Transcript
Page 1: The Scientific Revolution. Scientific Revolution-

The Scientific Revolution

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Scientific Revolution-

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Scientific Revolution

• time period when old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories

• began in the mid-1500s

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geocentric theory

• the belief that the earth is the center of the universe

• also called the Ptolemaic system

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heliocentric theory

• the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun

• discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

• also called the Copernican system

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scientific method

• technique for acquiring knowledge

• main developer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

• 3 basic steps:

1. find a problem

2. formulate a hypothesis

3. test the hypothesis

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Galileo (1564-1642)

• developed a more powerful refracting telescope and made many astronomical discoveries

• discovered new laws of physics:– falling bodies– projectile motion

• the Inquisition forced him to recant his beliefs

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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

• proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits

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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• considered the greatest scientist in history

• Invented the reflecting Telescope

• discovered laws of motion and gravity

• made discoveries about light and optics

• invented calculus

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medical advancements

• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

– studied human anatomy by dissecting human corpses

• William Harvey (1578-1657)

– discovered that blood circulates through the body and is pumped by the heart (circulatory system)

• Edward Jenner (1749-1823)– discovered vaccination by

developing a vaccine for small pox

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Scientific Revolution-old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories

geocentric theory

heliocentric theory

scientific method

Galileo

KeplerNewton-

discovered laws

of motion and gravity

medical advancements

•proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits

•made many astronomical discoveries

find a problemformulate a hypothesistest the hypothesis

•the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun

•the belief that the earth is the center of the universe

Vesalius- disecting

Harvey- circulation

Jenner-vaccine for small pox

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The Enlightenment

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Enlightenment

• movement that reached its height in the 18th century

• people began to use reason and thought and realized the power of individuals to solve problems.

• had a great effect on democratic revolutions like the American and French

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social contract theory

• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)– people accept a common superior power for

protection• John Locke (1632-1704)

– believed that humans have 3 natural rights:• life• liberty• property

– if a government fails to protect the people’s rights, the people have the right to rebel

– These ideas helped to frame the Declaration of Independence and began the American Revolution

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)– people must surrender some rights in

order for the government to protect rights and freedoms

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philosophes

• French Enlightenment philosophers

• important philosophes:– Baron de Montesquieu

(1689-1755)• separation of powers

– Voltaire (1694-1778)• promoted religious

tolerance and free speech

– Denis Diderot (1713-84)• compiled the world’s

1st true encyclopedia

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Deism

• religious philosophy that became popular during the Enlightenment

• basic belief: God set the universe in motion then left it alone (like a clockmaker)

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Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97)

• wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman– argued for equal rights for women

Mary Godwin Percy Bysshe ShelleyMary Shelley

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capitalism

• economic system• father of capitalism: Adam

Smith (1723-90)– promoted a free market

system with little government interference (laissez faire)

– Smith’s three natural laws of economics:• the law of self-interest• the law of competition• the law of supply and

demand