Transcript
Page 1: Thermal conductivities of two specimens of ferrous alloys at … · 2016. 8. 10. · A NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDSREPORT NBSPROJECT NBSREPORT 1003-20-1015 February12,1953 2263 ThermalConductivitiesofTwoSpecimensof

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Page 3: Thermal conductivities of two specimens of ferrous alloys at … · 2016. 8. 10. · A NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDSREPORT NBSPROJECT NBSREPORT 1003-20-1015 February12,1953 2263 ThermalConductivitiesofTwoSpecimensof

A

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTNBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1003-20-1015 February 12, 1953 2263

Thermal Conductivities of Two Specimens ofFerrous Alloys at Temperatures from 100®C to 700®C

by

H, E. RobinsonS. Katz

Heating and Air Conditioning SectionBuilding Technology Division

forLebanon Steel FoundryLebanon, Pennsylvania.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publication, reprinting, or repiodu

from the Office of the Director, Nation

which a report has been specifically

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

d unless permission Is obtained In writing

s not needed, however, by an agency for

that particular report for Its own use.

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 201 5.

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Page 5: Thermal conductivities of two specimens of ferrous alloys at … · 2016. 8. 10. · A NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDSREPORT NBSPROJECT NBSREPORT 1003-20-1015 February12,1953 2263 ThermalConductivitiesofTwoSpecimensof

Thermal Conductivities of Two Specimens ofFerrous Alloys at Temperatures from 100°C to 700®C

by

H. E. RobinsonS. Katz

I. INTRODUCTION

Two specimens, referred to as No. E-452^ (L205A)and No. C-^507 (L23), were submitted by the Lebanon SteelFoundry, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, for calibration measure-ments of thermal conductivity in the temperature rangefrom 100®C to ?00®C.

From information furnished by the Lebanon SteelFoundry, the compositions of these ferrous alloy speci-mens were as follows:

No. E-452^ No. G-S507{L 205A) 23 )

Carbon .30 # 3L 3^

Silicon .35 1.20!4anganese .69 .74Chromium .^0 20 . 3^Nickel .75 9.43Molybdenum .25 .07Copper .0^ .10Phosphorous .026 .020Sulphur .036 .025

II. PREPARATION OF THE SPSCEffiNS

The general arrangement of the test apparatus is shownin Figure 1, as amended to show an internal heater in thebar specimens in place of the external heater previouslyused.

The upper end of each specimen was drilled to providea well for circulation of the coolant and the lower endwas drilled to accommodate the heater. The internal heat-ing element was made by winding nl chrome wire on a groovedporcelain cylinder, which was then covered with alundumfor electrical insulation. Chromel-alumel thermocoupleswere attached at intervals of about 4 cm. along the lengthof the bar. One thermocouple was attached to the lower end

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of the specimen. Jhe completed specimen was supportedon a thin nichrome pin located in the bottom of a thick-walled stainless steel guard cylinder. The guard cylin-der was also equipped with thermocouples and a heaterelement, and at the top with a copper coil through whichthe coolant was circulated. The specimen-guard assemblyvias suspended in a large sheet metal container and theentire system insulated with a fine granular insulation.

III. TEST FiETHOD

Electrical energ3r was supplied to the heater elementsand adjusted so that a minimum temperature differencebetween bar and guard existed at the thermocouples justabove the heaters. Cooling v/ater at constant tempera-ture was pumped through the well in the specimen andthrough the coil on the guard cylinder. When steadytemperature conditions had been attained the emfs ofthe thermocouples (reference junctions at OC) and thecurrent through and voltage drop across the bar heaterwere measured by means of standard resistors and a pre-cision potentiometer. Thermocouple readings were sub-sequently converted to degrees Centigrade, using datadetermined by a calibration of the thermocouple wire.

To calculate the thermal conductivity, observedtemperatures of the bar and guard were plotted versusposition along the bar as abscissae and smooth curveswere drawn through the points along the bar and alongthe guard. Corrections to the measured heat input tothe bar to account for heat interchange between thebar and guard were made on the basis of the temperaturedifferences between them detemined from the curves andusing the conductivit|: of the granular insulation atthe appropriate mean temperature. The corrections weremade for the heat interchange (a) between the lower endof the bar and the guard cylinder (b) between the barand guard at the heater region and (c) between bar andguard for each thermocouple span. The average rate ofheat flow between any two thermocouples on the bar wasthus computed and used, together with the measured dis-tance and temperature difference between them, and thecross-sectional area of the specimen, to calculate theaverage thermal conductivity for that span. 'Phe calcu-lated heat loss from the bar below the first span wasless than 10 percent of the heat input; the total heatloss for all six spans was from -9 to +6 percent ofthe heat input in the various tests. It is believed

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- 3 -

that the various corrections could be evaluated with anuncertainty of not more than about 20 percent, conse~quently the uncertainty in the rates of heat flow usedin computing the conductivities is of the order of notmore than 2 percent.

IV. TEST RESULTS

The values of thermal conductivity obtained in thetests v/ere plotted against mean temperature (Figures 2and 3) and a straight line, determined by the method ofleast squares, was drawn through the points. In thecase of specimen No. E-452^ two straight lines weredrawn because of a sharp change in the thermal conducti-vity at a mean temperature of about 200®C, Table Ilists thermal conductivities taken from these lines.

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The plotted points show some scatter from the leastmean square lines drawn through them over a range of meantemperatures. The scattering about the straight lineevidenced by the points obtained for the same test con-dition is an inverse measure of the precision of themeasurements. Several factors may have contributed tothe scattering, namely, small random inaccuracies inmeasuring the thermocouple locations on the bar, slightheat conduction along the thermocouple wires near thehot junctions and possible slight inhomogenieties ofthe thermocouple v;ires.

To minimize heat conduction effects, No. 26 A.¥.gage thermocouple wires were used, and the wires wereled away for a distance of a f^w centimeters in the planeof the cross-section at the junction, in which the temper-ature should -be fairly uniform. However, since thetemperature gradients along the bar ranged from 5 to 3^degrees C per centimeter in different tests, scane con-duction effect on individual thermocouple readingsprobably could not be avoided. The plot of bar tempera-tures versus position indicates some slight departuresfrom a smooth curve, of magnitude not greater than onedegree C in the extreme case. Since all of these fac-tors were random in nature, their effect v^as probably todecrease the precision of the measurements rather thanto affect the overall results in any one direction.

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Table^'l"

Mean Temperature Thermal Conductivity, watta/cmCdegC)Hq,. E-452g No^...C-

.81^

50 0*366 0.132100 .376 .140150 .3^7 .149200 .397 .157(200) (.400) -

300 ,3^6 .173400 .372 i--.- 4-- .190500

• ^ 1 1

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Page 20: Thermal conductivities of two specimens of ferrous alloys at … · 2016. 8. 10. · A NATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDSREPORT NBSPROJECT NBSREPORT 1003-20-1015 February12,1953 2263 ThermalConductivitiesofTwoSpecimensof

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