Protestant religious rights. 2 years later 1617, curtailed Protestant religious rights. 2 years later

he became he became Holy Roman Emperor. Holy Roman Emperor.

Short-Term CauseShort-Term Cause::

- May, 1618: two Catholic deputies were thrown out of a castle - May, 1618: two Catholic deputies were thrown out of a castle window in Prague by angry Protestants. window in Prague by angry Protestants.

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Wars of Religion Wars of Religion (1530-1648)(1530-1648)

Thirty Years War (continued)Thirty Years War (continued)

The First Battle:The First Battle: Catholic victory Catholic victory

- When Ferdinand was named Emperor, Protestant Czechs in - When Ferdinand was named Emperor, Protestant Czechs in Bohemia refused to recognize him. (1620) Ferdinand’s Catholic Bohemia refused to recognize him. (1620) Ferdinand’s Catholic imperial forces defeated the Czech rebels at the imperial forces defeated the Czech rebels at the Battle of White Battle of White MountainMountain..

ResultResult::

- Battle of White Mountain was a symbol of the Czechs’ - Battle of White Mountain was a symbol of the Czechs’ desire for independence that they didn’t attain desire for independence that they didn’t attain until until

1918.1918.

- HRE helped by Spanish troops and money from the Pope.- HRE helped by Spanish troops and money from the Pope.

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Wars of Religion Wars of Religion (1530-1648)(1530-1648)

Thirty Years War (continued)Thirty Years War (continued)

The Second BattleThe Second Battle: Catholic victory : Catholic victory

- 1625 - Catholic mercenary armies (with the support of - 1625 - Catholic mercenary armies (with the support of Ferdinand) occupied and plundered Protestant lands. Ferdinand) occupied and plundered Protestant lands.

- Lutheran King of Denmark - Lutheran King of Denmark Christian IVChristian IV invaded to protect invaded to protect German Protestants. He was defeated. German Protestants. He was defeated.

ResultResult::

- Ferdinand issued the - Ferdinand issued the Edict of RestitutionEdict of Restitution (1629): outlawed (1629): outlawed Calvinism and reclaimed Catholic Church property Calvinism and reclaimed Catholic Church property confiscated after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg). confiscated after 1555 (Peace of Augsburg).

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Wars of Religion Wars of Religion (1530-1648)(1530-1648)

Thirty Years War (continued)Thirty Years War (continued)

The Third BattleThe Third Battle: Protestant victory in HRE / French defeat Spaniards: Protestant victory in HRE / French defeat Spaniards

- Swedish Lutheran King - Swedish Lutheran King Gustavus AdolphusGustavus Adolphus invaded the northern Holy invaded the northern Holy Roman Empire in 1630. Roman Empire in 1630.

- Adolphus received financial aid from Catholic France. - Adolphus received financial aid from Catholic France.

- Swedish forces made it to southern Germany and occupied Catholic - Swedish forces made it to southern Germany and occupied Catholic territory. Adolphus was killed in battle in 1632. territory. Adolphus was killed in battle in 1632.

- 1635: France declared was on Catholic Spain to help the Calvinist Dutch - 1635: France declared was on Catholic Spain to help the Calvinist Dutch gain independence from Spain. Spanish forces at first entered France all gain independence from Spain. Spanish forces at first entered France all the way the way to Paris. Then the French turned the tide.to Paris. Then the French turned the tide.

- 1635: Edict of Restitution was rescinded.- 1635: Edict of Restitution was rescinded.

- 1643: French forces defeat Spaniards. Portugal gained its independence.- 1643: French forces defeat Spaniards. Portugal gained its independence.

- 1648: Swedish forces destroyed the culturally rich city of Prague. Germans - 1648: Swedish forces destroyed the culturally rich city of Prague. Germans wanted peace and an end to Swedish and French occupation. wanted peace and an end to Swedish and French occupation.

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Peace of Westphalia (1644-1648)Peace of Westphalia (1644-1648)

1.1. France & Sweden insisted that every German state should send a separate France & Sweden insisted that every German state should send a separate representative.representative.

2.2. Updated the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinists.Updated the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinists.

3.3. Protestants got back lands they originally got at Augsburg but lost in the Edict Protestants got back lands they originally got at Augsburg but lost in the Edict of Restitution (1629).of Restitution (1629).

4.4. The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist as a unified empire:The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist as a unified empire:

- Netherlands and Switzerland broke away- Netherlands and Switzerland broke away- France took parts of Alsace-Lorraine- France took parts of Alsace-Lorraine- Sweden gained territory in the northern HRE- Sweden gained territory in the northern HRE- over 300 German states belonging to the HRE became - over 300 German states belonging to the HRE became

virtually independent virtually independent

5.5. France replaced Spain as the continental European power.France replaced Spain as the continental European power.6.6. The concept of European unity was dead.The concept of European unity was dead.

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Effects of the Thirty Years War on Effects of the Thirty Years War on GermanyGermany

1.1. As much as 1/3 of the population of 15 As much as 1/3 of the population of 15 million died.million died.

2.2. Instead of unifying, the German states Instead of unifying, the German states fragmented even further.fragmented even further.

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Catholic Reformation or the Counter Catholic Reformation or the Counter ReformationReformation

• The Catholic reaction to the Protestant The Catholic reaction to the Protestant challenge.challenge.

• Pope Paul III (r.1534-1549) convened a Pope Paul III (r.1534-1549) convened a council to strengthen position of the Catholic council to strengthen position of the Catholic Church.Church.

• The The Council of TrentCouncil of Trent met periodically met periodically between 1545-1563.between 1545-1563.

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The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent

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Counter Reformation – Council of Counter Reformation – Council of TrentTrent

• Decisions made at Trent shaped Catholicism until the Decisions made at Trent shaped Catholicism until the 1960’s1960’s

• The Council rejected the major Protestant positions:The Council rejected the major Protestant positions:- confirmed the supremacy of the - confirmed the supremacy of the

clergy clergy- Papal power was not limited. Pope - Papal power was not limited. Pope remained the central authority in the remained the central authority in the Catholic Church Catholic Church- salvation to be achieved by faith AND good - salvation to be achieved by faith AND good

works works

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Counter Reformation – Council of Counter Reformation – Council of Trent (continued)Trent (continued)- upheld the 7 sacraments- upheld the 7 sacraments- Rejected Protestant claim to find - Rejected Protestant claim to find true faith in the Bible alone true faith in the Bible alone- Latin was confirmed as the official - Latin was confirmed as the official

language of the Bible language of the Bible- The right of individuals to believe - The right of individuals to believe in their own interpretation of the in their own interpretation of the

Bible over church authorities Bible over church authorities was was rejected rejected

- Celibacy of the clergy was maintained- Celibacy of the clergy was maintained- “Correct” practice of indulgences was - “Correct” practice of indulgences was

reaffirmed reaffirmed

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Counter Reformation – Council of Counter Reformation – Council of Trent (continued)Trent (continued)

- Veneration of saints, pilgrimages, - Veneration of saints, pilgrimages, the use of religious images in the use of religious images in

Church upheld Church upheld

• The Council also:The Council also:- Strengthened the Inquisition to fight - Strengthened the Inquisition to fight

against Protestantism against Protestantism- Inquisition prepared the - Inquisition prepared the Index of Forbidden Index of Forbidden BooksBooks – books banned for Catholics to read – books banned for Catholics to read- A new Catholic order was established – the - A new Catholic order was established – the JesuitsJesuits

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The JesuitsThe Jesuits

• Founded by Founded by Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola (1491-1556) (1491-1556)

• Spiritual and moral disciplineSpiritual and moral discipline• Rigorous religious trainingRigorous religious training• Absolute obedience to the ChurchAbsolute obedience to the Church• Set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic Set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic

beliefsbeliefs• Missionary work spread Catholic faith to Asia, Missionary work spread Catholic faith to Asia,

Africa and the Americas.Africa and the Americas.

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Churches: LutheranChurches: Lutheran

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Churches: CalvinistChurches: Calvinist

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Churches: AnabaptistChurches: Anabaptist

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Churches: Roman CatholicChurches: Roman Catholic

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Churches: Russian OrthodoxChurches: Russian Orthodox


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