Download pdf - Yookoso 1 Ch 6

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  • VmemhuSany amd CIra! Aetivities|

    ""*#s ; ,c1i l F*t ' *1":rges

    I WoaahuuEar3r: Feods aard Bewerages

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    JaaqOUIl\,\

    a8eranoq orlor{of,le :aIESecrn{{ilur

    aaJJoJEo] {rEIq

    eel esauede {:(lotaua? u.r) eal

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    +9:*9 (st)

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  • CUTTURE NOTE: TJ# ( *S6+)When you go to a restaurant in America, a waiteror waitress first brings a glass of water. In Japan,when you go to a traditional restaurant, the firstthing you are served is green tea. When you visit aresidence or a company, generally a cup of green teais served soon afler your arrival. Sometimes, however,visitors are served black tea-f,I # literally, crimson

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    sleatrAl

    sluernElseu pue sleaw :r{,le;nqeton

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  • .'.,.t ttl'a

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    Hn i'f*Arl:,fEAA^* tut=hs" (What did you eat for breakfast?)Discuss in class.

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    apn14el6;o suorssaldxa olp qlog 'qsrur; {aq1 ra4e

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    'sro^eLr Mau saLlsrler+eqt ateled 6utbueq: B speger uede; ut surqqoU

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    apeLu {1qsar; are qlrqM'dF;Kro'saqrunl paxoq LlrnsIlas osle sdoq5 q1o1: arenbs e ur paddernn raurpluol

    re;nbuepar alqesnor e ur )rom 01 qlunl raqtr e)etra;doad aLuo5

    '(erndiual se qlns qsrp ureu e pup 'pplesuaarb

    'arrr 'dnos) ,{ep aql Jo nuau 1as lerrads aq1 ro'(arnes furnr lo [es '1apnr ryod e) do1 uo burqlauos

    q+lm alu '(teaqm ro teaqm)lnq jo apeur '6urddrp.ro; to

    qlorq ur '1oq ro plo:) salpoou a)rl saqsrp a;durrs sr are;

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    ,illensn) 66a ue 'tsBot porannq Jo FpJ)earq uraFaM B

    asooql saqlo-L{su pue '(eru aql uo parnod pue 'ernes

    {os qlrm pexru 'lmoq e ur papen) 66e nner 'poe^ pes

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    Crammar and Practice Activities32. Expressing

    : &*s66Expa)v r /

    erience: The ta-Form of Verbs *

    gZ.t The following construction is used to express past experiences, with ameaning of to have (done something) beforte, to have {done something) once

    ' or literally, to have the experience of having (done something).

    ta-form of a verb + :- thrfr>6(-thrbtJ *f )

    L) ra I)t 4 ti446.\t - t hrb U *t ht"Have you ever eaten Thai food?t l r \ .Yes, I have.f \ L \2 . bL ) * t l v "No, I haven't.6b Ue - L )J| t'*+ E& t-t= z t lt:jb L) *t .My father has cooked, too. (Iit', My father also has the experience of

    having cooked.)

    HAYASHT: Have yori,ever been (Iit., gone) Io the dining hall at Tokyu Department Store?sRowN: No, I haven't yet.

    'HavasHr: Then, shall we go there together sometime (lit., nexf

    time)? eRowN: You haven't gone yet, either? HAYASHI: No' (lit., Yes lthat's rightl')KAWAMURA: Do you know ofthe restaulant Kyushu? YAMAGUCHI: Yes. I've read (about it) inthe newspaper. KAWAMURA: Haven't you been (Iit., gone) there? YAMAGUCHI: No (lit., yes),I haven't.

    I & in this construction is a

    :i:,?:l 1l: (-' Gramnar 26'

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    A 368

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    .

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  • 7 9 7 4 C 7 " r - f f i

    t ) Z r aH H 1{1: tczthSF> tJ *fit" (Have you everbeento Tokyo?)Make a question using the ta-form of the verb + Z t hrf> 6, and answetthe question according to your own experience.

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    (I've never been there.)Make dialogues as shown in the example, using the ta'form of the verb+ Z t hrf>6. Choose a negative or positive answer depending on thesecond phrase provided.

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    ffi eview Grammar 9*:13*. '2 fortheof -E l .

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    I ) r ) L ) 2 )E A *+ I4AfrT1*h:" (Are you o connoisseur of lapanese cuisine?)Answer these questions by choosing a or b.

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    --u 4gl4iEFe

    sushi restaurant

    soba restaurant,::;::::::::,,

    33.L In ]apanese, there is no single verb meaning to want as in I want anew car.Instead you must choose between two constructions, dependingon who is doing the wanting.

    X want(s)YConstruction (a) is used when expressing one's own desire or when directlyasking another person about his or her desire. lt L t \ is an i-adjective andconjugates as such.

    HAvASHT: Tomorrow is Ms. Gibson's birthday, isn't it? snowN: That's right. what shall wegive her for a birthday gift? (lit., As for a birthday gift, what shall we decide on?)HAYASHI: What does she want? (Iit., Whot is Ms. Gibson wantingT) BRowN: Hmm, I don'treqlly know But she wants (lit., is always wanting) to eat sushi. HAYASHI: Is that right?Well then. let s go to a sushi restauranL together.

    374

    \ a )(b )

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    ,{11er:adse'B; qt,^ prrrlO.,uauo.sl .rq apl]Jed aql

    ',T,'.1'ffii:T;#lV

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    .,ili^nu3i1,,i"'r t'1 El.r?xf

    ,r11 \# El1=14.

    Z splg; Suisn osoql uT ? ,{+l^ pue r 1 ,l 91 elecrpardoq1 3u1sn saoualuas ur .tU qlpv\ paTJEru sr arlsop go lcatqo oq] ]eq} aJIloN

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    V\q?eq\1'slooq arotn sluolt^ yqso,tog 't1711

    "-p- S t 1 ) c s41El &*7 c c+ Flll ? 9+'oJrsap rural re8uol e sessordxa

    (25(t1Ef ) ruroJ lseduou aq] seoJoq^ 'arrsep ]ualJnc e Surssardxa uoqn

    pasn sI (9rl) cs$]El) 9tt + 9SVAEI Jo ulroJ-al aIIJ 'qra^ I ssBIS E sI

    9Stl1El 'arrsop s,uosred prrq+ e Surssnesrp uoq^ pasn sr (q) uoqcnrlsuoJ

    '/AOU AAJJO) luDhr l,uop I'ry+Fhg)-tEtFt-a-tr'9+\l

    'DJaurDJ pooB n petuD/A I"=/ctUlHsAC t' tr11r1

    .JDJ .4/IAU D ]UD,M I'4}t1'lEl.rq Ht1'l {# fla}Jcl

    F9 > -q=JE

  • (a) xl*(b) xt l i w'u I :ilj::Iil:Hil:i;l: I i1].

    33.2 Similar to the lJt-t\,/ ltt-firA pair is the pair of patterns used toexpress fo want to (do something), as in I want to eat sushi'

    As with l* L t\ and l* Urtr6, (a) is used when the speaker expresses adesire or asks about the hearer's desire. (b) is used to describe a thirdperson's desire. The ending -/cIl is an i-adjective and conjugates assuch, whereas -ttl6 is a Class 1 verb.

    In sentences using -/cIt, the direct object of the verb can be markedwith either iJ or . Howevet, in sentences using -tzht6, the direct objectis marked oniy with

    ,

    A_2')V 1..7)rp.\/cLr"=-r)VFRrtr , r .I want to eat yogurt.f f i Atul*= -2"tV 1"trQnit i l : ( [ \6"Mr. Hayashi wants to eat yogurt.

    Here are some more examples.

    z7_+rrc,\tf \.I want to eat steak.

    t>fcl,lt4B1 ;"t*tul*A^,/c ( b I) *.t lv "

    I don't want to eat rice this morning.b t,f:EEE8.^lr3lct \ ( f r , ' "Where do you want to go tomorcow?

    *r /c L l* *i E hrfif,Z* f= h; c f= "

    I wanted to drink sake.The -/c I t form is often used to ask for permission. For instance

    -a=? Y =-g ai#lrrcr \o)Tf z)r, ...I want to use this computer, but.. '(is it OK?)

    l * t \+ l: t) fclt/vTtrr. X6 LL\t'f ,r.I would like to go inside, but is that all right?

    Like the contrast between l*l-ht6 and lt Uhr= (f \6 discussed on theprevious page, the te-form of t=hr6 + tt6(/cfr: (Lt6) expresses acurrent desire, whereas the nonpast expresses a longer-term orhabitual desire.

    t :r{6 6i l l tr d/wl*7 / ' t) hl=*.f=hsc (L\6.Mr. Yamaguchi wants to come to the United States.

    [ \z f i \z7 > t /vlt#..|:,F tJ fzhr u *.t lv

    "

    Ms. Chin doesn't want to s.o back home.

  • +++E-=

    v9 reuuer9 pue

    ( inotr l.uop'snonLpp Surqgutos lDe ol luDM 1,.]{ ) .pooJ

    teo ot o{X pfnoM I (pooB s.1oq1"tll) eapl poo8 e s,1eq1 :rnoua ;no,( 1.up1no,^,r@

    'aas oru ]aT :vorHJVr,{ lo8 o1 1ue.tr no,{ op eraqrl4'jfepJn]es uo aJorlmarrros oB e,tr 11eqg :vorH)vt r

    '8uqye1 oru u.laoJg .sI I pue pp

    E#? n/ "tll )tlv-.|

    -v lary ? V* 's

    :rglY-"4?41 )-@>ti\,- 6

  • 7 t 7 4 E7 4 - i lE

    a,?jffid/cttTf "

    (Iwantto play.)Change these sentences as shown in the examples.

    U4t'ftljl Ei't*/wAC{6 -_> E'i'ff/vrrA"\,/ IrTf.

    c - )v &*.*./J I I -+ c - )vltgkTl /c < a [ \('3-.) =-7hs{/.,7*fcttT!-"

    sf7. b J.: t{t{,

    6d rtt $z. 4fr F( tE*/et, t

    U LJ 7tr3. 7 - >^#Afr+E&H)4. Z- l \ - ' \ l :z)r / l t t

    l * / :65. ,fgt ,)A[\

    6)6. FIH 3 lvle)

    .i-t\ rJ7. wFJ,aR 68. t E/,UE-Ef

    ntuUro)9. EAEEfr#HI6z t a L @ < / d i \

    10. +E . Ia ff iz L/Jf \

    7 t 7 4 X 7 4 -

    J-t >t lv l tT7VtA\Vtfcir : ( t r* f "

    (Ms. Brown wants to buya stereo.)Rewrite the sentences you made in 7 ,7 4 C7 4 - IO starting eachnew sentence with77 t >A lvlt,

    i ' ftf l 7- r>d/,f*Hr'tfAC^/:fr: (rr*f.7")t >t lvl*C*)Vt*.7ltchrc

  • 6LEv9 reuuert pue ruelnqero^

    .f)r1:/ ( ) .QQ (patq ut,I) =JI]QC 't,'fJ-r1:/ ( )'g'q?.lEXrefr1rlFlF.3',

    '(asauodo[gurl.pnqs ro{) 1cn4A E, WOEEVE .r

    ('sanu4uo3)

    '.)t1'lEls? ('4)t1'lEl.rq(- 4-4)

    'J-Cr\1*g>?

  • 4. *j/Jr\rrf lt/: (l'm hungry)U6

    5. trrHEtul*EJl*tu|- (ti/vh\< f \t*qt

    u'E+o>ti+3/e[rat tutt (

    z )16 . ( ) / c f tT f .) /c i r : (L \Hf .

    ) AEL ,h rc ( [ \ * f .

    7 r T 4 '.7 4 -

    i#f.-tiAf r/cLr(f fr . (Who do you most want to see?)Answer these questions.

    t. 4.'rtht-#'c,rtLrTff,.[\* /Jl. l t lv h\

    2."4, FJfs-6i f it,tft1,t1'f fr.t. -4"W a iffi H .'rttl'a u t r rTf tr.q. 4. {'tztst* L, L\Tf ,).u. 5. 8;^- '#f i3 lcLrTffr"u. '4. '#r-- '# '&Lrt Lr( f tJ.z.F>tarzhs-#'?i'iff ur.rf!'i.6;Et*'i#-erz:'"s. a;ttkhr-l# v r.( /; t r = triifr< t tt'.

    7 r 7 4 f . f 4 -

    'fft:te^f.,,\(f ,\. (What do you want to eat?)

    Answer these questions.

    t. 5. iffu u|+'#-eg-.'{jllsg"rr:r'\Tf '\',. 4. iilu'i+rg-" &(tfs/atrzlsf tr(Lrsf'

    -

    ffi2sgg"rf:r,rTf fr.r. #frt* i- F(f. EtutavtF72x113f=L\Tf ')) 'u. 5. iiirou?'cg- " E^--#effi1ffut:f \*f. ffi1sgx,r,r;r,\t.f7)).u. #d app1xffirpl.r. L \Tf ,\.2.7- 7El'*l-,fc" oEhrh\ir,l* L'lc"

    'fiiat&aft''\

  • 18tvg rBruujert pue ^

    ('relsqol JDe oJ sJUDM uosqtt'sW /Dril s./i ..lll) i

    ot sluem uosqJ3 'sI asnecaq Suro8 a.re aM 'sI :rHSv vH (ll.i t.usl qJ

    aq plnoqs lEqI :Nmous 'uosrlrC 'snl qll^ ]upJneJsoJ pooJeos e o1 3u1o8 rrr,I 'sar

    ;1no Suro8 nod are 'gqsedeg'qr'{ :Nmous '3uo1u1 are 1qsu.{e11 '{AI pue u

    ..6_ g r 1 ) c.rg:l p !, #r_r"flo+IJ#;tr .. + { fl ry ? y +"Er1) c.r?7vg *-?a $-+El"/ ?< n< E 4 ryP S\1

    '+-E\1) .-Sq=l- osll'sselr o- y 1? y 1O / ut po]onpuoc nod ^ orlrolur or{}Jo s}lnsor aq} uor

    \ )tz{ .7 i.>LEJ?HE 4r"/:14; )sAas+QH&Y4:.1 r1'l # >tr\,- 4ry >LL\

  • Vocabulary and Oral ActivitiesFlavors and Tastes

    Vocabulary: F lavors, Tastes, and Seasonings

    Flavors and Tastesut*rr[\|,\*fJ/ltt*Ht6b [ \ L [ \*f t , tHt ' tEt , r* l rH*t t& : t J t tiit t, t

    SeasoningstHufr*++E.tE

    wffi,fiEffiE'HEfr[HEIv-7

    b v,6 Dtr[ \r \6 Dfr/tt,tt>VArta

    6:f r \l :7)i[\i l61, \utir)6r\f : f f t tL;it\

    6 x i 7 * t ) x iLfit t )Z l r S . )1,, * . )@7r!trl41 Z.* .._E

    "rqf FvS &lilL< 1'l Y 4 o E> (uDuDTeBe\ #+ R :t?l F d.)>1

    "tfl-F.FVS?fl "-EFr't >1 &..1 /" -('e4y noI Suryt'{uo rcpto os

    '

    to{'tod trynr I) .rfl _F_ F V: p p=tWCO z /: /," y & < L { " e g}1

    &I*=IECO= /: r" v {4 ). { " EFrl=l 1. 1.1 Y4r1r1 c} :lfl z*'i-Lr't=J{r$rfl.!l:l4$C0f g" 'rl1FPcNrfls?? C07 c

    'r44J-r 1 :/vg"H,'rl1 ;F Pf S ) ? sgqr"J-r17v?(rc*rl$rq&l

    'ry+F hgsT @q4eddo) $jsuorsBcco Euro,o11o; aq] uo 1ua nod plnor

    Upa ot Buto8 not eto pq14) .r(-EF:

    Flz '"44 'Y ? 'f^Qt I

    t1#! 'r1r1.rgYd '.Fl+ 'r19.r0S 'r

    ..9,1 aE aE1.+4

    '?g(r "]f,/ 'g*af4l 'te T1 :'ryary=l'

  • Grammar and34, Expressing

    Practice Activitiest i6

    an Gpini*n. ". & ffi i

    nr'r?i

    J ) t >*6 titrIE

    7' ) r>ffIE

    :::i,,27d,"::;:;':u,:1!"^,*,tifrwzn,\4 l"1166 tuTt" ?r"I='fin'6 r*ffiatr* a aFl,,' * r * "-tf:t,,it;.

    J 7 t > d l vtffifi znntEHaE

  • E+V

    =

    98B9 retuuer9 pue Arelnqell

    "-p-F\1)'t ?E{ t* Etn/ ?e? ? (t Qt (t

    " j_>=J c rTl \ 1 sf g ) ? El + _ 4=l c 14a^/ ? < 4 I c')r1r*Bc+)?Fl yl AVco^/? tr ffl

    2=7\1?J Y\1 9>S+.F fr 4sA7==JC+=\YOZ ,

    q

    "=Ja >{tjilEt < 1 j Y 4 C,Z' E CD Z' f*"=la>n/+E'lH?n/? g*

    "_p.+r1'ft ? r1f/r1Et9? tr m'4i9 e.cf 9>E+ * 9:E* + nr':

    '-p-$r1E? Sursn acualuos qceo elrJ^ oJ 'aldruexe eqt 3upr,ro11oGq

    (.ateqt s,eq 4utqt LUop 1) .f lF r1E ? r1f/r

    c+.ct

    - v 1? v 14 L

    rcqp{ s,opoTDJ'rW sr uosrcd wq+ IUryI I" Q E ? ?.Jry P i'g| C,1/ ? H H.EIY CD E

    'Iop qoq+ uo luornlser D JD ap I1ulql I'4 E r 1'fr ? r/r

    "F gP- < 1 I Y 4Et E a z

    'uorlcnJlsuoo srql ,{q passardxe osle sr sTTecoJ Jo so^orlaq ouo }er{/j,^ orrouroJ p[or eq ruA4 T pql >tulql no.4 oq

    'r?4Fr1'fr?rlEFlE ilsc++ .?? =la E

    'fopol Suwon Jou sr oJoraDUrDA'sW pql \uryl I

    *E*? r 1 f/r 1 ) r 1 (fl rEl .E#Fl n/ ?rY$

    'qoc Iq euror IrM uosqrf 'sW pql4ulp Iof SrlEf ? ZYr-.,4 6Hry?tulqt o1 suearu qf,Iqr'asauedef ur uor+JnJlsuoc SurzvrolloJ aq] qlF^ passoJdxe eq uec uorurdo u'

    (-EFrlEf ) H?e;ndor ro 'enrpalpe'qlanlo ruloJ utpld

  • 7 ' 2 7 4 C 7 , ( - f f i

    Look at the illustrations, and answer the following questions'

    ^,tEr) t i61. )r t L7 t. /vl* &. < ftL lfr,t 6t,E L t *f ft"

    l ; r - - d - b b

    z. 7" - t > d lvl*E AFErs l-+ l:FEtf 6 tE[\*f ,).Shc t t ' t b t

    3. Z A frFfit*fisf:/:' t,.n [ \ * f ,].L)k) L) yy.a t bt

    4. +j V > d lvltii:l wrri +/c I E t t * f il"b. + Etul*/c( EA,A .6 tHlr*f z):.

    /Jl: tit '6. ff iIE a l",cIiIAl* Lfr: t /vl*8 ; r1: : t &Ht,r*f z)'.

    7 9 7 " ( e 7 4 -

    * i68

    ",8{t\*3- /1t" (What do you think?)

    Describe the picture below. Using the following questionsas a guide, invent necessary details' As you describe thescene, express your own opinions and coniectures'

    1.,{niE+Tf ,).2 . : .z {* t . t f r ) .

    f j C ;3. E o/\t*fi.ttT?-ht.4. g, o^l*fi.tt

  • ++Vz

    =

    z889 rPr.uurerg pue /ftelnql

    ('^,toqauos'sal '']II) 'o8Eueru uer I isal :rHsv vH iJl6srno.{ auoq l3 no.{ uD :\.unr lv

    'qsnrrr oot aFIII e Iunrp a^er{ I 'sa^ :${sv vH i}r{31,r 1p no.{ are 'Iqse.{EH .rI I :!'unhrv'f11eer'sea :ru,nroua ;aq ],usl ']Drrls ool al]]II e sI ouo rossoJord ilqglr ]eq] sI :vcrH

    'q8no1 s.11 os'IromouroqJo slol sr aror{I :Nmous ,sselr s.ouo rossoJord sr ^rog:votH

    ('senu4uo3)jpq ool aplrl D woor slql LUSI

    "igll+ F,P EE7 c r I Fl sJrlEC, : cE +w

    'qrnu ool a\lll D szlDt uostad pq1'e+;F.e1 EE? c : aHY aE

    I X

  • b *-or- +l*Hf to?4 Yltb t.c L ( ) f * '(. HL*ttu"l \ i ^ \5

    5 .

    6 . b a v 7 F 7 > a f i v - l t ( ) T 6 ".z[\ ,J l) h\tu

    7. 6o'ahtial*+E*F"iT. b x= t ( ) f3'6.

    7 t 7 - t C 7 4 -

    {r'f i l t-L)*tlv" 1tE tf Egt" (It's not difficult.It 's too easy.)What do you say in these situations? Answer using -f 3'6"

    t'lt|J] when a cake is too sweet -; ZD)i-+ftHf 3.*f.1. when an exam is very difficult2. when there are many difficult kanji in a reading passage3. when someone is worki ng too much4. when the room is too cold5, when someone is playing music too loudly6. wlren an exam is verY easY7. when a sweater is too big for You

    :trA-J-

    I

    n

  • v+V

    +

    g9 .rPrxruPrD pue /fuelnqe:

    tool\,\sio-t o-iltrl e sl tI {urrl} I ,urrrH :rHSv vH jTr

    nod op ]EqM :Nossrc (ill l,usl'yauts poo8 D s.T 'urLary "lII) poo8 silotus ]r 'rurutr l :rHSv,

    'aur roJ slql alsel oseald :Nossrc 'uoqslDl eql u1 3up1p1 ore uosqrc 'str l pue lqsufeg'

    posotc (s)IDp e*I / ttslp papuawtrrorar "-'cn ++,c+ / acud g('sanurryo3)

  • t r l -

    1. r,5'Dl lt'fFliiltif \l,f \Tfil.trlv&') Lt ft

    2. 17 =- Jr t*fiI tE E rr{ art#.f.fr\ tt

    3. lv+>Ll t lEt \ ( f r ) . E! \Tfrr .4. l t tu t ' l t * fatr t f r ( f7)r . * f [ \Tf , ) .

    / * l !

    5. ffi>f 7l t*{EJrrfaL\L[\Tt7)).o. t l \ - f-- . 24->s t f t idns6>t)* iht"

    Z r . )z.

    Httt- FTf "

    Eavz F 7 2rrt \ t \Tf 7)r.Z e ) iJ'laB. rydl*b#rT6* L)bL) *t f tu. EavT 1"777)rt \ t \Tfrr.

    =

    E)1,+

  • l689 reuiuerD pue /{rPl'aroql uaoq peq (

    ples os1e umorg 'st\d '.{epra1se,{ }uo,r,r I :NrHO lq8i.r s,1eq1 ..so :Nossrc lreeg,{.r8unp

    ]ueJnelsal aq] ueoru no.,{ og :Ntuc iJauJoc }er{} }B }ueJne}sor ,t,r.ou erp o1 oB nod p1gj,{uunJ U sr

    'so :vcrHDvr.^{ L(ryesun) o}uosuo{ lopno 3n1d e IIe3 no :}.unr tvmrr) osaroluosuo{ pollec s,}r

    'qO i}auno 3n14:vorucvt'r i}oftno snld otrt];:::oplrt;\} #:Hr;,"j

    u0 sr 1t lutql I}EqAA :SIJUND

    ('sanu4uoJ)I X s[[Dr V

    "}II) 'e^rsuadxaul s.tl puE 'poo8 s,poo; ari] {ulq} I :NrHD d}J sI }uerneJsar

    'uogo oJarll oB 1 'san :Nruc ;r[ng luernelsar aq] o] uooq roao nor{ e,te11

    (FrlE) 4E- ? + &x + (flt

    'I[ue{ ur uourr^a }ou sr cFoA oq} ,a8esn slq} q .psupolles sr auooruos ro Surqleruos ]eql\ des o1 uor+snJlsuoc 3ur,r,ro11o;pasn sr qro^ srr{J

    'pa[[Do aq o] ro 'tpl ol ',tos o1 sueour e = qro^ oqJ

    "r=t1-"'.,;:'.)rou*'on*r',,^"'",-.;i:::".?:

    "ta=J 1 E +!'w < I t Y 4 r' 1#g yqa E

    'tfl4.)r1'l{lgi 'ZZ

    ' e *,,,, r'1 u.Y?';,"r{=-{r' n:: i : :"2:2Yz

  • E a^f*; 'x &14 t L\r\*f 7r\ .What do lapanese call this?Ha^l* - l t .&f ; . & ( , \ [ \* f "lapanese call this tako (octopus).

    when the topic (At*) is omitted (when A is unknown or understood fromcontext), X is usually marked with the topic marker l* instead of .

    ; f , I ,1*t \ r )& f \ [ \* f .This is called ika (cuttlefish).

    36.2 Use the same verb to make a noun phrase meaning X called(or named) Y.

    Y + & . t \ i + x

    ) e 2 ' f i V L 7 t t \ l + Ea student named lohn Kawamura& ) E e )F F ^ +er \ ) t+a university called the University of TokyoL* ia lr/vc tR&r\)Rl* t ; l=F>I) * f z)r .Where is the prefecture Shimane?

    tJh I.) e) L).tr{*{4& r\ ) ,F+ rE-c'f ,).What is this dish called? (lit., As for this, it is a dish called wh(tt)?

    tn col loqural speech,l , .A r r 7 i t . r r r *d-)very often changes to . . .: (1 , r7 (1 , r1 , rS f ) , as i n- f i , | * l r f r : ( t \ * f .

    l: :i?tffit"T; ,,.0',:','.'J,'lX[

    *?+ l*, .

    392

  • 689 rPruurerD pue Alelnqelon

    'snourDt uaaq pDq raq+o{ slq loql prDaq I"=J1E gLHJ ? =JC?.JZ{E\U ?6*AVIA t)*d e?

    'rnads ol4 5E pup

    '>[sD ot'toeq o1 >LrrJ'a:Lrl$ ot gvg '.taauoc o] ZZnJ ,yi1 o7',,{os,?

    + are suorlrnrlsuor esoql ur posn ,r"fro ,qr".o ,.ort"rr#Lruoo arrros

    'Jaa,MS ato sayddo asoqy (Surios sI '']{) s,,f.os u,uotg .s14"-F.*r1) cEFln/R < 4 1.(? r1HEl.3I h AZ AE

    'eraql od I,uplp aq pql ptDS srunJ 'rw=1. c =Hry ?Y y 1 _ t(7 =-t c Qvfl LL=t ? Z 'NtoJJotaol

    aulo? [Ft\,\ aq pIDS DJ\UIIW 'JtrN

    ':/'t Sr1E7 9YEVaH n/?t*7'osEJ sI!{} uT ? Jo }uoq ur posn aq uer elndor ar{} ro

    'e.r.r1ca[pe 'qrol e Jo ruJoJ ureld aq] .,(po pue 'pesn ele slJeur uorlelonb o51

    'oJnlJnJls 3ur,,rrro11og or{} a{e} suorlelonb }ceJrpul,, jlvroJJouoJ Suyutoc notr aty,,

    'oLU pa4sD DpoYDJ ,JW'rl,1 X BFJ) 1=tq? i'rgf F$ffi ) 'flry ?

    H.H.,'trpoa dn pB asDa[d,,

    'pras rqcnSoLaD 'rW"rl,-l F\1=Flnl? tr rft ? t.\1 ?il > )Be+ > A, \1 9)E+ sJ +fll

    'salerrperd Jo sruJoJ ureld ro elqod Joqlla asn uer no.{ os'uelods sB,^a 1r se sr s{Jerr uorlelonb oqt uiq}l^{ pourB}uoc uor}BruJoJur er{J

    's{reru uorlelonb o1lua1e,rrnba ere ,(l cr?.prfr) IT/lEf.gt4 paller 'f J(qJoA uorlecrunururo3 Joqlo oluos ro) C. E J

    ,f I

    a-.,..^,.^. ^,,. ^--.-- a,.-^drrr+Jrrr+b our,ta.o{{o} aqi o{e} ,,{1pnsn suopelonb }OoJrp

    'asauede{ u1',{r8unq sEA\ aq }Br{l prBS aH

    aldruexa Jod 'spJo^ or;rceds eql

    ]ou'oJueJolln eelJo ]uoluol Jrseq er{},{e,ruor o1 sr 1cefqo eq] lspron s,esloauoouros go Surserqdered e aq ,{eru

    'pueq Jor{}o aq} uo 'uorlelonb lloJrpul,,'dr8unq rue L,

    'pres aH

    aldruexe Jod .$lJeru uorlelonb qll^{ JJo }es

    oJe suopelonb perrp 'qsriSug u1 'ualods era,n daq+ se.{pcexa 'upeqro^

    spJolt s.ouoaruos;o Surlonb aql sT uollelonb lcerrg 'uo4o4onb JJanput

    prre uoqolonb potrp-spJo^ s,ouoeuros elonb o1 sde,r,r. o^ 1 oJB oJar{J t.gt

    9rt)cE asn 01 r3ilaq st 1t 'ls?0uous! eEloasuataqlpue

    'uorad plql aql ut st c = ?

    .,,,iii:l,i;;i;;H;ffi

    (uorlerrunuuol Jo qra^ raqlo ro)(-F-Ft1E) +?

    +elndor ro

    'anrpalpe 'qlanjo turo+ ureld e ur 6urpua esnell

  • 7 t 7 4 C 7 4 -aq/ x1

    g 4 7 o O' , 'ffi

    tE c fz lvTt ht " (What did he say?)++ + : l i4 9 / -

    hv L-, f f i mdA.,. Alt< l \6 /v

  • E++E=

    ,,, rr, rr.l,?i';lli Jiii'H:tirifri:rilFiryl ;o mals asauedef e sl ny').

    gg reuuer9 pue r0e;nqe:,

    {'sanuquoJ)uorlelonb lcarrpur rroq+ olq seouoluos uorlelonb lrarrp

    ";:il"$iil: (.Ip1crnb 4 op p.aqs prcs aqg)

    .:y1 SrlE ? Z j_) t

    - v 1? v 4 4 L

    '+)t* Yd EIECTVE EIQ:Q:1r (t Q Qt9

    '4il4fvCrvE Flnl)s+"4)-\z- Y A y!41,ry ? < 4 1 (Et j - z- + r,' _z 7ary?

    "EJtYcDry?WeWtt?lilEll+=-crg ryv

  • I T[,Ft1] htttt*' hrt+ I f:8 E I t * t, /c.*6 /a" r \

    r. mi n EA,I* | v7 F 7 2 ^ .17e. *l't:." t tE c f="r E o ) : < : t j L L \

    z. 7 2 E lvllttf=l- l: ' -

    + a-;ga+yz( L \ * f . t t E I t * L, / .r 3 -

    t .hU L.t tul* ' r t>r\- l i -rr{73Tf ht"J LFqIE* Lt.s .zveov7l - t - l * fz rT 4 l t tT$HL\t lv l t ' f f io E7)u+3(. f*6 t ) * . t /v" l t [ \?6E:(

    L \ * f .

    7 r 7 4 e i 4 -

    @)br\D/uAZ Xi-.f 2I E =- L* I'f=" (I interuiewed famous people!)Using the model as an example, tell who made each statement. choosefrom the famous people iisted here.

    7 7 > . z \ / t , f Z . a n i ) v ' + r > 9 - 7 ' ) r U 7 ' 7 \ ' 4 ) V F "+ J ? . U - , 2 - = - . t V 4 ,

    f Ti,ffll ' 7tr- l-.triTf Tf

    " r -+

    i2 zf ')v . , v >hrlr- Fhr{+s/: 'at lr* ut"f uea u l t lv

    r. ' 'f:[

    WA;6 bookbook) &fc( d,tu83* L/:.1z . f r n 2 t 7 T = - t - E l E c ( L \ * f . ,

    f ht : t - 2+2=l2*+f/

    T ft t1..PnlHA(tQT (t

    9.>Ql+*

    2{tE2Q=Jt1

    >ffIZ+2n

    Hf,*g*

    vcr#t*uollerBdard I

    O l rtr"r Eu;4oo3:Are;nqerr

    3ur4rsarlr^rl3v lelo pue fue1nqe:

  • Utensils and AppliancesAT t * ) E x )$H /J^htlvE t)rftu&t3m A ' ,= v J

    cleaver; big cutting knifepan; potcan openerbottle openerplate; dishglassrice bowl or teacupsoup bowlchopsticksrefrigerator

    Loanwords: t -J>, 2 v *>, ' 7 t - )V. , )7 . 7J->,+ 4 7 . t J + > . 7 t - r . 7 - 4 / \ > ' V > E - . V > i

    7 t 7 4 e 7 4 -

    nlv?)jlE fB (Associotion)Provide short answers to each of the following items.

    L. What process do you use to prepare each of the following foods?

    (ti)fiEE;^HJF

    a. l'0T 9Fb. r-+c . 3 v 0 ) t )

    G;)blv{ tunr\< ) z

    f.oD '

    OAFJf * tE< tu;1b

    d . Te. htfuE t)

    d . D r i t t t b2. What do you do with the following utensils?

    I t tA , Eb. tftu&l*c. $lE

    7 r T 4 E 7 4 -

    'futt t,,'t tJ *ftr" (what do you need?)

    work in pairs. Ask your partner what ingredient you need to prepare thefollowing dishes.Useful expresston: ..rrf\ U *.t

    " You need...

    t,ftf l sr: at2Fa vfaiGU*t. 'frft:tt' ' L)*?fii.

    s2: / \2 t r t t : ,Lvt 7tT-^hr l \ tJ * f"

    =

    5hI\ Food

  • 66tl9 rPruruPr9 pue Arelnqefon

    '''ool 'sndruEc JJo lPoplnoqs I eqde4

    '1q8rr er.no :vcrHDvr i 'prroloJeo oqlJo parT] trt,I'(poqrs eprsJno"lrt) sndurec;;o Supea;o Suqurql ur.I :Nmous lno,t lnoqe lerl!\

    'ErroloJeo aql le leo o]Supueld ur,I"'qn :vorHcvr r lq3unl ]noqe op o1 Supueld nof ere leqm 3epIqoEI { 'sIAI :Nmous

    ('sanu4uo1)'o^IlBlua] JoIu puB Jo{eo/v\ SI uol}ua}ul aq} oJaH 'uoI}3nJ}SuoJ

    8ui,r,ro11o; aq+ q1!v\ sr uorluolur s,ouo ssoJdxa o] feffr Jar{}ouv z'Zt

    "topqltyq s,ulqJ

    'syrn rcl yqsns e>[Du o1uo1d 1.EJ(rc+cZtl?1_F.) E H if=CDry?c

    I QiXry:] 'Iop ltarc se[qD]a?a^ lDe ol pualm I.E.;-ftgcevg?,HsE, R

    '''oq uold ol Jo ' ' 'ol puary! o+

    (l.L(tc+c.) l/ fr 9c. + qra^+o r.uro],teuotpt6

    guo4uelw'un1d Surueoru unou e srfr c+ c)

    'uorlJnJlsuos sTq+ qll^ sr uorlualur s,ouo sserdxa o1 z(e,r,r. auo I'zt

    'qUoJ os,pue 'qsrnn e ssardxaol uoruroo s,raqlouP u.llrJuol

    ..01 sraqtro alur^uol 01 tl

    01 llllarp uorloua s,raleadsaql ssatdxa ot(E)tt

    allrlreo lBuu-alualuascaql asn Aeu sra)Pads auro J

    ';:::z:ritrJ:.iiir]"itllEIE

    < 41(EIS ?J AE< 41(

    O sQ.rl:\ Jo turcg{$*{3T{*A

    *r$ p$E fl* qh C :uil{3lrs}{T1 HursserdxH "xflsarlr^rlfv alrl]erd pue )eu)wufJ

    ':71'$r1E-? 9r19.Y- +7Y 44 ?Yr/7,45 / lfiflll\1

    oq] uT auop se sro^asue s,reulred lsrg rnod podag 'sraulred

    "tJi:TK

    q:yry >'e.,4_'v

    .61{+#ffi't r,l? e\.614

    . r,'-4( L'Z++84't

  • Pla in , vo l i t iona l fo rm o f verbs + tF l : (& ,Et r * f )

    to think one wiII (do).'. or to think of (doing) '..

    The plain, volitional form of verbs is formed in the following way'

    Class I Verbs,

    ct^:::z\rb;; Root + t?

    i

    - ----'"-------- -----'*----1

    Class 3 Verbs t

    lrregularRoot + the o-columnhiragana corresPondingto the dictionary ending

    A^'6 + C^& )R.6 -+ R.&.)EE6 - ->E&)

    t-"1--

    tta

    ttt,

    t

    ttt

    ttt

    t

    7))H ) - + F $ )+ 1 - = : - -E \ . A e /

    af;,t -+Efr?)/-fr= -+ i-t )v91dt -+9EA);fi{; -+;fr6 )a*6 -+ R4)jzjt{ + jzit:'i

    -F6 -+ I'J.)

    *.6 -->*.&.) l""-+ o-column-+ *i: i: ?: " ,The polite, volitional form of verbs is what you know as the * L * ) formof verbs (see Grammar 15, Chapter 3).

    PLAIN VOLITIONAL FORM POLITE VOL IT IONAL FORM

    ( * L t ) r o n r v r )

    Ti;,ff:i;J;t"remember, is used to asksomeone to do somethinwith you or !o offer to dcsomething fot someone.[ \? L l U6 L \? L . l La ^:fft:at1x7rf ft"\'f ). -f#t:a;"lttuac^* L,,r ).

    Let's eat Lunch together.t .< i ) { l< 7}

    ttfzl 'hs?o'rtiaHai. *tf=l 'hs70>ltHt\* tu t ' ) "I will buy that meat.Stoa l :< \5t ?.< bb'+

    rritrElror-c'. f *f 3 aIF4, &,Et\*f .Since beef is cheap, I think I'II make sukiyaki'

    *i *J

    ?ov7F2> ' ) i4 [ :4Ef i6 ) LE3"I think I'II read that restaurant guide.

    When you have had an intention for some time, use the volitional form of ab6. : a j t )

    verb +f iE i : ( t \ * f (&.Ei : ( t \6) ra ther than t ,ELt* f (&,H") .a / " L

    " g4 Eat- l " t : t t6 t ) v7 l7? ' :TtZ l &E:( f \ * f .I have been thinking of going to that testaurant on out next date.

    -.1

    il

  • ovl9 reuuer9 pue AlPlnqelon

    suo sserdxe Jffiil ;:ff:.**3,,,',0" rs' uP, no^.sueld lnoqv 6ug1e1

    DrnwDhrDX lW qIM nqlaSol lJowauoq op oq uold 1:suBour dldrurs

    " 4J (r + cZ 4-&4 El=lW-,? ry ? 1Y L 4' E.UE'pueq ror{}o oq} uo .os op ilr^r I puE ,Ermuerv\e;q .JI q}I^r

    raqlaSo] {Jon ouoq op o} poproop uaaq seq }I }eq} serldur acuo}uos srqJ'DJnurDlvtDX 'JW qll^L nqnSol IJol ouroq op o1 SuroB wD I hroJJouoJ

    'orntuDhrDx 'JW qllw rcq4a8ol 4JoA auoq op IrM I A,toJJouroJ'-eF't ggg fl :t#-7 n/ 7 1Y Ltr' E ffs

    \1:l>o1 T'l c\l =J1E

    sserdxo osIB u'r sqro^ Jo ruro; lseduou eq+ 'aroJao o"ti:T"::t"r"JT.t;

    'Itouorqcrp +oq1 ?uu{.nq to uo4ualm ou aADq I" ry +8 (r QEI ft 4 c aHZ F+lcDE

    ',fiouo4crp pqq,,(.nq ol lou puawl I" EJ(t g c\1f/clH &E#CDQ \q f'l 3

    "'(?uyop) lo uo4aalur ou aADq ol

    (/+EftEEIft9IC) \1VFl hgc + qra^jo tr-rto;fieuotptg

    'qran I Jo Lnro; anrlebau

    ,,fi?"fi,:fliij::jI

    "'(op) ol lou pualu! ol

    (+Jh c+ c.):l fi4C + qra^Jo ruroJ reu

    'o^ ] eql yo ra8uo4s or{} sI puolas ar{J

    'suoqcnJ}suoo3ur,r,to11o; orllJo Jaqlla asn'Surqleuros op o] puolur 1,uop nof,{es o1 g'4g

  • You can state youyour own plans using -? b tJ (plans using-?6 L)< t ,as d iscussed above:

    as discussed above.

    tr'fir.n< ? b cJ rf ,,#fli:ill?#ffi;,;ffi;;#nij,"".,: : : :I am Planntng to go to the movles.

    when you don't have uny ptrnrl uor-run ,r,* ' a r t+ E t * 6 V * t t u " ,I don't have any plans.

    .

    answer ns sPecf ca Y'' ti:?,ri:"f"

    7 , 7 4 c i 4 - .) (axy ) l{1/\-7 4 -tt 6C b iJ Tf . (I'm planning to have a party.)C e) Ct fc / r }x)dt EE E I*7> 3 lvD-itE + E Tf?a.zz, ?nT, ) bTrs-7 ' ( -at 6=t : t )Tt

    "h\A'ht

    ?t"rfir\L\ 4 zTtte"z\-Zi- - r-+EiE6) t ,H=(f r* f .

    ;::**iir.'fit u*tii.

    -",; ;;;;;i,i,,,-0, n,.,,,,,When you 0"", Or"l,,what you are going to do or you would l i le to avoid

    9 '4 7 t r ,

    h 2 L 7xB t iF I E

    , 1 , L 7ffE

    Now practice the dialogue, substituting the following phrases for theunderlined phrase.

    r . . r \ - 2 7 - . r - + a ? iz. 72d lvafr-4 7 V> F 6n?X Unvite)r. e,/vtl.Tf -L&ta

    . t , l . t uq. fa

  • SFl9 reuurelg puP {rPlnqelon

    .

    u,Er Jv dsr rcJdq oo ],upJnOJ , 6ut)tll 06

    xeuou aqr e^Bq l,uprp I asnef,oq {ue {nq - ilffj i "^"5;flf;teau ou seM o;aq] osne3oq 1r o)eu ],uplnoo i ,rt",,{r>1ns aleu_r

    . sseullt Jo asnecoq aruoq pa,{e1s , looqcs o1 o6i*-^--*-**- i

    -- ..* "

    , - _ sllnseg lentrv I uopuelul leu;6;r6,-.......-.........-.-.......................1-.....

    _ (.ssau1trr {o asnDraq auroq pa,,{oqs I Wq ,poqcs olo3 07 pauuop n "=r.F r l rltE J-8.$; 's?,',r ) fr g c'> gw#Fra tr6rl

    'a1qe1 SumtoIIoJ orll uo poseq secue+uos aTeJ l

    urer Jo asne3aq oO l,rpfnor--:--ro6rol i

    't4) f, gcsf2+9tr, urse,1fl F.)-

    ''b?3.',iljLTff:f;:ffi'ffi:ffiilTjN

    ,nq 'fioB .to1d o1 pauuold D "=J.)F n

    {risa.S; q=t1' ^ *.u ;T:;t

    1[! -

    ). 14 ). 14. .f

    "rgE\1E ? qS1eb!,E|{tl+**cDfr+ .s.r(-F.J. 0q-c >!iw\q:? ElEcofrg .v

    "r?.4 FrlE.? e T1"tlF,y H\aF^+

    .t'\gf) hc+c24s+l,FFa.,

    'r(4) fr I c 9 vg p lJ W,r+=

    .

    t.suorlsenb asaql JsA^suV

    eo8 o1 Suruuold no[ ato ataqry) .r?f) fr g C >t]w:?

    - v 1a )- 14 L

    a H e {sryarpatgur) J}\!J*cu ryFt: 4} - \ / -y'sernb

    ,doqs) gcn*?CDeWe_f _ tr .?9vg-s- g?ryn?Hl.e Eti \tB iA24&.a

  • 7 t 7 4 X 7 4 - E E

    ;,arfaid. E) t-*.tht" (What arc you going to do at a time like this?)

    For each phrase in the first column, choose an appropriate phrase from thesecond column and connect them in a logical sentence'

    a )t'ftll t

  • ]

    s0'l9 reruuelg pue fuelnqPlon

    ']eql op s.]al 'qa :rHsvrvH 'o3 uoqlpue rouurp ]Eo s,]el

    'uaq] IIoM :Nossrc (:pol}p ue^as uro4 s,I..ul) .{colc,o ua^os }p s}re}slI :rHSY vH (jlretuoc aql sr aurrl pqfu urou "lrr) iuels ]rasuoc eq] sop arurl ]EqM :NosBrD

    'ateld Surrq 11,1 lpa ur:c llrls 1 "1TI )

    ' ^ou{ nod

    ,uoo.r

    a^eq IIqs I :rHSv^vH '(due luem l,uop no.{ ssanS 1j "'lnqezzrd e 1q8noq pue }uaM I 'pq

    ool s.]eqJ, lrtlleer qO :srrunc 'a}e .{pee.r1e I 'sa,\ :rHSvrvH ;rouulp uelea nod eAeH :srJdnD'aas pue

    IIes II,I :rHDncvr Iv 'ISe pue IIBJ s.]aT :vuny{vMrD

    'l\&orDI liuop I 'ururH :IHcocvJ IV ;>1utq} no,{ op .,tepo} uado lue.rnelseJ leq} sI :vuot trv^^v)

    'pDq paryq T (|nq ''+lI) puo 'ronbry pqt lo auos paul I' :/ c r?#FlYd'.rg:/?; n/ W&fr!.c+ A +

    2c+ aE {l? 'aII s,]l lDqM aas puo araql 03 s,laT

    "Qt1Ye>.-l-r\/=Z 'eJUo tqsns pa!4 I

    '44![ s,1! ]DqlvL eas 01 tqsns auos alo I:/,'t *f)vE?144t-

    ',{4 o (Suyqtauos) a43 o1 to (Surqlauos) aydtaos oJ Jo esuos sql uI Irl olse soleISuEJ] srq] seluTloulos

    'ezrl s.l! pqA,t to suaddoq lDqM eas 01 JapJo ur(Surqqawos) op 01 sueatu Ze + qran e Jo rrrroJ-al eqJ

    .suoqeurqruoD aseq]Jo rnoJ .{pn1s 11m no,{

    'uoqcos slq} uI 'asauede{ ur s8uruearu luepodurrIero^os ssaldxo o] sqro^ roqlo qlll\^ pouqruoJ sr qro^ B Jo rrrroJ-o] oqr r.g

    C) *Ag >puE,)rt30 rurOs-al oqf "gg

    'rfue>1 1ou 'euebetrqur ualllll/\ alP sqla^ lnoJ

    .,ilil^;T:li:ffiIilN

    ry\4>cH?{+7

    r) ^r*v*I nc+

    v+

    T'-n Y v1-4trm1Y LITtr||l 9> Ec!4Y LI(

    "Qx'1**,',r:;: rf*:"j

    "F+,-u.;:i:TI::7: "er +.>^/ew,p Fl1+zJrY:l'""

    T;i;iJJ;,]-".; 'E+e>1affffga>Et"ex1F?)r1LsJ

    '>jeffF,

    " rQ Q t''l ' 9 r 1 ) r t .fr':::: ::; ::'

    '6 H"l '*?# sqrsA + sqr

  • F-''i";;ot*'f

    =*=-=###when used in nesative,lli.l., I jti.,l; anymore

    - ^ Ie l

    gg.z The te-form of a verb + L * ) Iiterally means to finish doing(something). In other words, it is used to express the completion ofan action or an event. This construction focuses on the completed stateof an action or an event.

    LLo

  • LOt I+l EIbxl

    ('senuquoJ)l9 reuuelc pus {lelnqe3o

    'Sururot palJDls sDIl ll'rl*) c91.\g!E

    Y CRq

    {'asauodol aUTt D PuDlsraPunol araol a^Dq I'rc)

    'apT[ o aseuodo[ SurpuD$rcpun pa]rDls a^Dq I'rl 1 F * ) G r?cl.rqEEV E 1 (/El 1 =J c+

    sserSord ur sr Jo sur8eq ]uola Jo uoTlle oruos '

    '(iooqcs +E uaq^ prcs) poqcs ol pa>ID^41'rla +8)11{? \,tr+* fla=lc| 2E Q?cs$

    uoTlesoI+uoJJnD s,releods oq] pJBr\ o+ Sur.tour uolpaJlp e u1 Surqlauros op oJ

    '

    '(araq 4raqataoc

    'uaqJ puo) salddo ttnq puo p4tomadns o o1 oB asDa[d.r1 ?il > )P> cH&tr< n ') c!i\,-I/-z

    'araq auDr uoq+ puo poqrs p rcqcoe| trur q\!It| pa\pl raqpur Iw"=J 1+ F ) a #? ++ aTlqls* +. s Fl Et

    roleeds aql pre^\o] aruoc uoql pue Sulqlauros op oJ'3ur.u.o11oy aq] uEoru uEr 2 ) + qrazr e Jo ruroJ-al oqJ t't

    'uo lurod srq+ uro4 Surlsalalul pB 11yn amow srq|"T4* P r 1 )' f/ >5 Fu?,qU : FIP r{c' =

    ornlnJ aq+ olq Sur8ueqc dae>1 lpvr olels ro uol]38 Sulo8uo dpuaunc eurog'(eruoq +e uoq^^ prES) Iooqrs ol uDr I. :/, 1 * p r 1 ) .F" - FjF,,oEt 1 =t c+

    (ue8aq uorllle aq] oroJoq uollesols,pafqns ro s,roleeds oq] ruoq derue ro) uol]e3ol ]uoJJnJ s,lcelqns

    ro s,releods aql ruo4 derr,re Surnou uoqcallp e ur Surqleuros op oJ'il[at uaqt puo rcqqol Iu qlyt pa4pl opDtrrDL 'sw

    ':la * 8r1)'l EE?;3F1"/3 Erfleeeid 1eq1 a^BaI uoq+ pue Sulqleuros op oI

    's8uruearu 8ur,,rn o11o5 oql seq ) r 1 + qJoa B Jo urroJ-al aqJ t''sassardxa QEa s8urueeur o^,q oql Jo q3rq^ lxoluo3 oql uo spuadap

    '\ro[r.o ua] Flun Tdap 7"r//-ts\1Fa )e!)F+Eot

    '(a4oysna iq) +rassap s,raQls trw a1o 1" =l c * 1)vg ? I

    -

    {+ lbzYfi,f I 1 r/c.l'1er!

    s,luafie srl+ Jo s,releads oql saqdrul uoT]snJlsuol sTq+ 'soseo asoq] uI 'au

    uooq aABq ]ou ppor{s }eq} SuTq}ouros pTp ouoouros ro paueddeq o^Er{ }pFoqs }eq} pouaddeq Surqlouros leq+ serldrur soruTloruos uollJnrlsuos sI

    'qons se sale8n[uor pue qJo^ I sselJ e sr Jlos]r c Il

  • Both te-form + L\< and te-form + < 6 expless ongoing actions oI events'as illustrated in the third definition of each form. In deciding which to use'take into consideration these nuances: ( 6 is more subjective and personal'whereas Lr ( is more objective and impersonal' In other words' ( 6 indicatesmore physical or psychological involvement on the part of the speaker

    7 r 7 4 Y 7 4 - E E

    6 x z ee^(a* t. (I'il ttY eating it')Make dialogues using the te-form of the verb in parenthe ses -l 7*6 'Be creativel

    f ' ft |Jl ?o77-+t**it\ Lf \t.f ,\" (A^6) ->-z a 7T -+ llb t \ t, ! \T.f ,).-ft^(a< < fi8 L\" or b !. ? &C^(a*f '

    6i,/ jt\1. ;O"f;iFE (question) hrttht tJ *f ft. (Fq1< )2. 4J> t t-2 t Ei?6fsfjt,r uL\.c'f 7)). (gtri l)u.f'tfr. iri rfirt turr+*r. rAi>4. ; rrrrr*iithoArf . rii al

    b 6 L 65. ;/1l* t ( trEHt, t^tf J. (Efifj)6 . F > A V T F 7 7 t * t i t \ L , L \ T f I ' ( ? l < )

    7 2 7 4 c 7 4 -

    6: I A^( L,Ht\* L ' f -" (Oh! I ate i t al l up')Make a dialogue by using the te-form of the verb + L,, *' ) '

    t'{tUl W)o^) (ffifr)-F>A^IJ.E) l ' * tu f=ht"-6 ) f f i , /v< LHLt* L/ : '

    408

    (What happened to that book?)

  • -_l 6otvl Elel

    l9 rPruuer9 pue ruelnqel(

    ('sanu4uoJ)-I1**)cH'ZZ- (rl

    '(c/f F (tQEl4v- + qro^ eql Jo ruroJ-al eql 3u1sn sanSoprp a>ie1

    (IrDq tq?u aq il,l) " &8 4 >c Lr? c : LEJ)

    .T1[ E (tgse Of, \1,lqy# ,(.?+l) (1no.t q,uen' pat4 wJ) "t+=J a *Lltct C, 4*

    (-F.8:) "1'1t$ r 1..r( ry ?Y Y 1- 4'(2+)

    'Tf)?\g\9S L+E LEIC< v 1- = 'Tf;+E L e c+' 't E]

    (9s'H&ryFl:g) "V+->+HZ L q g'e+7- 4-+)

    'Tf J-tl#Fl Eg'+ Q* r+(e H)

    'Tf F hQsT?U hr14'

    " Q T.l FPrl)H? cT E&-J < y 4-E /:'rf+a-"T+F ft 9s?LEJtEl/S)*'l

    -{+1c.-eH&*J < y 4-

    .E /.) "Tf F fr 9sflLflS.l/FJ-F I -4

    (9vH) (Y -

    fi 4Y Y /.=JCHE #)' tQ Q(o?(9gfi) (^/?1Y L4)' ZtA

  • ) ; if \ ? L . t n t ) vx

    b *

    1'. b t: tHf EFt ftoo sweet) t).a

    2. ZAJ7r7&E< ( t ryon) e r . t 'V>, ayi (cook).7 - 4 1 . 7 7 > 9 > F

    o . z \ U t a > F 7 & t r - ? t 1 7 2 ( * * L t .L ) r ) U 2+

    -4Y "=-tr1+'l 4E+r/+rgl \1 E'rli + fr F:'1t{

    "4->Q=c{l'Yr1r1 'Fl.l -.G.9

    '4+'l \ldg.9f&< Y ("+.s?e* tVQ

    "Flvt{/ISf .\1El

    aq '4 F'l \ 1 Egl.cf ? +

    -

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    L*( t)R*ading z &fsfrf} Fs y#Before You Read @/--\Work in pairs and discuss the following with your partner.

    1. What time do people generally eat the following meals or snacks?6 3

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    3. What eating habits have you noticed in your family? First, answerthese questions, and then compare your answers with those of yourclassmates. Are some of them similar? How are they different?

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