160702 Edanz Gifu

Gifu University

2 July 2016

Trevor Lane, PhD

Author Success Workshop:

Advanced Tips for Writing Research Manuscripts 2

S

Be an effective communicator

Your goal is not only to be published, but also to be widely read and cited

Planning well and developing advanced writing skills

Logically communicating your ideas in your manuscript

Checking your work carefully

Promoting your research findings to different

audiences

Section 1

Planning manuscripts with impact

Skills needed on the path to publication success

Preparation

Journal Selection

Writing

Submission

Peer Review

Publication Success

• Training in reading papers, ethics, writing, presenting

• Expert Scientific Review

• Expert Scientific Review

• Journal Selection & submission strategy

• Training in ethics, writing, presenting

• Revising • Editing • Reformatting

• Training in ethics, writing

• Editing • Abstract

Development • Cover Letter

Development • Reviewer

Recommendation

• Training in navigating peer review

• Review Editing • Point-by-point

checking • Response

Letter Development

• Reformatting

• Press release, news writing

• Media & presentation training

• Training for early career researchers

• Training in writing grant proposals

• Grant proposal editing

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well

Logically organize your ideas; adhere to journal

& international guidelines

Communicate well in English

Factors to consider when writing a manuscript

Importance of planning

Draft outline & title/abstract according to

logical Findings; Draft & revise manuscript

Edit manuscript & finalize abstract/title

Select your journal early!

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well Evaluating impact

How new are your findings? How strong is the evidence?

Incremental or large advance? Low or high impact-factor journal

Novelty

How relevant are your findings? International or regional journal

General or specialized journal

Relevance/Application

Assess your findings honestly and objectively


Know your impact and study design

Systematic

reviews of RCTs

Randomized controlled

trials (RCTs)

Other controlled trials

Observational studies (cohort, case-control,

surveys/audits/interviews, diagnostics)

{

Secondary

research

Primary

research

{ } Experimental (exposure assigned)*

}

} Non-

experimental

*

Register clinical trials in advance!

Case studies, case series, technical notes,

computer models (in silico), animals (in vivo), in vitro


Factors to consider when choosing a journal

Aims & scope, Readership

Publication speed/frequency

Online/Print, Open access

Indexing, Rank, Impact factor

Acceptance rate/criteria

Article type / evidence level

“Luxury” / Traditional / Megajournal

Online first, Supplemental materials, Cost, Copyright

Cascading review, Fast track

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well Use reporting guidelines

PRISMA Systematic reviews & Meta-analyses

STROBE Observational studies

CARE Case reports

CONSORT Randomized controlled trials

ARRIVE Animal studies

http://www.equator-network.org/

QOREC Qualitative studies

clinicaltrials.gov; who.int/ictrp/network/en; controlled-trials.com; umin.ac.jp/ctr


Submissions

Plagiarism

Data manipulation

Authorship

Submit to only one journal at a time; do not republish the same paper; no salami

Paraphrase and cite all sources

Do not fabricate or falsify data Do not manipulate parts of images

Study design or data acquisition/analysis; Writing/revising; Approval; Accountability

Publication ethics

Conflicts of interest

Disclose funding and any financial/personal relationships that could bias the work

Safety Ethics approval; for humans: signed consent, data privacy; animal & environmental safety

Committee on Publication Ethics, COPE

Coverage and Staffing Plan Prepare well Publication ethics

Declare in your cover letter…

Not submitted to other journals

Funding, donations

All authors agree and truly

contributed

Original and unpublished

State potential conflicts of interest

Research ethics


Filter/sort by: • Field of study • Impact factor • Indexed in SCI • Open access • Publishing frequency

Journal’s aims & scope, impact factor,

publication frequency, open access/

subscription/hybrid

• Author guidelines • Journal website

Similar abstracts

Journal Selector www.edanzediting.co.jp/journal_selector

Insert your proposed abstract/title or keywords into text box

Activity 1

Please see Activity 1 in your workbook

Section 2

Effective writing: improving your writing skills

Coverage and Staffing Plan Writing skills Avoid mistakes 1

Use “respectively” for parallel lists

The two values were 143 and 21, respectively.

The values for groups A and B were 143 and 21, respectively.

The two values were 143 and 21.

Coverage and Staffing Plan Writing skills

Use parallel terms

Avoid mistakes 2

The values were higher in group 1 than for group 2.

The values were higher in group 1 than in group 2. The values were higher for group 1 than for group 2.

Writing involves many skills: planning, preparing, drafting, and you need to check carefully.

Writing involves many skills: planning, preparing, drafting, and careful checking.


Describe contrasts and similarities clearly

Avoid mistakes 3

The values were higher in group 1 (87%) than in group 2 (54%; p=0.01).

The values were higher in group 1 than in group 2 (87% versus 54%; p=0.01).

The values in group 1 were not significantly different from group 2 (58% versus 54%; p=0.15).

The values in group 1 were not significantly different from those in group 2 (58% and 54%, respectively; p=0.15).


Use “due to” correctly

Due to the heavy rain, the patients did not return.

Owing to the heavy rain,… Because it rained heavily,…

The patients’ failure to return was due to the heavy rain.


Fix run-ons (comma splices) and fragments

Inefficiency is related to energy flow, however not all losses are because of energy flow.

Inefficiency is related to energy flow; however, not all losses are because of energy flow. (Or…However,)

Our modified assay rapidly screened many cDNA libraries. Which is why it should be a useful high throughput method.

Our modified assay rapidly screened many cDNA libraries. Hence, it should be a useful high-throughput method. (Or…Because our modified assay rapidly screened many cDNA libraries, it should be…)


Don’t misuse time words

While many people read e-books, some still prefer real books.

Although/Whereas many people read e-books, some still prefer real books.

The patient had no appetite since he had eaten breakfast.

The patient had no appetite because he had eaten breakfast.

The plants were harvested as they flowered.

The plants were harvested because/once they had flowered.


Check the logic of lists

The variables included family size, personal and household incomes.

The variables included family size and personal and household incomes.

The recorded times were 1 hour, 20 minutes and 360 seconds.

The recorded times were 60 minutes, 20 minutes and 6 minutes.

The cities comprised Tokyo, Japan, London, UK, and Chicago, USA.

The cities comprised Tokyo, Japan; London, UK; and Chicago, USA.


Check your use of commas

The GFP tags appeared green and blue, yellow and green and yellow and blue.

The GFP tags appeared green and blue, yellow and green, and yellow

and blue.

The patient said he admired his parents, Prince Charles and Lady Diana.

The patient said he admired his parents, Prince Charles, and Lady Diana.

We therefore conducted a large scale, retrospective, cohort study.

We therefore conducted a large-scale retrospective cohort study.


Scientific writing style: clarity and brevity

To make a determination of the efficaciousness of the program, we conducted an interrogation of all the

participating program students and found that their responses showed it was effective at improving manuscript writing.

To determine the success of the program, we interviewed all the participants. Their responses showed that the program

was effective at improving manuscript writing.

Avoid complexity; split sentences; clarify pronouns


The study design is not perfect, but you deserve the

funding. The grant will be awarded in two stages.

Stress position

Topic position

Use the topic position to introduce the sentence & prefer bad news before good news

The stress position can introduce the topic of the next sentence (useful for explanations and processes)

Scientific writing style: coherence 1


The local government has been striving to introduce Information

and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. In medical

education, technology was introduced through the ICT-Connect-TED

project. The program aimed at improving the quality of lecturers

through the use of ICT. ICT-Connect-TED recently provided

computers and a networking infrastructure to all medical colleges.

idea idea idea idea

Topic link

sentence

Adapted from: Kafyulilo et al. Educ Inf Technol. 5 May 2015; DOI 10.1007/s10639-015-9398-0



Almost all participants indicated a high level of satisfaction with the content, sequence and relevance of the ICT professional development program they attended. Only a few lecturers reported that the duration of the professional development program was too short. However, the majority of the lecturers reported that they developed an understanding of what TPACK is, and the way technology can enhance teaching and learning of difficult medical concepts through the collaborative design of technology-enhanced clinic sessions in teams. “I developed an understanding of how TPACK can be applied in the design and teaching of a technology-enhanced lesson” said one of the pre-service lecturers. A lecturer from College C said if it was not the professional development he attended, he would not know how to use technology in teaching.

The pre-service lecturers had the opportunity to further develop learning about technology integration in teaching after the professional development program had finished. They were invited to use their TPACK knowledge in workshops organized by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training…

Topic sentence

Stress sentence Topic sentence

Supporting sentences




Lecturers were positive about the effectiveness of technology in teaching. They reported the effectiveness of technology on students’ learning, and on simplifying their teaching process. Most of the lecturers reported to be comfortable and satisfied with the outcomes of the technology-integrated lessons they had developed and taught during the professional development program. One of the lecturers from College A said,…

idea idea idea idea

Topic link


Information in the topic position can introduce the topic of the next few sentences

(useful for definitions, descriptions, and narratives).



Findings in this study are presented in four sections. The first section presents the continuation of technology use in teaching. The second section presents the factors affecting the continuation of use of technology in teaching among lecturers who participated in the study. The third section presents the college management view on the impact of the professional development program and the institutional challenges on using technology in teaching. Finally, the enabling and hindering factors affecting the continuation of technology are summarized.

idea idea idea idea

Topic link


Information in the stress position can introduce the topic of the next few sentences

(useful for lists and describing whole/parts).




Logical connectors

Sequential

Causal

Adversative Although, Even though, Whereas, However, In contrast, Despite (+noun or verb -ing),…

Because (of), To (+verb), Owing to, So that, Therefore, Thus, Hence, Consequently,…

Until, After, Before, While, Since, When, Then, Next, First/Second/Third, Finally,…

Conditional If, Even if, Unless, Whether (or not), Except, Provided that, Until, Without, Otherwise,…


Title/Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Title/Abstract

Methods

Results

Discussion

Introduction

Abstract /Title

write

The ‘write’ order

Revise content/logic, then edit language

• Why did you do your study?

• What did you do and find?

• What does your study mean?

Activity 2


Section 3

Introductions & Discussions 1

Introductions & Discussions

Story line and consistency

General background

Aims

Methodology

Results and figures

Summary of findings

Implications for the field

Relevance of findings

Problem in the field

Current state of the field Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Solution

Situation/Problem

Evaluation/Comment

Title & Abstract

End matter References, Acknowledgments, Funding, Conflicts of interest, Previous publication/presentation, Ethics/Data sharing


Story line and consistency

Urban landscapes have extensive habitat fragmentation, …compacted soil, …and elevated pollution levels.

However, research on urban ecology has focused on vertebrates; arthropods have received less attention.

These findings identify urban soil compaction as a possible cause of cicada diversity loss, because it impedes the passage of nymphs to underground nests.

Background

Conclusion

Discussion

Introduction

Modified from: Moriyama & Numata. Zoological Letters. 2015; 1: 19.

In the present study, we investigated the influence of the environment on cicada communities in Osaka Prefecture, focusing on urban soil compaction.

Aim

Urban soil compaction reduces cicada diversity

Problem


Aim

Introduction

Current state of the field

Background information

Specific aim/approach

Problem in the field

Previous studies

Current study

General

Specific Importance/hypothesis

Worldwide relevance? Broad/specialized?

Recent, International Not too many self-cites

Check: Preview results? Preview contents of paper? Literature review afterwards?

Why is your study needed?


“Health workforce shortages may be felt most keenly by developing nations, but are a concern for all. Developed nations are particularly worried about the number of general practitioners (GPs) available to service their ageing populations…”

BMC Family Practice: Worldwide relevance

Dwan et al. BMC Fam Prac. 2014; 15: 154.

International journal – Writing the Introduction

Effect of ageing populations on healthcare workforce


“All citizens in Japan are covered by a national health insurance system in which there are no official “gatekeepers”. Patients can freely choose between attending a local physician’s office (clinic) or a hospital and Japanese physicians can freely practice internal medicine. But recently, Japan has faced the problems of a rapidly aging population…”

Asia-Pacific Family Medicine: Regional focus

Tsukamoto et al. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2014; 13: 9.

Regional journal – Writing the Introduction

Effect of ageing populations on healthcare workforce


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, and atherosclerosis is the central underlying pathology. Atherogenesis is a life-long process involving a range of mechanisms including lipid peroxidation and inflammation affecting the vascular wall. The clinically most relevant results of this pathology are myocardial infarction and stroke. Evidence for acute cardiovascular effects of air pollution has substantially increased in recent years…

PLOS ONE: ‘atherosclerosis and pollution’

Künzli et al. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e9096.

Broad-focused journal – Writing the Introduction

Broad background information Important for context


Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that accounts for nearly 50% of deaths in western societies. Initiation of atherosclerotic plaque formation is a complex process. It involves secretion of chemokines such as the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein–1 (MCP-1) and expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of monocytes and endothelial cells. Circulating monocytes are recruited to sites of injured endothelial cells, adhere to them, and migrate into the subendothelial space. Monocytes in the arterial wall differentiate into activated macrophages…

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders: ‘atherosclerosis and pollution’

Adar et al. BMC Cardiovas Disord. 2013; 10: e1001430..

Specialized journal – Writing the Introduction

Broad background information not necessary

Introductions & Discussions Writing the Introduction

Currently, the standard procedure used to evaluate hepatic steatosis is the histopathological examination of cross-liver sections… …this is an invasive practice that presents inherent risks... Therefore, it is essential to establish new non-invasive approaches to accurately determine hepatic fat concentration…

Aims

The purpose of our prospective study…was to evaluate the potential of multi-echo MRI to quantitate the hepatic triglyceride concentration.

Problem & possible solution

Jiménez-Agüero et al. BMC Med. 2014; 12:137.

The aims should directly address the problem

Introductions & Discussions Discussion

Summary of findings

Relevance

Conclusion

Similarities/differences Unexpected/negative results Limitations (validity, reliability)

Implications

Previous studies

Current study

Future studies

Specific

General

How do you advance your field?


GPER is an E2 binding, G-protein coupled membrane receptor that was reported to be overexpressed in breast, endometrial, ovarian and thyroid cancers. However, it is currently unclear if different types of lung cancers including adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinomas express higher GPER than normal lung tissue. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that GPER is overexpressed in lung tumors and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines relative to normal lung and immortalized normal lung cell lines, although the expression of GPER transcript in HPL1D cells is higher than HBECs.

Re-introduction

Major finding as main conclusion

Modified from: Rao Jala et al. BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 624.

State the major finding of the study

Restate problem

Discussion – Beginning


Important limitations of our study include an inadequate sample size and duration to detect differences in the incidence of diabetes complications, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. The protocol specifies further follow-up at 5 years for all patients, which should allow additional assessment of even longer-term efficacy and safety. Despite these limitations, we conclude that bariatric surgery represents a potentially useful strategy for the management of type 2 diabetes, allowing many patients to reach and maintain therapeutic targets of glycemic control that otherwise would not be achievable with intensive medical therapy alone.

Identify limitations

Include limitations

Modified from: Schauer et al. New Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 2002–2013.

Address limitations

End positively


Important limitations of our study include an inadequate sample size and duration to detect differences in the incidence of diabetes complications, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. The protocol specifies further follow-up at 5 years for all patients, which should allow additional assessment of even longer-term efficacy and safety. Despite these limitations, we conclude that bariatric surgery represents a potentially useful strategy for the management of type 2 diabetes, allowing many patients to reach and maintain therapeutic targets of glycemic control that otherwise would not be achievable with intensive medical therapy alone.

Identify limitations

Modified from: Schauer et al. New Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 2002–2013.

Address limitations

End positively: Good news last & in long, main clause!

Include limitations


Chiswick Chap, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toulmin_Argumentation_Example.gif, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Making claims

Toulmin model of argumentation

Qualifier


Patients’ perspective of safety incidents showed both overlaps and additional aspects from outpatient care professionals’ opinions….Patients’ statements brought insight on…

Most of the included studies have been conducted in US-American outpatient care settings; thus, the transferability of results to other health care settings is limited…. Integrating patients’ perspective broadens the existing understanding of adverse events in outpatient care and should therefore be considered as a complimentary measuring tool….

Start of Discussion: summary of findings

Conclusions: main conclusion & implication

Modified from: Lang et al. BMC Family Practice 2016; 17: 6.

Match extent, confidence, precision

Limitations

Making claims

Data

Claims

Qualifier

Rebuttal

Warrant

Introductions & Discussions Discussion – End

In conclusion, we found an independent, graded association between lower levels of the estimated GFR and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. These risks were evident at an estimated GFR of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 and substantially increased with an estimated GFR of less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2. Our findings support the validity of the National Kidney Foundation staging system for chronic kidney disease but suggest that the system could be further refined, since all persons with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (GFR, 30 to 59 ml per minute per 1.73 m2) may not be at equal risk for each outcome. Our findings highlight the clinical and public health importance of chronic kidney disease that does not necessitate dialysis.

Conclusion

Key finding

Implications

Future directions

Importance

Go et al. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1296–1305.

Why is your study important?

Activity 3


Section 4

Introductions & Discussions 2

Introductions & Discussions Correct verb tense

Present simple

Present perfect

Past simple

Stating an accepted fact or current implications

Referring to past studies that are still relevant

Reporting an account of what you did/showed

Introduction Discussion

Introduction Discussion

Methods Results

“Graphene is a promising material for...” “Our findings have implications for…”

“Group therapy has been shown to increase...” “In this study, we have shown that…”

“We used NMR to investigate the structure of…” “Sorafenib prevented tumor growth in HCC patients...”


[New paragraph] “We previously took the Raman profiles of…”

Referring to previous studies in the Introduction

“We have previously studied/reported the Raman profiles of…”

[Next sentence] “A red shift in the G and 2D peak positions is observed…”

“A red shift in the G and 2D peak positions was observed…”

“We observed a red shift in the G and 2D peak positions …”

Correct verb tense – Case study


“This result suggested that these peaks are from…”

Referring to your implications in the Discussion

“This result suggests that these peaks originate from…” “This result suggests that these peaks originated from…”

“These Raman spectroscopy results confirmed that…”

“These Raman spectroscopy results confirm that…”

Signal words for implications of results: confirm, demonstrate, show, reveal, support, indicate, suggest, imply



“Many researchers proved that certain grasses were not affected by the fungus…”

Referring to others in the Introduction or Discussion

[New paragraph; general news] …have concluded/suggested that certain grasses are not affected…

[Not new paragraph; past specific finding] …reported/found/showed that certain grasses were not affected…

[Not new paragraph; past implication/generalization] …concluded/suggested that certain grasses are not affected…


Human report verbs: report, state, find, conclude, demonstrate, show, advise, recommend, suggest, comment, argue, claim, contend


Common mistakes in the Introduction

Ideas are not logically organized

Important topics in the Introduction are not mentioned again in the Results/Discussion

Important topics in the Results/Discussion are not mentioned in the Introduction

Cited studies are not up-to-date

Cited studies are geographically biased

Why study needs to be done?

Keep focused

Write last

<5 years

International


Common mistakes in the Discussion

Do not restate your results or introduce new data

We showed that tumor volumes in Groups A, B, and C were 34.6, 74.2, and 53.9 mm3, respectively, after a 4-month drug treatment, reflecting only a 8.6% decrease. However, after a 12-month drug treatment, the tumor volumes in Groups A, B, and C were 16.3, 18.7, and 16.9 mm3, respectively, which reflects a 45.2% decrease (p<0.05). The results demonstrate that 12 months of treatment is necessary for Drug X to effectively reduce tumor size among the three groups.

The results presented in this study demonstrate that Drug X more effectively reduces tumor size after 12 months of treatment (45.2% reduction) than it does after 4 months (8.6% reduction).


Common mistakes in the Discussion

Do not overgeneralize your findings

In this study, we demonstrated that Drug A effectively reduced tumor growth. Therefore, this drug should have therapeutic applications in breast cancer treatment.

In this study, we demonstrated that Drug A effectively reduced the growth of various breast cancer cell lines. Our findings suggest that this drug may have therapeutic applications in breast cancer treatment.

Result: Drug A reduced breast cancer cell growth in vitro


Makes readers think others’ words or ideas are your own

Copying published text (even with a citation)

Stating ideas of someone else without citing the source

Plagiarism


Copying text that you have written and published before into your manuscript

Self-plagiarism

May violate copyright

Makes readers think you are presenting something new


Expressing published ideas using different words

Paraphrasing

Tips on paraphrasing:

• Write the text first into another language, and then later translate back into English

• Verbally explain ideas to a colleague • Name a published method and cite it • Consider text location

– Introduction vs. Discussion

Introductions & Discussions Good paraphrasing

24. Li et al. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8: e68372.

“The magnitude of the change in carbon storage depends on how physical, chemical, or biological processes are altered over time under different land uses.”

The size of the carbon storage change depends on how physical, chemical, or biological processes are changed over time under different land uses.24

How differing land uses gradually affect biological, chemical, or physical processes changes how much carbon can be stored.24

• Nouns verbs • Prepositional phrases Adverbs • Passive Active voice

• Synonyms, word order

Introductions & Discussions Paraphrasing tips

Vary sentence structure to avoid patchwriting or listing

Change voice, rhythm, style

Separate/join sentences

Discourse markers Coincidentally; Also in agreement; Indeed

Join 2 sentences (semicolon, colon for a reason/list, or by subordination); alternate short/long sentences

Active to passive, or passive to active; negative to positive, or positive to negative;

invert word or sentence order

Sentence logic Either/or; neither/nor; not only, but also

Introductory phrase According to X’s method,…; In X’s study,…; X

showed/reported…; When X…

Change word class An altered direction -> A directional change

Activity 4


Section 5

Checking your written work

Editing and proofreading

Don’t use numbers to start a sentence

50 participants were recruited.

We recruited 50 participants. / In this study, 50 participants were recruited.

Fifty participants were recruited.

Avoid mistakes 9


Don’t use new words; use “that” for defining terms

Some of the data from the last 2 years, which we

inputted into the analysis, impacted on the overall calculation.

Some of the data from the past 2 years that we entered into the analysis affected the overall

calculation.

Avoid mistakes 10


Avoid biased or offensive language

The doctor must treat his patient with care.

The doctor must treat the patient with care. The doctor must treat his or her patient with care.

Doctors must treat their patients with care. Doctors must treat patients with care.

Police officer, firefighter, person with epilepsy, person with diabetes, person with asthma

Avoid mistakes 11

Policeman, fireman, epileptic, diabetic, asthmatic


Patient parameters …improved significantly; it is significant that… X was correlated with Y The risk* of developing X in this case-control study…

Patient variables …improved considerably/markedly; it is important that… X was associated with/related to/linked to Y The odds of developing X in this case-control study…

Don’t misuse statistical words

* OK in a retrospective study if disease is rare and causality is assumed; risk=x/total, odds=x/(total–x)

Avoid mistakes 12


2 categorical endpoints

Paired (within sample)

Unpaired (between sample)

McNemar’s test

Fisher’s exact test 2 treatment groups

*for sample sizes > 60

Chi-square test* >2 treatment groups

du Prel et al. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107: 343–8.

Common complaints – Statistics


Continuous endpoints

Parametric Nonparametric

Paired Unpaired Paired Unpaired

2 groups: Paired t test

>2 groups: Repeated-

measures ANOVA

2 groups: Unpaired t test

>2 groups: ANOVA (F test)

2 groups: Wilcoxon signed-

rank test

>2 groups: Friedman

one-way ANOVA

2 groups: Mann–Whitney U test (Wilcoxon

rank-sum test )

>2 groups: Kruskal–Wallis

test

Lang and Secic 1997; 71.

Common complaints – Statistics

Editing and proofreading Qualitative studies

Rich data: sufficient, systematically collected,

high-quality Quantity (breadth/depth) depends on existing knowledge, size of knowledge gap, agree/disagree with current theory

Research question: appropriate and focused

Keep a “how” research question in mind when coding and when reporting how you contribute to theory

Grounding: relevant or closest literature

Introduction: show that there are knowledge gaps and a need for theory development; may include Literature Review section; check validity/reliability

Transparency: explain methods and show

systematic work

Give references of accepted methods; how did you identify/refine themes and identify outliers? Table of quotes (n>1) or in-depth theme boxes (n=1)

Reay. Fam Bus Rev. 2014;1–8, DOI: 10.1177/0894486514529209

Editing and proofreading Qualitative studies

Tell an intriguing empirical (not

theoretical) story Engaging and interesting, surprising and new; short version in Introduction and long version in Results; “tell” & “show”

Tell a convincing theoretical story

Discussion: clearly explain how your study connects to literature; refer to references from Introduction

Show clear contribution to target journal

Clearly explain how your analysis/model advances or changes theory, or where current theory doesn’t hold; keep to target journal aim/scope

Ethically conducted and reported/published

Informed consent, confidentiality, avoiding harm, research integrity (www.ethicsguidebook.ac.uk)

Reay. Fam Bus Rev. 2014;1–8, DOI: 10.1177/0894486514529209


Check target journal about:

(1) format/style, (2) word counts, (3) referencing, (4) documents to be submitted, such as title page and declarations, (5) cover letter

Check relevant international guidelines in Equator Network

Check use of passive, or I/We or This author, This study, These results

Check logic and consistency

Check all data and display items; check reference to figures

Find a colleague for presubmission peer review advice

Check idiomatic language and parallel constructions; remove repetition

Clarify referents of pronouns such as It and This

Check subjects are close to verbs; check verb tense and agreement

Check spelling and grammar; ask a native English speaker to help

Before submission

Section 6

Promoting your research after publication

Coverage and Staffing Plan

Publicize your work Three missions

Education/ Training

Research

Knowledge Exchange


Publicize your work Match your audience

Pre- and post-publication impact

IMRaD research article

(journals,

posters, slides)

Hard news

(conclusion as “lede”)

(press

releases)

Hard news, delayed

lede

(implication at start)

Soft news/

Feature story

(news-letters)

Hard news, delayed lede + kicker

(implication at start &

end)

Only after journal publication!



Writing for the public

Hard news

Heading

• Can say “new”; can use subheading • Name the source/people

Conclusion first (lede/top line) • Name the source/people; 6WHs give key

facts • Implications or importance as a quote

Results before Methods; use bullets Background last; end with a quote



Tips

Hard news

Give only important details Include definitions, and synonyms, in

introductory or incidental phrases/clauses Check all data, details, and names Grab attention Write for the layperson; use analogies Avoid jargon and technical language Be concise! Short paragraphs Be interesting! What is different/new? End with Call to action, or a quotation



Elements of a press release

Hard news

Use letterhead FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE (or Embargo date) Short title; dateline, city name Quotations on insights from named experts;

no repetition! Include keywords Include full citation; name journal / evidence

level in the text End with END or ENDS or ### or -30- Contact info, institution info, explanations,

photo available, in “Notes to Editors”

S

Abstract Simulating the impact on health of internalising the cost of carbon in food prices combined with a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages Rising greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) have implications for health and up to 30% of emissions globally are thought to arise from agriculture.…In order to address this,…we model the effect on UK non-communicable disease mortality and GHGEs of internalising the social cost of carbon into the price of food alongside a 20% tax on sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs)….

Example: Publicizing your work

Press release A combined carbon and sugar tax could have environmental and health benefits A combination of a carbon tax on food and a tax on sugary drinks in the UK could lead to health benefits, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and raise up to GB£3.6 billion revenue, according to research published in the open access journal BMC Public Health. Lead researcher, Adam Briggs from the University of Oxford, said: “Agriculture is responsible for up to 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions”…

Based on: http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/press-centre/science-press-releases/3-feb-2016;

http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-2723-8;

Please see Activity 5 in your Workbook

Activity 5

S

Be an effective communicator

Your goal is not only to be published, but also to be widely read and cited

Planning well and developing advanced writing skills

Logically communicating your ideas in your manuscript

Checking your work carefully

Promoting your research findings to different

audiences

Thank you!

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