WORLD GEOGRAPHY 3200/3202 UNIT 1 Land and Water Forms
NAME:_________________________________________
Define the following terms:
1. seismology
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2. normal fault
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3. faulting
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4. asthenosphere
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5. lithosphere
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6. rift valley
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7. minerals
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8. reverse fault
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9. rocks
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10. overthrust fault
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11. igneous rocks
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12. magma
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13. sedimentary rocks
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14. lava
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15. metamorphic rocks
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16. volcano
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17. topography
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18. vent
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19. plains
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20. ash-and-cinder cones
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21. plateaus
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22. shield cones
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23. mountain
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24. composite cones
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25. ranges
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26. sea floor spreading
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27. plates
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28. plate tectonics
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29. compressional force
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30. tension force
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31. folding
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32. fold mountains
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33. anticline
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34. syncline
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35. denudation
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36. corrosion
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37. gradation
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38. abrasion
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39. weathering
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40. lateral river erosion
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41. erosion
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42. delta
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43. arcuate deltas
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44. deposition
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45. digitate deltas
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46. physical weathering
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47. estuarine deltas
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48. chemical weathering
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49. glaciers
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50. frost fracture
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51. alpine glaciers
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52. exfoliation
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53. continental glaciers
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54. hydrolysis
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55. oxidation
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56. drainage basin
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57. divides
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58. youthful rivers
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59. mature rivers
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60. tributaries
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61. old rivers
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62. vertical river erosion
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63. hydraulic pressure
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64. solution
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65. wave refraction
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66. headlands
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67. longshore drift
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68. ria coast
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69. bay beach
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70. spit
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71. bay bar
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72. sea caves
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73. sea arches
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74. stacks
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WORLD GEOGRAPHY 3200/3202 UNIT 1 TEXT WORK
NAME:___________________________________
Read "The Structure of Earth" p. 4-6
1. According to Figure 1.2 on page 5, which two elements have settled into Earth’s core?
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2. Figure 1.3 lists the ten most common elements composing earth’s mass. Use a periodic
to find the relative atomic mass of these elements.
ELEMENT % BY MASS RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
iron 34.60
oxygen 29.50
silicon 15.20
magnesium 12.70
nickel 2.40
sulphur 1.90
calcium 1.10
aluminum 1.10
sodium 0.57
chromium 0.26
3. Why did the two elements you identified in 1. Settle in Earth’s core?
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Read “How Landforms Change” p. 10
4. Coal deposits are believed to have formed when tropical forests fell into swamps,
decomposed and then compressed into coal rock. Geologists have discovered coal
deposits in Antarctica.
What does this discovery suggest about how climate has changed in Antarctica?
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5. How does the presence of coal deposits in Antarctica support the theory of continental
drift?
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Read “Patterns of Plate Movement” p.11
refer to figure 1.9 on p.11 and explain
6. How convection currents cause plate movement
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7. How plate movement can create a compressional force
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8. How plate movement can create a tensional force
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Using the map in figure 1.10 on page 12
9. Describe the forces that resulted in the formation of the Andes mountains. Did similar
processes occur elsewhere? Explain.
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10. Describe the forces that resulted in the formation of Iceland.
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11. On an outline map of the world,
1. Show the boundaries of the major tectonic plates
2. Mark with different symbols the approximate locations of the major
earthquakes and volcanoes of the late twentieth century, as listed in
fig.1.11 on page 12
3. Shade in with different colours the areas of greatest earthquake and
volcanic risk in the world.
12. What relationship do you observe between volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and plate
boundaries?
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13. Indicate the likelihood of a volcano or earthquake occurring in the following regions.
Use separate scales of 1 to 5 for volcano potential and earthquake potential, where 1 is
highest probability and 5 is lowest.
LOCATION EARTHQUAKE
POTENTIAL
VOLCANO POTENTIAL
Australia
Bolivia
Britain
British Columbia
Cuba
Hawaii
Indonesia
Papua New Guinea
Spain
Tanzania
Yemen
Read “Mountain Building” p. 13-16
14. Explain how a volcanic eruption occurs.
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15. What determines if a volcanic eruption is violent or relatively mild?
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16. Using and atlas and an outline world map, shade and label the following mountain ranges
and fill in the table below:
Mountain Range Continent Part of Continent
Alps
Andes
Appalachian
Atlas
Carpathians
Caucasus Mountains
Coast Range
Great Dividing Range
Greater Khingan
Himalayas
Kamchatka Range
Kolyma Range
Koryak Range
Pyrenees
Rocky Mountains
Sayan Mountains
Southern Alps
Ural Mountains
Verkhoyansk Range
Zagros Mountains
17. On what part of the continent do you find most of these ranges? Explain why this is so,
noting any exceptions and accounting for them.
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18. On the map you developed for question 16 plot the approximate location of the following
volcanic eruption that occurred between 1995 and 1997.
Okmok, Alaska
Kilauea, Hawaii
Pococatepetl, Mexico
Krakatoa, Indonesia
Pinatubo, Phillipines
Grimsvotn, Iceland
Maderas, Nicaragua
Pacaya, Guatemala
Kamchatka, Russia
Reapehu, New Zealnad
Akutan, Alaska
Fogo, Cape Verde
Mount St. Helens, USA
Hokkaido, Japan
Etna, Italy
Marianna Island
Costa Rica
Hosho, Japan
Galapagos island
Rabaul, Papua New Guinea
Montserrat, West Indies
19. Where are these active volcanoes located in relation to mountain? How would you
explain this?
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Read Case Study “Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption, Phillippines, 1991" p.17-19
20. Briefly describe the physical evidence of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
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21. How did the disaster affect human activity?
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Read “The threat of Earthquakes” p. 19-20
22. On an outline map of the world indicate the location and magnitude of each earthquake
on page 21.
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23. Where in general did most of these earthquakes take place?
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24. In which areas of the world have the earthquakes of the highest magnitude taken place?
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25. Is there any relationship between the magnitude and the death toll? Explain.
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26. Why would death tolls in developing countries be much higher, generally, than those in
developed countries of a comparable earthquake?
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Read P. 22-25
27. Compare the heights of the mountains in the Cordilleran Region with those of the
Appalachian Mountains in the relief profile in fig. 1.6 on page 8. Which range is higher?
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28. Geologists claim that the Appalachian Mountain Range was once larger and quite higher
than the present day Cordilleras. How do you account for such a finding?
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29. For each event listed below, identify the type of weathering agent involved and the agent
or process that caused the weathering.
Event Type of Weathering Agent or Process
the fracturing of rocks in a campfire
the cracking of the sidewalk during a
winter storm
the dissolving of limestone by acidic
groundwater
the formation of green stain on a copper
roof
the splitting of the pavement by weeds
growing through it
the formation of yellow limonite stain on
iron-bearing rock
rock layers peeling away from a
sandstone gravestone
the change of a pink feldspar silicate
mineral to a soft, powdery white clay
the gradual disappearance of the writing
on marble headstones
30. Identify the type of weathering process depicted in fig. 2.3 and 2.4 on page 24. Which is
chemical and which is physical? What evidence of specific weathering processes do the
photograph show?
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Read pages 25-28
31. Examine the photograph of a river in fig. 2.8 on page 28. Identify the river’s life cycle
stage. What features helped you?
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Read the case study “The Red River Flood of 1997"
32. How would you classify the Red River in terms of its life-cycle? Explain your answer.
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33. What other information about the Red River would you like to have to confirm your
classification?
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34. What natural and historical factors distinguish the Red River from other, more typical
rivers?
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35. What actions have human beings taken in the last several decades to protect themselves
from the threat of Manitoba floods?
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36. Imagine you are in charge of developing plans to further protect Southern Manitoba
residents from future flooding. To what actions would you give priority?
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37. How would you respond to the letter-writer’s argument presented on the top of page 30?
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Read pages 30-32
38. Describe how the Darling River in fig. 2.11 on p. 31 developed its meanders (twists and
turns).
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39. In which part of a river would expect the largest decrease in energy and flow speed,
leading to deposition of debris? Explain.
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40. Identify the three types of deltas illustrated in fig. 2.12 on page 32. Explain your choices.
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Read pages 32-37
The top diagram in figure 2.13 on page 34 shows the features at the front of a melting continental
glacier. The bottom diagram shows the features formed under the glacier and left behind after
the ice has fully melted. Using these diagrams answer the following questions.
41. The tip or front of the glacier, where it begins to melt, is called the snout identify the
snout by the letter-label in the diagram._____________
42. Lakes may form as the glacier melts. What is the letter label for the meltwater
lake?______
43. Streams of meltwater flow from the glacial snout, or the front edge, and transport eroded
debris as rivers do. Identify the meltwater stream in the diagram. How do you account
for its shape? What does this remind you of?
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44. As a glacier melts, two types of deposition takes place. As the snout retreats, the debris it
carries is dropped out in an unsorted heap or ridge known as a terminal moraine. Identify
the terminal moraines in the diagram.
45. Meltwater flowing away from the retreating glacier also deposits debris in a way similar
to deltas. The debris drops out in sorted layers, with the largest minerals deposited first
and smaller particle layers on top. This creates an outwash plain of sand and gravel.
Identify the outwash plain._________________
46. Glacier ice melts in an irregular fashion. The glacier may melt from the bottom,
depositing boulders, gravel, sand and silt. It may then re-advance over the deposits,
“bulldozing” it forward. During this process, the deposit catches on rough areas and piles
up in features called drumlins. Identify the drumlin.__________________
47. Areas within a glacier may be warm enough to allow subglacial streams and rivers to
develop. Theses rivers carry eroded material just as ice around them does. Identify the
subglacial river.__________________
48. The debris eroded by glaciers include material as large as boulders. Boulders may be
transported long distances before they are deposited in areas whose rock features may be
entirely different from that of the boulder. Why do you think the term “erratic” has been
given to such deposits? Identify the erratic.
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49. How are cirques formed?
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50. How is an arete formed?
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51. What are the three types of moraines formed in mountains? Explain how they were
formed.
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52. In what way is a fiord distinct from other bodies of water left by melting glaciers such as
rivers and lakes?
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Read pages 41-44
53. Explain how the three process of river erosion can apply to coastal areas.
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54. Which process accounts for the well rounded shape of wave sediment such as pebbles?
Describe a possible sequence of steps, beginning with waves striking a coast and ending
with a smooth, rounded pebble.
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Read the case study “The Curonian Spit” p.45.
55. How did the Curonian Spit form?
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56. What uses did humans make of this area in the past? What features of the landscape
made these uses possible?
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57. How have humans preserved the spit?
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58. What uses are now being made of this area? Why is the area suited to these uses?
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Read pages 46-50
59. Refer to fig.3.11 on page 48, feature A is called a sea cave, how did it form?
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60. Feature B is called a sea arch, how did it form?
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61. Feature C is called a stack, how did it form?
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62. What features distinguish emergent and submergent shorelines from each other?
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63. Examine the map in fig 3.10 on page 47. Indicate whether the shoreline is emergent or
submergent? Explain.
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64. Describe the short term and long term effects you think would emerge if sea levels were
to rise by several centimeters per year over the next 25 years.
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65. Describe the short term and long term effects you think would occur if sea levels were to
drop by several centimeters per year over the next 25 years.
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Read the case study “Storm Surge in Bangladesh”
66. Explain the consequences of sea level rising by 1 m. by global warming on the area in
Bangladesh.
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