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TOPIC 6: ORGANISING
DR DOUG NISBET
PGDBA 101
Strategic Leadership and Management Skills
Slide 10.2
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Chapter 10Organisation structure
• Structure and performance• Elements in structure: the design options• Dividing work into functions and divisions• Coordinating work: alternative ways• Mechanistic and organic structures• Learning organisations• Cases and examples
– Oticon, Multi-show, BAE, Roche, Pixar, Monsanto
Slide 10.3
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Structure and performance
Figure 10.1 Alternative structures and performance
Slide 10.4
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Why study structure?
• Evidence that a company’s structure affects whether it adds value to resources – For example, how to divide and coordinate tasks
• Current structure reflects assumptions • Knowledge enables us to question
– Assumptions in a structure, and its context– Alternatives available– Limitations of any structure
Slide 10.5
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Structure and performance?
• As a business grows, those running it divide the work and coordinate the parts – they create a structure within which people work
• When an organisation is not performing well, managers often change the structure
• Reflect the belief that structure affects performance– Clarifies expectations and enables monitoring– Avoids confusion and waste of poor structureWhat kind of structure works best?
Slide 10.6
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Designing a structure
• Structure is how work is divided, supervised and coordinated
• It defines the responsibilities of divisions, departments and people – What they are expected to do
• Summarised in an organisation chart: compare Multi-show Events and BAE factory
Slide 10.7
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Structure of a unit in a large business
Figure 10.2 The structure within a BAE aircraft factory (www.baesystems.com)
Slide 10.8
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Developing structure ina small business
Figure 10.3 The organisation structure at Multi-show Events
Slide 10.9
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Vertical structure – how centralised?
What decisions can people at different levels in
the vertical hierarchy take?• Centralisation (those at the centre make most
decisions) and its opposite, both have advantages and disadvantages (Table 10.2)
• A shifting balance, reflecting – Attempts at rational analysis– Managers’ career interests– Siemens (see p.362)
What degree of centralisation works best?
Slide 10.10
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Grouping work into functions and divisions
Figure 10.5 Five types of structure
Slide 10.11
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Horizontal structure – five ways
• Functional (see BAE Systems)– Common professional or other expertise (Figure 10.2)
• Divisional – Products, customers (Figure 10.7) or geography
• Matrix– In functional groups, work on divisional tasks
• Teams– Members work on distinct tasks and link with others
• Networks– Organisation as broker between independent units
Slide 10.12
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contrasting structures in nursing
Figure 10.7 Task and named-nurse structures
Slide 10.13
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Coordinating work
If divide work, then need to coordinate it by:• Direct supervision• Hierarchy• Standard inputs or outputs• Rules and procedures• Information systems (see Siemens)• Direct personal contact
What method of coordination works best?
Slide 10.14
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Mechanistic and organic structures
Table 10.4 Characteristics of mechanistic and organic systemsSource: Based on Burns and Stalker (1961)
Slide 10.15
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contrasting forms
• Burns and Stalker identified alternative forms• Each appropriate to certain conditions
– Mechanistic – stable – Organic – unstable
• Fit with conditions led to high performance• Later work (Lawrence and Lorsch 1967) focused
on differences between units within the same organisation
• Related differences to contingencies
Slide 10.16
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contingencies – strategy
– For example, cost leadership or differentiation – what structure to encourage relevant behaviour?• Cost leadership requires efficiency – a functional
structure?• Differentiation needs innovation – matrix or team-
based?– Monsanto an example of a company whose
innovative business is supported by a highly organic structure
Slide 10.17
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Strategies and structures
Figure 10.8 Relationship between strategies and structural types
Slide 10.18
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contingencies – technology
What structure best supports technologies used to transform inputs, in manufacturing or services? • For example, production line or custom-made?• For example, information systems enable different
ways of delivering services, and prompt a search for new structures to support relevant behaviour?• Chapter 18 (Managing Operations and Quality) shows other ways of designing transformation processes using different technologies
Slide 10.19
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contingencies – business environment
What structure best supports people as they cope with different environments?
• Burns and Stalker (1961) contrasted– Rayon plant (stable market, few changes) with – Small electronics companies (volatile, uncertain
market, many changes)• Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) showed that firms
face many environments with different needs– How to link differently structured departments?
Slide 10.20
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Environment and structure
Figure 10.9 Relationship between environment and structure
Slide 10.21
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contingencies – size and life cycle
What structure best supports an organisation as it grows (number of staff)?
• Birth – informal, little division of labour, organic• Youth – decisions shared more widely,
specialists employed• Mid-life – extensive division of responsibility, with
rules for coordination• Maturity – mechanistic, perhaps divisions,
selling some units that no longer fitProblem of managing the transitions
Slide 10.22
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Contingencies or management choice?
• Contingency– Effective performance depends on managers
adopting a structure suited to the key contingencies of the environment in which it is operating
• Management choice– Managers have greater degree of choice over the
structures they adopt• Standards of performance not always rigorous• Preferred choices may have limited effect on
performance• Political interests and ambitions shape choice
• Implications for role of managers?
Slide 10.23
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Learning organisations
Figure 10.10 Clusters of learning organisation featuresSource: Pedler et at. (1997)
Slide 10.24
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Integrating themes
Sustainable performance
Local autonomy may permit bad practice, or use local knowledge to design good practice
Governance and control
Financial crises routine lead to calls for tougher controls – but most failing companies have them
Internationalisation
Bartlett and Ghoshal (2002) show the dilemmas firms face in designing international structures
Slide 10.25
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Conclusion
• Ideas of – Vertical and horizontal structures– Coordination– Mechanistic and organic forms
• Provide ways to analyse current practice• Practice reflects managers’ assumptions
(and personal and career interests)• Are they right for the context, what alternatives
may work better and what are their limitations?
Slide 10.26
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
The HRM territory
Figure 11.1 Map of the HRM territorySource: Beer et al. (1984). Reproduced with permission from Professor Michael Beer
Slide 10.27
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Guest (1987) HRM policies and outcomes
Table 11.1 Policies for supporting HRM and organisational outcomesSource: Guest (1987), p. 503
Slide 10.28
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Four propositions in HRM theory
Guest (1987) identified four propositions of a theory of HRM• Integration – Linking HRM policies and strategy will enhance performance• Commitment – will lead employees to be more satisfied, perform better, stay longer and be willing to change• Flexibility – in both structures and employees will make it easier to change with conditions • Quality – high quality staff, suitably managed, will deliver high quality results
Slide 10.29
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
HRM philosophy
External fit• Link between wider
strategy and HRM strategy
• For example, different approaches for low cost and differentiation strategies
Internal fit• Consistency of HRM
policies• For example,
teamworking is supported by reward systems
Slide 10.30
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Fit between HRM, structure and context
Figure 11.2 Fit between HRM, strategy, structure and environment
Slide 10.31
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Chapter 12Information systems and e-business• Why study IS and e-business? • Convergence transforms how people add value• Value depends on technology and organisation• Operating and management systems• Applications – enterprise resource planning,
customer relations, knowledge and e-business• IS and the tasks of managing• Cases and examples:
– Google, SelectMinds, Renault, Iris, Nestlé
Slide 10.32
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Why study IS and e-business?
• Managing depends on information (Fig. 12.1)• Steady increase in power of computing systems• IS moved from background to foreground tasks• Convergence of data, voice and visual systems
is changing business and public services• Effective use of IS to support strategy depends
on managing organisational issues.
Slide 10.33
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Management depends on information
Figure 12.1 The role of Information systems in Organisations Source: Boddy et al. (2005)
Slide 10.34
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Managing new opportunities to add value
Technological developments enable managers to:
Use IS in established organisations to add value to data – Figure 12.3
AND
Producers and consumers to co-create value – Figure 12.2
Value depends on managing technology AND organisation – Figure 12.4
Slide 10.35
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Stages in using the Internet
Figure 12.3 Stages in using the Internet
Slide 10.36
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Co-creation (or Wikinomics)
Figure 12.2 Traditional delivery and customer participation
Slide 10.37
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Computer-based IS
Figure 12.4 The elements of a computer-based ISSource: Boddy et al. (2009a)
Slide 10.38
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Data, information and knowledge
• Data– Recorded descriptions of things and events
• Information– Processed data that means something to the
person receiving it• Knowledge
– A property of people which guides their action – embodies experience and learning
• Relate to inputs, transformation and outputs– Enables people to add value to resources
Slide 10.39
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Operating and management systems
Figure 12.5 Types of information system
Slide 10.40
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
E-commerce and e-business
Internet allows companies to coordinate
processes with others, regardless of distance• E-commerce
– Selling goods or services over the Internet (Google)• E-business
– Integration, through the Internet, of all processes of an organisation, from its suppliers throughto its customers (Nestlé shows the challenges)
• Common applications: CRM, ERP and KM
Slide 10.41
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
How the Internet changes the links
Figure 12.6 Reinventing the supply chain
Slide 10.42
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Customer relationshipmanagement (CRM)
Figure 12.7 Communications methods and message
Slide 10.43
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Management issuesof CRM systems
Potential benefits:• Gather customer data swiftly• Identify most and least valuable customers• Increase loyalty by providing customised offers• Reduce costs of maintaining and securing
customers• See Tesco (Part 6 case) for their Clubcard scheme
Possible disadvantages:• Hard to implement – require changes to many
other systems
Slide 10.44
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Enterprise resourceplanning (ERP) systems
Figure 12.8 Anatomy of an enterprise system
Slide 10.45
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Management issuesof ERP systems
• Potential benefits– Integrate customer and financial information– Standardise manufacturing processes and reduce
inventory – Improve information for management decisions
across sites– Link suppliers and customers online
• Difficulties include– Generic systems may diminish uniqueness– Promote centralisation – is that suitable?– Complex to implement – many fail
Slide 10.46
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Knowledge management systems
• Potential benefits– Improve way an organisation creates, captures and
uses knowledge– Relates to inputs, transformation and outputs– Examples of BP and Buckman Labs
• Difficulties include– Most valuable knowledge is tacit (shared
understanding, often unwritten): IS best suitedto explicit, codified knowledge
– Do rewards structures encourage people to share knowledge?
Slide 10.47
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
IS, strategy and organisation
Figure 12.9 How information systems can change competitive forces: Porter’s modelSource: Adapted and reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. Exhibit adapted from Strategy and the Internet, Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 63–78 by M. E. Porter, Copyright © 2001 by Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation; all rights reserved
Slide 10.48
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Integrating themes
Sustainable performance
Wide use of IS is part of the problem (cause waste), and part of the solution (reduce waste)
Governance and control
Weill and Ross (2005) show the value of developing effective IS governance systems
Internationalisation
IS enables the growth of global trade – but managers also need to take account of national cultures when introducing cross-border systems
Slide 10.49
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Conclusion
• Developing technologies have moved IS from the background to the foreground of managing
• Focusing on the technical aspects of computer-based systems will usually add less value than attending to the strategic, human and organisational aspects
• Models presented enable you to question whether the assumptions behind a proposal are right for the context, to explore alternatives and to recognise limitations
Slide 10.50
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Chapter 13Managing change and innovation• Episodes or constant feature of managing?• Initiating change – interaction with context• Four models of change• Driving and restraining forces• Forms and sources of resistance• Innovation• Cases and examples
– Vodafone/Ericsson, GKN, Dupont, Philip Morris
Slide 10.51
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
An overview of the themes
Figure 13.1 A model of the change process
Slide 10.52
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Why study change?
• Managers frequently change aspects of their organisation to improve performance
• Alternative ways of managing change reflect assumptions about its nature
• Models enable you to question– Whether the approach being used is suitable
for the context– What alternatives may work better in that
situation?
Slide 10.53
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Change and managing
• Many see disruption at centre of role– Focus on inputs, transformation and outputs
• External environment main driver – Customers, shareholders, competition: see
Siemens• Vodafone case typical
– Significant, will affect many people, unfamiliar territory
• Models and perspectives to gain insight into the activity and to think critically about proposals
Slide 10.54
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Interaction of change and context
• External changes threaten a performance gap– Results not meeting expectations
• Performance imperatives– Flexibility, innovation AND efficient operations
• Depend on making internal changes– When people perceive elements of the internal
context obstruct external expectations – Figure 13.2 and examples in Table 13.1
Slide 10.55
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
The internal context
Figure 13.2 Elements of the internal context of management
Slide 10.56
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
• People interpret contexts and shape project – Influenced by local/personal and corporate interests
• People initiate project to change context– Changing one or more elements in Figure 13.2
• Those changes become the new context– Elements in Figure 13.2 affect capacity for change
• Culture, technology etc.– ‘receptive and non-r. contexts’ (Pettigrew, 1992)
• Continuous interpretation and interactionbetween context and successive change projects
Interaction of change and context (Continued)
Slide 10.57
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
History and levels
• Present context a result of previous decisions– Past, and potential futures, affect how people
interpret proposals• Context has several levels
– For example, corporate, divisional, work unit– Change at one level may have unintended
effects at other levels (negative or positive)
Slide 10.58
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Models of change – life cycle
• Change goes through a series of steps• Success depends on managing these efficiently
– Objectives, responsibilities, deadlines, budgets, monitor
– Focus on planning and control • Many established tools and techniques –
Figure 13.3 and Figure13.4• A rational process
– Suited to which types of project or conditions?
Slide 10.59
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Planning tools
Figure 13.3 A simple bar chart
Slide 10.60
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
The life cycle illustrated
Figure 13.4 A project life cycleSource: Lock (2007) p. 8
Slide 10.61
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Models of change – emergent
• Change takes place in an uncertain context,and unrealistic to expect outcomes to be closeto plan
• Success depends on– Learning during the project– Adapting to changing conditions– Managing interest groups
• Plan, but be ready to change• See emergent perspective on strategy
(Chapter 8, including IKEA example (p.230))
Slide 10.62
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Models of change – participative
• Change relies on those affected being willingto cooperate with the change
• Success depends on– Developing ownership and commitment– Consulting widely for ideas– Seeking consensus
• A democratic process– Suited to which conditions?
Slide 10.63
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Models of change – political
• Change often threatens established interests, who will oppose it
• Success depends on – Building power sources– Creating alliances and coalitions– Manipulating information to support position
• A political process– Suited to which conditions?
Slide 10.64
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Kurt Lewin – drivingand restraining forces
Figure 13.5 Driving and restraining forces
Slide 10.65
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Resistance to change
• How people react to change affects, and is affected by, those promoting it– From strong support to strong opposition
• To analyse resistance,– Problems with content of change – see Table 13.3 – Problems with process – see ‘models of change’
Slide 10.66
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Innovation
• Innovation is the process through which new ideas, objects, behaviours and practices are created developed and implemented
• Incremental innovations are small changes in a current product or process which brings a minor improvement
• Radical innovations are large game changing developments that alter the competitive landscape
Slide 10.67
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Figure 13.6 Systems view of innovation
Systems view of innovation
Slide 10.68
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Sources of innovation
Figure 13.7 Sources of innovation
Slide 10.69
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
The Process of innovation
Figure 13.8 A model of the innovation processSource: Based on Tidd and Bessant (2009)
Slide 10.70
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
The 4 Ps of innovation
• Product innovations are changes or enhancements to the features of the things that the organisations sells
• Process innovations are changes in the processes that create the product that is sold or deliver the service that the customer buys
• Position innovations are changes in the way that the product of service offering is targeted
• Paradigm innovations are changes in how companies frame what they do
Slide 10.71
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Organisational support factors
• Strategy – innovation is explicitly called for in the corporate strategy
• Structure – roles and jobs are defined to aid in innovative behaviour
• Style – management empowers the workforce to behave innovatively
• Support – IT systems are available to support innovative behaviour
Slide 10.72
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Integrating themes
Sustainable performance
The search for this offers opportunities to innovators who can find ways to reduce waste
Governance and control
Financial crises show the dangers of innovation, when not balanced by governance systems
Internationalisation
Companies want to encourage local innovation, but need to ensure this does not lead to wasteful duplication within the business
Slide 10.73
David Boddy, Management: An Introduction, 5th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011
Conclusion
• External and internal forces driving change• Managing it depends on having a model of the
process – such as the interaction model• Four perspectives offer complementary models
– which is best for the situation• Innovation can be used as a tool to enhance
what the company offers to the market
Learning Objectives • To understand the input-output model and the internal
and external environments of a business organisation;
• To be aware of the different types and legal forms of business organisation and their benefits and drawbacks
• To understand the various roles within management
• To understand the management tasks of planning, organising, leading and controlling and how these can be achieved through the various dimensions of internal and external context.
A Model of Business Management Environment
The Input-output Model
Input TransformationProcess Output
Add Value
Create Waste
Classifying Businesses• Size
– Small, medium, large• Type of Industry
– Primary, secondary, tertiary• Sector
– Private, public• Legal Status
– Sole trader, partnership, limited company
For information and statistics about Ugandan Business follow this link to the Ugandan Bureau of Statistics website( if you based in another country search for an equivalent site):
http://www.ubos.org
Legal Forms of Business – Private Sector
• Sole Trader• Partnership• Limited Companies
– Private (Ltd)– Public (Plc)
• Co-operative Societies- Uganda Co-operative Alliance- http://www.uca.co.ug
Franchising, Licensing and Joint Ventures
• Franchising:– is an arrangement where one party (the franchiser) sells the right to another party (the franchisee)
to market its product or service;– Franchise Expo: http://www.franchiseexpo.co.uk/– The Franchise Business: http://www.franchisebusiness.co.uk/– Franchise Direct (Ugandan Franchises):
http://www.franchisedirect.com/internationalfranchises/uganda/217/– The UK Franchise Directory:
http://www.theukfranchisedirectory.net/match/franchises.php?gclid=CKKD5-2WuqYCFYUe4Qoden-FHA
• Licensing:– is a firm in one country (the licensor) that authorises a firm in another country (the licensee) to use
its intellectual property (e.g. patents, copyrights, trade names, know-how) usually in return for royalty payments.
• Joint Venture:– is a jointly owned and independently incorporated business venture involving more than one
organisation;– ranges from two companies joining together in the same domestic market, to joint private/public
sector ventures between participants from different countries.
Public Sector OrganisationsPublic sector organisations:
• Central government departments (e.g. departments in charge of pension, education, healthcare, defence, transport, etc.);
• Local authorities;
• Non-departmental public bodies or quangos (e.g. Uganda Wildlife Authority);
• Central government trading organisations (e.g. Posta Uganda) http://www.ugapost.co.ug/
• Public corporations (e.g. Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation http://www.uppc.co.ug/
• Public Service Commission (Uganda): http://psc.go.ug/
• Ministry of Public Service (Uganda): http://www.publicservice.go.ug/
Public Corporations• Public corporations:
– Are statutory bodies, incorporated (predominantly) by a special Act of Parliament;
– They have a separate legal identity from the individuals who own them and run them.
– They are governed by the government department which oversees its operations.
• Nationalised Industry:– Private companies taken into state ownership
• Privatised state industries:– Are those industries that were turned into public limited companies.
Examples in Uganda included Ugandan Airlines privatisation which was not a success and National Insurance Corporation (NIC)
• Golden share:– Government influence in public corporations,
Legal Structures - implications
• Implications in private sector:– The degree of personal control over operational and strategic business
decisions;– The degree of personal liabilities;– The degree of power and/or autonomy in decision making;– The cost of establishing the business;– The legal requirements concerning the provision of public information;– The taxation position;– Commercial needs, including access to capital;– Business continuity.
Functional Specialisation in Management
• Company Managers– Chief Executive Officers (CEO); Managing Director;
Proprietor• General Managers
– Subsidiary; Division• Functional Managers
– Line Managers (branch; team; department)– Staff Managers (HR; Accounts; Safety: Purchasing )
• Project Managers– Cross-functional teams
Management Hierarchies
• Operators• Supervisors• First Line Managers• Middle Managers• Senior Managers• Directors
Influencing - Mintzberg
Decisional
Informational
Interpersonal
EntrepreneurDisturbance handlerResource allocator
Negotiator
FigureheadLeaderLiaison
MonitorDisseminatorSpokesperson
Managing Tasks
Internal Context (or Environment)
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking……‘involves our recognising the assumptions underlying
our beliefs and behaviours. It means we can give justifications for our ideas and actions. Most, important, perhaps it means we try to judge the rationality of these justification…..by comparing them to a range of varying interpretations and perspectives’
SOURCE: Brookfield (1987) in Boddy (2011), p26.
Process of Critical Thinking
• ANALYSIS• Identifying and challenging assumptions• Recognising the importance of context• Imagining and exploring alternatives• Seeing limitations
• SYNTHESIS• Making conclusions• Decision-making
BODDY, D (2011) Management – an introduction (5th Edition) Harlow:Prentice Hall Chapter 1
WORTHINGTON, I and BRITTON, B (2009) The Business Environment (6th Edition) Harlow:Prentice Hall Chapters 10, 11, 12
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