Energy Transformations

Some Types of Energy

S.H.E.L.P.A.C.K.E. Sound, Heat, Electrical, Light, Potential, Atomic, Chemical, Kinetic, Elastic

• Potential: the energy stored up before it is usedExample: Gravitational Potential energy when you lift something up

• Kinetic: movement energyExample: falling, moving, speeding up

• Chemical: energy stored in chemical bondsExample: Food, petrol, muscles before they do work

• Light: Electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that can be seen by the human eye.

• OTHERS: heat, sound, electrical, atomic, elastic

Warm Up!

1. What does the word “cycle” mean?

• Tell your partner an example.

2. What does the word, “recycle” mean?

• Tell your partner about a time you “recycled”

3. Draw your story in the form of a cycle

Learning Objectives

• 1. Define and identify autotrophs(producers) and heterotrophs(consumers)

• 2. Give examples of how energy is recycled in the environment, in ecosystems, between organisms, and within an organism.

Energy Transfers (Cycles)

• Within the environment

• Within an ecosystem

• Between organisms

• Within an organism

Group Task• 1. You will be working in groups of 4. The groups will be

made for you.• 2. Each member of the group will be in charge of one

type of ‘energy transfer’ (previous slide)• 3. Your job is to find examples of each energy transfer.

For example, if you are doing ‘transfers in the environment’, you can discuss the water cycle.

• 4. Identify the reactants and products in the cycle.• 5. Record your answers on the chart paper.

Obtaining FoodAll organisms need food for energy and building materials.

Biologists classify organisms according to how they obtain food.

Autotrophs are organisms such as a plant that makes its own food. For example, during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers.

Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also called consumers.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

1. Identify the autotrophs and heterotrophs in your cycles!

2. Thinking ahead. Can you identify the type of energy that the autotrophs and heterotrophs use?

3. Were there other forms of energy within your cycles? (think back to our last lesson on types of energy)

Organic molecules are a source of energy and building materials for organisms

How do organisms harvest (get/obtain) the energy from foods?

They use cellular respirationDefinitionCellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen

to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of chemical energy

It produces a molecule called….ATP or adenosine triphosphate

Harvesting the energy in food

• Cells in plant and animals use ATP as their main energy supply

• The process of cellular respiration produces Co2 as waste product.

• In cellular processes there is a constant cycling of chemical ingredients.

• ‘Cycling’, in this case, means that the ingredients are used to make a product and the product is used to make the ingredients.

Harvesting the energy in food

Energy flow occurs through the ecosystem.

Sun is the primary source of energy for all living thing.The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration, while the products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis.

Principles of Energy Harvest

Cycling of chemicals

Energy is the ability to do work. Two basic types of energy are

1. Kinetic energy 2. Potential energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of moving things…examples: running, walking, cycling

Potential energy is energy that is stored due to a body’s position or arrangement e.g. standing poised on top of a ski slope, diving board, standing on top of stairs

Energy types

Warm Up!Think Back to your unit on Biomolecules: Lipids, Proteins, Carbs, and Nucleic Acids

1. What were the monomers/building blocks for each group?

2. What process breaks down biomolecules in the body into their monomers?

3. When you read the label on a food item, what is the unit used to measure energy?

Objectives

1.Define “calorie”2.List the ingredients(reactants) and products

needed for Cellular Respiration to occur3.Explain how the energy obtained from food drives

cellular respiration to occur

Calories: Units of Energy calorie: amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 oC.

The "calories" shown on a food label are actually kilocalories. One kilocalorie (kcal) equals 1000 calories.

What factors contribute to the energy (calorie) needs of a person?

Chemical Energy

• Just like the molecules in gasoline and other fuels, organic compounds have a form of potential energy called chemical energy.

• The stored chemical energy of foods such as peanuts can be released through cellular respiration.

The chemical energy stored in peanuts

Fatscarbohydrates

proteins

Respiration in Mitochondria

• In your cells, molecules such as glucose react with oxygen during cellular respiration

• They produce waste in the form of carbon dioxide and water• Cells convert about 40% of the energy found in food into useful

work.• Where does the rest go?• It is converted to thermal energy.• This is lost from your body as heat

How do we use the energy found in food?

Respiration in Mitochondria

Journal #1

Questions:• 1. Identify the types of energy you have at the top of

a staircase and as you go down the stairs.• 2. How does you body use chemical energy during

exercise? • 3. If a food has 10kcal of energy, how much could it

increase the temperature of 100g of water?

Warm Up 2!

• What does ATP stand for?-Write it down• What is another word for ATP?-Write it down• Where do we get ATP from?-Write it down• What organelle makes ATP in the cell?-Write it down

ATP has Potential Energy

• What is ATP made of?

• How is this Potential Energy Released?

ATP provides the energy for cellular workATP: (Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

An ATP molecule contains potential energy, much like a compressed spring. When a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction, energy is released.

The ATP Cycle

ATP is constantly recycled in your cells. A working muscle cell recycles all of its ATP molecules about once each minute. That's 10 million ATP molecules spent and regenerated per second!

ATP and Cellular Work

Cells perform three main types of work:

• chemical work • mechanical work• transport work

The transfer of the phosphatesfrom ATP forming ADP provides the energy.

Relationship of Cellular Respiration to Breathing

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process, meaning that it requires oxygen

Breathing supports cellular respiration by providing the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration

In cellular respiration, the atoms in glucose and oxygen are rearranged, forming carbon dioxide and water. The cell uses the energy released to produce ATP.

Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules to yield energy.

Energy stored in organic compounds is released in a series of enzymes controlled reactions.

Word equation for respiration :

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Chemical Equation

Journal #2

Questions:1. In what way is ATP like a compressed spring?2. List 3 main types of cellular work3. What is the source of energy for regenerating ATP from

ADP?4. How is breathing similar and different to cellular

respiration?5. Write the equation for cellular respiration. What are the

reactants? What are the products?6. For each sugar molecule that you consume, how many ATP

molecules are produced?

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCONVERTING YOUR FOOD ENERGY TO ATP, ONE

GLUCOSE MOLECULE AT A TIME

TURN THOSE FROWNS UPSIDE DOWN, YOU WILL LOVE THIS TOPIC!

WARM UP!• What is another name for sugar?

• Recall the meaning of ‘’lysis”. What does it stand for?

• What comes to mind when you think of respiration?

• What organelle is responsible for making energy in the cell?

WHERE DOES IT TAKE PLACE?

In Eukaryotic Cells, the reactions of Aerobic Respiration occur Inside MITOCHONDRIA.

Cellular Respiration (CR)• There are many chemical reactions taking place in

the cell• All the chemical reactions happening in the cell

make up the cell’s metabolism• CR is made up of a series of reactions• It is called a metabolic pathway• An enzyme acts on each reaction in the pathway• There are three stages in the metabolic pathway

of cellular respiration:1. Glycolysis2. Krebs cycle3. Electron Transport Chain

Respiration involves Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron transport chain:

Structure of Mitochondria

Mitochondria are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Its structure is key to its role in cellular respiration.

It’s complex folding pattern of membranes and spaces allows for many sites where reactions can occur.

At the end of Glycolysis…

90% of energy in glucose still unused!

How do we get the rest of the energy?

Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules to carbon dioxide, releasing more energy in the process. The enzymes for the Krebs cycle are dissolved in the fluid matrix within a mitchondrion's inner membrane.

Stage 3: The Electron Transport Chain

Web resources

• http://leavingbio.net/respiration-(higher%20level).htm

• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

From 1 molecule of glucose……38 ATPs!!! (as 2 are used, we sometimes say 36)

• What happens when you do too much exercise?• You get a cramp or sore muscles• This happens because your lungs can’t provide oxygen to

your muscles quick enough• This process is called fermentation• This process makes ATP without using oxygen• In fermentation a waste product called lactic acid is

produced.• This type is Lactic acid fermentation.• Therefore, the soreness is caused by an accumulation of

lactic acid in the muscle cells.

Anaerobic Respiration: Some cells harvest energy without Oxygen

• Like muscle cells, YEAST is able to carry out cellular respiration and fermentation

• When yeast is kept in an anaerobic environment they ferment sugar.

• This produces alcohol instead of lactic acid as a waste product.

• This is called alcoholic fermentation• It also produces Co2 as a waste product• Used to make beer and wine• Bacteria are also used to make cheese and yogurt

Fermentation in microorganisms

Journal #3Summary 32 - 46Questions:1. What is the 3rd stage of cellular respiration?2. Why are electrons important in cellular respiration?3. Falling Electrons release_______________4. An accumulation of electrons are used to produce _________5. The 3rd Stage produces _________and ________6. What is the total amount of ATP molecules formed from 1 glucose molecule?7. If there is a lack of oxygen when harvesting energy, what process occurs?8. Explain why you may feel sore after physical activity.9. Beer, wine and cheese are all examples of? Why?

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert the energy of sunlight into organic molecules such as glucose

• This takes place in the chloroplast• Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called

chlorophyll• In a plant most chloroplasts are found in a layer

called the mesophyll• Pores on the underside of the leaf called stomata

allow Co2 to enter and….• Oxygen to leave

Photosynthesis

• Like a mitochondria, a chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane

• Inside is a thick fluid called stroma

• In the stroma are disk-shaped sacs called thylakoids

• These thylakoids are stacked into grana

Chloroplasts

• What is the equation for photosynthesis?• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H1206 + 6O2

• There are 2 main stages in photosynthesis• The light reactions and the Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis

Light &Chlorophyll

• These reactions convert sunlight into chemical energy

• Molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids are very important

• First of all chlorophyll captures the light• It uses this energy to split water into….• Hydrogen and oxygen• Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis• It escapes into the atmosphere through the

stomata

The light reactions

• The hydrogen and electrons are used to make NADPH an electron carrier. Light is also used to make ATP

The light reactions

Journal #4Summarize Slides 48 - 52

• Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs?• What are the two stages of photosynthesis?• What are the reactants of photosynthesis?• What are the products of photosynthesis?• How is photosynthesis similar to cellular

respiration?• What is the role of glucose in photosynthesis

and respiration?