tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm kYimst dy nzrIey nwl

kYimstrI dy ivigAwnkW Aqy AYjnIrNw ny zmIn, hvw qy AkwS c AwvwjweI dy swDn bxwey]

19vI sdI c lok lkVI Xw koiely nwl Gr grm krdy, imtI dy qyl Xw mom b`qIAW nwl roSnI krdy, GoVy, g`fI, ikSqI Xw pYdl Xwqrw krdy]

ipClIAW do sdIAW c aUrjw dI loV vDI, kYimstrI ny cMgy vDIAW aUrjw dy swDn bxwey ijvyM qrl bwlx, bYtrIAW Aqy aUrjw bcw lYNx vwly swDn]

kYimstrI A`gy vDI kwrW, jhwjW, spys jMqrW Aqy sVkW bxwx leI nvW cMgw swmwn idqw[ kudrq dy soimAW co DwqW, imnrlz, qyl Aqy nvW mwl dy ky kYimstrI ny swfIAW ijdgIAW svwr idqIAW [

1.1. aUrjw dy swDn koielw, ptrOl dI Koj Aqy naUklIAr aUrjw

1.2 stor hox vwlI ibjlI, c`kv@y aUrjw dy swDn iek vwr vrqOM vwlIAW bYtrIAW rIcwrj jox vwlIAW bYtrIAW

1.3. sVkW qy pulW dw mwl sIimMt bjrI L`uk DwqW qy imSrx DwqW c`ldw r`Kx qy TIk krn dw igAwn

1.4. ptrOl vrgy bwlx inkly qyl qo ptrOl bwlx c joVvyM q`q DUAW sPweI DwqW (kYtwilst)

1.5. kwrW bcwE qy Awrwm vwsqy cMgy mwl plwsitk dy purjy qy smwn nvI tknOlOjI dy twier

1.6. hvweI jMqr (eyronwtks) grm hvweI gubwry hIlIAm rwkt dw bwlx jhwz qy rwkt bxwx dw smwn

AwvwjweI qy aUrjw dy swDn

muF qo A`j q`k

1882 ibjlI pYdw krn vwlIAW mSInW koielw jlw ky c`lx l`gIAW]

1884 jrmn dy gotlIeb fymlr ny pihlI kwr bxweI jo ptrOl nwl c`ldI sI]

1902 zmIn co inkly qyl ivco sVkW bnwx vwlI lu`k bxI]

1913 zmIn co inkly qyl nUM grm kr ky, qoV ky ptrOl inkilAw]

1921 Qwms imfly, jr. tYtrw eYQl lYf ptrOl c imlw ky iejn dw KVkw GtwieAw[

1936 izAwdw Awktyn vwlw ptrOl bixAw, qyl nUM grm krn nwl kYtwilits pw ky]

1947 AmrIkn bI AYP gufirc kMpnI ny pihlw ibnw tueIb vwlw tYr bxwieAw]

1949 AYvrYfI bYtrI kMpnI ny Coty sweIz dw AlklweIn bYtrI dw sYl bxwieAw]

1954 bYl lYbotrIz ny Dup c cwrj hox vwlI islIkon-vwlI bYtrI bxweI]

1958 boieMg 707 jYt hvweI jhwz ny hvweI sPr bdl idqw]

1970s ibnw isky vwlw ptrol bixAw; isky vwlw ptrol Gtxw SurU hoieAw]

1975 kwrW c kYtwilitk knvrtr l`gx l`gy]

1980-1990s sYl Pon qy lYptwp kmpUtrW c ilQIAm Awien bYtrIAW l`gx l`gIAW]

1981 klMbIAw spys Stl dunIAW dw iPr vrqoM vwlw spys ivmwn sI]

1. rwhdwrI qy aUrjw dy swDn

XujIn hofry kYtwilitk knvrtr nwl

fymlr kwr fwk itkt qy

boieg 707

spys Stl

koiely nwl ibjlI bxwx dw kwrKwnw

Luk vwlI sVk

Qwms imfly, jr.

ieSthwr gufirc ibnw tuaub twier

islIkon-vwlI solr bYtrI

kYtwilitk knvrtr kMm dw isDwq

ilQiAm Awien bYtrI kMm dw isDwq