Negation

Negation

Definition of negation:

A: A negative statement, judgment, or

doctrine; especially: a logical proposition formed by

asserting the falsity of a given proposition.

B: Something considered the opposite of something

regarded as positive.

Negation by using helping verbs

Negation statement:

Simple

present

prono

un

Full form contradiction

I I am not I'm not

She,

he, it

he Is not he's not/ he isn't

They,

you,

we

They are not They're not/ they aren't

Simple

past

I, she,

he, it

I was not I wasn't

They,

you,

we

You were not You weren't

Example: I am not interested in reading.

She is not a doctor.

You were not an English learner.

•Verb to be:

Simp

le

prese

nt

pronoun Full form contradiction

I, they,

you, we

We do not We don't

She, he, it It does not It doesn't

Simple

past

All form I did not I didn't

•Verb to do:

Example: I don’t eat vegetables.

She doesn't do the homework.

They didn't go to school yesterday.

Simple

present

pron

oun

Full form contradiction

I, they,

you, we

You have not You've not/ you

haven't

She, he, it It has not She's not /she hasn't

Simple

pastAll form I had not I 'd not/ I hadn't

Example: she has not eaten.

They haven't come to the party.

You'd not read the book.

•verb to have:

Model verbs

Full form contradiction

She will not She'll not/ she won't

He would not He'd not/ he wouldn't

It cannot It can't

They could not They couldn't

We should not We shouldn't

You might not You mightn't

I must not I mustn'tYou shall not -------

Example: she won't come tomorrow.

They shouldn't go in the evening.

I could not read without my eyeglasses.

All model verbs except ''May'':

•Negative question :

Negative question form is (aux verb + not+ subject), or

(aux verb + subject + not).

Example: Didn't you attend the lecture?

Isn't she a teacher?

Negative question may have two different meanings:

-- To ask about something that you already know

Example: Isn't Sara coming yet?

--to show your opinion politely

Wouldn't be nice to paint the home front grey?

Expressing offers usually begin by; won't you---? Wouldn't

you---?, why don't you---?

why doesn't he tell me about that before?

Would not you like some sugar?

--to ask about something that should happens, but it doesn't.

Haven't the employees come yet.

Normally we did not ask questions to instruct people.

can you explain the point again?

•Negative imperative:

Imperative used to tell someone what to do. Negative imperative

form is :( do + not+ verb0). It may used as a request.

Example: Couldn't you bring my coat?

It may used as an instruction.

Example: Don't open the door.

•Negation without using auxiliary:

•Negative adverbs:

Negation can happen in a number of ways most commonly when

we use a negative word such as: no, not, never, any, nobody

Example:

A-Is there a bus at ten o'clock?

The most common negative words are no, not .other negative

words include (neither, never, none, nobody, nor, nothing,

nowhere).

Example:

1- She is never been a broad.

2- There was no newspaper left in the shop by one o'clock.

3- Nobody came to the house for several days.

4-None of my cousins live near us. 5- Must children do not walk to school any more.

• Negative of non- finite clauses :

In linguistic, a non-finite clause is a dependent clause is whose verb is non

_finite.]

For example: many language can form non-finite clauses from, infinitives

participles and gerunds .like any dependent (subordinate) clause a non-finite

clause servers a grammatical- role _commonly that of a (noun-adjective) or

adverb) in a greater clause that contains it.

As a dependent clause a non-finite clause plays some kind of grammatical role

within a larger clause that contains it.

That this role can be and what the consequent meaning is depends on the type of

non-finite verb involved, the contractions allowed by the grammar of the

language in question.

•Double negative:

Definition of Double Negatives:

Double negatives are two negative words used in the same sentence. Using two negatives

turns the thought or sentence into a positive one. Double negatives are not encouraged in

English because they are poor grammar and they can be confusing; but, they are sometimes

used in song lyrics and informal speech. double negatives can sometimes be used

for understated affirmation (e.g. "I'm not feeling bad" vs. "I'm feeling good"). In some

languages, double negatives cancel one another and produce an affirmative; in other

languages, doubled negatives intensify the negation. The rhetorical term for this is litotes.

Languages without negative concord typically have negative polarity items that are used in

place of additional negatives when another negating word already occurs. Examples are

"ever", "anything" and "anyone" in the sentence "I haven't ever owed anything to anyone"

(cf. "I haven't never owed nothing to no one" in negative-concord dialects of English, and

"Never have I owed nothing to no one"). Note that negative polarity can be triggered not

only by direct negatives such as "not" or "never", but also by words such as "doubt" or

"hardly" ("I doubt he has ever owed anything to anyone" or "He has hardly ever owed

anything to anyone").

Some double negatives may resolve to a positive; others

resolve to intensify the negative clause within a sentence.

Example:

• I didn't go nowhere today.• I'm not hungry no more.• You don't know nothing.• There was never no more laziness at work than before.

While some double negatives become positives:• I didn't not go to the park today.• We can't not go to sleep!• I have no doubt this sentence is false.

Double Negative Examples:

1-That won’t do you no good.

2-I am not got no time for supper.

3-Nobody with any sense isn’t going.

4-I can’t find my keys nowhere.

5-She never goes with nobody.

6-John says he has not seen neither Alice or Susan all day.

•Using prefixes and suffixes:

Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.

Prefixes: Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing

word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. We can use prefixes to give a meaning of negation.

Examples:

1- He was very disrespectful to the teacher.

2- He is unlikable man.

3- That is unbelievable.

Suffixes: Suffixes are added to the end of an existing

word. The addition of a suffix often changes a word from one word class to another. In the table above, the verb like becomes the adjective likeable, the noun idol becomes the verb idolize, and the noun child becomes the adjective childish. Suffixes can be used to make negation.

Examples:

1- He is useless man.

2-You should not be careless.

3-She is a heartless girl.

References:

Definition of negation (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/negation

Double negation (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-double-negatives.html#6KrHh2xjZcQiqqSR.99

Double negation (n. d. ). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negative

Prefixes and suffixes (n. d. ). Retrieved from

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/prefixes-and-suffixes

Negative adverbs (n. d. ). Retrieved from

http://search.myway.com/home/index.jhtml?p2=^AYW^xdm165^TTAB02^sa&n=781af5e9&ptb=E6A0B891-8E50-4ABB-BB7F-250D8CD0E649&si=sendfilesfree&qs=fn

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