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7/24/2019 Thinking Critically With PsychologyM1(1)

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THINKING CRITICALLY

WITH PSYCHOLOGYModule 1


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What is ScientifcPscholo!

Pscholo! is the science o"#eha$io%& 'P%o"esso%(s )efnition*

Pscholo!ists use the +ethods o"

science to unco$e% la,s o" hu+an#eha$io%- .ust as othe% scientistunco$e% la,s o" natu%e&


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La,s and Rules o"/eha$io%

So+e #eha$io% is uni$e%sal0 so+e #eha$io%con"o%+s to social %ules

acial dis2la o" an!e% 3 uni$e%sal

Acce2tance o" teena!e %o+antic %elationshi2s 3%ule con"o%+in!

A+e%ica 3 OK

China 3 Inte%"e%es ,ith acade+ics andina22%o2%iate


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A%e all 2eo2le2scholo!ists4

5ean Pia!et 3 6oolo!ist and 2scholo!istsu!!ested that the hu+an de$elo2s "%o+ ani%%ational #ein! to a %ational0 lo!ical #ein!&

All a%e i+2elled to add%ess the WHY7uestions&

Wh did this ha22en4Wh did the 2e%son t%eat +e this ,a4

Wh does thunde% "ollo, li!htnin!4

Wh did the chic8en c%oss the %oad4


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Ancient and Old Ideas inPscholo!

9:; /C Plato a%!ued that the

#%ain is sou%ce o" +ental2%ocesses&

9


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A=ect > Co!nition )e#ate

)o 2eo2le thin8 f%st and then"eel e+otion4

o%

)o 2eo2le "eel e+otion f%st andthen thin8 a#out it4

/oth 2%ocesses occu%


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)esca%tes 1?9;

)esca%tes 2%o2osed the idea o"+ind>#od inte%action& Conce2to" innate ideas 3 at #i%th 2eo2lea%e #o%n ,ith an in#o%ntendenc to thin8 a#out onesel"and one(s e@istence&


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Loc8e 1?B

Loc8e %e.ected the idea o" an in#o%n

tendenc to thin8 o" sel" and a%!ued that

at #i%th the +ind is a ta#ula %asa o% a

#lan8 slateD u2on ,hich e@2e%ience,%ites&

A%!ued "o% e+2i%icis+ 3 ,hat ,e 8no,

a#out the ,o%ld co+es th%ou!h e@2e%ienceand o#se%$ation0 not th%ou!h intuition&E+2i%icis+ is at the 2hiloso2hical #ase o"+ode%n science&


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Mes+e% 1;;F

Mes+e% 2e%"o%+s e@2e%i+ents on

ani+al +a!netis+D to cu%e+ental illness& This ,as theea%liest ,o%8 on h2nosis&


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)a%,inian Theo% o" Natu%alSelection

1:


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Wilhel+ Wundt

1:; Wilhel+ Wundt esta#lishes thef%st e@2e%i+ental 2scholo!la#o%ato% at the ni$e%sit o"

Lei26i! to stud 2scho2hsics&

Wundt(s e+2hasis ,as onconsciousness 'a,a%eness o" ane@te%nal sti+ulus and +ental2%ocesses*


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Wundt(s Method

sed a +ethod calledInt%os2ectionis+ 3 su#.ectsdesc%i#ed thei% sensations o%

"eelin!s a"te% #ein! e@2osed to asti+ulus

Wundt is conside%ed the "ounde%o" e@2e%i+ental 2scholo!& All

Ph&)& 2scholo!ists can t%ace


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All Pscholo!ist can T%ace thei%Linea!e

http://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineae.

pdf

M +a.o% ad$iso% at Conn ')a$id

A& Kenn* a22ea%s nea% the end o"the list
http://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdfhttp://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdfhttp://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdfhttp://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdfhttp://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdfhttp://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/PhDlineage.pdf


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So+e Nota#le A+e%icanPscholo!ists

1: G& Stanle Hall #eco+es thef%st 2%esident o" the A+e%icanPscholo!ical Association&

1:F Ma% Wash#u%n is the f%st,o+an to %ecei$e the Ph&)& in2scholo! 'Co%nell*&

1:F Ma% Whiton Cal8ins is %e"usedad+ission to docto%al candidac at

Ha%$a%d #ecause she ,as a ,o+an&


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/%oad A22%oaches inPscholo!

Int%os2ectionis+

Gestalt Pscholo!St%uctu%alis+

unctionalis+


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Int%ose2ctionis+

Su#.ect %e2o%ts consciouse@2e%ience o" e$ents o% sti+uli

Method de$elo2ed # Wundt


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St%uctu%alis+

Wundt(s student Ed,a%d Titchne%sta%ted an a22%oach at Co%nell calledSt%uctu%alis+&

As che+ists and 2hsicists stud thest%uctu%e o" +atte%0 these2scholo!ists atte+2ted to stud thest%uctu%e o" the +ind&


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Gestalt Pscholo!

Conscious e@2e%ience is +o%e than thesu+ o" its 2a%ts&

o% e@a+2le 3 a neon si!n o% the 2hi2heno+enon > ,e 2e%cei$e +o$e+ento" li!ht ,hen it is onl li!hts !oin! onand o=

http://imaes-mediawi"i-sites.thefullwi"i.o

#/02/3/4/4/811$3$25310%0483.if
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unctionalis+

Willia+ 5a+es 2%o2osed the

unctionalist a22%oach&

A=ected # the e$olutiona% theo% o"Cha%les )a%,in0 5a+es ,as conce%ned,ith the "unction o" #eha$io% 'e&!&

s+ell0 thin8in!0 e+otion and $ision&*

In essence0 thei% "unction is to ada2t to

the en$i%on+ent&


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Conte+2o%a% Pscholo!

An inte%national scientifc ente%2%ise ,ith


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A22%oaches in Mode%n Pscholo!

Neu%oscience >> ho, the #%ain andothe% #iolo!ical sste+s a=ect#eha$io%

E$olutiona% >>> Ho, hu+an #eha$io%has e$ol$ed in o%de% to 2%o+oteada2tation and %e2%oduction&

/eha$io% Genetics >> )ete%+ines the%elati$e e=ects o" !enes and the

en$i%on+ent in the dete%+ination o"


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A22%oaches in Mode%nPscholo!

Pschodna+ic >> Ho, #eha$io% isdete%+ined # ea%l childhood e@2e%iences&

/eha$io%al >> Ho, #eha$io% is lea%ned

Co!niti$e >> Ho, in"o%+ation is ta8en in0o%!ani6ed0 and %et%ie$ed "%o+ the #%ain&

Social>Cultu%al 3 Ho, 2eo2le a=ect the#eha$io% o" othe% 2eo2le and ho, cultu%esha2es the #eha$io% o" 2eo2le&


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A22%oaches in Mode%nPscholo!

Hu+anistic A22%oach 3 /eha$io% is dueto the choices that 2eo2le +a8e inthei% li$es #ased on ho, the ,o%ld is

2e%cei$ed&

Each 2e%son has a uni7ue 2e%ce2tiono" the ,o%ld #ased on thei% uni7ue seto" e@2e%iences&

I" 2eo2le a%e t%eated ,ith

unconditional 2ositi$e %e!a%d0 the ,ill


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S2ecialties in Pscholo!

A student t2icall s2eciali6es in ana%ea ,hile a !%aduate student anddoes the Ph&)& thesis in that a%ea&

The%e a%e t,o !ene%al cate!o%ies#asic %esea%ch and a22lied 2scholo!&


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/asic Resea%ch E@a+2les

> E@2e%i+ental Pscholo!

> )e$elo2+ental Pscholo!

> Social Pscholo!> Pe%sonalit Pscholo!

> Co!niti$e Pscholo!

> /iolo!icalPscholo!JNeu%oscience


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A22lied Resea%chE@a+2les

> Clinical Pscholo!

> Health Pscholo!

> Indust%ialJO%!ani6ationalPscholo!


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Is 2scholo! nothin! +o%e thanco++on sense4

Wh is a scientifc a22%oach tounde%standin! #eha$io% necessa%4

Is co++on sense enou!h4

Is intuition ade7uate4

)o ,e need all these theo%ies and studies4

Resea%ch sho,s that hu+an thin8in! can #e$e% #iased and flled ,ith e%%o%&


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Co!niti$e /ias

> illuso% co%%elation %a%e0i+2%o#a#le e$ents a%e 2e%cei$ed# 2eo2le as #ein! +o%e co++on

than the a%e&

> a case o" #u#onic 2la!ue in

A+e%ica

>te%%o%ist attac8 # %adical

5ihadists


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Co!niti$e E@2ectations

I" ou o%de% fsh in a%estau%ant ,ho do ou

e@2ect to !et4


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)oes this i+a!e +atch oue@2ectation4

T2ical fsh inS2ain


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What is t2ical #%ea8"ast "ood4

T2ical /%ea8"astIn Mo%occo


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E@2ectanc iolation

We tend to %eact ne!ati$el,hen e@2ectations a%e

$iolated > ,e conside% thin!s,ei%d o% !%oss

Othe% 2eo2le ,ould "eel thee@act o22osite a#out thesa+e sti+ulus o% e$ent


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Scientifc Attitude 3 Ho, does ascientist thin84

1& Cu%iosit

& S8e2ticis+

9& C%itical Thin8in!


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Thin8 Li8e a Scientist

> conside% assu+2tions that +ost acce2t ast%ue 'e&!&0 the e%%oneous #elie" that the ea%this at the cente% o" the sola% sste+*

> thin8 a#out the $alue i+2lications o"assu+2tions ',o+en ,ill #e una#le to ,o%8e=ecti$el a "e, das a +onth*

> e$aluate the e$idence 'data* and #e !uided# it

> c%iticall e$aluate ones conclusions


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Scientifc Method)educti$e Science

> Theo% an o%!ani6ed set o" ideas thate@2lain a 2heno+enon

> H2othesis a testa#le 2%ediction de%i$ed"%o+ a theo%

> O2e%ational )efnition an e@2licitstate+ent o" the e@act o2e%ations to #e usedto +easu%e $a%ia#les

> Re2lication de+onst%ation that an

e@2e%i+ental %esult ,ill occu% %e2eatedl indi=e%ent la#s0 in di=e%ent 2laces0 ,ithdi=e%ent scientists0 at di=e%ent 2oints inti+e&


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Scientifc Method > Inducti$eScience

Collectin! a la%!e #od o" dataand then de$elo2in! theo%ies toe@2lain the o#se%$ations

htt2JJ,,,&int%o2sch&co+JchB:

ani+alsJ2hlo!eneticscale&ht+lo% e@a+2le > #iolo!istsdisco$e% ani+als and cate!o%i6ethe+ on the h lo enetic scale
http://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.htmlhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.htmlhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.htmlhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.htmlhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.htmlhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch08_animals/phylogenetic_scale.html


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T2es o" Resea%ch StudiesConducted # Pscholo!ists

1& Case Stud

& Su%$e

9& Natu%alistic O#se%$ation

F& Co%%elational Stud


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/asic Ideas in Pscholo!icalResea%ch Methods

E@2e%i+ent 3 +ani2ulate causal $a%ia#les'inde2endent $a%ia#les* to assess the i+2act on thede2endent $a%ia#le '#eha$io% o" inte%est*&

Place#o 3 an ine%t su#stance that is used to cont%ol "o%e@2ectanc e=ects ,hen an acti$e a!ent is used in ane@2e%i+ent&

)ou#le /lind P%ocedu%e > Neithe% the e@2e%i+ente% o%

the su#.ect 8no, i" a 2lace#o o% an acti$e a!ent is#ein! ad+iniste%ed&

Place#o e=ect 3 the e=ect o" a 2lace#o on #eha$io% o%health 'a "ai%l 2o,e%"ul e=ect*&


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Inde2endent and )e2endenta%ia#les

Inde2endent a%ia#le 3 the$a%ia#le the e@2e%i+ente%+ani2ulates 'e&!& !ettin! an

e@2e%i+ental d%u! o% a 2lace#o*

)e2endent a%ia#le 3 the $a%ia#le

that is a=ected # the+ani2ulation o" the inde2endent$a%ia#le

'e&!& a health outco+e such as


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Ke eatu%es o" an E@2e%i+ent

E@2e%i+ental Condition 3 in an e@2e%i+ent this isthe condition that e@2oses the su#.ect to as2ecifc le$el o" the I 'e&!& ,ood sho2 accident*

Cont%ol Condition 3 in an e@2e%i+ent this is thecondition that se%$es as a #aseline "o% co+2a%ison"o% the e@2e%i+ental condition 'e&!&0 the +ountainscene*&

Rando+ Assi!n+ent 3 each su#.ect +ust ha$e ane7ual 2%o#a#ilit o" #ein! in eithe% thee@2e%i+ental o% cont%ol condition o" thee@2e%i+ent&


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Stud Ti2s 3 Guide to Success inthis Cou%se

1& Kee2 u2 ,ith ,ee8l assi!n+ents 'don(t 2ut the+ o=*

& %ead the +ate%ial in the #oo8

9& Stud the 2o,e%>2oint slides

F& Ca%e"ull listen to and ta8e notes on online lectu%es

it ,ill hel2 ou%e+e+#e% the +ate%ial

?& TAKE RESPONSI/ILITY OR YOR LEARNING

;& IT IS COOL TO /E A SERIOS ST)ENT

:& THIS IS YOR 5O/ 3 WORK HAR) AT YOR 5O/ AS AST)ENT