Developing Sport TourismDeveloping Sport Tourism

The Case of Golf: Opportunities The Case of Golf: Opportunities and Threatsand Threats

Dr. Bart Crum (The Netherlands)Dr. Bart Crum (The Netherlands)

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Paper Structure

1 opportunities 1.1 the sportification of the society 1.2 de-sportification of sport – growth of golf 1.3 opportunities on the golf tourism market

2 threats neo-colonialism land expropriation ecological damage dissipation of water pollution

epilogue

from ‘meritocratic’ sport to ‘democratic’ sport

Meritocratic:• for young, athletic, competitive males• competition and achievement orientation• regulation and standardization• clubs / associations monopoly

Democratic:• criticism of the radical achievement orientation• ‘Sport for All’ idea• emphasis on ‘recreation’, ‘health’, ‘togetherness’ as motives• for young and old, male and female, handicapped and non – handicapped• no monopoly for clubs - multiformity

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post-modernity

• the end of the big stories (the ‘isms’)

• secularization

• reduction of power and status of the collective agencies

• vanishing of clarities and certainties

• multiformity of values, ethical relativism (“anything goes”)

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individualization

• retreat of collective agencies (family, church, labor union)

• self-realization not an option but cultural imperative

• many degrees of freedom (more free time and money)

• personal autonomy – modern people are invited to write their own biography

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rediscovery and upgrading of the body

• body as agency for distinction and self-realization (tattoos, piercing, hair color, extravagant dressing)

• body- and movement culture as a domain of training of self-determination and self-realization

• paradoxical simultaneity of denial and upgrading of the body

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PostmodernValues

Individualization

Rediscovery of the Body

Sportification of the Society

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Sportification of the Society

Sportification of SportDe-sportification of Sport

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internal differentiation of sport

• elite sport

• competitive club sport

• recreational sport

• fitness sport

• risk and adventure sport

• lust sport

• cosmetic sport

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growth of Dutch sport participationgrowth of Dutch sport participation

1970: 15% of population (15 million) member1970: 15% of population (15 million) member

sport clubsport club 2010: 28% of population (16,5 million) member2010: 28% of population (16,5 million) member

sport clubsport club

1970: 45% of population active sporting1970: 45% of population active sporting 2010: 68% of population active sporting 2010: 68% of population active sporting

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explosive growth golfers in The Nl

1970: 22 courses - 2012: 175 courses

50% of Dutch golfers – lust sport: golf tourism abroadSanur 2012 - 11

opportunities for Indonesia on golf tourism opportunities for Indonesia on golf tourism marketmarket

• tremendous growth of golf in Europe, Japan and Korea

• now golf world’s leading sport qua total economic expenditure

• in coming decades – due to economic growth and globalisation – sportification and de-sportification processes in China and India

• prediction: many millions potential new golf tourists

• Indonesia (scenic landscapes, service oriented population) has certainly potential to compete with Thailand and Malaysia on the golf tourism market

• excellent perspectives for Indonesia to tap economic profits

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uncontrolled proliferarion of courses in Spain and Turkey

Spanish Mediterrenean coasts: louche investors together

with corrupt local authorities – almost whole coastal line

destroyed by hundreds of courses, hotels, bungalow

parks. Water shortage – erosion, etc. Now moratorium

Belek (Turkish coast): in 15 yrs 17 new courses and 20 **** and ***** hotels developed at the cost of brutal

deforestation

In The Netherlands (new) courses “Committed to the Green”

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lacking environmental awareness

• less environmental awareness in S E Asian countries

• governments not accountable to citizens – problem of corruption

• “Despite the obvious economics benefits to be gained by destinations aiming to take advantage of golf’s popularity, there has been a steady flow of voices of concern about the impact of golf course developments, particularly in the less developed countries” (Palmer, 2004, 117)

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New Kuta Golf Course

• dubious land acquistion• environmentally unsustainable• may be the same is true for nearby Nirwana Course ?

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threats of modern golf tourism development

neo-colonialism: Japan, etc export the ecological problems – who invests the money? where do the profits go?

land expropriation: land owned by locals expropriated – corruption rather rule than exception – indigenous people deprived from their customary rights

ecological damage: enormous infrastructural needs leads to destruction of natural landscapes, loss of rice paddies, deforestation, erosion, changes in local topography and hydrology

dissipation of water: average course 4000 m3 per day – enough to meet need of 15.000 locals

pollution: 18 holes course in tropical country uses 23000 kg of dry and liquid chemicals per year – 20 kg per hectare – pesticides, etc washed to ponds ,streams, the sea – contamination of fields and water – threat for health of golf course personnel

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what to do?what to do?

on the one hand: excellent opportunities for Indonesia to become an important player in the golf tourism market

on the other hand: uncontrolled development of golf courses at odds with environmental sustainability

Global Anti-Golf Movement states:

* “golf industry aggressively promotes an elitist lifestyle”

* “golf course and golf tourism development violate human rights in every sense of the word”

therefore the claim for an immediate moratorium on the development of golf courses

Should Indonesia sail on this compass ????

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what to do ? (2)what to do ? (2)

statements of Anti-Golf Movement too radical

golf course development and promotion of golf tourism not per se violation of nature or human rights

However, advocates of golf tourism, project planners and political decision makers should be aware that:

* the quality of the environment is essential to golf tourism * golf tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex (golf can have adverse environmental effects) * many of these impacts are linked with the construction of infrastructure * the negative impacts of golf tourism can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends

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what to do ? (3)

a balanced, smart and logical approach would be:

to employ a set of enforceable standards and regulatory provisions to remove social abuses and exploitation arising from golf development projects (e.g. by supporting greater involvement of local communities)

to set strict ecological rules concerning development and maintenance of golf courses

to take responsibility for the maintenance of these strict rules.

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