1. 2011 GEO-EDU : Korean NatureSeorak Mountain30 September-3 OctoberChungbuk National UniversityLeader: Prof. Chang Zin LeeOffice: +82-43-261-2737 Mobile: +82-10-6553-8880 leecz@cbnu.ac.kr

2. Information of field tripAll participants have to pay 100USD for theSeoraksan field tripFood, accommodation and travel expensesduring field trip will be shouldered by theorganizerPreparation: Hiking boats, mountain-climbingclothes, sun cream, hat, pencil, note, camera,computer, sunglass, wind jacket, knapsackWeather: 0-15C, Rain or bright 3. Seoraksan investigating members 4. Welcome to Seoraksan 5. Granite peaks exposed on the Seoraksan ridge 6. East sea coast from DaecheongbongBenevolent person delights in the mountain, wise person delights in the sea 7. Granite peaks exposed along the Dinosaur Ridge(GongryongNeugseon), the most dangerous and rough ridge of Seoraksan 8. Seoraksan National Park was designated the 5thnational park in Korea in 1970 and also internationallyrecognized for its rare species. Seoraksan wasdesignated as a Biosphere Preservation District byUNESCO in 1982.The total area of Seoraksan National Park is about400 km2 and it is divided two regions; Naeseorak andOeseorak. Seoraksan has a total of 30 imposingpeaks.Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan,including the Korea goral, Musk deer and others.There are also more than 1,400 rare plant species,such as the Edelweiss, here as well. 9. 1st day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; September 30 Time Student Agenda LocationSeptember 30 05:30-10:00Departure to SeoraksanCBNUInvestigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist,Hangyeryeong InformationSeptember 30porphyroblastic gneiss, granitic gneiss, augenCenter(HIC) to 10:30-18:30gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite, weathering andJungcheongbong(JCB)erosional surface and geography of SeoraksanSeptember 30 Walk down to Bongjeongam JCB to Bongjeongam 18:30-19:30September 30Temple style dinner Bongjeongam 19:30-20:30September 30Free time Bongjeongam 20:30 10. 2nd day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; October 1 TimeStudent Agenda LocationOctober 1 Departure to DCB Bongjeongam8:00Investigation of granite, banded gneiss, schist, October 1porphyroblastic gneiss, migmatite, granitic gneiss, 8:00-17:30 DCB to Seorakdongaugen gneiss, quartz, feldspar, biotite andgeography of Seoraksan October 119:00-20:00 Dinner and free timeIlseong condominiumOctober 1 20:00 Free timeIlseong condominium 11. 3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of SeoraksanSeoraksan; October 2 Time Student AgendaLocationOctober 29:00Departure to Ulsanam Ilseong condominiumInvestigation of some kinds of rocks, beach sandand geographyNaksansa temple October 2 9:00-14:00Buddhism and ancient culture by Prof. Yong hwan East Sea shorelineKim October 2LunchEast Sea shoreline14:00-16:00October 2 16:00Free timeIlseong condominium 12. 3rd day, Field Trip Schedule of YeongwolSeoraksan and Yeongwol; October 3 TimeStudent Agenda Location October 3Departure to the field sites in Yeongwol Ilseong condominium 5:30October 3 Buddhism explanation on Beopheungsa Beopheungsa temple9:30-12:30Temple by Prof. Yong Hwan Kim October 3Investigation of geologic and sedimentaryYeongwol12:30-14:30 structures, fossils and geography October 3 Moving from Yeongwol to CheongjuYeongwol to Cheongju14:30-18:00 October 3The end of the Seoraksan field tripCBNU18:00 13. Geographic Map and Hangyeryeong Pass CourseHangyeryeong Pass CourseTravel Time : 13 hours 20 minutesDistance : 19.3 kmAltitude : 1,000 m 14. Big Mass of Ulsanam GraniteIn the Seoraksan, there are many rocky peaks which are all composed of granite or gneiss.The peaks are well-exposed with some weathering evidences; exfoliation dome, castlekoppie, tor and panhole(weathering pan or solution pan). The Ulsanam is the best of the Seoraksan peaks in the view of spectacle, weathering evidences and scale. 15. Tor PanholeExfoliation dome Castle wall-shaped Ulsanam 16. Geologic Sequence of Rocks and Strata inSeoraksan Geologic age Name Relation Quaternary Alluvium UnconformityCenozoicPeriodEra Tertiary DilluviumUnconformityPeriodGranite PorphyryIntrusionUlsan Granite IntrusionMasaniteIntrusion Pinkish GraniteIntrusionMesozoic CretaceousJeombongsan Granite IntrusionEraPeriod Biotite GraniteIntrusionSeoraksan Granite Intrusion Hornblend GraniteIntrusionSeoraksan Formation Unconformity Precambrian Gneiss Complex 17. Porphyritic Granite including feldspar porphyry(left)Granodiorite(right) 18. Granite, coarse-grained 19. Quartz vein in granite 20. Occurrences and Processes of Igneous RockOccurrences: A = magma chamber(batholith); B = dike; C = laccolith; D = pegmatite; E = sill; F = stratovolcanoProcesses: 1 = newer intrusion cutting through older one; 2 = xenolith; 3 = contact metamorphism; 4 = uplift due to laccolith emplacement 21. Basic Classification of Igneous Rock 22. Basic Classification of Igneous RockRhyolite: Greek rhyax "stream of lava"Dacite: Dacia, a province of the Roman Empire which lay between the Danube Riverand Carpathian Mountains (now modern Romania)Andesite : Andes mountain range.Basalt: Latin basaltes, misspelling of L. basanites "very hard stone," which was importedfrom Ancient Greek, basanity*s (basanites), from basano*s (basanos, "touchstone")Komatiite: Komati River in South AfricaGranite: Latin granum "grain"Diorite: Greek diorizein "distinguish"Gabbro: A town in the Italian Tuscany regionPeridotite: Peridot, a gemstone and pale green olivine 23. Porphyroblast: A large mineral crystal in a metamorphic rock which hasgrown within the finer grained groundmass. Porphyroblasts arecommonly euhedral crystals, but can also be partly to completelyirregular in shape.Gneiss: Middle German gneist, to spark(because the rock glitters)Schist: Greek schistos, to splitSlate: French escalate, to split thin platePhyllite: to split into sheetsHornfels: hornstoneMigmatite: Greek migma, to mix 24. Two types of Seoraksan Gneiss Complex Left: Porphyroblastic Gneiss including feldspar crystals Pressure,=Temperature 25. Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course Augen Gneiss Jungc. Daec.Intrusive rock Soc.Miarolitic Aplite texturePorphyroblasticBandedtexturePinkish feldsparGneissGranite White feldspar GranitePinkish feldsparGraniteHangyeryongThe upper part of Seoraksan: Metamorphic rock, GneissThe lower part of Seoraksan: Granite 26. Geologic route map of the Hangyeryong-Daecheongbong course8. Banded Gneiss High Pressure>High TemperatureAugen Gneiss High Pressure>,=High Temperature Porphyroblastic Gneiss High P>pressureContact metamorphism occurs typically around intrusive igneousrocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of magma into cooler country rock. Dynamic metamorphism Important factor: Pressure>>TemperatureDynamic metamorphism is associated with zones of high to moderate strain such as fault zones. Cataclasis, crushing andgrinding of rocks into angular fragments, occurs in dynamic metamorphic zones, giving cataclastic texture. 28. Rock Cycle 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 =sediments and sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting 29. Types of Volcanic RockRhyoliteAndesite BasaltTrachyte 30. Types of Intrusive Rock Gabbro Diorite Granite Pegmatite 31. Types of Metamorphic Rock (I) Hornfels MarbleCataclasticRock Migmatite 32. Types of Intrusive Rock (II) SlateSchist Phyllite Gneiss 33. Augen Gneiss 34. Bongjeongam; small temple, accommodation available 35. Talus, weathering products near Gwitaegichungbong 36. Dome-shaped granite mass 37. Daecheongbong 38. Observatory and mountain cabin(left) located nearsummit(right) of Seoraksan 39. Daechungbong summit and Jungcheongbong cabinDirection of Daechungbong summitDaechungbong summit Jungchungbong cabin 40. Squirrel in Soraksan 41. Interaction between Matteo andKorean squirrel 42. Fall foliage, scarlet mapple leaves 43. Sunset; photographing near Jungcheongbong 44. Rocky mountains near Cheonbuldong valley 45. Cubic joint in Chunbuldong granite 46. V-shaped valley(left) and entrance(right) of Cheonbuldong valley 47. Water fall flowing on granite in Cheonbuldong valley 48. Migmatic gneiss 49. Augen gneiss 50. Aplite dyke in augen gneiss 51. Naksan sand beach and lagoonlagoon 52. Questionnaire of Seoraksan Field Trip1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in the valley area?2. Compare the metamorphic condition between augen gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss.3. What is the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism?4. The Seoraksan granites show coarse-grained texture, which indicate the evidence crystallized at deep Earth crust. However all the granites are found on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason.5. Explain the formational processes the metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks distributed in our field course. 53. Matteo Lindners Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip1. What kind of rocks can be observed along the mountain ridge and also in the valley area?On the base of the mountain we mainly observed coarse grained granite with a composition of 40% quartz, 40% feldspar, and 20% biotite. The crystals diameter of 3-5mm led us to the conclusion that the granite was formed in a slow cooling process in a batholith. Occasionally we also found medium grained granite, which formed in a dyke where the cooling process is faster. Moreover, we found some evidence contact metamorphism between mudrock and granite that resulted in hornfels and a quartz vein. Towards the top of the mountain we observed various types of gneiss, which covers the granite. We also found small amounts of andesite, which must have come from a dyke.2.Compare the metamorphiccondition between augen gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss.Augen and poryphyroblastic gneiss forms through regional metamorphism. The regular alignment of the layers and eyes in Augen gneiss is due to high pressure. Poryphyroblasts form in gneiss when it recrystallizes due to high temperature. 54. Matteo Lindners Q&A of Seoraksan Field Trip3. What were the original rocks of the gneiss before metamorphism? On Seoraksan the original rocks would be mudrock or granite.4. The Seoraksan granites show a coarse-grained texture, which indicates crystallization deep in the earth crust. However, all the granites can be found on the ground surface easily. Explain the reason. The earth crust consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving. When twoplates move towards each other and one moves under the other, its calledsubduction. The exposed granites on Seoraksan crystallized deep inside the Earthcrust, but the subduction of the Eurasian and the Pacific plate moved the granitesof the Eurasian plate to the surface. After the geotectonic movement the upper partof the crust, which lay on the granite, were eroded over a long geologic period.5. Explain the formational processes of the metamorphic and igneous rocks that were distributed over our hiking course. The igneous rock granite crystallized deep in the earth crust (we also call thisintrusive) in batholiths. The igneous rock andesite crystallized in dykes. Themetamorphic rocks were formed through regional metamorphism, which occurs inlarge areas of the continental crust typically associated with mountain ranges,particularly subduction zones. The original rocks were either mudrock or, of course,granite, which was metamorphosed. 55. Bongjeongam Temple below Socheongbong 56. Bongjeongam TempleDancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings 57. Naksansa TempleDancheong: traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings 58. Sinheungsa Temple(left) and Buddha Statue(right) 59. Yeongwol Geo-parkGeology, Geography, Biology, Culture and Sports500million-years-oldstrata & fossils KarstDanjongtopography Jangneung DonggangraftingBiodiversity Museum complex 60. in the northeastern region, South Korea 61. Stratigraphy of YeongwolQuaternary strata~unconformity~Mesozoic strata~unconformity~Late Paleozoic(Carboniferous-Permian) strata~unconformity~ Early Paleozoic(Cambrian-Ordovician) strata 62. PALEOZOIC STRATA and FOSSILS, YEONGWOL GUN, KOREAAlgal matAlgal mat & desiccation crack StromatopoloidInvertebrate & trace fossils 63. algal matsdesiccation crack 64. Origin of Stromatolitea. When it gets sun light, blue-green algae starts photosynthesis combining CaO and CO2 and making oxygen.b. Suspended particles, mostly fine sand, are stuck to algae when the sun sets. Deposition on the bottom.c. When the sun rises, algae repeat its daily process growing up day by day.d. After several thousand years, it turns into rock looks like a mushroom. 65. Trace fossil 66. ReferenceTrace fossils Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ikhnos "trace, track"), are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressionsmade on the substrate by an organism 67. Stromatoporoid 68. General characteristics of stromatoporoid The stromatoporoids had massive calcareous skeletons that arepreserved as rather conspicuous fossils. The surface of the skeleton, where most of the living tissue resided,has raised structures called mamelons. The stromatoporoid grew by secreting calcareous sheets. This growthprocess resulted in layers, termed laminae, parallel to the substrateand rod-like pillars perpendicular to the laminae. Some stromatoporoids formed domes in excess of 5 m in diameter. 69. Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks and stromatolites are found in a bed, what is the depositional environment of the bed.2. Explain about the formational process of stromatolite.3. What is the difference between stromatolite and stromatoporoid? And do they have something in common with each other?4. What is the trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils?5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as below. Please interpret the depositional environment.Limestone ShaleMudstoneSiltstoneSandstoneConglomerate 70. Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip1. If some mud cracks, ripple marks, and stromatolites are found in a bed, wh at is the depositional environment of the bed?Its intertidal. Ripple marks dont necessarily need to be found in intertidal zones;they can also be found in subtidal zones, but they show that the bed was oncein the shallow marine. Mud cracks (also: desiccation cracks) form as muddysediment dries and contracts. They show that the bed was somewhen underwater.Stromatolites are sedimentary structures found in shallow water. Alltogether, wenow that the bed comes from a place where shallow ocean water somewhenreceded, so the depositional environment must have been in an intertidal zone.2. Explain the formational process of a stromatolite. a) Microorganisms (cyano-bacteria, aka blue-greenalgea) in shallow water trap CaO and CO2 duringthe day. They bind the CaO and CO2 forphotosynthesis, and produce O2. b) After the sunset the sand sticks to the algae. c) Like that, layer after layer of CaCO3 is bindedby new algae every day. d) After several 1000 years the result is a layeredconcentric structure. 71. Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip3. What is the difference between stromatolites and stromatoporoidea? And do they have something in common?Stromatolites are fossils of sedimentary structures (see question 7), whereas stromatoporoidea are fossils of an extinct sponge-like animal with a calcareous skeleton.What the two have in common is their concentric layered shape. They can be distinguished by the color and texture within the layer. The stromatoporoideas layers are white and have a gridiron texture, whereas the stromatolites have a gray and simpletexture.4. What is a trace fossil? Can you classify some trace fossils?Trace fossils are geological records of biological activity, also called bioturbations.There are:- Dwelling trace fossils (Domichnia), e.g. burrows.- Surface trace fossils (Cubichnia), e.g. the trace a starfish makes when its movedthere and back by waves or the footprint of a dinosaur.- 3-dimensional feeding trace fossils (Fodinichnia)- Locomotory trace fossils (Repichnia), e.g. the crawling traces of a trilobite. (The trace fossils are also classified as the next plate(82)) 72. ReferenceTrace fossils Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (Greek; ikhnos "trace, track"), are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressionsmade on the substrate by an organism 73. Matteo Lindners Questionnaire of Yeongwol Field Trip5. In the Yeongwol field site, we observed the sequence of strata as below. Please interpret the depositional environment.The fact that the coarsest sediments are located in the lower part of a bedand the finest sediments and limestone in the upper bed part of a bed pointstowards a transgressional depositional environment i.e. a bed (stratum)which is underwater where the sea level continuously increases. 74. Homagnostus Agnostotes HaniwoidesPseudoyuepingiaEochuangiaobesusorientalis longus asaphoideshana(pygidium)PseudorhaptagnostusIvshinagnostus Irvingella megalops(cephalon)Irvingella megalops() Some Trilobite fossils from the Early Paleozoic strata in Yeongwol 75. Trilobite fossil and its external morphology 76. Relationship between the Pyeongan Supergroup and the Choson Supergroup: DisconformityColumnar section of the Permo-Carboniferous strata in the Yeongwolcoalfield showing stratigraphicdistribution of some typical fusulinids 77. The vertical sandstone and conglomerate of the Carboniferous strata 78. Quartzite pebble in conglomerate 79. Fold structures: simple anticline and drag folding 80. FusulinidFossil range: middle Carboniferous-PermianScientific classificationKingdom: ProtistaPhylum:ForaminiferaOrder: FusulinidaFusulinoidean grain (left; x 2) and scientific classification (right).The fusulinids are an extinct group of foraminiferan protozoa. They producecalcareous shells, which are of fine calcite granules packed closely together;this distinguishes them from other calcareous forams, where the test is usuallyhyaline. Fusulinids appeared late in the Mississippian Period. They were a partof the Carboniferous and Permian marine communities. They are excellentindex fossils for Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks. However, fusulinidsbecame extinct at the end of the Permian Period 81. Some stone pillar in a stractite grotto 82. Sink hole in Doline 83. Carren in the Karst topography 84. Karst topography near Kunming in China 85. Limestone pillars in Karst topography, Kunming 86. Korean peninsula-shaped topography formed bymeandering river in Yeongwol, Gangwondo 87. Donggang rafting 88. Danjong was enthroned in 12, but after less than 3 years, he was deprived his throne by Sejo, hisuncle. Sayuksin including Seong, Sammun planned his restoration, but the plan was revealedbefore it was carried out. Danjong was banished in Yeongwol. He died in 17.