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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 Population Patterns

Section 2 History and Government

Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

• Explain how geography, economics, and cultural diversity affect the population of Latin America.

• Discuss how Latin America’s history continues to affect the region’s politics today.

• Describe how Latin American culture is affected by religion, the arts, and cultural diversity.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

As you read this chapter, use your journal to list and describe the cultural influences that have shaped life in Latin America. Note how both native and imported cultures have formed a uniquely Latin American way of life.

Population Patterns

• Identify the ethnic groups that make up the population of Latin America.

• Explain how geography and economics have influenced the distribution of Latin America’s population.

• Discuss the effects of migration on the Latin American culture region.

• Describe the ways Latin America’s cultural diversity presents both benefits and challenges for its people.

Objectives



• dialect • patois • urbanization • megacity • primate city

Terms to Know• indigenous

Population Patterns


• Peru • Bolivia • Guyana • Buenos Aires

• Caracas • Santiago • Patagonia • Rio de Janeiro • Barbados

• Ecuador Places to LocatePopulation Patterns

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

About 9 percent of the population of present-day Mexico is considered indigenous. This number includes everyone over the age of five who speaks an indigenous language. However, the actual percentage of Mexicans descended from the Aztec, Inca, Maya, and other ancient peoples is much higher. Since the conquering Spaniards freely intermarried with the indigenous people, most modern Mexicans are of mixed heritage.

• A Blending of Peoples The ancestors of Native Americans were the first people to settle Latin America, followed by Europeans in the 1400s, enslaved Africans in the 1500s, and Asians in the 1800s.

Human Characteristics

• Over the centuries there has been a blending of these different ethnic groups throughout Latin America.

(pages 211–213)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


Human Characteristics (cont.)

• Spanish is the primary language of most countries in the region, but Portuguese, French, English, and many local dialects also are spoken.

• Language Language helps bring together the diverse ethnic groups of Latin America.

(pages 211–213)

Why is Spanish the primary language in Latin America?

Possible answer: Spain was the first European country to conquer Mexico and South America, and the Spaniards imposed their language and culture on the region.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Human Characteristics (cont.)

(pages 211–213)


Where Latin Americans Live

• Relatively few South Americans live in the continent’s inland areas.

(pages 213–215)

• South America’s Populated Rim Most South Americans live on the continent’s coastal edges, the “populated rim” that provides favorable climates, fertile land, and access to transportation systems.


Where Latin Americans Live (cont.)

(pages 213–215)


• One important factor in a country’s population density is its area.

• For example, most South American countries are large and their population densities are low, but the Caribbean islands are small and much more densely populated.

• Population Density Population densities vary greatly within Latin American countries.


(pages 213–215)



(pages 213–215)

How does a country’s area affect its population density?

Possible answer: A larger country has much more area for its population, whereas smaller countries, such as the Caribbean countries, pack a large population into a very small area.



(pages 213–215)

• Migrating North In addition to immigrants settling in Latin America from other countries, many Latin Americans migrate–both legally and illegally–to the United States, looking for economic opportunities, improved living conditions, political freedom, or escape from political unrest.

Migration

(pages 215–216)

• Internal Migration As in many other parts of the world, many Latin Americans from the rural areas migrate to cities in search of better jobs or because of a shortage of fertile land to farm.

Migration (cont.)

(pages 215–216)

What effect do Latin American migration patterns have on the United States and on Latin American cities? Possible answer: Cities become crowded, services such as education and health care cannot meet the needs of the growing populations, and there are not enough places for people to live. One effect Latin American immigration has had on the United States is that Spanish is spoken by a growing number of people.


Migration (cont.)

(pages 215–216)

Growth of Cities


• Mexico City is the largest urban area in the region, with 18 million people.

• Other large cities include Caracas, Venezuela; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; São Paolo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Havana, Cuba.

• The Urban Setting Today most Latin Americans live in urban areas.

(pages 216–217)

• Resources in cities are strained by population growth.

• Urban Challenges Immigrants seeking a better life for themselves have overcrowded cities, and living conditions are poor for many people.


Growth of Cities (cont.)

(pages 216–217)

Since living conditions in many overcrowded cities of Latin America are poor, why do you think most people stay there rather than returning to the country?Possible answers: Most people stay there because living conditions are often no better in rural areas, farmland is in short supply, and few other means of employment exist. Life in the cities offers hope of a better economic future for many.


Growth of Cities (cont.)

(pages 216–217)

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. local form of a language used in a particular place or by a certain group

__ 2. cities with more than 10 million people

__ 3. native to a place __ 4. dialects that blend elements of

indigenous, European, African, and Asian languages__ 5. the movement of people from rural areas into cities__ 6. a city that dominates a country’s economy, culture,

and government and in which population is concentrated; usually the capital

A. indigenousB. dialectC. patoisD. urbanizationE. megacityF. primate city

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

E

AC

B

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

FD

Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Cause and Effect What factors account for the differences in the way Spanish is spoken in various Latin American countries?

The blending of peoples and cultures throughout the region results in different Spanish dialects and forms of patois. The language spoken today also is greatly influenced by colonial settlers.



Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Develop a hypothesis describing probable population patterns in Latin America in the year 2050. Defend your hypothesis, using present trends as evidence.

Possible answer: The population patterns will be more densely urbanized with population distribution in roughly the same areas as today.


Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences In what ways might physical geography influence the development of megacities in Latin America?

Possible answer: Elevation and proximity to water could affect transportation and growth of industries.

Analyzing MapsRegion Study the language map on the right. What is the most widely spoken language in Central America?

Spanish is the most widely spoken language in Central America.


Applying GeographyPopulation Density Consider the physical geography of Latin America. Write a paragraph suggesting suitable locations for constructing new cities to relieve population pressures in Latin America’s existing cities. Consider the kinds of resources required to sustain large populations.


Possible answer: Suitable locations might include planned cities patterned after Brasília that are farther inland and linked by highways or rivers to existing coastal cities.

CloseInclude the terms in “Places to Locate” on page 211 of your textbook as you write a sentence about the human characteristics, population and migration patterns, and urban growth for each of these places.

History and Government

• List the contributions Latin America’s indigenous empires have made to the region’s cultural development.

• Explain how colonial rule influenced Latin America’s political and social structures.

• Discuss how most Latin American nations made the transition from colonialism to democracy.

• Identify the political and social factors that continue to challenge the Latin American culture region.

Objectives



• chinampas • quipu • conquistador • viceroy • caudillo

Terms to Know• glyph

History and Government


• Tikal • Tenochtitlán • Cuzco • Haiti • Cuba

• Mexico Places to LocateHistory and Government


The center of the Inca empire was at Cuzco in the Andes mountain ranges of Peru. The Inca built on 800 years of Andean civilization, achieving notable skills in architecture and engineering. Weakened by years of civil war, the Inca Empire fell to Spanish conquerors under Francisco Pizarro in the 1530s. Pizarro set up a capital city at Lima, Peru. The Spanish ruled there until 1821.

Native American Empires

• They built many cities and based their economy on agriculture and trade.

• The Maya also were skilled in mathematics and had a system of picture writing called glyphs.

• The Maya mysteriously abandoned their cities, and archaeologists are continuing to search for more information about the Mayan civilization.

• The Maya The Maya dominated southern Mexico and northern Central America from about A.D. 250 to 900.


(pages 220–222)


Native American Empires (cont.)

• The Aztec had a highly structured class system headed by an emperor and military officials.

• The Aztec The Aztec civilization arose in central Mexico in the 1300s, with their capital in Tenochtitlán, today the site of Mexico City.

(pages 220–222)

• Gifts to the World’s Tables Several foods grown by the Aztec, such as corn, tomatoes, and cacao beans–used to make chocolate–have become worldwide favorites.


(pages 220–222)

• The Inca During the time of the Aztec, the Inca established a civilization in the Andes Mountains that stretched from present-day Ecuador to central Chile.


• The Inca were skilled terrace farmers who built roads, temples, and forts, but they had no written language.

• Storytelling was used to pass on knowledge to each generation.


(pages 220–222)

What do these three empires have in common?

These empires each built cities, had central governments, and had agricultural economies.



(pages 220–222)


Empires to Nations

• The Portuguese settled on the coast of Brazil.

• Later, Britain, France, and the Netherlands colonized in the Caribbean area.

• As a result of these conquests, European colonies arose throughout Latin America.

• The Roman Catholic Church became the major unifying institution in both Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

• European Conquests Spanish conquistadors defeated the Aztec and Incan empires.

(pages 222–224)


• Some Spanish settlers prospered from the mining of silver and gold.

• European plantations grew coffee, bananas, and sugarcane for export to Europe.

• Native Americans and Africans were forced to work on plantations and ranches.

• Colonial Economies The European colonies were economically prosperous.

Empires to Nations (cont.)

(pages 222–224)


• Haiti gained its independence from France in 1804.

• In 1821 Mexico won its freedom from Spain.

• By the mid-1800s, most Latin American countries had achieved independence.

• A few Caribbean islands still remain under foreign control today.

• Gaining Independence In the late 1700s, resentment against European rule spread through Latin America.


(pages 222–224)

How did life change for Native Americans when the Europeans colonized Latin America? Possible answer: Although native cultures were conquered, many aspects of their cultural heritage survived. Many Native Americans were forced to work for their conquerors, and many died from disease and hardships.



(pages 222–224)

Era of Dictatorships• Latin America’s wars for independence

led to the emergence of a new kind of leader–a caudillo, or dictator, who ruled with the backing of the military and wealthy landowners.

(page 224)

Do you think life in a military dictatorship was better or worse for Latin Americans than life under colonial rule? Explain your answer.Possible answers: Better, because at least the dictator was a fellow countryman who ruled locally. Worse, because colonial rule was probably less severe in some ways, and thus rules were more easily bent or ignored.


(page 224)

Era of Dictatorships (cont.)

Movements for Change


• These factors also created new middle and working classes in the cities.

• Progress was limited, however, for the majority of Latin Americans, especially rural dwellers.

• During the 1900s, the formation of industries, the building of railroads, and the expansion of trade brought wealth to Latin America’s upper classes.

(pages 224–225)

• During the 1990s, several military dictatorships gave way to democratically elected governments.

• In 1959, the Cuban Revolution made Cuba a communist state ruled by dictator Fidel Castro.


Movements for Change (cont.)

(pages 224–225)



(pages 224–225)

How might democratically elected governments bring changes to the Latin American economy? Explain your answer.Possible answers: When the common people have a say in government, their interests will be represented and their concerns will be heard. In order to win their votes, political leaders will have to give them some of the things they want, such as affordable housing and reasonable wages.



(pages 224–225)


__ 1. Spanish term for “conqueror,” referring to soldiers who conquered Native Americans in Latin America

__ 2. representative of the Spanish monarch appointed to enforce laws in colonial Latin America

__ 3. knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

__ 4. picture writing carved in stone

A. glyphB. chinampasC. quipuD. conquistadorE. viceroyF. caudillo


E

C

A

D



__ 5. a Latin American political leader from the late 1800s on, often a military dictator

__ 6. floating farming islands made by the Aztec

F

B



A. glyphB. chinampasC. quipuD. conquistadorE. viceroyF. caudillo

Critical ThinkingMaking Comparisons How was the social structure of the Aztec Empire similar to the social structures of Latin America under European colonialism?

Both systems were highly structured with the majority of people at the bottom in each system. The Aztecs were ruled by an emperor and military officials. Under colonial rule, royally appointed viceroys ruled.



Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Was the plantation system beneficial or harmful? Explain.

Although Europeans prospered, many Native Americans and Africans suffered and died.


Analyzing Information According to Rigoberta Menchú, how can diversity bring unity? Do you agree or disagree with her assessment, and what steps would you take to bring about unity?

Her definition of unity includes the rights of diverse peoples.

Critical Thinking

Analyzing MapsRegion Compare the maps of Latin America and the colonial empires below. Which Spanish viceroyalty was named for a geographic feature of Latin America?


Analyzing MapsViceroyalty of La Plata was named for a geographic feature of Latin America.

Applying GeographyDevelopment and History On a time line trace the development of indigenous and European empires in Latin America. Include at least one achievement that occurred during each empire.

CloseTape a label of each “Terms to Know” from this section onto your classmates’ back so that they cannot read it.

Ask each other questions about your key terms such as “Am I a person?” or “Am I a place?” until you have enough facts to identify the term.

Cultures and Lifestyles

• Explain the role religion plays in Latin American culture.

• Describe how Latin Americans have used the arts to express their history, their social struggles, and their cultural diversity.

• Identify how Latin America’s cultural diversity is reflected in family life, leisure activities, and public celebrations.

Objectives



• mural • mosaic • extended family • malnutrition • fútbol • jai alai

Terms to Know• syncretism

Cultures and Lifestyles


• Dominican Republic • Guatemala • Brasília • Chile

• West Indies Places to LocateCultures and Lifestyles


Baseball is very popular in many areas of Latin America. In 2001, over 20 percent of the major league players in the United States were from Latin American countries. Many come from the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico; others are from Panama, Venezuela, Mexico, and Cuba. Although Cuba forbids its citizens to travel to the United States, some Cuban players have found their way to the United States and have remained.

Religion

• Roman Catholicism was the official religion of the Spanish colonies and Brazil.

• The church became wealthy and supported the rich and powerful classes of society.

• Its clergy benefited from the close ties between church and state.

• Today, many Roman Catholic clergy and lay people oppose dictatorships and work to improve the lives of the poor.

• Roman Catholicism Most Christians in Latin America are Roman Catholics.


(pages 226–228)


Religion (cont.)

• Recently the number of Protestants has grown rapidly because of Protestantism’s emphasis on lay participation.

• Protestantism Protestantism came to Latin America with Dutch and British settlers in the 1800s.

(pages 226–228)

• A Mixing of Religions Many Latin Americans, especially Native Americans and people of African descent, practice a blend of their ancestral religions and Roman Catholicism.

Religion (cont.)

(pages 226–228)

Why do you think many Native Americans and Africans continue to practice elements of their ancestral religions?

Religion (cont.)

(pages 226–228)

Possible answers: They might want to maintain a connection to the cultures from which their ancestors came.



The Arts of Latin America

• They built temples decorated with paintings and mosaics.

• During colonial times the arts were inspired by European works and Christian themes combined with African and Native American styles.

• Traditional Arts Native Americans produced the earliest art forms in Latin America, including textiles, pottery, metalwork, and woodcarving.

(pages 228–229)

• Traditional musical styles and dances brought to Latin America by Africans evolved into calypso, reggae, and samba.

The Arts of Latin America (cont.)

(pages 228–229)


• Diego Rivera’s murals, for example, illustrate key events in Mexican history, especially the struggle of impoverished farmers to win social justice.

• Modern Arts Many modern Latin American works of art focus on social and political subjects.


(pages 228–229)


• Latin American writers and artists today receive international recognition.


(pages 228–229)

• The combination of Native American, European, and African musical traditions has created distinctive styles of Latin American music, such as the samba from Brazil, salsa from Cuba, and mariachi from Mexico.

How is the artistic tradition in Latin America like that of the United States? How is it different?Possible answers: Alike: In both places, the art represents a blend of the different ancestral cultures that make up the population. Ancient Native Americans in both places created beautiful works of art. Modern art in both places takes social and political stances. Different: In the United States, northern European influences have had a greater impact on the arts.



(pages 228–229)

• Families In Latin America the family extends beyond parents and children to include grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins, and compadres, or godparents.


Everyday Life

• Latin American society still displays traces of the Spanish and Portuguese tradition of male supremacy, but women have expanded their public role in many fields, including election to public office.

(pages 229–231)


Everyday Life (cont.)

(pages 229–231)

- Most Latin American children are required to complete elementary school, but often they do not because of economic hardships.



(pages 229–231)

• Education and Health Care

- Some gains in education have been made, however.

- Literacy rates are rising, governments are devoting more funds to schools, and some countries are seeing gains in school attendance. University enrollment also is rising.

- As in other regions of the world, health care is linked to standards of living.

- Despite a wide gap between rich and poor, Latin America overall is improving the health of its people.

- Poverty, malnutrition, and lack of sanitation and clean drinking water are major health concerns.



(pages 229–231)

• Latin America’s leisure activities are similar to those of other countries–watching television and attending movies, for example–but its favorite leisure activity may be celebrating.

• Fiestas are common, such as Carnival held before the Roman Catholicobservation of Lent.

• Sports and Leisure Latin Americans are passionate sports fans, especially of fútbol (called soccer in the United States) and baseball.



(pages 229–231)



(pages 229–231)

How quickly do you think you could adjust to everyday life in Latin America? Possible answers: Some may say everyday life in Latin America seems much like life in the United States. Females might have trouble adjusting to the element of machismo in Latin American life. Some may or may not be accustomed to interacting with an extended family.



(pages 229–231)


__ 1. Spanish term for soccer__ 2. wall painting __ 3. traditional handball-type game

popular with Mexicans and Cubans

__ 4. picture or design made with small pieces of colored stone, glass, shell, or tile

__ 5. a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

A. syncretismB. muralC. mosaicD. extended

familyE. malnutritionF. fútbolG. jai alai


BG

C

A

F



__ 6. faulty or inadequate nutrition __ 7. household made up of several

generations of family members

ED



A. syncretismB. muralC. mosaicD. extended

familyE. malnutritionF. fútbolG. jai alai

Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences Why do you think Roman Catholicism has remained the predominant religion in Latin America?

Roman Catholicism was the traditional religion of Spanish and Portuguese colonies. Roman Catholic religious leaders became involved in politics. In the 1900s they began to support the concerns of the poor and oppressed and continue to work to improve the lives of the disadvantaged.



Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Why do you think Latin American arts imitated the arts of Europe?

Colonials held European arts as models.


Making Generalizations On an outline map, label the countries of South America. What factors do you think determine their political boundaries?

Possible answer: Physical features, such as rivers (Rio Grande) or mountains (Andes) form parts of natural borders.

Critical Thinking


Making Inferences Why might parties–fiestas and festivals–be so popular in Latin America?

Possible answer: Parties might be so popular because of the importance of families and religion, as well as widespread poverty.

Critical Thinking

Analyzing ChartsPlace Study the chart showing religions below. Which religion in Latin America is second to Roman Catholicism in its number of followers?


Analyzing ChartsProtestantism is second to Roman Catholicism in its number of followers.

Applying GeographyCultural Influences Make a sketch map to show where the region’s arts originated. Include representative examples of various art forms and examples from Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Provide notes about each example’s ethnic origins.

CloseWrite the name of a person, group, place or sport from the section for each letter in the term Latin America.

• Latin America’s people descended from indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans, and Asians.

• Latin Americans speak Spanish, Portuguese, other European languages, indigenous languages, and mixed dialects or patois.

• Latin America’s population is mostly concentrated in coastal areas.

• Urbanization has created an imbalance in Latin America’s population density.

• The region has some of the world’s largest cities.

Key Points


Section 1: Population Patterns(pages 211–217)

• The Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca developed complex civilizations before Europeans arrived.

• Spanish and Portuguese colonization had lasting effects on Latin America’s culture.

• Most Latin American countries achieved independence during the 1800s.

• Most Latin American countries developed democratic self-rule in the twentieth century.

• The political, economic, and cultural legacy of colonialism still challenges Latin America.


Key PointsSection 2: History and Government

(pages 220–225)

• Religion plays an important role in Latin American life.

• Educational quality varies throughout the region.

• As each country improves its economy, nutrition, and sanitation, people’s health improves.

• Latin American traditional arts, music, and literature reflect the region’s cultural diversity.


Key PointsSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

(pages 226–231)

• Deep divisions between economic and social classes still characterize Latin American life.

• Latin Americans value family activities, sports such as fútbol and jai alai, and holidays and festivals.


Key PointsSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

(pages 226–231)


Reviewing Key TermsInsert the key term that best matches each description.

conquistador dialect, patois glyphindigenous malnutrition mosaicmegacity quipu syncretismviceroy

1. ___________________ native, original descendent2. ___________________ designs made by setting

small pieces of colored stone, tile, or shell intomortar

3. ___________________ two language variations

indigenousmosaic

dialect, patois




4. ___________________ knotted cords used forkeeping accounts

5. ___________________ Spanish or Portugueseconqueror

6. ___________________ government officialappointed by

Europeanmonarchs

7. ___________________ city with more than 10million inhabitants

quipu

conquistador

megacity

viceroy




8. ___________________ mixing of diverse religioustraditions

9. ___________________ Mayan picture writing10. ___________________ condition caused by lack

of food

glyphmalnutrition

syncretism


Where is most of South America’s population located?

Most of South America’s population is located mainly along the coasts.

Reviewing FactsSection 1: Population Patterns


Why is the region’s population density unbalanced?

The region’s population density is unbalanced because of temperature extremes, dense vegetation, deserts, and high mountains which limit human habitation in the interior.

Reviewing FactsSection 1: Population Patterns


Name three indigenous Latin American empires.

Maya, Inca, and Aztec are three indigenous Latin American empires.

Reviewing FactsSection 2: History and Government


What fueled the movement for Latin American independence?

Resentment against European rule, demand for more rights for lower classes, and examples of successful North American and French revolutions fueled the movement for Latin American independence.

Reviewing FactsSection 2: History and Government


What ancient art form inspired the region’s painters?

Mural painting inspired the region’s painters.

Reviewing FactsSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles


What sports are most popular in Latin America?

Fútbol, jai alai, baseball, basketball, and volleyball are the most popular sports in Latin America.

Reviewing FactsSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles


Critical ThinkingCategorizing Information Define the types of migration that occur in the region.

Internal migration within a country or region, inflow of immigrants into the region, and outflow of emigrants to other countries are the types of migration that occur in the region.


Critical ThinkingMaking Comparisons Compare social and family life in Latin America and the United States.

Latin American family is characterized by loyalty to an extended family. Women’s roles are subordinate, while male dominance is the norm.


Locating PlacesMatch the letters on the map with the places of Latin America.__1. Caracas__2. Brasília__3. Port-au-Prince__4. Santiago__5. Montevideo__6. Bogotá__7. Quito__8. Havana__9. Mexico City__10. La Paz, Sucre__11. Buenos Aires__12. Lima

DCFHEJGBIKLA


What measures would you suggest to improve health care in Latin America?

Possible answers: Improved sanitation, access to clean water, better environmental protection laws and their enforcement, better nutrition, immunization programs, and better education would improve health care in Latin America. Elaborate on how you would accomplish these measures.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

Choose the best answer for each of the following multiple-choice questions. If you have trouble answering the questions, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

1. Latin American peoples speak a variety of languages. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A Millions of Latin Americans speak Native American languages.B Portuguese is the official language of most Latin American

countries.C French is the official language in some Latin American countries.D Many Latin Americans are bilingual.


Test-Taking Tip Do not quickly choose the first answer that makes sense–your answer will most likely be incorrect. This question asks you to identify which statement is not true. Eliminate any answer choices you know to be true before selecting the correct answer.

2. Diego Rivera was a Mexican artist who was well known for his creation ofF folk dramas.G woven tapestry.H political and social satires in poetry. J large murals of historic events.


Test-Taking Tip This question is factual. Try to recall what you know about Rivera, considering that he was a popular modern artist and important political activist.

History Bolivia’s social revolution in 1952 brought some improvements in the lives of the campesinos. Some of their land, which had been confiscated by the Spaniards, was returned, and all adults were given the right to vote. Many of the reforms won in 1952 have since been taken away, and Bolivia’s people continue their fight for reform.

Africans in BoliviaRio de Janeiro

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Africans in Bolivia Spanish conquistadors forced enslaved Africans to work in the silver mines of Bolivia after thousands of Bolivians died from diseases brought from Spain. Many Africans, unable to adjust to the climate and high altitude, died more quickly than the indigenous Bolivians had. Surviving African descendants settled in the rain forests east of the Andes.

Rio de Janeiro Many of the sidewalks of Rio are made of mosaic tiles with a distinctive swirling design. People often joke that the pattern of the walkways make them late for appointments because the wavy pattern makes it difficult to walk in a straight line.

Ritual Dance A form of martial arts called capoeira was brought by enslaved peoples to Rio de Janeiro from Angola. It was disguised as a ritual dance, because enslaved peoples were not allowed to fight. Today the martial art-dance is performed for tourists and is characterized by thrusts, feints, and high kicks, which call for great flexibility and agility.



Population density measures how many people live within a certain unit area, such as a square mile or square kilometer. Population density may vary from place to place within a country or region. A population density map shows you these variations.

Reading a Population Density Map

Learning the SkillTo determine a country’s overall population density, divide the number of people within a country’s boundaries by its land area in square miles or square kilometers. The map on page 232 of your textbook shows how population density differs within Brazil.



• Study the map keys to determine what the colors and symbols represent. Notice that the map uses colors to show population densities and symbols to show the populations of cities.



Learning the SkillTo determine a country’s overall population density, divide the number of people within a country’s boundaries by its land area in square miles or square kilometers. The map on page 232 of your textbook shows how population density differs within Brazil. • Look for patterns that might explain population density

patterns. Ask yourself what geographical features are shared by areas with high or low population densities.

• Compare the map with other regional information, such as natural resources and physical geography, to draw conclusions about the possible causes and effects of population density patterns.

Practicing the SkillUse the population density map on page 232 of your textbook to answer the questions.1. What does the dark orange color represent?

2. What symbol represents cities of more than 5,000,000 people?

Dark orange represents the population of 125-250 people per square mile.

The colored square represents cities of more than 5,000,000 people.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers.



Use the population density map on page 232 of your textbook to answer the questions.3. Which areas of Brazil have low population densities?

4. Which areas have the highest population densities?

5. Which two cities have the most people?

Inland areas have low population densities.

Coastal areas have the highest population densities.


Practicing the Skill

São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have the most people.


Use the population density map on page 232 of your textbook to answer the questions.6. Which cities have fewer than 2 million people?

7. Why do you think the east coast of Brazil is more densely populated?

Manaus, Belém, Recífe, Porto Alegre, and Curitíba have fewer than 2 million people.

The area has a milder climate than the interior, and ports make it more accessible.


Practicing the Skill

MapsLatin American LanguagesLatin American: Migration and UrbanizationNative American EmpiresEuropean Colonial Empires, 1790

ChartsEthnic Groups in Selected Latin American CountriesLatin America: Religions

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.




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